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THE EFFECT OF DEBTS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Badreldin Mohamed Ahmed Abdulrahman, Jouf University
                           Abderhim Elshazali Yahia, Jouf University
                            Hamza Abdallah Abdarhman, Jouf University
                            Tarig Osman Abdallah Helal, Jouf University


ABSTRACT
The debt practices have been performed for a long time now, while according to the graphs and statistics they are growing with every year. This factor makes it the center of interest as an international affair since it has tendency to make or break the relations of the countries.
It is a descriptive review article that emphasizes the impact of debts or economical help on international affairs. The data was obtained by the relevant published articles of the top indexing journals whereas it also concludes the combined results of the different researches.
The economical help seems to be a necessity of the time while due to its adverse effects in case of excessive use, there must be the strategies and pre-planning for utilizing and returning the debt. 
There are both sides negative and positive of the debt on every level, while in order to keep it only on the optimizing state, it is important to understand the consequences and make the moves according to the need.
Keywords: Debt, economic help, financial debt, economic growth, effects of debt.

INTRODUCTION
The developed world is often recognized by the economic state of the countries (Lof, and Malinen, 2014). There are perhaps, some major regions that have been playing a major role in the developing world economic development. These developed countries often tend to help the countries economically by helping them however, this helps let the other country in debt for a long time (Ali, and Malik, 2017). Though the world is working in this regulation since it is not possible to survive without economic stability (Doyle, and Stiglitz, 2014). These debts have helped many regions to rise and enhance their own potential in the developed world however there are also other universal factors that make the situation sensitive from the international and national perspective (Haggard and Kaufman, 2018). The debt helps to improve welfare while if it is used in excess and irresponsibly, it can be one of the most disastrous acts for any nation (Furtado, 2018). As for individual person or enterprise the debt or borrowing in an excess amount can lead to the financial crisis or the bankruptcy however on the bigger level like for the whole country, the debt on a significant level put an image of incompetence of the government in order to provide the services and facilities to its country locales (Ali, and Malik, 2017). Certainly it has become one of the major concerns for the whole world especially for the countries that are in the phase of development (Doyle, and Stiglitz, 2014). For the matter of fact these economical help plays a major role in putting the international image and hence it becomes one of the major agendas for international affairs globally (Poghosyan, 2014). The following manuscript is focusing on the debt effects on the countries nationally as well as internationally and how these particular factors put an impact on the international image. 

LITERETURE REVIEW
According to the studies, the rise of the debt and its continuity is certainly a justifiable concern for every nation (Cohn, 2016). In recent years, the rate of taking and debt has increased on a noticeable scale which was firs was only at the private level whereas the public debt has also become the major agenda of the country crisis for a long time now. (Hutchinson, 2016) For that reason, the data about the concerns related to the debt and their effects need to be analyzed more critically as well as comprehensively on every level whether it is about individual households, individual cooperates or the matters of government (Kragelund, 2015).  From the past statistics of the debts, in the last forty 35 years the ratio of the debt to GDP has grown over 147%. However according to the graph, the ratio increases around 5 % every year. While in the light of current demographics and policies, it does not seem to be an easy job to stop these practices any time soon (Cohn, 2016). Though, the question arises that if it the matter of being concern or not. Moreover, concerns include the consequences of these practices and the continuous increment in it. And what will be the eventual result of all this situation? Undoubtedly the Finance is considered to be one of the major building blocks any modern society in order to make economies grow (Haggard and Kaufman, 2018). If countries will not take help and accept this approach, there is a huge probability of sticking on the same economic state. Since borrowing money allows businesses to invest and make profit, to help them to be able to grow while without investing it will not be possible to take optimizing decisions for the company (Furtado, 2018). Likewise when the companies and businesses are able to borrow, the fiscal authorities can play their essential role in order to stabilize the macroeconomy (Ali, and Malik, 2017). However according to the different experiences in history, it is often witnessed that debt is the major root of creating significant vulnerabilities. According to researches, when the ratio of debt reaches a certain level, it rather than solving the financial crisis increases it to the severe stage (Hutchinson, 2016).  For that reason it is usually recommended to keep the measure of the excessive debt and not to reach that level which eventually causes the opposite effect (Ali, and Malik, 2017). The point becomes the time that is correct to understand the current situation of the debt and its consequences (Poghosyan, 2014). For this capital reason, an efficient dataset that was implied in the 18 countries based on the flow of funds examined the effects of debt practice on economic growth (Haggard and Kaufman, 2018).  According to the numerous outcomes, the results came to the conclusion that on the initial stages debts can be helpful for the growth of the businesses and countries however if they are not taken with plan and strategic approach, debt can develop even more crisis in the results. For the government level debt, the limit is almost 85% of the GDP however on the corporate level debt, the threshold can be considered around 90%. The household debt can also go around 85% of the GDP, whereas the particular area as an impact fact is not estimated very precisely (Furtado, 2018). Following these estimations the government and the corporations can work on the optimizing path regarding their investments, while on the governmental level, it is always advices to work on reducing the level of the debt taking and improving the strategies for returning the borrowed money right on the time (Kragelund, 2015). This does not only help the nation to grow in a rightful direction but also put an international image of the responsible nature. That also enhances the interests of the other countries to work with yours in order to make better businesses, trades and other international affairs for the long term. 

METHODOLOGY
It is a review research article that elaborates the research that is already present in the current relevant journals. The selected articles were taken according to the relevancy as well as the quality of data. In order to keep the research study moderate, we have extracted the articles that have been published after 2014. The journals were further indexed by ISI and Scopus in order to enhance the authenticity and quality of the research. Nine numbers of articles were majorly utilized to understand the relation of debt to national and international affairs. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A few mechanical nations as of now have obligation levels that may are development harming. Or on the other hand, they before long will be (Lof, and Malinen, 2014). According to some past investigations, open obligation proportions are presently in an unstable way in various modern nations. To avert further disintegration, these nations should execute extraordinary strategy changes that lessen current shortages, just as future unexpected and understood liabilities. However adjustment probably won't be sufficient, particularly on the off chance that it is at a level sufficiently high to harm development (Barston, 2014). Tragically, the phenomenal quickening of populace maturing that numerous modern nations presently face may make this undertaking significantly progressively troublesome (Claessens, et al. 2014). To begin with, maturing drives government consumption up and income down, legitimately declining obligation. Be that as it may, as our outcomes in the past segment recommend, there is an extra impact: rising reliance proportions put further descending weight on pattern development, far beyond the negative impacts of obligation there are the reliance proportions, estimated as the youthful and old in the public arena (the nonworking-age populace) as a level of the working-age populace, for cutting edge and developing business sector economies (Teles and Mussolini, 2014). Most of modern nations are currently near a defining moment like the one encountered by Japan in the mid-1990s. Subsequent to having declined and remained moderately steady, absolute reliance proportions will increment quickly in these nations throughout the following hardly any decades (Barston, 2014). Developing market economies are likewise maturing (Doyle, and Stiglitz, 2014). Be that as it may, except for Central and Eastern Europe, they slack propelled economies by in any event a few decades (Cohn, 2016). This implies these economies will keep on appreciating a statistic profit: as they get up to speed with more extravagant economies, their young workforces should keep on supporting solid development and sparing (Teles and Mussolini, 2014). Late thinks about have joined the ramifications of current monetary shortages with the appraisals of future increments in wellbeing and benefits spending with an end goal to extend open obligation to 2040 (Lof, and Malinen, 2014). While they vary in their idealism, these examinations all show that, under unaltered monetary strategy, obligation to-GDP proportions will detonate in everything except a couple of nations. Obligation rapidly ascends to over 100% of GDP � a level obviously predictable with negative ramifications for development. Also, in various nations � Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States � the projections rise a lot further. In the Eurozone (Claessens, et al. 2014), the open obligation proportion will likewise rise, but less quickly than in the UK or US, mirroring the way that numerous nations face just an unobtrusive ascent later on expenses of maturing (Teles and Mussolini, 2014). Notwithstanding putting further weights on open accounts, maturing itself may likewise decrease per capita development, causing it to possibly significantly progressively hard for a nation to support a given degree of obligation (Poghosyan, 2014). With unaltered open arrangements, the ever more noteworthy measure of assets that will be directed to the old through annuity and social insurance spending will increment. Besides, more seasoned individuals spare not as much as individuals in more youthful age gatherings (Coccia, 2017). The accurate planning at which sparing may be decreased and the effect on genuine loan fees are dubious, contingent upon open approaches and sparing in the developing scene (Hutchinson, 2016), in addition to other things. The way that maturing is nonconcurrent around the globe may help further developed and exceptionally obligated nations to smooth the outcomes (Barston, 2014). There are in any event three explanations behind that. To start with, movement can halfway slow the contracting of work powers in cutting edge economies (Ali, and Malik, 2017). Second, as earnings and riches rise, developing economy reserve funds may keep on streaming to nations with further developed monetary markets and lower-hazard resources, keeping financing costs down and allowing their capital stocks to develop (Lof, and Malinen, 2014). Lastly, exchange may likewise lessen the requirement for increasingly extreme changes in the piece of interest that maturing may somehow or another carry with it (Teles and Mussolini, 2014). Such advantages of globalization should assist nations with receiving the essential changes expected to pay off their open obligation while simultaneously helping the private part � through the plenitude of the inventory of investment funds and the nonstop low genuine loan fees all-inclusive � to do the fundamental post-emergency asset report fix (Zangari, 2014).
The basic regression elements are the main source to understand the effect of debts over the growth (Hutchinson, 2016). The only dependent is the future growth per the capital GDP which the independent variables include, national savings, rate of population change, literacy, trades and businesses and the banking crisis (Poghosyan, 2014). 
The persistent gathering of non-money related obligation has matched with some significant institutional and advertising advancements (Claessens, et al. 2014). In the first place, from the late 1970s onwards, confinements on money related market action and loaning had been dynamically and methodically expelled, expanding chances to acquire. Joined with upgrades in budgetary hypothesis and data innovation, this progression has prompted a heightening of money related advancement (Coccia, 2017). The capacity to value complex money related items is for sure an essential for manufacturing and selling those (Reeves, et al. 2014). Second, beginning in the mid-1980s and proceeding until the beginning of the ongoing emergency (Dilip, 2017), the macroeconomic condition had developed increasingly steady (Claessens, et al. 2014). The Great Moderation brought lower joblessness rates, lower swelling rates, and less vulnerability. Accepting the world to be a more secure spot, borrowers obtained more, banks loaned more � and expansion stayed low (Barston, 2014). There was likewise a probable input here: as budgetary development improved the dependability of credit supply and enabled hazard to stream to those best ready to hold up under it, it improved general financial soundness (Lof, and Malinen, 2014). Third, since the mid-1990s, the generous decrease in genuine loan costs has made it simpler to help ever more elevated levels of obligation (Zangari, 2014). The purposes for such decrease are disputable. The most unmistakable speculation is that low long haul loan fees are a result of a high inclination for sparing in developing markets � an inclination that emerged for an assortment of reasons, including a poor social wellbeing net, maturing populaces' retirement needs, and a craving for protection after the East Asian monetary emergency of the late 1990s (Reeves, et al. 2014). At long last, charge strategies may have assumed a job, if not in clarifying the quick ascent paying off debtors, in any event in making the degree of obligation higher than it would have been something else (Dilip, 2017). For example, the particular treatment of intrigue installments urges firms to give obligation � a factor that could be behind the rising corporate obligation, there are a few nations. It might likewise assume a job in the ascent in family unit obligation, where liberal assessment alleviation for contract intrigue installments, alongside express sponsorships and understood assurances, could have assumed a job in growing home proprietorship in certain spots (Hutchinson, 2016). Despite the reason, the outcomes are clear (Reeves, et al. 2014). In the course of recent years, obligation has risen tenaciously over the modern world. Taking a gander at the basic normal, complete non-money related obligation rose by 147 rate purposes of GDP from 1980 to 2010. Of this, 38% (56 rate focuses) was represented by family units, 29% (42 rate focuses) was an outcome of extra corporate acquiring, and a third (49 rate focuses) speaks to increments in open obligation.
CONCLUSION
The study concludes that the rate of debt taking is noticeably increasingly following the fact that it is that finance is an essential need for development. For keeping the balance, it is important to know the threshold of the debt on the initial steps otherwise it can turn into a most disastrous factor for the nation. The study includes the data about the effects of debts in three different groups including individual households, corporations and the government while it adverts that continuous approach towards taking debts creates doubts on the capability of the government. It eventually put an impact on poor relationships with the well-developed regions which led to bad business opportunities. The best way to avoid the diverse effects is to strategize before using the debt amount according to the threshold. 

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Haggard, S. and Kaufman, R.R. eds., 2018.�The politics of economic adjustment: international constraints, distributive conflicts and the state. Princeton University Press.
Poghosyan, T., 2014. Long-run and short-run determinants of sovereign bond yields in advanced economies.�Economic Systems,�38(1), pp.100-114.
Barston, R.P., 2014.�Modern diplomacy. Routledge.
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Claessens, S., Kose, M.M.A., Laeven, M.L. and Valencia, F., 2014.�Financial crises: Causes, consequences, and policy responses. International Monetary Fund.
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Ali, M. and Malik, I.R., 2017. Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Pakistan.
Doyle, M.W. and Stiglitz, J.E., 2014. Eliminating extreme inequality: A sustainable development goal, 2015�2030.�Ethics & International Affairs,�28(1), pp.5-13.
Furtado, C., 2018. Economic Development of Latin America. In�Promise Of Development�(pp. 124-148). Routledge.
Lof, M. and Malinen, T., 2014. Does sovereign debt weaken economic growth? A panel VAR analysis.�Economics Letters,�122(3), pp.403-407.
Hutchinson, M.G., 2016.�Early economic thought in Spain 1177-1740. Liberty Fund.
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Coccia, M., 2017. Asymmetric paths of public debts and of general government deficits across countries within and outside the European monetary unification and economic policy of debt dissolution.�The Journal of Economic Asymmetries,�15, pp.17-31.
Dilip, R., 2017. The impact of remittances on economic growth and poverty reduction.�Policy Brief.
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