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�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������_�	��B�bjbj	8�bb�����������	�	00000����DDD8|�xD~-���\rrra"���,�,�,�,�,�,�,*/��1V�,i0�aa���,00rr�8-�"�"�"��0r0re+h�"��,�"�":�&,5'r����ngU�������_ f�&
Q+N-0~-�&R22�!$225'5'�220(8���"������,�,�"���~-������������������������������������������������������������������������22����������	 �:	@THE GROWTH OF CREATIVE MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMEs) BUSINESS IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA BEFORE AND AFTER COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Siti Resmi, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen YKPN Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Reza Widhar Pahlevi, Department of Management
Faculty of Business and Economics, Universitas Islam Indonesia
Frans Sayekti, Department of Accounting
Faculty of Economics, Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in economic changes that led to a national recession as well as a global recession. Various regulations have been implemented to suppress the spread of Covid-19, such as the closure of schools and several business activities, large-scale social restrictions, and even "lockdowns" which resulted in a decrease in the level of consumption and investment. The COVID-19 pandemic situation provides challenges as well as opportunities for the government to maintain the existence of MSMEs. Indonesia as one of the countries affected, especially on the economic side. Indonesia, which is dominated by Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), needs to pay special attention to this sector because the contribution of MSMEs to the national economy is quite large. This study aims to determine the level of business growth during the Covid-19 pandemic. The business growth is analyzed before and after the Covid-19 pandemic to find the differences. This study uses primary data sources, namely Creative MSME actors throughout the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Data collection was carried out through independent questionnaires, to analyze the conditions of the MSME mapping before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Data analysis used One-Sample t-test and Paired Samples t-test. The result shows Another result is found that there were differences in the level of MSME business growth during the Covid-19 pandemic. Another result is found that there is a difference between business growth before and after the Covid-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Business Growth, Creative MSMEs, the Covid-19 Pandemic.
INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Cooperatives and Small Medium Enterprises stated that during the Covid-19 pandemics there were around 37,000 MSMEs who reported that they were very seriously affected. This pandemic was indicated by approximately 56 percent experiencing a decline in sales, 22 percent having problems in the financing aspect, 15 percent having been disrupted in the distribution of goods, and 4 percent having difficulty getting raw materials ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789896540821","URL":"https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2 020/04/16/37000-SMEs-hit-by-Covid-19-crisis-as-government-prepares-aid.html.","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","7","30"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rahman","given":"Riska","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"37,000 SME","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b1624f26-4478-46aa-8a14-ecd2ccf98e62"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rahman, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rahman, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rahman, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Rahman, 2020).
These problems have also become more widespread when linked to the large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) policy which is implemented in several regions in Indonesia. Referring to the Minister of Health Regulation No. 9/2020 concerning PSBB Guidelines for the Acceleration of Handling Covid-19, PSBB includes restrictions on certain activities of residents in an area suspected of being infected with Covid-19 including restrictions on the movement of people and or goods for a particular province or district/city to prevent the spread of Covid-19.
The existence of PSBB or Lockdown is feared that the disruption of economic activities, especially production, distribution and sales will experience disruption, which in turn will further contribute to the performance of MSMEs and the national economy, as the results of the study by the Ministry of Finance above. It is not wrong if there are concerns, especially if you look at a large number of MSMEs in Indonesia and the number of workers absorbed in MSMEs. According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the contribution of MSMEs to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached 61.41 percent in 2018. Of course this contribution shows the role of MSMEs as the backbone of Indonesia's national economy ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pakpahan","given":"A. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Covid-19 dan Implikasi Bagi Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e798fc8e-6a5e-4ee1-8c28-ba43918cb4b8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Pakpahan, 2020).
MSMEs lack resilience and flexibility in facing this pandemic due to several things such as the low level of digitization, difficulties in accessing technology and lack of understanding of survival strategies in business ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=119_119680- di6h3qgi4x&title=Covid-19_SME_Policy_Responses","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","7","25"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"OECD","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"SME Policy Responses","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3c43d34c-34aa-4948-ad53-283bf4aa8e23"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(OECD, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(OECD, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(OECD, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(OECD, 2020). MSMEs are required to be able to adapt to existing business developments because businesses that can survive are businesses that are responsive to the times. Related to the Covid-19 Pandemic also has an impact on the limited operations of MSMEs and reduced consumers who shop directly compared to normal days. With this, Business Actors can adjust by opening an online store or selling via e-commerce. E-commerce is a system of sale, buying and marketing products using electronics ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kotler, Philip dan Amstrong","given":"G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"edition":"15","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"publisher":"Pearson Education Limited","title":"Principles of Marketing","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9cd5fb63-36d4-4e2d-9ac8-8a5ddf3a25db"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kotler, Philip dan Amstrong, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kotler, Philip dan Amstrong, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kotler, Philip dan Amstrong, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Kotler, Philip dan Amstrong, 2012). Research of ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hardilawati","given":"W. L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"number-of-pages":"83-87","title":"The Role of Innovation and E-Commerce in Small Business","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=866f9ee1-34af-46cb-a7fe-4978d6ffc194"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2019)","manualFormatting":"Hardilawati (2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Hardilawati (2019) and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Setyorini, D., Nurhayati","given":"E.& Rosmita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Jurnal Mitra Manajemen (JMM Online)","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"501-509","title":"Pengaruh Transaksi Online (e-Commerce) Terhadap Peningkatan Laba UMKM (Studi Kasus UMKM Pengolahan Besi Ciampea Bogor Jawa Barat)","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a903b8fd-84ea-431c-abff-a65a7c733a33"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Setyorini, D., Nurhayati, 2019)","manualFormatting":"Setyorini et al. (2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Setyorini, D., Nurhayati, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Setyorini, D., Nurhayati, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Setyorini et al. (2019) conclude that e-commerce has a positive and significant effect on improving the marketing performance and income of MSMEs.
According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pakpahan","given":"A. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Covid-19 dan Implikasi Bagi Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e798fc8e-6a5e-4ee1-8c28-ba43918cb4b8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Pakpahan (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Pakpahan (2020), no country can predict when this Covid-19 pandemic will end. A simple way to adapt and deal with this pandemic is to prepare short-term and long-term strategies while continuing to hope that a vaccine for the Covid-19 virus will soon be discovered and mass-produced. The short policy that can be implemented is financial assistance in the form of soft loans or direct cash assistance by involving the government and the private sector. Meanwhile, the long-term strategy is focused on the introduction and use of digital technology for MSMEs and preparation for entering the Industrial 4.0 era.
	ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hardilawati","given":"W. L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Jurnal Akuntansi & Ekonomika","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Strategi Bertahan UMKM di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b1d4279e-bd74-480d-b0d5-f8ac0cbf4d4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Hardilawati (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Hardilawati (2020) in her research, found that MSMEs can adopt a survival strategy and can adapt to changes in the business environment during this pandemic and in the future. This condition is because MSME actors are responsive to changes in the surrounding environment and can adapt both in terms of products, marketing systems, sales, and in the use of technology that supports the business. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hardilawati","given":"W. L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Jurnal Akuntansi & Ekonomika","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Strategi Bertahan UMKM di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b1d4279e-bd74-480d-b0d5-f8ac0cbf4d4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Hardilawati (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Hardilawati (2020) added that not all MSMEs felt a decrease in sales turnover and had to close their businesses. Some MSMEs that are still stable and experienced an increase in sales turnover because they made adjustments in terms of products and carried out several marketing strategies to survive. Several things that can be done by MSMEs, including choosing to open new product lines or updating their marketing systems, because businesses that can survive are businesses that are responsive to changes in their environment.
This research is conducted to prove the differences in the business growth of MSME players in maintaining their business during the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the world. This study aims to determine the level of business growth during the Covid-19 pandemic. Another objective of this study is to determine the differences in the growth rates of MSMEs before and after the Covid-19 pandemic So that they can continue to survive and become more responsive to changes in the business climate, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. 
LITERATURE REVIEW

Business Growth

	ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.016","abstract":"The contribution of a single firm to sustainable development is largely dependent on the firm's perceptions of the advantages of sustainability strategies and consequent practices. The relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance has been heavily debated, with mixed results. Our research is aimed at defining a model in which sustainability practices affect firm financial performance via strategic drivers or antecedents of firm success. We used structural equation modeling on data collected via survey of 348 Italian manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises. We included four constructs dedicated to sustainability, a construct dedicated to financial performance and four constructs measuring the possible mediators in the sustainability-financial performance relationship. We found that the social, economic and formal practices dimensions of sustainability positively affect competitive advantage, mediated by corporate reputation, customer satisfaction and organisational commitment. We also found competitive advantage to be a second-stage mediator that positively contributes to financial performance. The contribution of our study lies in having tested a new model of the sustainability-financial performance relationship, considering each dimension of sustainability and a path through different mediators in an under-explored context�that of manufacturing small businesses in a European country.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cantele","given":"Silvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zardini","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"166-176","title":"Is sustainability a competitive advantage for small businesses? An empirical analysis of possible mediators in the sustainability�financial performance relationship","type":"article-journal","volume":"182"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9a9732d4-96c5-438f-b868-ac4f207aa7a0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cantele & Zardini, 2018)","manualFormatting":"Cantele & Zardini (2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cantele & Zardini, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cantele & Zardini, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Cantele & Zardini (2018), found that competitive advantage is influenced by company growth. The results of the study ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1515/mjss-2017-0014","abstract":"This study aims to describe and analyze the factors which affect the performance of managers consisting of entrepreneurial orientation and creativity factors and their impact on competitive advantage. Apart from that in this study also seeks to want to know how big the impact is directly entrepreneurial orientation and creativity to competitive advantage and influence indirectly through manager performance. The research was conducted on a sample of 170 manager�s small medium enterprises (SMEs) in the shoe industry Mojokerto East Java Province, sampling using random sampling techniques. Through the analysis of the results of structural equation modeling (SEM) found that the first-factor entrepreneurial orientation and creativity positive effect on manager performance. Second, the factors of entrepreneurial orientation and creativity direct positive effect on the competitive advantage. Third, through manager performance, factors of entrepreneurial orientation and creativity indirectly positively effects on the competitive advantage. Fourth, manager performance positively affects competitive advantage.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bashor","given":"Choirul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Purnama","given":"Chamdan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"title":"Factors Affecting Performance Manager and Its Impact on Competitive Advantage: Studies Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in The Shoes Industry Mojokerto East Java","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cce5989f-6032-4366-9349-8626bca2cf43"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bashor & Purnama, 2017)","manualFormatting":"Bashor et al. (2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bashor & Purnama, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bashor & Purnama, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Bashor et al. (2017) state that manager performance, entrepreneurial orientation factors, business growth and creativity directly have a positive effect on competitive advantage. The finding of ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.12816/0001127","abstract":""  �������, �. (2012). ��� ������: ����� ��� 2012, ���� ����� �� �, ���� ����, ���� �������.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sucuahi","given":"W.T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Accounting Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"44-51","title":"Determinants of Financial Literacy of Micro Entrepreneurs in Davao City","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2d1733fe-8d07-41a7-91ba-58691cb89b5c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Sucuahi, 2013)","manualFormatting":"Sucuahi (2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Sucuahi, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Sucuahi, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Sucuahi (2013) shows that the significant role of SMEs can be overshadowed and maintained through sound and proper financial management of the entrepreneurs themselves. According to the resource-based view, many resources owned by companies can increase their competitive advantage. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600105","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Das, T.K., & Teng","given":"B. S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"31-61","title":"A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances","type":"article-journal","volume":"26"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9e4689ca-02fe-40d4-bc73-4ad5d0a9baa8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Das, T.K., & Teng, 2000)","manualFormatting":"Das & Teng (2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Das, T.K., & Teng, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Das, T.K., & Teng, 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Das & Teng (2000) argue that the level of maintaining a competitive advantage by firms depends on their ability to maintain the heterogeneity of their knowledge sources. Business growth has an effect on the competitive advantage of Credtive MSMEs at D.I. Yogyakarta through financial literacy and taxation as a mediating variable (Resmi et al., 2019).

MSME Business Growth During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic currently occurring inevitably affects various sectors. At the global economic level, the Covid-19 pandemic has a very significant impact on the domestic economy of the nation-state and the existence of MSMEs. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report states that this pandemic has implications for the threat of a major economic crisis. This threat is marked by the cessation of production activities in many countries, falling levels of public consumption, loss of consumer confidence, falling stock markets, and ultimately leading to uncertainty ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=119_119680- di6h3qgi4x&title=Covid-19_SME_Policy_Responses","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","7","25"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"OECD","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"SME Policy Responses","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3c43d34c-34aa-4948-ad53-283bf4aa8e23"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(OECD, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(OECD, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(OECD, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(OECD, 2020). Business actors are known that the decline in sales revenue has gradually occurred since mid-February, and in March the decline in turnover was still relatively small. In April-May 2020, when the government issued a policy on health, transportation and social distancing protocols, almost all trades were carried out. UMKM business actors. According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Soetjipto","given":"HM. Noer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"Penerbit K-Media","publisher-place":"Yogyakarta","title":"Ketahanan UMKM Jawa Timur Melintasi Pandemi COVID-19","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fc280049-9de3-406e-aab9-ad9cbac29c7c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Soetjipto, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Soetjipto (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Soetjipto, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Soetjipto, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Soetjipto (2020), it is known that 68% of business actors explain the decline in turnover due to decreased consumer purchasing power due to most consumers starting to save money and have no income or income. Then 46% of business actors stated that the reason for their decreased turnover was because consumers were afraid to buy, and most consumers felt that they were not used to buying online, and were still accustomed to buying by coming directly to the store. Also, 46% of business actors concluded that the decline in turnover occurred after the prohibition of leaving the house or the implementation of PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) accompanied by criminal sanctions and fines. 

H1: There are differences in the growth rates of MSMEs during the Covid-19 pandemic

Sales decreased due to restrictions on shop opening hours specified in security protocols and health protocols. Rules in buying to take home and restrictions on distance in public places affect an effect on reducing consumer convenience. In these conditions, consumers choose to stay at home temporarily. During a pandemic and the implementation of stay at home or work at home policies. 33% of the subjects of business actors do off orders, namely stopping production, exhausting the inventory stock, and producing when there is an order, and producing according to the number of orders. Then 27% of business actors continue to open merchandise, especially for shops at home, traditional market stands, stalls, cafes, depots and restaurants by still following the health protocol rules and pandemic security policies. In addition, 19% of business operators only try to sell their withdrawn or returned products because shops are closed or sales stalls are often closed due to pandemic safety and health protocols. Some business actors reduce opening trade hours and reduce the amount of production while looking for new opportunities to market ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"ISSN 0261-3077","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Varagur","given":"Krithika","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Bali's been through a lot': the holiday island's tourism industry hit by coronavirus fears. The Guardian (in English)","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b5fafcdf-3ff1-4492-8aaf-4677de2d94ad"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Varagur, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Varagur, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Varagur, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Varagur, 2020).
	ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/IJOEM-11-2019-0989","abstract":"Purpose: Despite their economic and cultural significance, the growth of handicraft micro firms is vulnerable, given their small size and resource limitations. By examining the impact of cooperation on firm performance via innovation capability, this study shows how micro firms can address constraints and achieve sustainable development by acquiring and utilizing external resources, complemented by innovation capability, through internal development. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 164 handicraft micro firms in Pakistan via a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was employed to estimate interrelations of various constructs simultaneously and control measurement errors. Findings: The impact of cooperation with customers and suppliers on firm performance via innovation capability was positive and significant. Contrarily, competitor cooperation did not significantly affect innovation capability. Furthermore, there was a positive and significant interaction effect of customer and competitor cooperation on innovation capability. Thus, micro firms must reinforce their customer and supplier relationships through innovation capability and internal transformation for sustainable development. Moreover, a balance must exist between cooperation and competition to achieve optimal innovation returns for the sustainable development of firms. Originality/value: This study emphasized that micro firms must strengthen their customer and supplier relationships via innovation capability and internal development to achieve higher performance. Moreover, the study introduced a new dimension for measuring firm performance.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shafi","given":"Mohsin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Emerging Markets","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"-","title":"Sustainable development of micro firms: examining the effects of cooperation on handicraft firm's performance through innovation capability","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=35a3d781-4348-4aaf-b6a0-9232b02f8795"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shafi, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Shafi (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shafi, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shafi, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Shafi (2020) states the outbreak of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has severely affected the global and Pakistani economy. Primary victims of the Covid-19 pandemic are micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Based on the results of the research, different policy recommendations were proposed to ease the adverse effects of the outbreak on MSMEs. Although our suggested policy recommendations may not be sufficient to help MSMEs go through the ongoing crisis, these measures will help them weather the storm. Several studies have reported devastating effects of such events on MSMEs. For instance, the 1999 earthquake in Turkey severely affected MSMEs with damages estimated $1.1�4.5 billion ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Asgary, A., Ozdemir, A. I., & �zy�rek","given":"H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"59-73","title":"Small And Medium Enterprises And Global Risks: Evidence From Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bfe00cc9-05bd-4cbd-aaed-56c6c0288790"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Asgary, A., Ozdemir, A. I., & �zy�rek, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(Asgary et al. (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Asgary, A., Ozdemir, A. I., & �zy�rek, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Asgary, A., Ozdemir, A. I., & �zy�rek, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Asgary et al. (2020). Likewise, in Malaysia, due to unprecedented flooding at the end of 2014, more than 13,000 SMEs were affected ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Auzzir, Z., Haigh, R., & Amaratunga","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Procedia Engineering","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1131-1138","title":"Impacts of disaster to SMEs in Malaysia","type":"article-journal","volume":"212"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=457236de-2d26-4306-9f48-475f22711c5e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Auzzir, Z., Haigh, R., & Amaratunga, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Auzzir et al., 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Auzzir, Z., Haigh, R., & Amaratunga, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Auzzir, Z., Haigh, R., & Amaratunga, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Auzzir et al., 2018). Further, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Previous studies have shown that self-efficacy and job satisfaction become critical factors that motivate educators to become productive in their career, and promote organizational excellence in education. However, changes in education policies resulting the teachers to have high workload in the workplace. This is a correlational research, and carried out to identify the relationship between workload and self-efficacy and job satisfaction among lecturers at vocational colleges. A total of 373 questionnaires containing 60 items were collected from the lecturers from 15 vocational colleges which were selected using cluster random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson-r correlation. Results showed that the workload of the lecturers at vocational colleges are at a high level (mean = 3.73), self-efficacy remained at a high level (mean = 3.81) and job satisfaction lecturer at the medium level (mean = 3.57). Based on the analysis, it was found that the workload significantly correlated with self-efficacy and job satisfaction in a negative direction and the strength of the relationship is at the low level. Self-efficacy was found to have a significant relationship with job satisfaction and the strength of the relationship is at the medium level. Keywords: Work load; self efficacy; job satisfaction; technical and vocational education","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Samantha","given":"G. (2018).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"-","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"744-751","title":"The impact of natural disasters on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs): A case study on 2016 flood event in western Sri Lanka","type":"paper-conference","volume":"212"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7c882d88-b9cc-4da7-9e3a-c53518663637"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Samantha, 2018)","manualFormatting":"Samantha (2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Samantha, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Samantha, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Samantha (2018) reported that in May 2016, a tropical storm severely hit western parts of Sri Lanka, which causes huge damage to society, public property and MSMEs. The most significant and most immediate impact of the lockdown is the halt in business operations. Lockdown was first announced in Sindh province from March 23, 2020. Karachi, the capital city of Sindh province, is considered as the country's largest industrial zone accounted for 30% of total exports. Due to lockdown, out of 2,700 factories in Karachi, less than 50 were operating on the first working day ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hussain","given":"K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"DAWN","title":"The Coronavirus Economy","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3b62a49c-fa19-45b1-afb5-03062d99f0d3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hussain, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hussain, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hussain, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Hussain, 2020). Furthermore, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hussain","given":"K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"DAWN","title":"The Coronavirus Economy","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3b62a49c-fa19-45b1-afb5-03062d99f0d3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hussain, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Hussain (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hussain, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hussain, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Hussain (2020) reported that Covid-19 affected around 5 million people in Pakistan living below the poverty line. Most of the unskilled people (such as labourers, waste recyclers, construction workers, transportation workers, and domestic workers) work in a variety of industries, services, and agriculture. They depend on daily wages to provide for their needs.
According to the author, around 4 million people are working on a daily wage basis in Karachi alone. Besides, it is estimated that approximately 04 million individuals are also working in The Punjab province. These day workers were most affected by the lockdown.

H2: There is a difference between business growth before and after the Covid-19 pandemic

METHOD

This study used primary data through a questionnaire as the primary data source. The population was Creative MSME actors in DIY. Creative MSMEs in Yogyakarta were chosen because Yogyakarta was an area that is rich in traditional culture and various characters of its inhabitants, thus encouraging the development of the potential of Creative MSMEs. The sample was determined by proportional simple random sampling technique by taking a sample of 20% of the total creative MSMEs in each district/city. The sample that deserved to be respondents in this study is 269 samples of Creative MSME actors in DIY with statistical techniques using the One-Sample t-test and Paired Samples t-test. E actors in DIY. Data processing techniques used the One-Sample t-test and Paired Samples t-test. The two tests are to determine differences in business growth before and after the Covid-19 pandemic.


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the calculation validity test can be seen in Tabel 1.


Table 1
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TEST RESULTSVARIABLEINDICATORPEARSON
CORRELATIONSIGNIFICANCERESULTCRONBACH'S ALPHABusiness Growth
Before
Covid-19
PandemicItem 10.3110.000Valid0.835Item 20.7560.000ValidItem 30.8030.000ValidItem 40.8040.000ValidItem 50.8130.000ValidItem 60.8210.000ValidItem 70.7760.000ValidItem 80.7410.000ValidItem 90.6630.000ValidItem 100.5580.000ValidBusiness
Growth
After
Covid-19
PandemicItem 10.7020.000Valid0.926Item 20.7880.000ValidItem 30.8310.000ValidItem 40.8020.000ValidItem 50.7880.000ValidItem 60.7980.000ValidItem 70.8400.000ValidItem 80.6010.000ValidItem 90.8210.000ValidItem 100.7900.000Valid*Significance at 5% level
Based on Table 1, the calculated value of all questionnaire items, including the research variable, namely business growth before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, shows a probability value (sig) <0.05. So the questionnaire of the research variables are all valid, and the Cronbach Alpha value obtained from all results, including the research variable, shows a value greater than 0.6. and that means reliable.

Table 2
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSNOVARIABLEMEANCATEGORY1Business Growth Before Covid-19 Pandemi4.19Good2Business Growth After Covid-19 Pandemi4.25Good
Testing Differences in the Growth Rates of MSME Business during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The first hypothesis in this study is that it is suspected that there are differences in the level of business growth of MSMEs during the Covid-19 pandemic and tested using the One-Sample t-test technique. Following are the results of the One-Sample t-test with the help of SPSS are shown in Table 3.





Tabel 3
TESTING RESULTS OF DIFFERENCES IN THE GROWTH RATES OF MSME BUSINESS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMICOne-Sample TestTest Value = 0tdfSig. (2-tailed)Mean Difference95% Confidence Interval of the DifferenceLowerUpperBusiness Growth Before Covid-19
Pandemic126.550268.0004.257994.19174.3242*Significance at 5% levelBased on the results of the analysis, it shows the significant value during the Covid-19 pandemic on Creative MSMEs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results of the analysis show that only a significance value of 0.000 is below 0.05 (p-value <�). So it can be concluded that there are differences in the growth rates of MSME businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Testing The Difference Between Business Growth Before And After The Covid-19 Pandemic

The second hypothesis in this study is that it is suspected that there is a difference between business growth before and after the Covid-19 pandemic and is tested using the Paired Sample t-test technique. Following are the results of the Paired Sample t-test with the help of SPSS are shown in Table 4.
TABEL 4RESULTS OF TESTING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUSINESS GROWTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMICBefore Covid-19 PandemicVariable tSig. (2-tailed)Mean Business Growth-2.1330.0344.1939After Covid-19 PandemicBusiness Growth-2.1330. 0344.258*Significance at 5% level
Table 4 shows that after the pandemic there is an increase in business growth where before the pandemic there is a large business growth of 4.1939. After the pandemic, there is a large business growth, which increased to 4.2580 with a significant increase below �, namely 0.05 (0.034 <0.05).
According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pakpahan","given":"A. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Covid-19 dan Implikasi Bagi Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e798fc8e-6a5e-4ee1-8c28-ba43918cb4b8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Pakpahan (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Pakpahan, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Pakpahan (2020), Covid-19 pandemic provides challenges and opportunities for the government to maintain the existence of MSMEs. Challenges are defined as the need for short-term solutions to help MSMEs and workers who are members of it. Opportunity means that short-term solutions need to be followed by long-term solutions, especially when linked to the industrial era 4.0, which requires the availability of digital technology to support economic activity. There are several short-term solutions to maintain the existence of MSMEs. According to the OECD, several solutions need to be considered, namely the application of strict health protocols in carrying out economic activities by MSMEs, delaying debt or credit payments to maintain MSME financial liquidity, financial assistance for MSMEs, and structural policies. Strict health protocols can be applied when the government grants permission for MSMEs to carry out their activities. The government can issue policies to provide concessions for payment of the debt or credit instalments for MSMEs or even postpone the payment process for the next six months by considering the financial liquidity of MSMEs. This policy includes simplifying the administrative process for obtaining a loan in the emergency situation. This policy is done so that MSME actors, including workers, can maintain the level of consumption and purchasing power as well as support the running of the national economy. Meanwhile, according to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hardilawati","given":"W. L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Jurnal Akuntansi & Ekonomika","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Strategi Bertahan UMKM di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b1d4279e-bd74-480d-b0d5-f8ac0cbf4d4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Hardilawati (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hardilawati, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Hardilawati (2020), the Covid-19 pandemic that occurred in Indonesia had an impact on economic instability, especially on MSMEs. MSMEs feel the immediate impact of a decrease in sales turnover due to government calls to stay at home and large-scale social restrictions. The government invites people to feel at home for a long time resulting in many MSMEs having to stop operating for a while. For this reason, MSMEs must have a strategy to survive this pandemic and required to be able to adapt to the conditions that occur. According to ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Soetjipto","given":"HM. Noer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"Penerbit K-Media","publisher-place":"Yogyakarta","title":"Ketahanan UMKM Jawa Timur Melintasi Pandemi COVID-19","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fc280049-9de3-406e-aab9-ad9cbac29c7c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Soetjipto, 2020)","manualFormatting":"Soetjipto (2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Soetjipto, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Soetjipto, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Soetjipto (2020), business actors seek to find marketing and sales alternatives, secure capital and assets, temporarily transfer them to other businesses and must study technology that is deemed effective for promotion and sales.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that there were differences in the growth rates of MSME businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic. There is a difference between business growth before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. As with the expectations expressed by business actors, regarding capital, technical financing (instalments) of loan and marketing capital, it is hoped that the government can provide operational assistance in the form of recommendations for the reduction of late payments, and assist in terms of product distribution and marketing. MSME players need to prepare short-term and long-term strategies while continuing to hope that the COVID-19 virus vaccine will soon be found and mass-produced to reduce the rate of development of the Covid-19 virus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The success of this research requires a lot of guidance and assistance from many parties. Thank you to the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate General of Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia. This research is a basic research scheme funded by the 2020 government budget. This research was carried out with the help of MSMEs as respondents. In addition, the STIM YKPN Research Institute has assisted in the administration and management of this research. Finally, the researcher would like to thank those who cannot be mentioned one by one who was involved in completing this research.

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Sucuahi, W.T. (2013). Determinants of Financial Literacy of Micro Entrepreneurs in Davao City. International Journal of Accounting Research, 1(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12816/0001127
Varagur, K. (2020). Bali�s been through a lot�: the holiday island�s tourism industry hit by coronavirus fears. The Guardian (in English).









International Journal of Entrepreneurship                                                                                                       Volume 24, Issue 4, 2020

 PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 8




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