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]a]a>4&#�>4&#&#��1�&3a�������.P��� �&2*4�40�4:2��9^"X�9(&3�9]&3��&#�����d4d4�"p����4�������������������������������������������������������������������������9���������	#:	Identification of Minerals Using Hand Specimen in Siargao
Island, Philippines

Carlos H Donoso*
State College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines

ABSTRACT
A mineral is non -renewable natural resources which give us many benefits. It can be extracted from rock deposits because a rock is a mixture of minerals. The researcher wanted to find out what minerals are there in Siargao Island, Philippines when it comes to rocks. The researcher used purposive sampling in collecting rock sample in every barangay and went to Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office Caraga XIII Surigao City to test the physical properties and mineral content of each sample. The research revealed that there were five (5) minerals in Siargao Island namely; Calcite that found in Brgy. Bongdo, San Benito; Brgy. San Mateo, Burgos; Brgy. Tigasao, San Isidro; Brgy. Mabini, Pilar and Brgy. Esperanza, Del Carmen; Gypsum, Quartz and Dolomite are found in Brgy. San Mateo, Burgos; and Microcrystalline are found in Sta. Fe, Dapa. In terms of the physical properties of the rocks, all samples have the same streak, luster, diaphenity, cleavage, Mohs hardness, specific gravity and crystal system but samples differs in origin and color. Active community participation as to implementation of policies and ordinances in all municipalities covering Siargao Island.

Keywords: 
Minerals; Evolution of life; Environmental and health impacts

Correspondence to: Carlos H Donoso, Surigao State College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines, Tel: 09985445426; E-mail: carlos_donoso2008@yahoo.com
Received: February 10, 2020; Accepted: July 1, 2020; Published: July 8, 2020
Citation: Donoso HC (2020) Identification of Minerals Using Hand Specimen in Siargao Island, Philippines. J Geol Geophys 9:476. 10.35248/2381-8719.20.9.477. DOI: 10.35248/2381-8719.20.9.330
Copyright: � 2020 Donoso HC, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	
	
INTRODUCTION
Minerals existed long before any forms of life. They have played important role in the origin and evolution of life (Vaughan, 2014). A mineral is a naturally formed solid, it has a specific composition and may be occurring element and usually compounds (Wilson, 2010). Rocks naturally aggregates of minerals (Schon, 2012) such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is comprised and typically form recognizable and mapable voliunes. Minerals are the simplest chemical compounds (Rafferty, 2012) and the building blocks of rock; a rock is hard, naturally formed solid material that is a mixture of one or more minerals (Silmons, 2010).

All rocks are classified according to their texture, which is an aggregation of the size, shape and pattern of their characteristic grains and crystals. They help us grow food, supply materials to build our homes and make many of the other things we used every day (Spilsbury, 2011). There are many kinds of ways to use rocks and minerals. They can be used for jewellery making, tumbling, displaying, sculpting or carving, decorative building materials and for scientific study. Minerals also have distinctive properties such as color, hardness, crystal habit, specific gravity, luster, fracture and tenacity. Some minerals exhibit certain properties that others do not such as fluorescence and radioactivity (Polk, 2016).

Mineral extraction has lots of environmental and health impacts. This ha emanated from the methods of operation by the mining companies, its effects on the natural environment as well as the people in the surrounding communities (Yeboah,2008). Caraga Region is composed of the provinces of Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur. The province, Surigao del Norte is very rich in minerals such as gold, silver, copper, nickel, and zinc. Nonoc Island boasts of the richest nickel deposits in the world. Minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, and manganeses are found both in Agusan del Sur and Agusan del Norte.(Bolis,2006).

According to the DENR's Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), Caraga has the biggest iron deposit in the world, largest nickel and gold deposits in the country and large reserves of copper, chromite and coal. Surigao del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Agusan del Norte are the principal gold-producing provinces in what is called the Barobo Gold Corridor and the Surigao Gold District. Deposits of metallurgical grade chromite are found in the islands of Dinagat. Vast nickel laterites are found in Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. Extensive deposits of aluminum bauxite are in BucasGrande Island. Coal, the country's major lignite reserve, can be found in three of its provinces: Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. The biggest bulk of coal reserve is said to be found in Bislig and the Andap Valley Complex which covers the municipalities of Tandag, Tago, San Miguel, Cagwait, Marihatag, San Agustin and Lianga in Surigao del Sur. (Mining Caraga, 2010). 

According to Morrison (2017) the quest for new mineral deposits is incessant until recently mineral discovery has been more identified millions of mineral specimens from hundreds of thousands of localities around the world have been described and catalogued, databases also record essential information on chemical compositions and a host of physical properties, including hardness, color, atomic structure, and more. Humans have collected a vast amount of information on Earth's more than 5,200 known mineral species, each of which has a unique combination of chemical composition and atomic structure.

The first box is the common rocks in selected rock deposit in Siargao Island, and The second box is the rocks found according to their physical properties such as color, streak, luster, diaphaneity, cleavage, mohs hardness, specific gravity, crystal system and origin and most of all the mineral content. Zhdanov (2010) stressed that relations between the physical and chemical properties of rocks were to be better known and understood, we would have much better chance of resolving the complex problems of the structures and composition of the earth.

Statement of the Problem: 

The researcher aimed to find the answers in the following problems, specifically to: 
Identify the type of rock found in selected rock deposit in Siargao Island;
Describe the physical properties of identified rock according to color, streak, luster, diaphaneity, cleavage, mohs hardness, specific gravity, crystal system and origin of rock. 
Identify the mineral content in selected rock deposit in Siargao Island; 

Scope and Delimitation
 
This study was conducted in different barangay in Siargao Island specifically in Barangay Esperanza, Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Sta. Fe, Dapa, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Mabini, Filar, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Tigasao, San Isidro, Surigao del Norte; Barangay San Mateo, Burgos, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Bongdo, San Benito, Surigao del Norte. 

METHODOLOGY
Research Design
 
A descriptive research design employed survey method in this study. This design is more appropriate because the study is about identification of minerals in Siargao Island.

Sources of Data

The rock sample was taken and collected from the following station: Station 1 - Barangay Bongdo, San Benito, Surigao del Norte ; Station 2 - Barangay San Mateo, Burgos, Surigao del Norte; Station 3 - Barangay Tigasao, San Isidro, Surigao del Norte; Station 4 - Barangay Mabini, Filar, Surigao del Norte; Station 5 - Barangay Sta. Fe, Dapa, Surigao del Norte; Station 6 - Barangay Esperanza, Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte; last October 31,2017.

Data gathering and procedures

The researcher sent a formal letter to the Barangay Captains of the following Barangay; Barangay Esperanza, Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Sta. Fe, Dapa, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Mabini, Pilar, Surigao del Norte; Barangay Tigasao, San Isidro, Surigao del Norte; Barangay San Mateo, Burgos, Surigao del Norte and Barangay Bongdo, San Benito, Surigao del Norte. Upon approval, the researcher made an ocular survey to observe the occurrence of rock deposit. This was done to map out and estimate the area covered.

The researcher used purposive sampling in collecting rock sample in each stations or barangays. After the researcher get a sample the researchers went to Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office Caraga XIII Surigao City to test and to identify the physical properties (color, streak, luster, diaphaneity, cleavage, mobs hardness, specific gravity, diagnostic properties, chemical composition, crystal system and origin) and
Mineral Content.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Identification of Rocks found in selected Rock deposit in Siargao Island

Table 2 shows the name of the identified rocks and the type of rock found in selected rock deposit in Siargao Island.

The Table shows the identified and type of rock foimd from the selected rock deposits of Siargao Island. The researchers found only one type of rock and it is the sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are good source rocks and are associated with resources like coal and oil. Sediments are also good proxies for environmental reconstruction, since fossils can be well preserved in these deposits Wilson (2010). Out of nine (9) samples collected, researchers only found six (6) rocks namely; Chalk, Micrite, Chert, Dolostone, Fossilifereous limestone and Oolitic limestone which are all under by the sedimentary type of rock. Zhadanov (2010) opined that represent knowledge of the relations between physical, chemical and petrographic properties of rocks is in adequate. Systematic and coordinated studies of these properties are needed to better evaluate geophysical, geochemical and petrographic data. Further, Singh (2015) commented that sedimentary rock covers 75.80 % of the earth crust and it forms parent materials for a large majority of soils. Soil parent material has a significant direct influence on the nutrient element contents of the soil.

Description of physical properties of rock

Table 3 shows the description of the physical properties of identified rocks According to physical properties, analysed at the Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Regional Office Caraga XII Surigao City.

Minerals can come in variety of colors. Some minerals are almost always found in the same color (Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 2011). Based on table 3 samples from barangay Bongdo, barangay Mabini and sample 3.1 of barangay Tigasao have the same color of rock which is white but sample 3.1 of barangay Tigasao has a visible fossils in crystalline because the rock found is a Fossiliferous Limestone. Sample 2.3 of barangay San Mateo has medium to light gray in color while sample 3.2 of barangay Tigasao has light to medium gray color of rock. Sample 2.1 of barangay San Mateo is yelloAvish in color while sample from barangay Esperanza is yellowish and white to tan color of rock. Sample 2.2 of barangay San Mateo is tan to light gray in color and sample of barangay Sta. Fe is tan or white color of rock.
In terms of samples streak, luster, diaphaneity, cleavage, mohs hardness, specific gravity and crystal system have the same result.

In terms on the origin of each samples, sample from barangay Bongdo, barangay Tigasao, barangay Mabini and sample 2.2 of barangay San Mateo have the same origin which is biochemical while sample from baranagay Esperanza and sample 2.3 have also the same origin which is chemical. Chemical - Biochemical is the origin of barangay Sta. Fe and sample 2.1 of barangay San Mateo.

Mineral content of each rock

Table 4 shows the mineral content of the identified rock found in rock deposit of Siargao Island, analysed at the Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Regional Office Caraga XII Surigao City. Based on the table above. Sample 1, 3, 4, and 6 have a mineral content of Calcite though Sample 2.1 and Sample 2.2 have calcite too but it only composed of 95% and 50% (respectively) and the other 5% and 50% is Gypsum and Quartz (respectively), while Sample 2.3 has dolomite and Sample 5 has microcrystalline. Calcite mineral is the dominant mineral of the entire sample. Singh (2015) concluded that calcite, magnesium calcite, and gypsum is common in sedimentary rocks and in semiarid environment.
SUMMARY

Minerals are common and essential raw materials in our daily lives. These are vital for economic, social and technological development. The abundance of minerals provides a method of creating wealth (Hartman, & Jan M. Mutmansky, 2002). Minerals are solid. Minerals are all naturally formed. All minerals have a unique and specific chemical composition that makes the mineral different from other minerals and all minerals have a crystalline structure.

Rocks are essential building materials that make up the earth, while minerals are individual substances that make up rocks. Therefore, most rocks are aggregates that they are made up of two or more minerals. These rocks and minerals are typically classified according to their chemical and mineral composition, as well as their texture (Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 2011). This study carried out what kind of minerals that Siargao Island has in terms of their rock deposits. It aimed to identify and describe the physical properties and mineral content of rocks foimd. The collected data was obtained using hand specimen.

This study was conducted in selected Siargao Island Rock Deposit or Quarry is as follows; Brgy. Bongdo, San Benito; Brgy. San Mateo, Burgos; Brgy. Tigasao, San Isidro; Brgy. Mabini, Pilar; Brgy. Sta. Fe, Dapa; and Brgy. Esperanza, Del Cannen, Surigao Del Norte.

CONCLUSION

The results of the study revealed that the sample rocks were Chalk, Micrite, Chert, Dolostone, Fossiliferous and Oolitic Limestone which are all under in sedimentary type of rock. Morever there are five (5) minerals were found namely: Calcite, Gypsum, Quartz, Dolomite and Microcrystalline but only one (1) or two (2) mineral content has each station and it has different physical properties in temis of colors and origin but the same result on the other physical properties.

The Station 2 Sample 2.2 of Brgy. San Mateo, Burgos, Surigao del Norte has two (2) mineral which identified as 50% Calcite and 50% Quartz (see Appendix J) on the other hand from Station 2 Sample 2.1 of the same location has 2 minerals which have 95% of Calcite and 5% Gypsum (see Appendix I) while the other station have only one kind of mineral found. Therefore, Siargao Island has only one type of rock which is sedimentary rock that is naturally formed from sediments, dust and dirt of other rock. In addition, Siargao Island does not have any volcano or magma molten rock to have an igneous type of rock. Most of this identified rock has calcite mineral. These identified rocks and minerals will help the municipalities and citizen of Siargao because it commonly used for building house, for construction, for making cement and for making glass. Also it is the major energy resources.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Mineral is a non - renewable natural resources and we used things made from these resources. The found rock and minerals can be used in emulsifier, texturizer and bulking agent in food production, and constructing road, houses, building.
The researchers wish to recommend such as:

Promoting preservation and conservation of rocks for the future generations. 
Conducting a periodic monitoring in rock deposits to maintain the availability to supply the consmuption of Siargao. 
There should be tight reinforcement of policies, rules and ordinances in all municipalities to be implemented.












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