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 �:	@TAPPING WAQF (ENDOWMENT) PROPERTY FINANCING INTO AGRIBUSINESS IN NIGERIA 
Yusuff Jelili Amuda, Prince Sultan University Riyadh Saudi Arabia 
Nor Azizan Binti Che Embi, Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, IIUM
Hakeem Babatunde Oladapo, Southwestern University Nigeria 
ABSTRACT
		The Nigeria agricultural sector is faced with many predicaments such as insufficient modern agricultural tools and facilities, loss of focus, abandonment, and inadequate motivation of farmers. In the history of Nigeria, agriculture contributed significantly to national development and poverty reduction. Such was the case before Nigeria found petroleum. The majority of Nigerian tribes were focused, committed and invested in agriculture. Poverty is rampant and common among Muslims in Nigeria especially northern part. Inequality and low productivity have contributed to poor standards of living in the country. The large number of Muslims in Africa, specifically Nigeria populace lives below $2 a day due to their abject and absolute poverty (World Bank Development Report, 2013). The Muslim community accounts for a significant number of poor and less privileged in Nigeria. Waqf assets comprise of movable and immovable properties such as cash, land, among others. Waqf is a form of Islamic endowment that has enormous unexplored potential for its application in fulfilling social needs of the poor. One such need is for the establishment of more effective schemes to alleviate poverty among the less privileged Muslims through agribusiness that would provide enormous advantages. The objective of this paper is to examine how waqf properties can be channelled into agribusiness on cocoa, palm tree and cotton farm projects that will assist in empowering the needy Nigerian Muslims. The research applied both qualitative and quantitative to examine the applicability of Cash Waqf funds coupled with land for the aforementioned purpose. The study proposes strategies through which waqf properties can be used for the generation of income and reduction of poverty in Nigeria a highly populated nation. It is believed that employment opportunities will be enhanced through the proper management of such projects. 
Keywords: Cash Waqf, Land, Cocoa, Palm Tree, Poverty, Employment and Income.
INTRODUCTION
The Nigeria agricultural sector is faced with many unprecedented problems including loss of focus, abandonment, and inadequate motivation of farmers. This shocking situation has deprived Nigerians of food at affordable prices due to package of food security. In addition, employment in this sector is at an all-time low. The root cause of this problem is the gradual abandonment of the sector by both past and present governments as a result of recovery of petroleum. Though Nigeria introduced agricultural programs such as Operation Feed the Nation, the outcome has not been impressive. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of projection of waqf property in agribusiness especially on cocoa, palm tree and cotton in Nigeria as mentioned earlier. The agribusiness of waqf property in Nigeria would not only ensure food security but also employment, while generating more income and foster the productive use of idle land. Nigeria�s abundant natural resources have contributed to the development of the nation. Despite Nigeria�s abundant agricultural resource endowment, statistics reveal that in the 1960s, agriculture contributed 65%-70% to exports, but declined to about 40% in the 1970s and declined significantly to less than 2% in the late 1990s (Fruitful Gleans Limited, 2013). In addition, agriculture provided jobs for approximately 70% of the Nigerian population before the discovery of petroleum in 1970 (Umaru and Zubairu, 2012). Hence, agriculture was a major employer of labour in Nigeria before the 1970s. However, the agricultural sector has been gradually neglected since the advent of petroleum in the early seventies (Umaru and Zubairu, 2012, Amuda, Azizan and Oladapo, 2014). During the said period, when Nigerian government focused on agriculture, food was sufficient and abundant for both domestic consumption and exports, there was foreign exchange contribution, and lower prices of commodities, prices were relatively stable as well as improved living standards (Olajide, Akinlabi and Tijani, n.d). These were before the discovery of petroleum in Nigeria, which led to the neglect of the agricultural sector (Izuchukwu, 2011). The waqf institution was re-established officially in the Northern states due to the failure of the public, private and voluntary sectors to effectively alleviate poverty among the concerned in the country. Nigeria, is a Muslim dominated country while majority of the said Muslim population predominantly in the Northern part of the country where the majority of are the less privileged that reside mostly in rural areas (Salinas, 2012, Amuda, Azizan and Oladapo, 2014). The rival of waqf started in the Northern part of Nigeria in the late nineties and is embodied in the Zakat and Endowment Board others give different names. As mentioned above, these institutions are common in the Northern parts of the country where the majority of Muslims are dwelling in abject poverty and continuously struggle for their livelihood. Contrarily, in the Southern parts of Nigeria, Zakat institutions are the most common tool for Islamic poverty alleviation. Waqf have been useful in Nigerian in the area of accommodation, health, education, mosques, provision of water and financial assistance among others, yet poverty has not been averted (Ostien, 2007). From the literature, the majority of the states in the North are blessed with abundant land resources which are largely unproductive or ineffective.  
      	To address the issue of poverty, waqf properties can be channelled for agribusiness in Nigeria mainly in cocoa, palm tree and cotton the focus of the present research. This agribusiness project is expected to boost incomes and reduce the rate of unemployment. Apart from this, it offers an investment outlet for the waqf institution in Nigeria through which income will be rendered to the institution in a non-diminishing form in line with principle of waqf assets i.e. cash or property (Obaidullah, 2008). 
In addition, the projection of waqf property in agribusiness offers employment opportunities for jobless Nigerians, provision of sufficient and abundant food for domestic consumption and export, reduction of poverty among Nigerian Muslims, increase in GDP and is set to improve the living standard of Nigerians. Hence, many of the less privileged can economically graduate from poverty. Waqf property has been vital for the enhancement of social and economic development. The job opportunities will be in the form of labourers that would work on farms while the land owners will be partnership with the waqf institution in Nigeria. Nigerian waqf institutions will aspire towards abundant agricultural production of cocoa, palm tree and cotton in particular. The aims of the study is to explore the perception of experts on the use of waqf property towards agribusiness in Nigeria. It is also to examine way waqf properties can be applied to generate income among the poor people in Nigeria. It will also investigate the manner waqf properties can be used to reduce poverty in Nigeria. 
The Research Questions are Can waqf properties be applied to generate income among the poor farmers in Nigeria?  Can waqf properties reduce poverty in Nigeria?  Do Nigerian Muslims financial predicament and meltdown call for re-establishment of waqf across Nigeria?   
       	The study applied both qualitative and quantitative methods with 300 survey questionnaires that were distributed between months of April and September, 2012 to targeted Nigerian respondents. Aside this, five types experts were interviewed between the months of September, 2013 and February, 2014 in person as well as through email approach in order to get adequate information on the topic of focus. Five purposively selected experts were interviewed on their perception regarding the projection of waqf property on agribusiness in Nigeria for agricultural purposes based on the earlier mentioned three products. The experts were drawn from among practitioners and academicians based on their knowledge and fieldwork experience.
The motivation of the study is that the high level of poverty in Nigeria motivates the present research. Also, another factor that serves as motivating engine was the gradual neglect and loss of focus on agricultural sector moment crude oil was discovered in the country. Equally, the high rate of unemployed able bodied youths as well as abled and physically alright old unemployed call for a great concern and hence, motivates this study. The research was conducted in Malaysia and Nigeria where. The respondents and interviewees are Nigerians and Malaysians. 

Table 1
ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW AND QUESTIONNAIRE ON PROJECTION OF WAQF PROPERTY ON AGRIBUSINESS IN NIGERIANoItemStrongly AgreedAgreedDisagreedNone1Nigerian Muslims financial predicament and meltdown call for re-establishment  of waqf across  Nigeria60%
33%2.7%4.3%2Waqf immovable properties must be registered legally59.%37.%3.3%.7%3Waqf management should  engage in profitable transactions in order to generate more income in the interest of needy Muslims58.3%34%4.7%3%4Waqf management should invest in legal business and transactions with  cash waqf63.7%33%3%0.3%5Appointment of waqf management should be based on merit in order to run it properly.68%25.3%5.7%1%6Waqf needs government
support for the security of donated property52%35.3%10%2.7%7Many farmers can be employed on their fertile land for plantation of  cocoa, palm tree and cotton53.3%43.3%2%1.3%8Business centres can be established by waqf for profitable transactions?51.%42%4.3%2.7%9Waqf management is capable of employing the less privileged to reduce the percentage of unemployment66.7%30.7%1.3%1.3%10Shariah punishment should be implemented against corrupt waqf staff59%29.7%8%3.3%
The data from the above Table 1 indicates that an overwhelming 60% (n= 180) of respondents strongly agreed that the financial predicament of Nigerian Muslims calls for the establishment of waqf institutions across Nigerian States especially the northern part where majority are in abject poverty. 33% (n=99) agreed, followed by 4.3% respondents (n=13) whose answers were none. While 2.7% (n=8) completely disagreed on the creation of waqf endowment in Nigeria. On the registration of waqf property, significant number of respondents representing, 59.0% of (n=177), being the highest statistical figures in terms of percentage and number strongly agreed that waqf immovable properties must be legally registered, so as to secure such property whereas, 37.0% representing (n=111) agreed, 3.3% indicating (n=10) disagreed and 0.7% of (n=2) respondents indicated none as their responses to the question respectively.
On the establishment of waqf across Nigeria, 57.3% which represents (n=172) strongly agreed that the establishment of waqf will help both Muslims and non-Muslims, 36.3% representing (n=109) also agreed but 4.3% indicating (n=13) and 2.0% (n=6) responses revealed none as their respective answers to the question. In addition, for the re-creation of waqf across Nigeria, significant number of respondents 58.3% representing (n=175) strongly agreed that waqf management should undertake profitable transactions to increase the waqf yield, followed by 34.0% indicating (n=102) agreed, 4.7% representing (n=14) disagreed and 3.0% indicating (n=9) respondents respectively said none out of the given options as their responses. Concerning waqf management, majority of the respondents representing 68.0% that represents (n=204) strongly agreed that the appointment of waqf management should be based on merit, 25.3% of respondents representing (n=76) agreed, 5.7% of them indicating (n=17) disagreed and 1.0% of respondents represented by (n=3) preferred none as their responses respectively. For security and protection of waqf endowment in Nigeria, the above average participants, representing 52.0% of respondents indicating (n=156) strongly agreed that waqf needs government intervention for security of property, 35.3% respondents indicating (n=106) agreed, 10% representing (n=30) disagreed and 2.7% indicating (n=8) respondents opted for none as their responses. Concerning waqf management, the data reveals that 63.7% representing (n=191) strongly agreed that waqf management should engage in lawful business transactions with waqf cash, 33.0% of respondents indicating (n=99) agreed, 3.0% that is (n=9) disagreed and 0.3% indicating (n=1) participant marked none in his response to the question. Economically, 53.3% representing (n=160) strongly agreed that many farmers can be employed on their fallow and fertile land for waqf farming activities, 43.3% indicating (n=130) agreed, 2.0% revealing (n=6) respondents disagreed to the question while 1.3% represents (n=4) participants considered none as the best response to the questions out of the given options. However, the majority of represents 66.7% representing (n=200) strongly agreed that waqf management is capable of employing the less privileged in order to reduce the rate of unemployment if the cash waqf is commercialized and invested in profitable business, 30.7% of them indicating (n=92) agreed, followed by 1.3% indicating (n=4) disagreed, equally, the same figure of percentage as shown above considered none as their responses to the question raised. As regards to the establishment of waqf business centres, 51.0% of respondent equivalent to (n=161) respondents strongly agreed that waqf could be used to establish business centres for various transactions, that would in turn pay those working in the business centres while alleviating poverty in the society as standard of living will be enhanced 42.0% indicating (n=126) of respondents agreed, 4.3% representing (n=13) respondents disagreed while 2.7% of respondents representing (n=8) considered none as the their best option. Finally, in the case of co-operate crime, a substantial number of respondents representing 59.0% equivalent to (n=177) strongly agreed that co-operate criminals must be punished according to Shariah laid down rules, 29.7% of the aforementioned respondents indicating (n=89) agreed, 8.0% of them representing (n=24) disagreed and 3.3% of participants indicating (n=10) considered none as their best responses respectively.

Qualitative Aspects of Research: Analysis of the Interview 
The interview was used to collect data from the selected interviewees as participants. The interview questions addressed different dimensions of waqf property management in Nigeria. In order to analyse the qualitative data, various themes are extracted from the responses received from the participants. The interview focused on empowerment, farming, waqf bakery, business centres, commercial transportation, halls for rent, and other lawful and profitable investments. As earlier started the main objective of this study is to examine projection of waqf properties on framing mainly on to cocoa farm, palm tree and cotton as a panacea for poverty alleviation through job creation to unemployed Nigerian Muslims and a way of income generation for the waqf institution in order to enhance it's income so as to cater for more needy Muslims across the nation while at the same time become sustainable.
Summary of Data Analysis
Based on their experiences, the five respondents agreed that waqf could be used for many things such as mosques, education, health, transaction, and agriculture. All respondents specifically emphasized on the agricultural sector as a tool for poverty alleviation and for its other benefits. The majority of the respondents agreed that agriculture is crucial due to its many benefits to needy Nigerian Muslims. One of the benefits according to a respondent is that is going to be a great thing challenging waqf funds or poverty into agricultural sector. Again, quite amount of labour would be absorbed by this sector in Nigeria. In addition, the participants agreed that waqf property should be invested in lawful products and industries at low capital cost. Moreover, two respondents from Nigeria; one academician and a practitioner, opined that waqf organizations should display transparency and accountability towards the waqf property in order to avoid mismanagement, embezzlement and corruption that might truncate the prime objective of waqf. However, one of them submits that Nigeria could learn from Malaysia waqf advance knowledge. Further to this is the fact that waqf funds can also be used for social welfare, vocational training and bilateral enlightenment. Similarly, the practitioner advised that a grounded committee could be inaugurated with reasonable funds for infrastructural development, which may have a significant effect on the products produced due to ease of transportation to the urban areas. The result suggests that the innovative ways in projection of waqf property in agribusiness in Nigeria will not only improve the quality and standard of living of Muslims across the nation but there are possibilities to help Muslims in other parts of the world through the use of the mudharabah (partnership) contract (World Bank, 2013; Amuda, Azizan and Oladapo, 2014). 

Table 2
ANALYSIS OF AGRIBUSINESS PLANTATIONS IN NIGERIACrops in  (South-west)Economic ImportanceBeneficiariesCrops in (Northern Part)Economic ImportanceBeneficiariesCocoaConsumed raw to minimize stress and for reducing frequencies of health deficiencies, Benefit economy in terms of foreign reserve, for consumer of raw cocoa (it supplies flavonoids), provides employment, important source of raw materials to
 industry and
 for exporting
 as well. For food and feeding (the cereal supplies carbohydrate) industrial uses, beverages, sorghum stalks for fuel and building construction.Consumers, sellers
farmers, 
animals, industries
and houses.Palm oilCooking, soap making, lamp oil, as lubricant and the by-product of this crop (kernel cake) as livestock feeding. In addition, the midribs and rachis of oil palm are useful for making brooms and roofing materials.Economy through export, farmers, society in terms of prevention of erosion, sellers and consumers.Food (tuwo), stockfeed, local and industrial beers and as steam cooked.Farmers, consumers
sellers and animalsCotton
Cotton is essentially produced for its fibre, which is universally used as a textile raw material. Cotton is an important commodity in the world economy. 
Benefit economy in terms of foreign reserve, for textile and fibre consumer of cotton raw material (it supplies and traded with over 150 countries),
provides employment, important source of raw materials to
 industry and
 for
Exporting.
Raw material, textile, fibre, import and export values.Consumers, sellers/marketers, 
farmers,  labourers, industries
and companies.Sources: Okereke and Nwosu (1987), Kolawole and Abdulrahman (2006), Bhat and Otejere (1985), Oladele and Adebayo (2012), Ibitoye, Akinsorotan, Meludu and Ibitoye (2011), Taylor (n.d), and Obilana (n.d), (Amuda, Azizan and Oladapo, 2014).    
Summary of the Analysis
The above Table indicates how waqf property can be channelled and invested in agribusiness in Nigeria. Investment and projection of waqf property in agribusiness will enhance the raw products of cocoa, palm oil and cotton in country and beyond for transaction within the nation and for exportation to other countries. It will also improve people�s knowledge and skills especially the unemployed and the needy Nigerian Muslims. Agribusiness activities of the aforementioned crops, either perennial or cash crops, will be able to sustain the livelihood of the poor. Furthermore, land will be fully used as opposed to it being left idle. Again, social vices will be minimised to a greater extent since the majority of the population will be absorbed into agricultural sector. Additionally, apart from the fact that cocoa has been one of the major cash crops through which agriculture contributes to the Nigerian economy (Oladosu and Yekinni, 2008), the consumption of pure cocoa according to experts boosts individual health because of the presence of the contents such as flavonoids (anti-oxidants) and micronutrient-magnesium, a deficiency of which could be linked to hypertension, heart diseases, diabetes and joint problems (Ibirogba, 2013). It will pave way for creation of jobs, income generating for the waqf institutions, utilization of fertile land and transformation of many lives economically, socially and religiously. From this, the general well-being of Nigerians can become better off than it was initially if the farmers are encouraged to imbibe in cultivation of cocoa. The above suggest eating habits. This will positively affect the general situation of the nation in terms of increase in revenue and the GDP. It will also enhance employment (Ibirogba, 2013, Amuda, Azizan and Oladapo, 2014). Additionally, rural communities could compete with urban cities. Since the production will be transferred from the rural to the urban in exchange for money, hence those that will be involved in the project will be paid for their labour and use the money for improving their living standards including quality education for their children, live in a decent environment, take balanced diet and prompt medical attention among others.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that projection of waqf property in agribusiness will not only contribute to the human development physically, mentally, socially, morally and religiously. In the context of this research, apart from land that would be made productive through agribusiness in cocoa, palm tree and cotton as mentioned earlier, the able bodied, both old and young will be made productive through practices of farming and youth skill development as well as transforming the concern economically while graduating them from poverty. Agribusiness renders them relevant in the society and capable of providing adequate provisions for themselves and their entire family by living a decent life. On the other hand, this agribusiness will bring employment opportunities to majority of Nigerians, provide abundant food that would enable domestic consumption and exports, reduction of poverty among Nigerian Muslims in particular, increase in GDP and improve living standards of Nigerians especially those involved in cocoa, palm tree and cotton farming activities as earlier stated. Finally, agribusiness can only be achieved in Nigeria if the government provides adequate security, electricity, good roads, and other related facilities across the nation inclusive of enabling law to facilitate the attempt. Suffice to say that with the achievement agricbusiness coupled with the associated factors, poverty will not only be alleviated but also social vices characterised by poverty will drastically reduce in the society.
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