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Type: Research Article
Received date:  October 19, 2020
Accepted date: December 20, 2020
Published date: December 27, 2020
Incidence of Powdery Mildew on Some Vegetables Crops in Katsina City, Nigeria
Zainab Bajao1, Abrar A Khan2 and Gufran Ahmad3
1Department of Biology, UMYU, Katsina, Nigeria
2,3Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University 
*Corresponding author: Gufran Ahmad, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India, E-mail: ahmadgufran811@gmail.com
Abstract
The present study deals with the survey of powdery mildews caused by S. fuliginea and E. polygoni in some important vegetables like okra, spinach, red sorrel and beans in different places of Katsina city (Barhim Estate, Kofar Durbi, Kofar Sauri, Kofar Marusa and Low Cost), Nigeria. The finding shows that the areas infested with powdery mildews are one of the important disease of vegetable crops. On the basis of shape and size of spores, the species of powdery mildew was identified as S. fuliginea on three vegetables viz; okra, spinach and red sorrel from all the localities of Katsina while E. polygoni was observed on beans only. Frequency of occurrence of the disease was highest in field of Barhim Estate (66.7%) followed by Kofar Durbi (36.1 %), Kofar Marusa (35.9 %) and lowest in Kofar Sauri (25%). The average frequency of occurrence of powdery mildew disease in Katsina was 41.37%. The frequency of occurrence of powdery mildew on okra was found highest in Barhim Estate (75%) while lowest was recorded in Kofar Sauri and Kofar Marusa (20%). The frequency of disease on red sorrel was found highest in Kofar Marusa (56%) and lowest in Kofar Durbi (30%).While red sorrel was free from infection in Kofar Sauri (0%).On spinach frequency was highest in Barhim Estate (66.7%) and lowest was in Kofar Sauri (44.4%) . While no infection was recorded in Kofar Durbi (0%). The frequency of disease on beans was highest in Barhim Estate (68.8%) and lowest in Kofar Sauri (44.4%), while the no infection was recorded in Kofar Marusa (0%). The severity of disease caused by S. fuliginea was highest on okra in Kofar Sauri, on red sorrel in Kofar Marusa and on spinach in Kofar Marusa. While disease severity caused by E. polygoni on beans was highest in Barhim Estate and Kofar Durbi. The highest severity of disease was found on okra (2.25- severe) followed by beans (2.00- moderate), red sorrel (1.75- moderate) and spinach (1.25- mild). The overall severity of disease was found moderate in Katsina.
Keywords: Disease severity, Frequency, Katsina city, Nigeria, Powdery mildews, Vegetables
Introduction
Powdery mildews are probably the most conspicuous, wide spread, and easily recognizable plant diseases. They affect all kinds of plants: cereals and grasses, vegetables, weeds, shrubs, fruit trees, and forest trees. Powdery mildews are characterized by the appearance of spots or patches of a white to greyish, powdery mildew growth on young plant tissues, or of entire leaves and other organs being completely covered with the white powdery mildew. Tiny, pin head-sized, spherical fruiting bodies, at first white, later yellow-brown, and finally black cleistothecia may be present singly or in groups on the white to greyish mildew in the older areas of infection. Powdery mildew is most commonly observed on the upper side of the leaves, but it also affects the under sides of leaves, young shoots and stems, buds, flowers and young fruits [1].
        Six species of the powdery mildew fungi are recorded on vegetables in different part of the world. Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlencht) Poll and Erysiphe cichoracearum Dc. are commonly recorded on wild and cultivated vegetables. Even more than one species may occur in the same locality and on the same plant. As the pathogen usually occurs in the conidial state and the conidia of some species have many similarities, it is difficult to separate the species involved [1].
        Vegetables are rich and comparatively cheaper source of vitamins. Consumption of various vegetables provides taste, fiber for digestion and to prevent constipation, palatability, and also increases appetite. Vegetables also play key role in neutralizing the acids produced during digestion of pretentious and fatty foods and also provide valuable roughages which help in movement of food in intestine[2]. The following vegetables are very popular in Nigeria and are available round the year in the market.
OKRA (Hibiscus esculentus L): Annual herb, young leaves are consumed in soups, young fruits are eaten as a vegetable, particularly in soups. As the fruits are very mucilaginous, they are often used in tropical cookery to thicken soup and stews. Its commonly cultivated in Katsina State in Nigeria.
SPINACH (Spinacea oleracea L): Annual herb, leaves are consumed in salad, vegetable and in soup and stews. Found in cultivation in the home garden. Its cultivation is recommended in this region. Spinach is an edible flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. Commonly cultivated in Katsina State in Nigeria[2].
RED SORREL (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): Annual herb,young shoots and leaves are eaten as vegetable, particularly in slimy soups.The enlarged fleshy and slightly acidic calyces are used in soups and sources in fresh or dried forms. Its commonly cultivated in Katsina State.
BEANS (Phaseolus lunatus  L.): Young pods are consumed as snap beans. Seeds are consumed in stews and in soups. Sprouted seeds are used as vegetable or in stews, these are also ingredients of chopsuey. Seeds are used for canning and freezing. Commonly cultivated in Katsina State.
Scope of the Study
The vegetable crops like okra (H. esculentus ), Spinach (S. oleracea ), Red sorrel (H. sabdariffa ) are very common crops growing in and around Katsina. These vegetable crops are suffering from many kinds of diseases including fungal disease (powdery mildew). Almost all vegetables are suffering from powdery mildew diseases. Identification of the diseases has become primary duty of the scientist for finding the control measures. So far, no work has been done on powdery mildew disease on vegetables in northern Nigeria. This will be the first study on powdery mildew disease in northern Nigeria especially in Katsina State. There is need to find out the incidence and intensity of powdery mildew disease on the vegetables, for finding the solution of management of disease for successful cultivation.  
        	Vegetables have been always important for human being in daily life. Many vegetables are grown in Nigeria round the year. The vegetables are affected with so many kind of diseases including powdery mildew. So, present study was aimed to study the identity of powdery mildews on most cultivated vegetables (Okra, Beans, Spinach and Red sorrel) in Katsina. 
Materials and Methods
White scientific polythene bags, cover slips, KOH solution (3%),double distilled water, needle, microscope (binocular and light), hand gloves, ocular meter, slide, brush were used as the study materials for the present research work.
Survey of Powdery Mildew on Vegetables
Surveys were conducted in different areas in Katsina metropolis from September, 2014 to November, 2014 (Fig.1). The four different known localities were selected as study areas like Kofar Marusa, Kofar Sauri, Barhim and Kofar Durbi.
 	Five to ten infected leaf samples of vegetables like okra (H. esculentus.) Spinach (S.oleracea) Red sorrel (H. sabdariffa.) and Bean (P. lunatus) were collected in plane sheets separately in order not to touch one another and then placed in different white scientific polythene bags which were taken to the laboratory and examined under the microscope. The other details of powdery mildew incidence and intensity on each of the four (4) vegetable crops were calculated and noted in project note book.
Laboratory Examination
The infected leaves were selected for examination, the conidia was then placed on a clean slide with the help of a brush from the infected vegetables leaf or twig. A drop of water was added on the conidia spores and a very small drop of cotton blue was added with the help of needle and then covered with the cover slip. The prepared slide was then observed under a light microscope using x 100 lens. The species of powdery mildew was identified based on shape and size of the spores. For conidial dimensions, slide prepared from each sample was measured using the occular meter. The main values and standard deviation of both length and breadth were calculated.
 	Index was calculated by dividing the length with the breadth (L/b).
Occurrence of Powdery Mildew
Incidence of disease was the percentage of the occurrence of infected leaves of vegetable plants in each area surveyed. The incidence of the disease was calculated as follows:
Disease incidence in field (%) = Number of infected field      x  100
                                                Total number of fields observed 

Disease incidence on vegetables (%) = Number of infected samples      x   100
                                                          Total number of samples observed 
Intensity of Disease
Severity (intensity) of the disease on different vegetables and area wise of Katsina was rated on 0-3 scale as under;
Grades:
0= No infection (-) = No visible disease
1=  Mild infection (+) pustules few, small in size and scattered; 
2=Moderate (++) = pustules many, large in size tending to coalesce; and                                                                                                                                                                              3= Severe infection (+++) = large leaf area affected covering almost the entire leaf areas.
Average of the ratings from different fields of Katsina was assigned as severity grade to each other.
Results
The incidence of the powdery mildew disease in terms of frequency of occurrence on different vegetables (okra, beans, spinach, and red sorrel) for each locality of Katsina city is given in table 1. Frequency of occurrence of the disease was highest in field of Barhim Estate (66.7%) followed by Kofar Durbi (36.1 %) then Kofar Marusa (35.9 % ) and lowest in Kofar Sauri (25 %) .The average frequency of occurrence of powdery mildew disease in Katsina was 41.37% (Table 1). The frequency of occurrence of powdery mildew on okra was found highest in Barhim Estate (75%)  followed by Kofar Durbi (55.6 %), while lowest frequency was found in Kofar Sauri and Kofar Marusa that was only 20% .The frequency of disease on red sorrel was found highest in Kofar Marusa (56%) and closely followed by Barhim Estate (53.3%) and lowest was found in Kofar Durbi (30%).While red sorrel was free from infection in Kofar Sauri (0%).On spinach frequency was highest in Barhim Estate (66.7%) closely followed by Kofar Marusa (54.5%) and lowest was in Kofar Sauri (44.4%) . While no infection was recorded in Kofar Durbi (0%).
Similarly the frequency of disease on beans was highest in Barhim Estate (68.8%) followed by Kofar Durbi (56.5%) , and Kofar Sauri (44.4%) ,while the no infection was recorded in Kofar Marusa (0%) (Table 1).
On the basis of shape and size of spores, the species of powdery mildew was identified as S. fuliginea on three vegetables (okra, spinach and red sorrel) from all the localities of Katsina (Table 2 and Figs.3, 4, 5 ) .While E. polygoni was found associated with beans only( Fig. 2 A & B). In the conidial dimensions of S. fuliginea ,the length and breadth of the spores was found very large in Kofar Sauri that was (length=23.10�m) and (breadth=19.74�m) followed by Kofar Durbi (length=22.70�m) and breadth=25.20�m), Barhim Estate (length=18.10�m) and breadth =15.20 �m) and smallest in Kofar Marusa (length=17.03�m) and breadth =12.39�m). The L/B index of spores of S. fuliginea was found highest in Kofar Marusa (1.37) followed by Kofar Durbi (1.21), Barhim Estate (1.19) and lowest in Kofar Sauri (1.17) (Table 2).The L/B index of E. polygoni spores was found highest in Kofar Durbi (2.48) followed by Kofar Sauri (2.45) and lowest in Barhim Estate (2.24) (Table 2).
         The data presented in table 3 shows that severity of disease caused by S. fuliginea was highest on okra (Fig.4 A & B) in Kofar Sauri (+++), on Red sorrel (Fig.5 A & B) in Kofar Marusa (+++) and on spinach (Fig.3 A & B) in Kofar Marusa ( ++). While disease severity caused by E. polygoni on beans was highest in Barhim Estate and Kofar Durbi ( +++). The highest severity of disease was found on okra (2.25- severe) followed by beans (2.00- moderate), red sorrel (1.75- moderate) and spinach (1.25- mild). The overall severity of disease was found moderate in Katsina.
Discussion
The powdery mildew disease is a big problem on vegetables in Katsina. The causal organism was not been identified so far. Therefore, a survey was conducted in some localities of Katsina city to assess the frequency of occurrence and intensity of the disease caused by powdery mildew on vegetables (Okra, Beans, Spinach and Red sorrel). The incidence in general was moderate to severe. Almost all vegetables plants grown in the localities were found to be infected with powdery mildew disease. In Katsina, S. fuliginea and E. polygoni were identified to be responsible for powdery mildew disease on cultivated vegetables.
However, severity of disease varied among the localitiy and vegetable - wise. S. fuliginea infect large number of vegetables all over the world in various agro-climatic condition [3-6]. The S. fuliginea has already been reported on vegetables in Libya and North African countries [7]. The present record of occurrence of S. fuliginea on vegetables (Okra, Spinach, and Red sorrel) in Katsina (Northern Nigeria) is obvious as its climate is also similar to Libya and other sub Sahara countries. S. fuliginea may be a major pathogen causing powdery mildew of vegetables (okra, spinach and Red sorrel) in this relatively un- exploired region. This, however needs further detailed investigation .The presence of  E. polygoni on beans is a first report from Katsina, even may be in Nigeria as no work has been done so far. There is urgent need to observe all types of beans and legume crops of the country to find the severity and infestation of this species.
Conclusion
This is the first report of S. fuliginea and E. polygoni on vegetables (Okra, Beans, Spinach and Red sorrel) in Katsina state. The rate at which powdery mildew affect vegetables  members in present day has been an issue of a great concern to the farmers and scientist as well as the government. The present observation demonstrated that the locality has sufficient infestation of powdery mildew disease. The occurrence of S. fuliginea and E. polygoni in the localities is of great importance. The high infestation ensures high damage to the plants.








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