����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 172.67.215.126  /  Your IP : 172.70.50.4
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/authorproof.omicsgroup.co.in/paper-submissions-new/2021/Feb/08/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/authorproof.omicsgroup.co.in/paper-submissions-new/2021/Feb/08/115783-source file.doc
��ࡱ�!��	 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9Ddt����p�
�
s�>��A?�����Picture 9"������b��8lӠ���3d�!�O�@��8Dn�8lӠ���3d�!�O�@��PNG


IHDR	��N�sRGB���gAMA���a�PLTE			"""&&&(((+++---111222333666:::<<<???@@@BBBDDDGGGLLLMMMOOOPPPSSSWWWYYY]]]aaabbbdddfffgggiiilllmmmooorrrtttvvvyyy{{{|||~~~�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������(� tRNS (08@HPX`hpx�����������������	pHYs�&�?5�IDATx^���#G���睝睙�'i�
g��#�$�#!�I���-Ɛ�,�9n7��G����xm֎�g��0��GSU]-�4%�[�mUu����������Q�Z�V��+
�}z06x�c�LA��$0M$!��@I$!��@I$!��@I$!��@I$!��@I$!��@I$!��@I$!��0Q�8��>y���+�7�.g��k�r 	LS�$�t>RQ82	ou޷[9���i�$���p>*
�@�%�ʹ��[Ð��W0	��WI�ώ߲��WL�][�8�������:w���h^*	��O%ߋj����E�@�7ۅώՖNB�����y���<���1��]�nn-;;>�m:&�w���'���ޥ����4��{��6�7'LBs���H4IhϜ�gȊ0����~p��2�7g7ZQ�M�>9t��ß�oM��csr|�>+V�.�@h.]i]�o/��,|��0Ix���?s^l�2$	hve�`}!�ff���1W�*�$��o|^̘@���NvWg�ﶎ�.�-�$T;�O�y�@���Z�q�i�{�WL�D�KBuz�Z�z�fF_.��h�S����U�/1�P}�ă��z��m�'�o6$!9s�WO�����E�%�ۆ`�����gL��YH��qض��Ē.I�`�}�=�~�Xy��$�Dz�\�o�7���[��=%a�HBEͮ��'=������=1�@
ͯ��.��ͮ��R]�4�@�,��e��7�ŝ��.II�Nf.�7�GH�\]�4�@m̭
\.swI�HB���/��|�}�a]�4�@
,o���z!��%I#	Tܬ�qu�r��¨.II����2+���Xc�$i$!��Z�r�Jf\0�K�F��=���e����]�4�@����eV���ήe꒤��*F/P��qu@�.II�J����蒤���"�@�S�.II�R��.ɐ�X$!��(v�]��|]�4�@�����vNvswI�HB�_��m�=I�$�$�����&��Bdf\M-P�V�K�F΅��f׎�tI�HBa��@���v�.II  z�����$i$!�@�(v�钤��B`(vϸ:@�K�F�Nϸza�b'�.II�+��n�]�4��?f��a3���<�3��(v��l��vIҢ@٧���-P�v��.I�
��ا����#f\`�$Y���9�o��=�j��eb�ǻ�f&�z�n�`����7K꒔a���,P<z���vIʰE
�g\�|�L��.I	Ԑ0bP�i��NU���!!�B���θ:�Z]�.3$dP���q5��2Vź$=�A!���;U�K�e��
Xf��%,U�Kғ	�g\�w�Ll��]��A!�xY(v�h���7$dP4�Y�8ӌ��V�*�%Ĥ	@�e[��in��]�HB���-P춴{R�.�$!�Pf��3��x��"�h��;�.�Do+��$�&��n+{�ZtI�HB�Q�/P�4��>�K�$�$�#��n�꒤��@3̬d_�ةv]�4�h�\;�ׯK�Fu�k�b�ZvI�HB��.�Z��in�U�.II�V��ݖv��%I#	�zʻ@���j��$i$!PC��.P�T�.II�L���j�%I#	�:�`�b�&tI�HB�6�r/P춴s�S�.II��$;ͬ��%I#	��g\-x�L�A]�4�����I(v����	Ԫ!	�*�p�b'�%Y��MCUϸ*��X�9nX�$�$*i~}���fV��%I#	��|�b��+�쒤��@���7$.���%I#	�
13�N�@�S��$i$!PE(vkv�$�$*A/P�%t�L��]�4���j�����!	��\�؍.���^�����m�.�$!����%q!	�_��if���N��"��^�x[�r����U�$N$!��ݖ�G�Y���tI�G��A���H_.�]�2���A!�Y�؉.I$!���NtI2!	��Ż��XtI2"	�(v�K�Ix"�@��"]�HB������D�&�@��V�.I>$!0U˂�-_�K�IL���N��tI&A�!�@�]�I���,�.P줻$tI&C%_��i~��G�db$!P&��ݖ��%)�$J�(�@�]��HB����.��75G��X�؍.���P��NtIĐ���R(v[ޥK"�$����(v�]�K"�$D̗�@��]a$!P\Y��%�G]�n��@�]�R��@s�-P�F��$$!0�(v�KR��ȥ+GG%-P�F��L$!��l���%)I�S��Ns[����F9,n��[��my��
]����@F3%/P�4�vtH��|$!�E��-l�%��ka�]��n+�����`$!0Z�;�%�e�^!$!0�(v�Kb�'8��BC̯���@�S�]�(:
I�g���%!	�&���n!wIHB�1�֮Oa�b��?KB�0��݂�,	I4��(v��gIHB����{SY��ia�]�ϒ��@�Mo�b���j|��$jk�;�m��V�v�HB����@�ۥ����̸E�3���f׎��4�I��t(v�ތ[$!P'z���-P�V�.II�Ŵ(v�P�$�$ja��U�K�F�wIϸ:�����%I#	�j�@�S��%!	�
�@���^��%!	��Z�3��0���F%�$i$!PE^(v[�j�$�$*���N3��@�,�W��@�S}Vo'	�
�@�[ջ$i$!P�š�#W�.IIT���q���n�K�FA$!<;�.�Z
�$i$!�x���_�ǻ�蒤��@��􌫞(v[�kצK�F��@���F�N]�4��Y�8���t-�ԬK�F���3�s�Llf�~]��<Ix����g��k�-�\HB4�����k�%I˟��:���G�z?��d(�>�꠺vI�HB 3z�Ր.��ոK�F�@�[��$iy��샎�3���·��nu޸}������R�~�3��eF�I���7�{�$m�$���My����V�껏�9�k��۝�ˌ$Dc��@�S��$i��_��yW���t�]:�ׇ?Q_nw���~���h� (vkB�$m�$|�W}�$����ӷ�7�z<�F���eF�����<���h�7�K�6a�}g�ڧF���!�����N7	��I��c�b���v3�$iQ�M�>�%�y�OS��Ix]���KB���/3�5��N3��Gk�]�]�����Ix��7��j��C���ß��wv���HB�U�@q�Q3�x7БjifV�W&<;�vߞ�6	��}=6L�O���HB�R0�]�ko6�K�-�_�o�N�>���M�$��@0uv��_f$!j'����%�����dM��{��[��-$�Չ��I�z�(x���.��ݓ��[�$��45��������_rv|v�c���2#	Q#!-P���.�V� ]s�$�m=�?;��So�$T_������ˌ$D]�@�S�$3���C�Ix���ş'֟)�&����t>y�/�/3�u��n
�,m_�]'ONI��l�b�vIf׎Z��HB@��q5����%Y�=�q�YHB@Vp;ͬ4�K2��:Z2I
o�b����uIfV�F�9KR�a-P�ܸ.ɂn���Ð���(v�m\�D7I6�u�IB��(vk̺$]˻ǻzW$!P��q5�����%��le��$
s�b'�%	��Y+{��Y߯ 	�	�@���^{�Q]�$Y�޽"	�I�WC\��iv�uШ.���ak+��$!�[��5�K��s��}��'�W4�K2��:���v��Nϸ��N�[�fuIt�d�9�HB ��(v[�ڬ.��v{?G��Ida(z������̮��5I����8z��`(v[lX�di�d�P�$F
{�b��uIt�d���$!0�Y��b-��uIV���ۂ$�̌�չ\�jX�d�J�`�&I�p~�b��uIfV�[B�� �@qf\��s�Ӡ.�n���>I��3�V�r����%��8jmH�IB��
;5�KryW�I҇$bf��J̸:HwI*�R� UI(�X��iv�u�j��O7I���f(I�ƫ��n��,���'	�lf��̸:�Q]��5�&I�
V�����%Y�=�)s��MU��ݖw�%�M���$!��,P\�W4�K2��?�yu�@٧WI��,P�֨.��viM�>6x�3+�I��*�@�[��$��IҜ+%]f�Qks��+�$D?�@q�f\Ш.�n�4iz1�u;8,��$!R*�@�[��$�[�f��7�v�'����HTk�b�&uIf�u͹`|�dP�0&D�Z��ma�9]U�^��,YoP�i��E�r����r���$��n�J����H¦[ب��Ns[�Mi,�4k��,fZqN<I�h�[�حA]��
�$N�M�O�oI�X\��I�*ʬWT�IR�7sKs��p���W&{-���4�^���t��!٠J�oJ�O@
��og���D����
T��ݚ�%�];lҜۓ8<�#p�x��H†���N
�\ڡI2��5��x����G��Ǐ��[�ح9]�9�$��mJfvZ�ۀ$acTt�b�uIV�����k���
��I�f�պP��,\i7�/.k�`?�0�$���Պ.P춲ߐ.���M��m�s��J�\u(v��lJ�di�d���a�v���c8M֙�q�F�q�)]�$)o�����;�~i!IXW3+�]�ة9]����$"�ۙ/-$	k��;-l���%YآI"g�h'�;C$a��3���`Z�om4�K2��$5�7�s�mxM���J/P�4���kD�di���4��k��v�KI����n�v��%�[?j�$)��^��+IXz��\.kL��2M�m��/nB�¥�/P줻$M��y�$i���\jo٭�H�ʫ��n
��&	Kԕmv�`�[,$a���wku�Lln�]�%�D��F�6ڣ�$a�-nU~�b��ftI��h�L���Ψw�Iª���N3
�,����ݐ���8^H�*�_���2��tI�ڇ,Q7m��u�uIX9�X��me�	]��սc�$>,�
{y���R����%Y�I����KI������r�X3�$�kG��&|d&X��M�Տ$���,P�Ԑ.��.K�y7�w��ד��q�A}(v�g�df�/9��:�I�����3�00z�4�@�F���i�df/}�ͬ�$	����I���(=����V��.I=W�؍��-=�=�c�Հ��
��DEa�m�k�@q��I*
�v��Դ}�EQ�/���a�%�B��^�[I��u����:-P�3��&����amJ���B�wh�i��j�{2$a@LF�b�(N�=������gIV��h~�&I�f��� I���Q��:-P�gf_׷wIj<��e�w����}
,�.-$	���==��]S��F��]ˎ�h��@�������ذG�R׷׷l}����W�~q�6��7qI�@��ح��V]���R����|7k�����֕��+�0��-{�Dў�Y/�s���z�����D�fw��=4�V�<��IU�1��.�Se3�.�mn��u�d�[=^�[��9�d�^q��c�^q��c������OO�}��ا'�>np
_��+�>^p��`08�鉰�����
�zb���}̠��N�$���W(S����(:
�*�$�B�@��
��1D�"[�A�"�1�"Z�}�E�"	}��� 	s
��A-оl�"y�����h�����}̠�h_�A�<�HB_dk4H�\D��>fPD�/۠HC$�/�5$a.�Aa3(�ڗmP$�!���
�0Ѡ�����6(��I�l�I��hP���h��e�c�$�E�F�$�E4(�cE�@��
��1D�"[�A�"�1�"Z�}�E�"	}��� 	s
��A-оl�"y�����h�����}̠�h_�A�<�HB_dk4H�\D��>fPD�/۠HC$�/�5$a.�Aa3(�ڗmP$�!���
�0Ѡ�����6(��I�l�I��hP���h��e�c�$�E�Fc�$�qn�E�/�J��ӳWߵ�N@Jz!Z�}�E�"	}���(-	ou޷�N@Jz!Z�}�E�"	}���(��=c7]H�1HB/$�!���
�0Ѡ�����6(��I�l��T���n�?xV��}����PJz!Z�}�E�"	}����e�$�I�,HB/$�!���
�$�q���@���I$���I�l�F�$�O'>1~��*
I�lHB/$�!���
�$T'Ŀ�HfCz!y�����h���h����Y��^HC$�/�5�Ix�
?�0���c�$�E�FC0	_Q���	I�I��1D�"[�!��7���xI�I��1D�"[�!���RBsQ�t��m7;�W�?���S��uaG�Aa3���?^�������b%�h_�y��hd<��힮oG�x���?����܌�d��<��Ux������{���}ꥒM�����D�5bIh>d_Fc��Ș�*4��9�~v�$B���U��@��Py��JT0	SU��dI8�"Ih�g����3I�o�8U����nu7?���,�hP��L���ˏ~Ό������Z~���9>��GIB1�5RI����&	O_N.���*4s�HN�_���;�Y���U�U!	]�$|��/
�I�����f�ē�������NF�VX�$,ԆOPT�ٓP�9o�@�O��/ՙɟ���kώ��j�W�7��n��O�or)��Z�_��$Lr�9v���/�O=}��_V��Sus����Ǣ��ť~#n�<��%�;O���?��X�^��G�G��'	S��ތ>�-��7��?��Q������
�������?���L�}3��*������$+�WH�a�&E==����_�-j@���Bm�E�=	Uħ�q���{O�0�I�j��S��OGb��:��)�*�����Ih�7�=����WJ/	���3�ik7���oH<��%a<&t'�S�?I���P%����S�~%��F�#& �n�#SH����O�?U���J�O� Ya�b-6)��;��̠h�����j�'(���IhMZ|���O%�7U(���~�0�Ư��΃��=O��]��Ǻo0f&�*K~�c�P=M��̶z�_��}�}�$gǽ����k��<���������BIx���w'�M5 |瞊C}L�%�[�JŸ}��o>��8#�|<���w�}�����R7>=�:���*����$4����E���ž$Zl�(�G������}@���Bm�E�#	߳�s�:��Z'&	��4o*>�&xwM�U��Iho�t�)g��t<~}N?�R�$����=�!M�0�0	�#(O�3&g�;UtxKB[b�$��ms����a*1;T
�:3�}�q�V�7��(��+�%��b�E=�☚��,ԆOPT�9�P
pt��1�>�՞��5�)vG<�3o��K
9���|�F�6����R�$����6��{��K����G�0*��j��	I&��g���V��м�yO�MF��ͻ���7��F%�g�(�Ih�y�'���0�_1��ËM�R���a�?e�
[f�P>AQ��H�8l(��S�Q>�_�@��莁칦ɕ��P�}̄M�Ԧ�T�i�_J��݂T�%�ͩ����F&a|�܋Ϙ�Il�vLĴ�$�y�/?��8#T�%t?U�`�R���>_��LBsG��5N�^Z�Œ�>��b{I�+4��e�i�8S�
���L�8���$aG�����C=NB-Ih����'e�dHBsIԥ�0]ʅ$L�,��z���7�1;�ؗm��9X\I���0�S�kg>K��UO]�������M8��#O����/�MT�+���$4e���(�����f�N��&�bIX�}nJ\�
���LB����y��&�J����Q۲cB�[�P��7��I�K�30���{s"�=����aT0	�1�J��`�YR�$�z���8����@5f����$T��3Q;�0��#IV8���I8�ؠ�0)ԆOPT���P����=��$T|7�0\|��o�_}�$T��;_6[���ذ�	�uoN1���7���aT^�X�������$�z�C_Jc�醞���Nݝ��58����#IV8���$Ql@I�+ԆOPT���P���ɱ	>�z['d�I��ޱ�$���,I�j�g���h�����r!	��p�A9�{rC��aT0	M�ć�O��>�����c+4%��#_���ֻ�MI8������e'���I�c�
s��I8��nQޓ0]�
���Bs%�:��3q>�M3���;�_�yjL��?���K��>K��SM_�WJ�,J�~F�n��{zC��aT,	�{4>b����/�K�I������}]O�=%��v��^�jH���L�X�0�Q����Aժ�J���F�'G��0�_�/	�J�j�g���3�8����7;�OO���u��L�:�*4_�L�s�$��ϫ@1;>c�+	S��,I�+�>�;����N���o&�
�7Gz����a�
)��фI?/E��:~�OO)�$�٢���I����P���،�i����ܷt%I�O�{��NB��'G��0�_Q�_B�+6�$,Ԇ���4��$�t���K�ӷ<;�*4_��Hb$>��?z&>�41��c_I��%	�S��^��n���u??�-��׏
&��x�ԛ��Èz�bI��_��Ὧ�k�́�KB�f����lI�bM��h)�(����;���(��w��
�3ȩ�{e�r�
&��b�H�~c���}�\����z�muve�&'a��#�Bs&��2hS\'��Z:���6(��P�+lF�Ƙ$|��:�MB=7���d?�p�P�P�~.�$�"y�����h�N�k����$4ڳ��R��o�������t>I��
����V��睏U�/_�Ix�|�PJ*/&��$��c�$�E�Fct�SI�v�3���Z�Q^�m�|�U�p��x��̮���уBU(I���KHB9��I�l���$L+��f���jtxW��^8�Q����mN�ou�D��vGߠ`3�T;_:=SqǴ\T�$a�ѧ��TIB)��I�l���$L�?	ն2�rǏO�O�:�'��	h��T��$�g�èBIB/D�/۠HC$�/�5#�0Y�Ι�*�>����^�~�گM��>D�61�GNJz!Z�}�E�"	}�����qn9�P�G��N:�b�U�$�����P�����6(��I�l���$LFp��2���w����yW%l����ß�О��Hƀ�$LG��P�����6(��I�l�F�$��������g�����}B�DŽ$!I��1D�"[�����}�oI*gw� 1�>ar�=�I�te��*�$�B�@��
��1D�"[�12	�3J*���t&'����p�Kz��ՅI���4�@��
��1D�"[�12	�L��=������*�>z���	��z���00>;VCž$TwP?r7��0�=�*�$�B�@��
��1D�"[�12	{WV���yh΂��q���uJ�Ϙ�|��tG׍���3&��
%	�-оl�"y�����h�LB�c&�R���ed��VY���s�v�t�{��ۿ�}�Oۑ��HC$�/�5���� �HBO$�!�����I�ݞ���F	IBoD�/۠HC$�/�5c���A!3�*$���I�l�Ƙ$<5��K+a��)
��A-оl�"y�����h�KB����Vt�Ѡ�����6(��I�l���$�BJz!Z�}�E�"	}��� 	s
��A-оl�"y�����h�����}̠�h_�A�<�HB_dk4H�\D��>fPD�/۠HC$�/�5$a.�Aa3(�ڗmP$�!���
�0Ѡ�����6(��I�l�I��hP���h��e�c�$�E�F�$�E4(�cE�@��
��1D�"[�A�"�1�"Z�}�E�"	}��� 	s
��A-оl�"y���|�~-N�F�$�E4(�cE�@��
��1D�#�P�5'a���8�x��O�8�x��OO�}��ا'�>dp�ӓc78�/��g/8��	���D؇�}zr���>=@�iG������Y���Q
t��-ڝ��(j�Ơ�kw�bHB��E�QԞ��P1$!P��Ѫ݁�!	����q���Q9$!P�z���{T
I8�A���ژ�;P-$! �
Bun<�s�d��RHB@�nt2��.��VIH�;Y�7VI�X�_���>vW5$! mf���ETI�[:�aXX)$!P��C�X<�ʇ���$J���cȕAeY8�cXX$!P��UA%��cV�J 	�R��7�F�bXX$!P6&�
I��Y�GS�d]�#	�i`X6��&�
IL	�2�$��ɺ�E�ð0T$!0ML�&��.feIL�u�$��aapHB`���!4$!��u��$�`X��ɺB�0+C8HB�&�
Ixİ0$!��u�$�bV����oL��Ixǰ�;��uyFA`V�HB L��I��a�?$!fe�$�d]���@H�Aaa�.HB 0���I�ɺ��$�ðp�HB DL�5]$!$fe�*��uMI��a��@���kZHB d��0$!4&�
���) 	��1+C�HB |L�U6����%#	�JXm1,,IT�2��$��ɺ�C����4$!P!�G[��P��fe(IT�u��$*�aa	HB�rv��AIT�2#	�*b�.Y$!PM%��@E���3+���,&�C��d]RHB�ʘ�KIT�2� 	��c�.$!Pu�#	��c���HB���� ��&�*�$�aa$!PL�59��fe�I��uM�$j�a�DHB�^��k$!P7L֕I��u�F5�d]9��@1+C>$!POL֕I���HB����+3��/feȊ$�ɺ�!	�ZcX�	I��ue@�Ǭc��@�1Y�8$!�G#	�F`���HB�!��k�h
&��$��ɺ�!	�aV�!HB�Q��ˉ$��a�I4
�u]D�ì��@1Y��h"���HB����+�$��YzHB������$�a�EM�d]1�h6&��HB�ᘬK!	��cXH`V����ɺHBJÇ�$!c���ɺHB�&��@H4w�.�@Wc��$!���fN�E���YHB��8YI`P�$!��6YI��a�2��\�5YI��I�B��
���$0Tc&�"	הa!I`�fL�E��2���h�d]$!�q�?,$	�W�ɺHBY�{V�@&����$�Q���$!���;YI ����@ȡ��u��r�尐$�Oge 	�U�ɺHB��nXH�@�&�"	L�^�2��&S�ɺHB�Ѱ�$0��L�E(�&�2�����d]$!�b�0,$	T�ɺHB�U~V�@qU���$ ���B���J��@R�ɺHBR�;,$	ȩ�d]$!A���$ ���u��dUqXH�V�ɺHB�6+I����$P�J
IB��d]$!��TgV�@i*3YI�D���4�sX�YHB��d]$!��U`�.�@�[�W6��w���2�;+�����v��C�Qth�@YB��	�o�`'�Y�A!CBS�ɠ�!!��r��xPȐ��8,��	L��^h�2�A!CBSܬzPȐ�t7Y�!CB�ذ�2CBL�e��O�+<Y�
��ا��+�NTBڄ
�}z�)6YI�}z
*4+C���>vPHB@N�ɺHB�HB@���B��+�5�d]$�W$! l�YHB�HB@�D�u��^����	��$�W$!P���u��^��@)���@zE��9YI�I�%װ�$�$J�g�.��+�(Q�ɺHB�HB�L�'�"	�"	�re���$�$J�mV��+�(]�ɺHB�HB�|��$�W$!0
c'�"	�"	��3+I�IL��ɺHB�HB`jF
IB�HB`zFL�EzE�4tV��+���a�u��^�������$�W$!0m�ɺHB�HB`��u��^���'�7�;�O^��
���r�$�58YW�$�t>�fJD���B�@������7��t�$aԗ������ߪ>���������I���/}�ueL��[�BG|NBI����I�<�p����0k�#�V��睏o��^[�ćϛ���J��o^2���kG��t�W�M��pbI��¼Ix�A�#�4_��y�Ð�@u�&�ʙ��P9�v�����}�v���oǷ�dQ;ӷ� ��I�M�[�;���?T�?ITY2+C�$4�p�6N������}Ƭ��¹΋�
ɽmV�8W_�n�ĦM��Z�0�joŃZ58�|bG�/�a����
u/"	��d]ْ�L��8�Չ�GIJ��v�
��7t��7��>��0�QA8���?�_1��yߍ�u1qf�^D��a�$4G��#ў1�}`�O�~�C��
ɽ�W����$���`�$T�ׇ��~c~j�{�v��m��&	�u/"	��d]�0�����voG�f���7$Ih�œ��>�\�̟����ٰ*�N��v4kƷ�tل�).�P�"��j{\�������:�n���:zT���w<4a1��I%a7'H��3�Π���K�ޏ^S��I�y�{I�`n�$�G~���ua�=�n�R�$�۰)2I��I�P{^_]�R�����E%IB����$�0I^ )gwԹp�
�$T��}r�A'����I�P�~�d|*��{?��u5���C݋HB �$��Ż�;��
@��5}C/	���k�v��#�9�05�O6=&Ty��~�&��$�8Խ�$�0Q�A�����s*�u�7�P�>�T�n����:	ӣ�$�T1ݳ���GA�(	Ooٞ�j;�/���o�%���=mL�>��$T靜龥��a�%I�[�[��nY����@&KB���x���L`���wo5hr��p$��=|I�t�ms�x|=�v�Ύ��@�I�u�{I!o@LGI�kǟ��1щ���Gw�Q3u/"	� ��C��O���>wl7�V�9��6Խ�$�@zEA 	�"	� ��^��@HB�HB $�W$!��+�I�I�$�$�@zEA 	�"	� ��^��@HB�HB $�W$!��+�I�I�$�$�@zEA 	�"	� ��^��@HB�HB $�W$!��+�I�I�$�$�@zEA 	�"	� ��^��@HB�HB $�W$!�(P���!	e�'8���!	�&lp���)���(��x��ѝ�mIEND�B`��Dd� 
����
�
����A?������:�Picture 24Dropbox s first landing page"������b���
����M�KH�xe����9n��
����M�KH�xe���PNG


IHDR0,�
tEXtSoftwareAdobe ImageReadyq�e<(iTXtXML:com.adobe.xmp<?xpacket begin="" id="W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d"?> <x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/" x:xmptk="Adobe XMP Core 5.6-c138 79.159824, 2016/09/14-01:09:01        "> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:xmp="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/" xmlns:xmpMM="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/mm/" xmlns:stRef="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/ResourceRef#" xmp:CreatorTool="Adobe Photoshop CC 2017 (Macintosh)" xmpMM:InstanceID="xmp.iid:E47AD1290D2F11E997458029CFB8A219" xmpMM:DocumentID="xmp.did:E47AD12A0D2F11E997458029CFB8A219"> <xmpMM:DerivedFrom stRef:instanceID="xmp.iid:E47AD1270D2F11E997458029CFB8A219" stRef:documentID="xmp.did:E47AD1280D2F11E997458029CFB8A219"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> </x:xmpmeta> <?xpacket end="r"?>ׅ`�PLTE�����k�������&Jk������Ǫ�������Ez��������8z���Jv����������,,-��w���Ү���t���跖��L��BBC��T��T������ޕ��cddl��o��ޚ���RST:mj�ř�u��6��t������ɪ������4i�t����U��*�ψ����뇷��ڍ�g��������F{���x���ݲ��������ڱ�����w{������ħ��ͳh�ʗ��Tz����V��OJ,Hlxj�y��X�������N����f��'W���¡ljM���������骶����L��d�q���w�Ɉ��~c�쇸����������c�[��W���ƙ�����e�޺��S{�Z[[�����=7���S�������F��c\BWV?���x��J{�xw\��锌�F��IRScxf���H��Dj�NcNi��	8z9:9��ى��c�����BUI������;9A���J��J��������������{{{������ƌ������sssB������������J��B��������������J�������������@��J��������J������Ä������������@�����JJK@�����?���ss{O��kkl������@��jsts{{���������������{~������>��O����݁��RJJ~��{sy���cXa���RJR��{}o�����������J��0
IDATx��]h[�6VA�S�|� ��� �o�*�P_�1�%5ơ�p.��P�.�sS��d���2
��1w^x55-4%&҅dN��_X.�b��\��m�
:i�U�s�<c�wNIv�4?���8�e�L�9�������pǾq�=�p�w�Å�;�����pa�w��p�;\X��.,���p�w�Å�;�����pa�w��p�;\X��.,��w��p�;\X��.,���p�w�Å�;�����pa�w��p�;\X��.,���p�w�Å��})�������7t�s�0��S�޹��8���bf���qp8n�(xEŅ�k�,Z�)���7���)O�K�"cq{��>���d��@a).[�ְ����P#��
�3��p:`ֵ_�4���-8~v
@q�a&_��-z����x-T��M<��O/,h��xMX(�s�آ�p�d����(N9,��-^�<�� ����P�,��Sv>ė3Q���*�b�RX�[.��^�cY�ԡ�!*t�������Iũ��y��.,�M��A0x7��Mn1/m�)�^u���Z��aq:�E�Q�Ġ.,^�+N��c��Y0?��I#Y�
;�l�w�9?ٸ�p��ԓŁi^
H��)0���㌹�x1W�bgJ�՘��xB�j�.,^��&*�U���=S����զ����r�5�͗�d���3�*O;R$������4;�'���d*�'"΢�id`P�e���
B��#�va�lX�q�`�u�%p�_�W��ɀ�Pa6,if�]X��]P��G�Va��Q���zy�=i�8!l���~Qa��E�
F���Y;����������n���Q�Ϫ}P�3���*V㲬[x��ls��m���{G�t&�'�׿r�&�ߌH�tF̘Y%��
<+:;W��њ�̱�i��-ll��G
��ӵ��]��s��OH�c��*��8g�"�ee����7�����=,0�B��3��m+�>3���l�����`�sXP��s�
�|6,��L����"M�87��`�ZpL��sx>���Z�R�,�Ųi\��Mvnqa\
��Y�&��-�l��j�J�Uv�y�.v��5d�0����[Lw�΋ٷ�xS��J:�)�����\E���a��M�)����<�.NDa�fE���9s��RS��<�c_U5��c&wH弟��fZ�n���l/0�ȟ�r�ܟ��Ɏm)ƅ#�rS���I��-M�e�9Ḛ��Q�,��bm<���g�F^I��\����y麐��f�(a����9uDZv/?M��ֱ��ϙ�~ְ����q�j/%U0'�3�-��-�˦N\qJ�Y�8����������4�lA�1�Ғ	*�S9.,zTz�82X��.[8�s�@��3�"���g@T�灹lA��*oq�t��A�F�H&	,��)[�{>0�u�&s݊���ra�?Zw�����9�Ƭn��u�~�rP��S�3����8��%�P�,`<�"�=�-���]/� �dd����.*�#\��a�-g�t�ݞ8T?�s�=h
��9\��[b�Y���s�7�,���{���i���<�/p>�
˜zX��+.,L��w3��{ W�R���l[����#�u�`q��������u�����l����n�X8s��K�d�o)Gf�����So|�%7�zn
y��w�f�u���0ř�ܖ��tu�X��X6���W�N({$7;;y�Q�n�dž�,��ǁb/�!����k�����;���^��)S�B��ע@�/ua��eN ��B�pD��#\�t�Tź�s+��,d_���
��m��{��ϊ���;�hR�Y���0p�{�&/����^�w�`ч
�������<�����9l8K��W&[F{��� ��7�ݿ��V�!V�y�Mx\�U����\֗q���[��躞;X���\�={ 9�՞+G��a���\J�CP���깋Cu�H:�� G�<o
g���d�#�����&��8vHz�H��ب�$dn�+>�q��"�����c�"�&��|�ר�z�������eG��W����+E�7�Z�Z��������Z��(L���U*�������zU^���*�,���:StsA�|��aO��Noyx�YF�۩:�gN�$~L]ykf.
A�#5���y�ط�m7��Z�Z���p�d0�յ�z�˔:�NV͍?�A��>~mm���Y>�3	�*<����kO������X�C\`�|�@xn��Y��ի�9�e���@�f��k��`(��;E���j���]
@���7u�
�T������g�]����'�{Q!��|����ũc;��M�+,N��C������<L�W���3�3���/.�_|;����|5��;U��c��9`L�J=�/�?���K�����Z�C6���1���N��O�ސR�� }q���'y��ҶG��*x y4w�*a1#������x��O�c���<H��^�
�.��0+���X�t}�D7y^�0��IJA��_�}������x@�!��>O۾�p]G��U�L{�����������G�|����F��ulˠϤ�L
@t���cp`lq�o`ja���lppU�ܬ�k�U��
R�s�l&���.W�N�r��݌m��	��B���ق��5s�b���V��o�g�o]���]�'4���?���*�}u9����<0��ť9_08��~>?�Y�\�ll��<v������ت��Nz���fG
���B1ƣ_�io�j���o����^|k.
��]��t|p-��0*x�yp���`���щ�`0�|��7��X�뵫y�=�gn���8guWs���X<�rSU葯��Ϙkk�5������\�����B�
�v��#�X��9���x�$��n�:���[>�/z�6�"8��x}q֣��_]�@{cX-���b&B��Y�ra�G=/��kߎ��E��+��p��Y�|�ˡk�?��c
�!�'�⛾q12��]�V&�耊�[�c��/>l�������vI�*/�jR��?m��ϝ��yV 8	�s&��@#m���7�#3�	�ff՜1��2�l�>[]\��c���'��6:4k��w�Z��u=<7}}:���o�}4��x��Q��5��)��;���=��=���у�v���x=�ㅅ""Q썟o|��0sM���Z-�_�������c>_І� �S����7���z�r������炷/O�z���d�76;=�퐩`��ԯ^�M��kW��lD��b���)����@I�gXXi���0��}���R�Í�����	���]�������7>np���b�7�Ǧ�|�]
||�3*�7witt�7�f�3���,}��Yַ%�i/��e�s
��L�
��c�,:�U�*���y8��\OD?� �+G��MFC�Plat1��J��Ʌ��@c0��Z�g�45�x}���f:���7p�1W��bE�����BC�m�yV9vL?,��A���d��:6S� (��々x"�� ��
jr`�}vc:V����>���8[�9�Q���300����Bx
�7}�`�7A�F��S

����c�E���{�Y�*��&�A�C�ׁ*0�^�b�����]��I@�'��1�=��X|w6>57�Kħ>Fʈzv=�F&�!p�>�_�8�k���2�q��V?�����r����>	��3C8�_\���럏�K$� �;��=�yl����&F���O?�ݜ��M��>X8����������{�
�T�)���j�''$/؛�b*Z���o͏NǦ|���Ԝ�9�(�l�q9�\�^��/����'b�H��>'j�	0.Ó|o]��[�+k{sO�#�Nm��9.[ظ��o��	�*UOl~t��XbDX�a�1|�iOH|_���/>�tj.1��
���h4.zt�qY� �<�����@�9�=�l�۲�u����Nkn�@�@r*�U���b1�E��x�,���з@c�Ss�D�"��v��h}-D���.��A]Q��3��|i����,��-3A`Z�-F�����k�i��F�\X8#��e�v��C]K@�)eYO�{�����xD�
�/_Q����Lp��򷓗7�U��Dblllj](xp`ag�������?���WW��a�M�Я5�08~ۀ���
�B�od��qu�`��ts|�6j}���f�7Y��22�4N,����{�7�3�yxv~~bjll��9�
s,vm;�?�NT�R�@��
�b��GTDэ
��<,��~��?�Q=4F�+y�G2Y,�Aś����7��RҠ9�@A]^�ha���+$�\X�����ܷ}��D�劲���_��ӱ������]��}���t!`qٳ�+ �Ã�`\�mr�|q[��P�*��|��r��/]����iF9���3ک��-��,C·�w��@��c
�i8�)pF4E���{�HX�%찹�����,��[�?yw|l.q!ᛚ�킕�NT](��!W���UP�����"F���FY����eP���ы��8QVaQ����rr�X�����D�x33��ʩ�廹����)(�����;��@ �4uv���i�|���[���E�(t1���h�N�68 d��2pEŬ�a��`���%H��Es	H�ta$�����vxc�4-+��g��'��,/��t�r����޲�N��l�k9�J��N���w��ua��!��e S�^�y>_�\��xiL�f|
PAӿ-.P&�+�
5��o,0�s���@xF���J�/��/Q��4�Vò��ܝe�r��Y����8��<���?�Hur��9�E˴���.6;�|��CO*N,�Jwk�C��h��:W�F}�J����oj.*��D��IV`#)�ܛ�j8\�^	w�=ea� y\���k����5e&=��� [�Y���w;�w��h�� ��j�)'�.8kw�<l��E�?Dl��‚	2g�ra�~��}����{]��R�������ؔ��=*����Hl�P׫�z�:�Dw���ynQ&2�0:�{�T6��7��,�[�s��e�'v�Wr��/�.��s'��ʊe��g'u�g�O�0{R�=N&,2��!�?�+��~or]��fj5��{�/�;6'%�jn�D��U��ą\�����\��'��3vIs�OF����l���0cٍ,cy+��L��ܽsw�6L�,r���/r�Tz#���m�.�[�	w8�ر��� �˘rRRx'�-�����r`�+�*W��k����x<��@ +� �+�^ё,��A���<a�މ�.�b��с�'�͏��n��j�*�P[|��m�
X�K�T�
>j��wT���s�I|;7��ݟ���o���)N����
�-a Il�@JVȺb�"�Ra�_b���o����$]�;�7^�?b�%\	�����:mƜ>�Lq"aAK�0��C��j΀�o���-..�����/8w�yp���*�:E�0U
�a�.oV��Iyh�E4��������kJf<'��+C��`��騩��7�ǹic9�(waᘼm�]��B���M�)�<دBN���m�PJ
�"����P�ϐ+� ��i�N"�2uY����![
p?�)2]��*�.C"Y!��i'ы:y��f9���!�qR�b�������1`8F@XX�\QEaQ�*�4Uy��Y��+����[��\UW�ٌS/�E�ebR����C5�|\�;9A]<�Ճp�(},�{�[=»�[���b0C����K�	Y��!7d����[��ԧAl�Q:�0�9w��7�Ա+M&�W������j�����F�'�|>P�5��B��+u]'XY _�u�we
~�y����0?}�O���f��D"||
���
À�JI����YV�@��_�q�5N��b�[��Iq��X�,e�Y�P����~L4�@�.�k���5�󵂂��)��%�W@>$7�ޙ��['w�@��Y'�0��ô�h-�o���
f-��*�*��W�:��N��\��Q߬��@������|v��e�Y%��w��G�[�G#��2;����(��N�5J�Q��9/��Ţa��Q.z��)�*9�@)��A00Z�b����xG)N�]n�`��r��,�8v���g0���K_'��%/���y�؄/����glv�
H�8��uq=i���K'�-�s��Ga�|=
���o�_��aM�
��"BGx��0eA�\!�u�Dho\�:0~�w���L>�O��U�),{��bk�an9wGM	y
��?D��a��@ ���*��?�j��RQ
��������T<me[�v����3��a	T@��`�;�c.��K�y)�jc)V@*���{�U88U_K�?v��Z>W/�ځT
����܅��Om�}h]�1+U�Y.,^�/QvW���ce�Plq~:���d�u�E�JlaVW��
v&'�=��]��xm`p��|�`A�mgM�ŏ���‰�N\�8�]�ڪ���j�*HUK}�on��"��h*����r
�ʦ�dN}����@	�HG}���ekQ��˒Y}���Yo�D�n�L%�֖�����y���My[<G�Û���-@�_����.D���nq1u������\)�%�W�*��@��(0��ql50��Ia(��",*�A�p�)Sfx�Z�31��,����fp�yVٻX�#x�������(�P��[9���j�
��ˍV�CJ�*x�G�[h�Y�Uw�B�<H�ׂ���A*�t�ܖ_���⋨[~�v֒ɕ�_��?�;w;�:��@K�y�������.���mo���$[<_֡����/5����f�@C��`�,��^�M��^���^�Ą\uFE�}�+2UgV��q;�Je�� �x㝨b��4�z-�Q�l$i����ܡ�[M	���b-]%s�Z���&'���A��I2x$��\:wv4u9U�XyӋf���*Jp3'��#�P[`P�.>ˏob4�M7��x�V���e#'PDi[��@.[[@ckT
���ڶy�PwUE�W��XX��՜�I̽�T�k����W�z�Q\�����	=(�Z`���Č����5^%P`éJ��F}���(*]T���d����6X������(�h�Fqw��`�x3U���Ew�ԃ����h��/�ct���lN�2�E��_���<`��$`�:����Cw�s�m����ʩ����&��:��'�{��'�v:I�2�~
C�?�t-c���Y{�eO*(N6,��pa��
��U�:����Fm=_�W}7��}<>11�
���P�Wff*�F}C�:�E|!�dl�a�
����/�_��]Yź�
EQ�_f�^犯��<x�`�"Q݀�D�Nndž��C-Ul�%���eCB�K%�*Fl�j3ɇd�0�/?S��x��E�\*����7���%Q�G0�[>R��d8H`��-�jjg��I��|��Q%S�Κ����3&Y���4���LT�2,*<����Z���<߼8�N|���c��۞p�aTu�,66���ѽB&��W�'�7ߎM�c����_���U��,�k�-����;�)��=X����|U�].��V�N@�nh�G�|�EE� ��"  y��t!D��(�U�͟�z�)��}5�td!��Ŀ�I�o�;��l��`�n-{
)Gz�]��N�k�P���adօ��Ѕ�]��e����ō�Zh�����-�&�/�%��AR�r]�T��U�T����&��+kk��x,K�Ń�P0x��
��
8��Fe�*l��b+�#N�����h�8�o,Pr?D���߁�IJ���h�*�Vɒ�=X+�\*t��Юw�?ipnx;�}4|5�N��v�D8�ŀ�s�ߦ!��mfү�A��i9o�b�1�4)��G�咺�0Yf��I����Oz\��¢26{W�W�����յɉ��Kc��������������k�.�
������18雛���bؠ949}���O��4Hxg-����N�)X$Q
< b��`[&h@r����{15n�[���v�ٯ
�&`�JO�B��:�"�9ϓ‡��MNA�2UN�5�d�s�"[�b�+�*�x�ՇضtnmrE���M��M�\X��`���߀
���6�ލ�K�h3f>1>�};���X�Q���dB�R���j5MUĨ��L}~�Ħ���M�ّ�Ea�>������|�/��"���@�Ɔ�: �Ͻ�6v	` x�j��v�"�:�����Z�#,���Q<��C�Q�۹���Zy�u�i*��)Z�[ˈR���A��:۔�N��+��G�S��S�V[X��.�N�E���k����c��]ѹ�K�~���b��0��	���
�(���"�}%�����|+ڧE�?o���*�
�+�h [|����s ,vDF�\��4OF�Q��0b�Qζ�r@�k٠]�����͔;�oR�v��ۈɮ�M��!�F��C$�$��-U�P�Z���'ʤh[�*�K2��u/
�u}(�����B�S��N�,�b��۸<oj
an:�ŧ㟎�	�G�W+�&�
xP�U٬Wá���	B����n*
ca�'�Ŭ>X��(�E�R�a�`���4����j)-g[�מ�S�W4]t��頸�TMT�c��&��	:x5�(R��:��߰$z
J�:+0y	�+�
 4$��T��vK��e�j�_g�+�@Ӵ\Xn�[,�|��[�|�^�rs���-��%��������p@b7�	�u�R�D��N-����&&f�����1_p2h7rx����Pu&�V�� �Q~�ma�8=�R���BIT��e-�����s.i��K�RU4ݤ�7� �K/~�h���҄��O�Ņ�4�N��4G�x��V�F4M��-�l㟷4�.XR�[����
w6[x��+X��
�\�5�(~5��b~�_f���v�˗�8���3ڍǣ�nꢖ�#,��0J����g�聱���	��/“�O��w`a���CB��S�@�'��ln(,��b�b�1�\1#R��f?EM,P`�^���@ib�:�$82�Ȫ��&6�r��R�k�H&*�:�Ӱн$=�"���D��5�y�u�"Қ.,9"�A�W�����ݘ^���L���ؕl57�F��	�E#Q�繼Y�jhn쭅��K���1P7@j���Cs���0����5�-0Jv�}(���m�Z�uS}fܲ3��,�I���6�R@uL[���f-�bF&��U�r@u^*i��H��P�"�_���0�.�
�/�s�41ũ�m�*l.�X��v%�xcz|�L�|Sq�36;�l}n,�-���Ho�՟e��K0>����g�؁��'\�w�����P\�->T�G��`�1�$,�@��A��8Z�e�rs�n��6T5���kMlj��J)~��Ŷ�C`�	�́�-u����P������\
���i����u��遅�j����V'c���,%�	�#r.�؇l16�qWl�w�/D���*˯��̘k�x�_�/]��41���%fI$DG{��px`��~��UJscyC��Gd��Yn��=ek^��v�-{X���n���ć"�����_�.���k��G��N��B;:V4r�~T1�E��HV(�T���̅�����+���u�iU���)�
��S�	�r��M�(�⾹8��º�U�����?������1J\$�|ԝ9z��O~�����WW1�ڹuW�c�-Ċ���h�<��֛݉M`�}l�@XXi��##eS	� :T��[t�$A�.c�k0��,�K��d��A���JaY��q˅�F���
ʢ�MI�'F��O*�j�OE�AL�[��n"]���oG'7ME�z&.&.����Y@�J�3�1���.?~��#,ȉ����Q���
Z��D�2<��a��m���Ml!p#Y}N�&�S�v�-��-��~�i�p�+�s�->�喑�v~��~S�b.,�p�6��_ܙb�ͪ���`�M��~S�@
�bl|�I����Ó�'�QV*�^��b.6�	aN�.c��+���EeM��X����9��E�m.���9Mk�x�-�>Xh��&��1�y��E�F��)�ң�Ea'�N�v,��w��“�-M�#��$mA57:{՚~��B���ـ�J�
W*��������oQ���7m����4�����6�֛�mr��/��^Ի�(B���|Jx”������_~�\U�,��U����x��8�сm.{��M
Z�_�i�.s��aQN
v�g��fKnM�`-Z���-<(ڰ�`��"ɸ�
҂��ޕ�-�С�E��=m!�S	j�c�TC,_�yϬ��o��.N�;��(Ey��MQ���ަ�����d�ڂ��Y����E��y�?��!L�_��х��U]�2ya�)1�)��iq&�6*45PFX�`��ta��I<^s`!�d,�?	]4r��/w��o��k��.[,[��v��<y�b�K����VY��D�郅�^j��
*GlA�gx=��ŅO�|�D<���1�int�0�G��qC�.���/]����	���Q�q����+�-��}O�\��<C ���у�m��O2Љv
�虱m�jё�-#��H���QɁ�0�l�L��x��b�`�y����ђ��[��v��xx����6��6$^̓��;Wd\X�!T0̗����.���`c����X��O���86��>6.�‡��ƛ��jx2z��q�.�1B;.�ܱ�lp~�3�9;c:���*�&Ϭc�M
}~��񏔃�{|�r����4��Z�;�I@<$Ղ
�,
]X�jc�nR O�
"��uJ�.(�Y��#�C�K��[8֤�Rr��l���SJ�M[��)/��E��:�m�-q���qTA�X��uQX�ۇ��.��8>������Df�.D'�h�Jpv~��ۓz6�(�d�����ͣ��J^�b�.��n,�;�-��	&l��Z���.=�N�ym+&X�~����Or^�q��S𢡊
p �2�
6�(W�/�'|R⾖2H� Q��N��`���_�u�N{�\9��8����j���^��W��ׯ/�O��F�S��ص��8U�'�0���rx7665^�Ŭ���B�Xlj����ԥ��⛙��r��P��W�Yp	fca�h�F�j�<�*��-O�#ȺE1 ���|!�:�)�� ���ɠ���)����)5��E���`IT�ې`J�CpI�+`To&�b�*3y
�if��;N',�ʞ���<[����qenztqaw}X����Ϣ�7��/��)��s�]1����
����.���1��Bk�����Njn���Q��(�rd���<D�[|PPm�]v�U�fHˤ��)���)hE��1*v.�I~&\p��Y��q���Z�:^J��+`�,7I�����0\�t�)K(�˖�P��\�Sѕ�+��cq�DO��`��T+�F�o�Y����w?�
Fc�����݈}�1�
�ج��	ܩ~jn쒝�~8clP�k\C���?���d陙�����c�^˥R�+u4��%��۔5��Öܜ���7.��H�7W��A�_$.�K��HYF�	a�~�Ц�C^�ǫM5����+��)��ۂ �B��sn�/<Aa��
�Axk0s^F\ .ةF�酅E��W��r��]��O�y�o���6,PY�~�X�$�Eɷ��M}:>N���cK�.,��]|g��(陫O�"i�G8����G�)��� $:�SU�ذ�%�x�*ᢈ��T�]y��-��$���$��>>���m�[^I�
H��K�B2��$�FJ �.�57pט�hy
��zAY���	K����B]6����J\���XlqK���|�� �/�J�0��X���<���R�c‰��|t�ٯj�<x;�L�imQ(�9"����&�͒�����
�,v��B�/�IIx^�k�����j9�x#-�
s��~����"�G�K�K5�4��E������g�"nf%����]u��_8�S,�dw#?۰���b�J�j�󵚾�5�^��ٌ����G�PH���
��*���)_���_`�;`���>Y\���̗�=C�"���Zk�l�@��@N�b�l+g���҃[�z^���v�ON)�l�f��R�p'GÓ�dT�*��wrM;��o�}���Vx�o���@/��0`JR�P͉����D��IZ����Q��,;�dq�a���ي�ڀ��U]Χ󆼺6��8��6�&v
P��=�+Br�S���n�766��\�C��s��'W�L~�Ƴؙ9�����=�RD��,�zSK��\���lj�X��/4��RRC��I~\Q�}dCK%���@�W0��F��~Ј,���-���_$�5mO@������&<��v_���2�6.����Yg`\8�G�t��)����
�)���b]��Ŭ/��m=� P\t�]
��a�voߎF�1�)��l<JLO��*��Ӗ��?ld3��!)�'�9fX��f���z1��Z2IR`���^��O�a��
,47�T.0��H(|X�`�	�@�45�l�h���RJ`�-Z�g��b�WNʸ���Nwaq��ś���k�
F��b�u�2~}v 8��$�+����n��!�o�b�1���CWӟת�:��\��������@Þ��G��ŝ��n�碞���႒���}"OiBGgh�&u�AX +�Z�6���H��@T��tv�UU�&�N舣�${����$�im�2_�*��ݸlڅ�������/Q���:�<O�E�5�$|#;8�ť\��'��CD�`��,�|�k0�Q��[�=!��qY�_f��a��d�t�ϊ�]Q����;َVS<Ć��.W=4��Z�=(�Q)�o3H!�R�t���������L�
?�	�7o;R�9ɯ	G������m��xU����sa�����B��g^�晠�S��K�=?8[1Y��lք�L���w?�40•sqTۡ�6[���b�V��^b�����M*�X|�Ig���1*2�jc���5P�
��c����
Љ2�[K��z1HDj��:���{���xfR컉�j��;����w{��}*�"d�<���*������T�s�0L2�K�{�y��_���?�UڲJ�=(˅�	���wU�3j9�؀��)�XY%[]�
����4�dž6��@��.0�
�F��!�~���Z__8������BF��þ�l���'����݇$
�wG�WJ�qw��?�m�]{�o���F˛
�)����i����͒"'�M�3~�s�٢���P�K_����dBTK�c��08W��_�>���pO���-s�S+N�9saqr���m��L���\��z���b*$��E쥆|q�`��p�-vEY����a%���oWӿ��f8���7�,��G��*�<Oh^��[r~���%�Q.&��b���	�Hi6q1]B!�,w����})���z���>��Ȉ=_K�"����=��8���ƞ=w����ř��e���g3=7+]�AX0������ŋ1…�h��.[`$��s��grrr`�w���>�_YC��d��{p�i{k��k�7��I#k9�8w��܃�|��:�-U
M��<#r�Ϋt!���3�տ�}?E�\NF�F+Yn�p+�V����[_o��gw1��v��g��,�������ņ�j�"OX$����_�=�^��	a��6*����j�V�����[sv����m(�4�!��"c9=��@��3]K�3c���,������>������c�"�:��aIT~r^���d�p�UE~־/�מ�d�>.�(���g�+0���`n���W3ٵ������⡰�{�"�tl܍be� ���puc`a0(�y��	Y���������S��]'�Pє�,�3��}�ߴ�(Zq��h�TAK
����Z*�J�h�)�m�hX���'-Z��LmAui�3Ņ�Ƀ�~�/�FiELب�3&g�|����������B�m���}�vQZ�M�TD�!���S]�M�1���U�L6�_����l������\�k
�F�'B�ٝ��"��lJ}��_���]�d�=7Hi��-�&qi��׌��})��]�b>���uK�������ـEV���/:��v [0F>O����=�2�u����0z}!
_����or(J��Sʷ�뻃��q�Q�
^tzNb��l0���S���ڦ���}�_O�9޾)9dQ����������Zηeos��lIM5%Iɚ�S�ðʝo�z]a��'��8yl!68UDW����m��DFWʄYS_Ŧo\�fWDa�6:Q�����1�
�571?:�e�l:m[�����W�����8>a�s��3���`�ͧ^�(98�:T�~`�-���~�<�~�Z���T���E1��T��+g�,Έ�v�4��L����g�8���\�(k�Ϯ�/���P��y�d�
G��D,��
�ލ�>~�bb��Y__��'�]X�#%��^�U	o2���H1��D���)�o
}�������S�+�$�}!޹�ž�}&,2��[�25=:-�K�.on���=�86��N-|�8>5�U�E�XP��-‰Re�,hE��^��$-P�!M���O�R�uv�O�uaq⁁}�F���UubC6`�������/�X��
�EU��W|�Xl��~웽x�k�j�����*�b�-���0<,����ܚ?�?H�\2���D�Ž�\ ��rIN'P���n��8�\q�`Ƃ��~T<�a��o����_�䓅��p������U��.\�,�/�����Q��1����p˙���
7�ŒN���9M
�Pr�Z�C}_*/�2��k̻���{pAqa� Yp��DƳ���5MJ�KLX+k���cd���n�7�[�1:��*�|m��l6k[S�h��C/K�RQ��)	nz˜%/8Q�T�©�
@�7��n.gg,k:�O���|����`�Ϥ3��H�|v��g��\��Cq�6;���_\_�V��|>�U2��1iLad�����S7{Y�?�RhO*��M�_�}~`WN�۫1�=_b�zEY`B����G��^[G�������W��z�E,9�.QO�ye'��_��TiJ�u1��l씙�3Jg��@�)���{؜)���׿̮���2�Y"T��}:�8:����(z
�5�E�<�`T2�[xHh���n���&���Ec��I���"�qaq*p��no�5�l\�g�ʪ��T(au���[���
E'.]�>�qbf9&�mX��Gn�����ׯA]�p(�?��mX,���u�[?Sd� .Π�@���/�8c�E�;K��p�]�z9��������z!TU���I�c�Q_W���ml�n{����6���{�e�S0l�)�"u:�M4��
�(9~i�����e'J�
�"MO:�v�S���M*vaq´��EV�=N�������&�c�,����'����d��=������a��pѯ����YeXc��e��:�!��U�KQ\T�._d\�8%l���_ �(�A���p
,^tej�m0�ɇ b9װ�x��t�n�lq:�_D���n;������
�dx��G�^���!j�p�Â�Y�-&.Ψ�8����7�E��*���EZl)R�
�	�|�V���y��l����+jqYf��gg1E�mt��xGyn�'Q}��*s�Q��d3:F-MA&Y��=���ӻK��ۭ�:5��Y8�ʳ�7����%:��l�E�3�QYI6�<��j�2�z���\X���E'�
��
6�S��=;z�weEv�C��`���s��I��ŏ�0�,7oq�ZF��KS�N�_T��0��
f��,�_��f�s����
��~����	�*.,N΄2���-�I9�a�7	;���Z���U�
�3wnϐ�,����Z���7�b5nd��nw-���y������];�����e�KyV�M�1?k�3=qv��H���nG���
Q��H7�w��
�X0�;Y��dAK��^!\(���4	���8�n��A{�P����r���~2�5�5���o(��3�o�H?�.,N��V<8{=�C�OlTh#u�]\�$(�>������g�0�,��_�ן�����]X��P�nͥ��ԶyL�����䖻��ɹx܁q�H��-��w�Т�4��G��.��?�A�n�0|�}6[�u,	9;��`������,L�~���H�޵J瘾S��[�ʸݺ��©����z�o��<��t�L���E��0_|��?�~z[�����.5�W���d&�$&���P`�2��0�����!u]f����D�#~�f+|8j'�cw?��y�IX�;�,(i�<�����c���I؉�;L`'�����W���P`��uY{v��GEw�����	��}�|�V4,�Vp�Q��I�2�@��O�������;=Ҥ�� �9u��+
��:^&
H1gB�[�����zzg��?"���͆�Fo2�F.��X(��\a�{�u�;W.,���q�U(B�9l�hCUH�X��:�Fb{�yÀ"
�C\B�׀쀿�$�['ȷFX�<R���~Q��L>=5�c�܇�bn{PZ�WA���=(.D0J6�V�2!�Ц-�A�`�mn�㔓�A�=���8_(�KqEO��%`�Ҕܲ��@ƑK��2	%-��w�EŁ	m�g�{���*|od7X?D�-�}/�����a'f�䶣��+�ԷY.2GJ��0.���V��
�T:E;w[p���+��L|_����$&t��(<��SA�jo(���3o;`o�v�|���IU�r�7�y�Տݛkk98�����*�ٺU���_a/�=A+��aH*}r�j�g]�����w���+������ZR�bꏚv�ݖ��-](qŲ����Csg�e��H���֭������ïR��N�Ah-�����H��*K��|_���*�U�?z_�N�����D��HO^��Sڅ�a���\���%ջߩ�ݪ�i�>������P�QJ䵙U����w/�Y
l3K�-��]�ÁL��E{�zݪ��"$}	�߈�%�S�Hd��磖څ���PdddI�@�DV���Ѹ}/k�Q#=Wg�ʟ>D���O5X���^����D�~��)���Km[C�%�B'�"\�sȑ�u�,I˜8�4S�%ݺr�H���~L���H��lK[ꔜ����?�9,iie%���z�2H��N�����Xq�۷2�B�\67�ֹiW�U�j�b�:x�Hf�!�����e&4�.��)[�i)�p���̬���t����T���q'����܏𲿁�4�e>)���.ػ/�l4a�7q��7��o�p�L���q�<JJ]�6�?�)F�_R�HS���fsC��?#[���]њ��4�ؾY�i<V�t�(�����
�I�G ��0靘`�H
#924\�7g��N3��	r��a��eGF�5Uk�4��m:x�/�j�.Ot���X��e�/�J2����p��
�X*��wK�;�<#��U�4��
\?���JD�4dLd0s�7�m�2}���2G:�U��v=M�,zS5�J$���rͥH��4�S���#��]��ˁgO����W����;��﹕����p[%0�D��������lZЀU
Z�Y��bᤄ�Ӱچ�fz�A6*���������FOױ�������-��5fe�����B�ݕ�D����F$Q�p:�R�����Fd�d�߼�����쫞F���	$Pa��:��i�`��@�\H�*cHP�M�Ґ ,������W����~��U�ٟ���
ޕH���r�b$Gb�S)����#�t;]��s�ѵ�>0����,��9]�?$�wJ��i\�?��V��-Ig��C(�2�^�)ǜL68�Vtx�ERNQ�J��Fz`%�s�e�Q%�.Y{ʤz�̹�}�Z��%��:׍���zV�Ro".�J�rߔ(�`�X��b��m�7
�'ڬ��2ܫ�(�+++�"y��m`�#��x�H������R��r	��1x�S�UL��ؒm��^"��G$p�l��h�}��4��G�?��O�0���-��?��Œ��ě��%a1�R�l�C�˰��RY�ĞC��آ��_Ҝ&��"`�u�Qbqy����hEf�Ӏ�M�r��	��[@p�\�t�~�WY��)�~[�-��d�P%�;̀�l��ō��Re޿�q9F�L�����c�
O�(�jA+�EO����M՟�U�iZ���7�:5�=���a�LA
In�,���_V��"^`t�������b�����6,x��ʆ�/���k�g�!�
8Ԏ���0���
��$aa���kp	w���ΐ�p��"�HZ�[.�0H�B�7[����Gh�/�bomp!U8�f7��W�5�έ"<F�����fS�{�w�2���Wp��6ƅy)�yX��G�M�+�n�S�ηV�:�����H!���n%����H�Їcid�S����Bp+�zG��;<*�"�0�o����jۻ�h5��˼��4h�$�ٽ�~'�{��d)x��5(�V.��*�(�\8Q��p��ǰR��^Odhh
�h�@���(�ݔ���%z�"��+�9�l�M������+f����O';�Xq	�,��BT8���L����9�y-�E)0Z���y_�oQ��QS"K*7��?��
-��ń��#"O4p�}<�,��W���>�p�?B�X�b���7�O�D�U�-/�=3*�1z
���yU�[��v�1,�w��o[���^j�nK�B?2B��U�E�I�IK�4�	X�2�E���@�Ǭ�d�2g��;:�9����=P�E'&"&�+�G���J�PǗ������Е��pX�
�<��K�T/�J3)`�U�#����G5,,�1�`؏3��3��cdlO����P��$�@�)��\˕�%p��Ƚ�R$�F��®8=p�,���29�Lc�
K7SK`�,��D�a@�����i��7l���ާ'��@�p<M�����p^��F�fsj���k�W/[�a@,�I%���go�<�{�v���R����%��8M�P�Y��0ܥ���T)��x���F��H3�/��D�a��Α������S	�tN��^.����|�J%���R`;�@[ܻ�Ģ�ds(r��#�J�3�2���~�T�FQ)�R������p�1�h�+�XZj����!~9��ki~\���+#��H�>Y�04�u���|P<o�e?�9Ƣ��0��`,�@
~σ��4"�Wz��ɕ3�!8��%U�`SK�d���S���.„p��H(0F�z�񣷤��qk��'�Y/���Z�צ���V��O�ӵ�����>�_���H�CK4[��j�����4{��hV��lѲ���$��`09��H$�(���"�Qe���25X	�Eii�`�4����I�ܓ�*%�b�[�!$�ԯ��>JYj5(��C+$���6� f���5ɛ�ْi�6dɛ�D��b����揯Ar-�J[�9xbr�A�Ԅ�*[�v�k�o*b��̭�-��$��_a�
+m�����;�
{����X���˖�lj��$x��a�Ï��K+��1G��Z[�+���aF���<�`Ͱ������KP���sY�_6�
�c�h��d閅�r
�,����Xf�Xf�4�V�<��~N�H �����QV�@���'��F�!
� �|j��@?𳄳������1��C='��b<L´�%��<-Y���lYT&EW)�Ln�T2J?�G(FZ��.�ܝ� ��
Հ�it�	ÿ��u���f�V4��\\jn+<�@��+�(�7r�;���֯C��m�7P�-&z����T;#�|�½��*J���X����S�	�,ljB�,�>0��Ȥ�WP���� �_#r�8GlA#[��bee��RΉDa�&���8	�������%D��߂�_�<BL�o1]��4�Sl����G���*P����+����Y`H��C��u�f�H��B1b�^��~
�zAڒ:�-,F����_��KT΁OL
m�/���cRN��-�SGvZd�`6El�g�K'"�4�Dl�<<!�9�b'EHwg�K`n�i0Q�~���	1[-i�C��l�x��t�[���p`���I�w���'d�&�+[Ex�&`��*��������MRɼ�A�"�Q�� J��Eq�{E����R�Ŝ��^i�S+-
��?�{`�d���<��\�Q02��iJ\\Ԃ8��9_Y�2�!�R�0�KRm��Жb鲡+�ʐiՑ��V$E���"�yuxQ��v`��ls+�l�@�Ti�ޒ�PR@.+��u�,:�j-�'8p�r x/}��JPrAFJ�=�plΣ��%��<$�8����M�`�h/�W��eU�}n7�)�z����`2���Ҿ�0�%;P~�>��ke����Dg+��ޕHS�M�
����-V>��T
�<H���{Q3��H!�D�M#0��r���'C��a�߶dx���ε�,�w����Skû�ԑ�B�����Kn���|��1��0+�d�r/GB@��B@p/�L�S��X�t�1�N��0ea�����8]GK�����J�j���W/OE��u���. �+:�#p��6����BFغ�/�ۡ�p�ES��R���1�Z��^�{��F���܈F'�1BY����cBJ��YzL�r�8�EÞ,�M���
-I��X��50U��g ͛%�Q�
�!̝�!@u‰�t�J|)�X�+�e��щ�,��=���b|V��-,f+���Ą�D
���]P�g)E���q58n�آ��-촷Uu�����c�F�����9��ƑG��WC��i��i��<�l3�D硈��N�H<��$���K#�M�_.���Mp+L昣J�RM8�C����`��0�i1��^�ԁ-@[p�p�>�a��B�t��P�H��\���f�;!\zKZ��	xq�5Q�Yd�@�Hy/%1.R��IG`&F���idd��GYH����&�c�������ؿ:�X�a��<�Űm��`�� U�XYj���=�@Qf�B��:Q %�M������bZ�&�^,ԙX/\��;XL����_�,�����&ӻl��X���6#�1�8�8�)f�z��I���v�v�]�D�P���ó��D�-El�2v@K�H�T��ձ"�
� ��Zp���d�S�E��LQ"Q�i�����6̾�IS0�9oG@[�œWyۄ��P�܄g�ֆ	w�<�VcEm�t�"�å�D�)�-�	f�[�Z_𓷛���q$z*Ŗ����-�+���q%	?o���ȍ�%8;9#K��d'�F�>Ii�P@rX4"]X`gY~,�-�Tp���N��,��dY+�ʩ¯�,����%��x�r�c�n���F�H,R]�(��"������*��ƞU��L�E�V��i`��Z�"��M�I0H��(��t���Yr��-��j�M4x��*D{�uc�b���f.��A��ض�$�3s҂��Y<�R���%պq��j��Ɲ(���ו��DQ$
�B�k���
ڽKA����P�KYn�	)�+y��ۻ����VV�uzr�,A��9�]8��	�(9e<5��$T/��HJ��]¨ZQGKh�{�n��e�ٺ��g�щ*�kl�tB�75��w*��@����:,�k��7���R�I�[�it���Dz�>Xt٢�-�9�3�h���?O鼾5�<�.>��X	NUp�T����-jP�[��-����-�2ɛ������M{i����ZJ� )F�k����,%\-� ,`�VPr��
���#����7a�K8���ڑ��e�S<��X�-P�c�5�9��;eSt+���"��h���9��sC�D	m1���	a��Zd,멒���D��™�+�"L�)ፃ[�UƖ&T�V�m�v�Dr��\��8�-`��N?��p��R���v����7:���S��e��|gd4+�.&��á��ŭ������sI��B�e/���N�R���bm��	;��KT�=Ԡ2/�`�h̫�j�7�0~�z��eo�g��c�8�<Q��e�UjQ����6� ؼX��V`���H�q	A8�;V���О��j7���/��t�������5�M�p1$,"e��P!-"g[�C'N�H�N'h����[u�9_Y��Gz�r\�7YŪ��^�h�i�gϽ{�x��ҋ���_��������CU��wg�"�)���Fӈ����F�"~��o�#)]�(�02�k��1�,�:p߿�Mnt��!	�.����C�O�B�G�������Ln h0%�v��]�����ګ�����NӵTj����kUqB	���ĂqX�<bx�t�TA�P�<�Yx���i��'֢� %ꌶAZ����{Wv�{m�`1Ƞn�_�	2���ݽ��&+#��(c���_��׮�)��mOTYZD$2�S�y��ue7
N�}k���˿��5��@i0��
e�DÐ�}`H�Dg�&Ԁȿ�j:�6�eԕ|����qu׮��~��d�h7�j7������mz�)hM�|0��T��:�SIjz��o��"�b"���n�>��/�DY�ђN���rscӁ�����o�U�ܤ�r����|<n��W���^ɀ洍--�m�.ث��up�
,h��*K���]W�i��J`��w��cw�4�O4���nKO۷���s箂ؽx��h[�Ctch�f�����/��A�l�7r��扉�]_�Ш�q�8�g.���x�ڙ+�0`�?~��ď�)-��E�Z����p��_���ρu�l~���0$�"@�9O&�m�PR0E;`���n*�
�+���}�5P�g_J�g߾2/���+0ƻ�¯1�b׼D%��]�Yq�+`��H+`��>�B�f�v����Φ(2�ii�S���}0p�
H�/��K&�nrК�˔�*Е��ۤ�i��)�N��,A	$�:�n���L��}�/`"���qq��O,ui�2FG]�A9���F7@��Bk��;�``˃�%�QE��΁��)o�k)�CX�i�Z�E�k_l¢r��7J�	LZ������_}�)�G��^����gge
���J�)�H���ŷ� 
�9��B�h�W�@�̰�{*�k7IEL�@����0#:5�i��}�[�a�Ƀ�����;���`��W��\��k���Oργb���;x��	$iy���]T��<x����ҵw��t�$!20���p^���8��޳�����8�0�k:��`QH7�}z{�G�R�3�L||��7�~�›�b�����
ԫ����|"�/ﰐX0��!�@��G�8q���ʦv�;8����^�N�@�b���%M\����hj܅?��BW��JAf�9#���D9?��
(�6T~��w���{�X�F�}}/45��$-���`g>3Tn�z�ą38*�ބAv1q��w���Y�?�ћ�߄���1�����6�<z�q����K�3��������Ճ����}��C�^�gR�,�wo��%��0��e�‘��3�~g{К�l�}�B��G=kO�6�x��.Ђ~{���Ԅk��4�2&��55�k� V�ʭk�u�X�f�ώ47�zp�L㭛>}�7���Og
ЉI�k�g�����JJ�@��>�x�y	��$me���
Z����k�X��0���gw�k���(�D�D3�7�G�+<cPԉk���8
��\�L"��#��2�}ym6�ȮHM477]���]M��M<�����Ma8����~"�Ͽl<���7�p��t��v��YG��,�ow�i�6����<����Rᇻ`��m-.
�vB�d~v6��^�f��Y٪9�L��[���X�i�6�c�y~�N&I�˵��ƉY�
�����3+l��E�
�|��y�.�V�0_�vk��oV��E,f~�;(�`�g��f�]�$aF�p�������W�M\�R���[���4-��|j~֙P�>���"�����뢳a��ׄ9�>i[��=�㴂~g��]�V�&|�Ӯ�������3K�V�>�b��໕Y���0��4���n�l1)�纁��5��2O���g-�;jl��ƭI���H�,.l#^μr0@-n�����e*U)����L�٪������J	O��y;a]�	�u^�?g�Z�I(V3Tȃ
0�����B�:������j�7gW$�>rie�&���T�W'��.)ӌ;wS�$8��+:�C/0'ҌS�"|��XL��e�k�g�oV�9v�2
)O�j��&3�SuY��P4���hR�tvA�<x�c�@3֥�S��P�
�����3%,h�}�������&hnJ�Le+K9��j����Q]{SO�˥:*�e5͉����Mge+iѢ���YU��ܘȩQ���YG1�
����|ފeI�'<�ft����|>�2ֲIaeR��K1b'��Z�>���
6�e�-d*i�i�pu'	,�����Fɮ۽~st�T��kԫ'U���ΓN��s[*�9�lL,@c��>��XX�B:�t�������TX*m#��4{�໳�D����Q$ê�%�/��vv[�MV�\�J�(��p���:NZ�
�ὂ梯R�;B�-W�W
0�U���e4�l�ۢdǬ����;Rچ��r�g�����jΙ������pu��u_KY��d�,�Z�`F�߼I�0,��:��B5V���
^�c�]�I�.ǕBYC?K!���D�S�'�i�GŲ
�T�U��q2��z��ȳ,/�w��iQ��D٠Ȍ�#��ľp`S>+�g���_�왦	�8)��Î�ѱ��y��{��;��Hؠ���*�ˋ�K눁+��DYņ��Q�°�_<B�`���|�:�����z�8
<;��*��*����=+��WS#`D�7c%4lYA�'��Z^2}a`�Y,��QyR�p���A9b��sp�v�sL�C
��tVvM�ma'�%�K"�`t�����9ŤVU@�;0oaV���4B�ҏK,FSg�Ϟ��5xV��1g�l������jq���Y�&D�]�K#��O�
�	D֟Uj�����ST	�S@������t�@S>GG{G�O�2m�(��*
@������ڑ�O9��k�)�-�d9�Àm�d�؁.�
�Ϯ&�=� ��4�
00����`x�2%��!���=T�@���;p~K�8Xs7�ߍ�
~�B{�~�Ҫ�1�i��؂ڲ�,aN6a��(��Zy��V,m�/�Cc�/��J�*X�B>&V|ȁ6
#՘�%�����gA�(^����ŪR�IS>�x��+�>ELg0��9QQfکԆ�NiU�45�RLJs����ǨFچRV��J��%�B܄�d�x�랡�χl!E�e8�CM��&��H!~d�-��#�!�%*w@J,S֔�����09�fr/��&���2[��:N[��c�Q���,�tF���f�Y�2�<�UM�ɞ�T�V�T�Y�,QHɰj��D�k~i�§�q�}.‚�_���uVt�®4�)��mEѾ�	��g��Ѫ�[��|U�FMs�ҭ���2M���Y�vY��e�W!����J���T��K�S�9�L2
aW������6h�N�$�QI����بn���,G`l���� "Q�!'c`��04,�^͑{T]c�y7��Z�@���ej0��ʒK�*`)TU}�cA���j�GȒ��#(ٛ�����H�6��K�j��&��t>�^Y5U#�Qy��O��Zd=���Y�x��a%"9 @�Ƣʯ1g�u�T�5*r�QoZ�Ƃ�7[)x%|TP�2�t�۳�a��Ic�C֞JәN�5�;~�R$v&�R��f����Z��17�;�Tͩ���Q�^��FFO\�[��W��˷>�Ȳ��u�5���`!}��
�~�-Ej���v���\������ꢦ`!�̚�k���$y; C��Z�\��k[>��C�F^��	��)hF���&Ƿ���ˬ�&SeC��a���o�E�s(-XC�gf5�aד�TR��QAi���H�[>���O	��kP��XDȮp�I\Xq�T㨠& ��\�����ir��pQ;��"r�sMJbs��i��5�YL"�<��v��Ʋ�"/<Q�����f]�eO-��G0-Qޔ�X�
j�薭Z���x��Y��r`�\��`��z-�`$�+�i; ���yXX�,d�X5fyo!,�K�B����Ȯ��Q2��i�(f�=�ZrAԌn|[���p�6���@�Y7�&��@�E��ģ�︴�@�?��X�������0P[c�x�ŔZ7�mi}�$q�֨�ذоf���Â�
���3�J��i����L���e�!�`�����QJ��0�����r��^K�6/��@���-$�:�#c8&�]*Nl�NW2���a����4���{�ᅦ��U>�G�w��.�؀�gX3�1��*����	�	���)O2��K�3B)��jv�6F����[�$�bW/V����R*�
�ģ�S�	��o���u.�2s���U�1c���(G"��<,d�ϝ�6�])X
/1�#�>ʤ�D\l�L�1�5A�EL269š_bl��������"c8�XDžڷ��H�<-�OC���6*�M,�L��Z���+�wDŽP#.��҂
�:�l��r�.L�iT'�iCZ"1�t�\%9�-��4�����{mǎV�������^�E
��m�
�Ө�0UW����CZ�.*d�&C9A�{K	<
(��m:���#�Ἆ>-.��C-��5�`�l?i�Zf�E���:s�`!ɬM'V��L�X�L)�o'�:��,�"b��xg؈Da�d�ç�A ?�5%��D"�0�8� .���K[Ѷ��QYI�F���S����㒗Pf��O�+,�%-0��8�ЄO��|I�l/�B.�L��/%�
h{�
�q��
�m���T%�S�0d��3_�=g.��\����
�V�:	�����I�ϲ�T��4L��b-�Q�+V5�2U�N%/��D&t<�Ł>�F�D<����X�y#&(*�����uT��Wښ�Ff��
V{)C�(U7��Qӭ��XyЧ��_�ڐoN�*�Bk�X��"i!�BI%U�X��rª�ʬ�D>����V��f�/n�u�B<'����M�E\�/�	��?ԟ�T@U*� ��m��}��V��^��V}�a!�"h��eG5���J�5X���D�L�C|�|*��F��n�8�ŗjs�#�m��5���K��D���@���(L-'	Q=�ʒ����7�׶vOh��/k�R�f��9Z���t)�E*�>6�~XF�;f[$��e�fd�������<�
����28kv�6Yl��}�I�ń���A�bO㇂�
�v5<�	��Xv�c��8@�U�-ԣ��b9N��t��˜�b>�Z�-�-��-,�mm�.TV�,Hm����:�\O�O�Qr������U�ڴj�Ǘ���^���
��Y[i]�3|�35�z��,�wd@d���0�$�o�������
x�p/u�꥕�*�7����7���ÿ|Ҿ��]��<(�J�߰·^ج��O�@Ԏ�n)�0��[����J���f��w����r��c�����}�xl>����{���ك뗟
/Xn<͙vC�s��
>sXЄlF6X6�ˇg��lG�+Xܜ���8�ۃ�t�87�������c_U6p��q��M�ݹ���vW~a\y��g�WU�;N��ʎ�%P�d[Z��nP-�a*�>r/lG�=����vچ�po~�p�ܣG�16����Ճ�3�(Wx��k��ܭOcP��-��~���"�V]�����l�ëN-�O���.�9|υ�}�Uz!���'��}�aa�>���b�	��W�l)���R�L�i���(Ջ��'*'�<?��ݤ��V��Fi!��=w#ՇT�}�R�@��<C6n�ơ�d��?�䗕�����>y8qUvm��$��P,xv�I�D�s���Y.S��w�3Ҝh�I��MJ��r�̓T�"]�i{,q�\H�)�_�*(J�"��u#�KM*t%�W���+��ZU����Y�.|Q(!��/xQ��c�ʛ�e��ϭ�w4�������'�S����# ����aѩ�Jz�vT�'�温�f��H�s�B�5A�(��Ab��T�7O���t��~V8v�܎6ST�C�u���ki�Il�V��̎yʄD��4g{P�貅�)�dn�vy���[}�B��j*u���I5�0PƦ��+��T���x���C{�����Q�y���!rU�F4�Y@��.T�
B(�E�Hٕ�-�Z�
�o
^�Y@+�����7ǘ)��߈�(�}2��6��p���B27��X�Za�c��C��~&�*iZHA�u�0����e���UW��} U*�FP(c呇!��f��(-��@Z�QSl�)4*���U�#pe�����b�Ra�S��I+έ6HD��tg�(��C��%��푥�4��*?��B�,�GI�8H�
]%	�2�%�u`$
�QŔ��!.
j5ğ��.�㾩�gx��� @#W�KB�C5Q<�bE5�xi��|��cp��v)p����!�nI�>� ��mӣUl&�<��C�JB�(��U�[�_��T>��$?)��Y���
��f<JZhZ��RfwI&-�=
��.'�qҢ����(���Us��@)66E��e@VLH	��E�@�d��8Tu�À���l�т��T�	۪
��p�
��\�|�9E�SK�@�U�l��͔A����!�*�

4i+-*�x>a�j�ɏ�-�%R��+GI#+&���;0Pϖ��7��m\0���"x"�?hW��3�2ީl�1)U�YM�� �il�Wʊ!YXE����P�_?�
�"������*�n�s�Ƅm}����\U
a�a����x�NZ<㪃�(*��=FZ�m���3+9��B��ԫ��e�Uo`��o�ٗ�Z�Co���Hũ�c����lNOa[�����`�O\�8���?f
ë�Są��_�
&EY�zx��H���U�y��U�����l3��,�H��=܀�<�D̒4f��)p�x``
yc?-H��o��D��S;4�G{��Mԝ���C�Cg��qWUE�h�V��.�m�>Ѷ��L�C
$�™����C`�����Au��Gx��K���
hQ,]�\��x����(ٲ��/X�q���GH�|"��Y�z{ҫ�:�jC�c�B�9:
D�T���(O�|4xx�8��:[��_��Jf;e
��~�m�	e��^k,j��~*��P��E�XW)���O�}���7��d�I�X�(TA��K�'z��oL��(\�1,⬛�%�i�%,���Y�G���4��E��B�b`�<�t��@cK�:��\��jEy��T*�ISu��нZñ�&N7ӊ�T�s������,�A�_�a��cy(�-�m[X҂#��Q�:F#@�zz�?J�V�g�U����ܸ9ŝ����P%�$8|�����?�_��ᒪ�P�e7�73�Ø$s�m���s
��aRc�my�lCz>���$Y�[�-�	��fW"��EU]'�@e��E
b�~tJ<*z����"�i��=p!�p��P����
�#i]o��O��	��;����NߟS���;Hؠ;U4R��Ny�8i����B�a"Q8	��~E��"%�%��8��Tf��Ґ\xĎ�@�t:�pl��˺E
(����sJ�FN���>�n'�E75�m������rb_�W��~:ۂB��D��?!�~�ma��ȼ��TL
;��t����5�8v��Q� ���[%~(p����<��i�
�Vܜ@V�����f�"��U�
X�=�F�J\h�M��l9�<�E��#���t��U!�*��C���4�b�������a��� 7ݜ [��_�Ai@8S9��t���N��Uq�֫s�%��͕���D7T�n0X˭��\#rk����#*��eIC~Fɬ߶��(�y�y��m��<�����R} t�C�v:�?v,0���:-.�\Y+��ȋ���`~���&q&���n���;�p�
��
J'��@.�f����A�<\��nQi*SɄ�"R���Y��ö-7�-��KpJB`�6��F�.�ӡ��d����r�ykK�!�����S�rx6�遤�OEwPȡtH��QC�xT�Eb�
��	b>�
�V�G����B}]ia5�4�Xh�&p7�Y�D1��L.�0s�СC����@o���֎C�f�T��/(�r2<�r<rlP�TD��X��BȆ̑j�Z1g�����\�ˍ$ax���P(��%(���m!2VJbh�;u����Q/�@�143.!^�y��Z#��+�0*iu
%�-&IK�Vxa�v�*q�ssE�d�B��8��zM�ڰP� 3".8e/!KU���
�����2k$����
<[]�hO�-p���E��Wԏ��>��[�N���q*N�x���[_(�{D�ImTp/,�<W@�^��4$J��ô�
�kN%Q��)�`�D��x����u�f�h��!�����xۢns��$�;GO���ڌ��d�>��:v��Q��A5�+�ΐ��sx'��&H�R-3�˜��a�<ҰU�Gw0�&��Y�CO\@͋"�A�8**Jٸ��-6�wG��m���y
ۂ0��?��}��u$�<�B(@f@�x��HO�jA�xz�p͊�m!(�AY�`}��)o[�"�E�_�%���H=��J�0�D��vlU��涅�}����v
�d�(B��c�C�NsSS4�a)R.+X�:QPDT'��X����"�'w\�L!�Z��AeÓ�I�0�`#U��3U%��{��~U��C4q����]���5e�ל�v�Bz��ۇ�,=�E#[ж��TKX��Q{�3
0(N{�D��v�iދZ5o$�)��qNt�a�K�)�TPՍ>��
�#��Φ���T�od���v�^�!;�)��y�� �s��IҢ�Ѷ�¬Y0�N�t=v��`�F_�c��+��R����R���<��
�X�P9��r�_ҹ�"�S�E7��,���"�k���ûx�%x@� ������b?���Z�d�y��|d<���|ҡ�r@�F�|`����<�K�F|���б.Ud	�{�	�noo+�n���YP
��5��P�<�X�L��?��%�������v�@��H��N��xC�R	q�JW�E���"4 �z��C��Eq�/PN"Ox��ۏBd���EU-��*�s"���X��3Ƈ�c{����<<8���	�8��?�O�P�I��p2$?�������
R��x��9���=�~ا��)��{��
��9܏C�ם���*��\��OąSZ,�J��M9������o�X�ӟN�+�N�:=�:6
Lԋ�,�6pLnn8�m��Xk���\Q�tr�LN�ʂE����%����R�)h]-¿��q@)����ֵ����ヮ�~���E�>S�����E��A�,�]a	�d�*�
��5���i~���S�(;�
8���iQ'�BY���p�K�;�E�hk�`��l�Y<�'#r�x���h|l~8*�w���ϥ�ɴ��v�����`���<)�8����u��t��b�]{Z]= B=���[���DE���j*���d>'�y�b�z��j�hP�k+��IT�9�g\�.�X��c�����h�|��n�1�=j��z�Z��\n1�?�ɭ��_�f��3�&հ���#�G�����=�^�ˇÞ����8��=��h���|���X���d�w����=�_T��ឞp8,z���L8|��^�_]����_�!��/�r��^�3�fZ���DE��-դ(-pv�r�������@�d˩``j��bh�u^��մ�֗��R3ԣ�kY �����p�_f[��=�OE����(��2,r��iU�^i�[��W
�O�X�	�V���s��f�����wM{��<��_�פi��q �w0&p�EΙC�Q�T�[6*��:��i�4C���u$�
������V�`��'����с����gN����A�4�Ѯ�o��y���3�b`��a��Ҩ"�����G�`�;��Y��}.��N���7�/M�u��æoܭ�F�wdص��
�����aw�p�=u��@ܻ��~1�j�ֺf���=E�U�������ڇ��������7�t�������ɶ��^��)�X���� $3��!�+IT��qӬ�ӳR�1�#g�8���|ԏN�U^N0@��"dH)R��
j:��}����(�v��F:/��-KkGNz>n?r�w��Ba�l��+���|���_���9ҹ�ϯ�G:�\�G�;�n�����֟o�4��:_7�
�O����`Pt�v��u�*E��h^o*-�*X<�δ�x>�-�2v�/�M���Uԗ#hQ^��5�r��	,�~Kzęӧ���:GǦ�-���J28j��@���������x�19��.��G:&]�ѓ/-�ZZ���f����RCkkK�G�P�!�ڲ�2�*�M7��M3�9E��I+~.��Ig<c�
ٝ�Rhk-^�3����Қ�n�XKK��d�]zo��%�2*�im�7ľ��N�+nT�-�'�~�����e��H�"�`��F�����S�q����&7�Z�+j:)��e�\g�o��s�I#�ґl����^l՗Z_
�ѳ-�.O]4󽖬�5*��߽k=�[i8޺�����-ܝ��d:ܾ�6ʩ��W�n�w�P�TG�B��ӆ�����gZ`@�
]b��Ь��VI������`T<��0�J�yCi-��SZ�q�I).0Z��s`��[��䔬�r͜�F�L�&�V�C���� -^M�s.�<��h�kk�ώ��fw��`v��o�u�A]��nח�=m�\b{f��T�w_�O���6F�]�Rg��d6y�AE�7�+{rboV:�Y[L���ꝏv��M��g_9'�F��:�ُ{o�:�������d�{�;���Z�����4��M�4;?>:��0����7J�>$0�ɰ�ȕ�)k���=��[�`X��S�<˫f��`����{�����K��.<�����g�R�O���ԕ괎��ƨop�}�c�W�s�'G�����{�mR�y��[h��^h�“\v����9)��k����:�ƺ������Bg[�D��u4�Row�.�n�]���*�u��ǣ���>~�+�[�Y��e��%i�������a�u�̷N��)L�?��c�!�R����ܺA�k�sn��3_���Rg��s.Ti�c��g������3�^�)����ܴ��ruJ#�Q�H���4�h�2R�'|&&��,�
b���2Wj������=Ӧ�;�y�g�_�2mb��0zua��k�S���Vl��?����p!�T8A�:b����0&4�����a�2Q��M��HP�`\�`q�1>�Uj�Q���[y��ʙ���[ƴXjo;�6��Y���B������-֙�.�q����������h��}�ӱ���ٺX��[]Mr�h��ԭ����dѻf�̈́�ײ�m�ڰ��酟w��u{=�����P)e��'�:%O#-���3�Eԑ��p>Q�C݂I�]�HU8a�:��HT��:4p�)�q�C�9k�)�&�J�¹]?�����n���!ϮXk��	����~���0�0�)���>4�t�L�B�f�/쟞�y<i��J�_�����"J�2�j�
�&eKG��Y���q�B��'�5?���6��}���[����KA77���m�b
�P.y�'�B|�!}a�����ɝ�MU׫�DMQ`�hש2&��PX{x��&s"/�b�;�K7�]
	�#�- J��!ͻ��N�%��p��<i���|����e���:�
ѽ��c��uَ�3gnI]��r0�޶6��v�V)(LF��`��'� ��ȶ�$j96�[�<8O�ceؕ�h�I��'�ږ.&�"Z�DJF�7+$���m�b���^
��$���k3�,w*pN�30:��-�zN	��+cJ����с��oX4Iw]��X�dw�V���[��R���%��@�l[(����?�}|�K�j�z����Xx�x9��w�喕�V�5��q���,�oe�<m��kea���v�5�X��=�ȧ3Bg,��r����P�(;��D�+��PI��ak���S�s�蟝�'�b4�-fBSScdsO�;�g��U���F��f�?��M������7��:J�,r�� �#>�iv�|��B{�G��B�+�>EXx�c��م�����[.w0�<W躵21k,G~pl�l �X�`�����H��͉���a���P�<o�(iADb>������(W��!��겝�m�
*s*��@c^��qZa,�)P�N=?�������NCPև%}8�Ǥ��� -�n�\���J)kt�����g®���";*����Wڅ�pcl�?bv�z���-�|]�OZcӞ�ɐ蚔;��k2��(�z
�R7����K���Ӟ�m���Ɇ|�k�?�6���k���#���g�#[��\2-��JVI��%��@%�<PZ�
��ɍ{�{	��c^KZ���c� +�ԏ�:�RJT.W��X���Pވ!�\���$ܶ���7��.nT'��6:���GX���eyu����&6�	��u�M/u����t����%�{�:֤�1>)�%��h�Ҍ��Z���aWo�t�_'5��9��݋�RV!�M�&�FZH�7��0Y�a��T�։���D�4��OS���q0.G�[:͕Џ?Z��y!�l�]����t_v���?�J�U������3��ڃW\�~��¨�f��=�f��8��1����"
��M���5����Ba�������}-;�g��:�]uٖ��-�m�L��q��Y�5����xgb$ �I��j�F���V�)�eV�$�~$Xԙ\�̸�-��vή���-ec�DX�E�+���^W%蚈-M�B/ţ�3BC�񗽓K��Bo�x�����ݭ�:sd]t݊
�=\r�8���2H�6Ox���m�t���m#u�ח��i[��-%�-�E'�0RB�d<�vv6Q�
��չ�VV��&��~���6Vk|̼�&��ܪe+ھH�<���V�X��
HUT��yh��Ǧ0p-
%��;��F���P���
LZ��RX6�����l�O��ҭX�����¢kP�7�z_q}/��IZL���ގ��#K��0�ѝ�R�%W]����5ۤNt�.�k�Xh��j:����vtiȶ�'�����B�k�E�|o�C�_��6t.�څ�d���lK�H��0lȮ�+��h$X�
�b۬<�J2�S�N��40�
�b�8*`"V�Oq*L�z��A���X�$�:Kb���|��n��c¨�m�~k9ґ�ܓfC�S�ξ�#*��~�i�]��)]��h�lm���[y.+���	��q|D�����Y�nxzaad�fl��_�p|��.�R$;�٤B9��)-��j�<�+��X�����>͊#��థ����s�SJ��@}H�r�w�t0`��D$�Q�����w���o�5$�:���p)̉=c?j��]Dᥝ�..��c�X7\��XgK__�� v�-�tvzA�yˑ���.���\`������Rg
ޝ}..��4��
�G�d'�]�w��s����ݿ8�s���ɀ;��7̇�;;xL�V
*��@i!*���P8��bd0�F��a.��#(p���E��%���:��)��c,�v*�bŭ5����O�v�)�@_籀���;R���K!��������֥ݮ���/8e5�>�����۹��#LuֹDמ�}-�{3Z��y�1έ;_
�\�}��
c��h��w�
�#���稽��|䊙L�Ї4��ӷZVl�mA���ʋR�QldI�e�ցС�����7S�<	�K��r�u���{>������r�0 ��/��EP��aU-����!����\�_�{z��`n��\a?�*���?�`a��9����޶^W���i����������ao�X��������w-]~��)�F!t��J� �,�"C���iX����e<�*� #�B���և������J"�}��=aA��=�]!�/����33~�����;��a����^�î/0�7��D{<=a�v�].W���U_,��G]u�������GF�ф!���Pj�A�<�<��n�E9�u�Ӵ!+gM��&�P���zYZ�+���I�
��c33S�<����
��(�3׿���ܹ_��ڹ���\�� *��mPX]N��~��\Ω�hې�D̷.���x�I4�Ű�����:|9�q�b.x��G�U<�ͩG�i����8w���~OX&|n,wL� '���0���9w�=��ÓRTEVՕq���(l�c:=QF�]�1����R~���:���ǎ�����hX�B�3��bnY�ޞ�Zģ���hE��N
����������%W��Na+��<�N��n���UO�a�����@x��r�`.h����h�������h��c�J�>="�a!��Ų-��d_n���-7�z����ߊhl��05��pt��Ӈ���N=}Zc�00^�J�j��;�pт�p}��������~��	������{��������[]v�Y�Lgn5��ǫ==��o>PxQL�9�V�i.|nnNX����������\q=��wyY-x<j.�^�ǻ@"}����n�� 	�K>��3���|p�C�$�!^�J;'��S�1�'%� �E��X{��n�g�#���4*��X����i��rV�iyY(�<~\���� $1������C�j07.������հN��� �WB<,�����;����bNa_��3�!����ʼ���N&���T�+���;(E�W��W�r�"cy�di�A���@`�FG�B�mt֓Z�S��L	�q���C`�����h�7`7��\���ܻ�.���� ���R��� )���:��7��uj2YD�@��I��hr]��Q��b(Ҝ2�NHE������
~NI�V�/x�GO`ϞqԻA8�E,�d#� ��E��S@J`�����bCv�sJC�Wj3\D�y*nH�a4V.^`�c�F���)�E
�vA@�E���1��C�{u����B�p(�y� B8����tH�Ρm<��y^,�<͍c��rҍ9�s�A2��4]AR�9�EJi*�"��N���(�;�T�M4%�鼅F
��ՠ�ZX�V��ji�2��*��cT�btTi13:uh7�B�REˤs�ǯ�j�rx0y�
W�[`�$V���4s �{�s`�"W(`ҁZEP��`�,�*f3���͂��LJ�wV�A��fO�a�@�F
�W�E�%���w׃6���:(XH����v$d���,���(��b���&�F���\`Q�b�J�zHE��҂��0;�.���e7-����Fy�OP���Ør�TE�
8/�$85(�@�
	��8WH��J�A�%�L@iT�N�`t{���#�M�s`����`���%딇+�>,-tjg!}�w5+zP�㰐mas >Q��Oy��)4�_eY��Sg�:��Ӱ(A��I`|X�&
�\d��sw�bQp��rA�?�B��.���`�%�o�c%�a-@j�@���C�$���u0G0߆��D��T�� Bn��F�԰�R^"�D`�!�>)E�
����v3�c�*���Y�"<E�Jm����<U�����,���3cG?��#r�����e t���`^*Il��=a��*�$�>H����(q��� V1�<\���Zv4�ӂ��md�q!`ЪJ�*�'ȍ�U5�W���n6o�A7��e���.��ma�"xW.����~��\%�^����`pUB�\ЍI@�ɿ�[ݛ\_/
T�Hۭ���zp���wo�Mv� ���� Y�U����P��])�9��~�e����aA`����@8E��tԑq�@H
RȌ4��
��8U�(9��I
W�-�x�L�h���d%\�,�<W�8��"�S�(Bs^�.KI��bCX��<^���a>�ϩ`(i������;�v/�n�VW�p�P����ۻĮ����$(Q|(x��9T��9ԩ
��w���bO8i�C�:a���y���;�|z��H��z�B7d�Kn:��;%-�f9~^"ia0i�b������]@?�bzSSX��j�L�_�/	"f�,�P8�x	@G8�K���˯Ã�*�+
s�PN��4�==�/�C��������
�pٕu>�O����������hY�9�֤D�PN�)�=kK'��}ԸdR�HK��__N���3�P�����-��l$8LGvօ������k�S�XSp����w��E��`
�6��I���& �qc`e����t��z ��^�a%d����jJ`�#�O�1�B���$F������/~q`!��-��*�hާd�,w�U-36��ݐo�)G�j����͍8F�ǩ|ZҊ�UJ5^,,I�gQ{ �a
;���:LMZ�7dqa���i�����J���m�)��4����r��	�JG*VU�9��TVFl�$?(�)\�h��S�^W���Hi�s�����S�)y"cW��D�r�C��|"�����QR��:8��0E����];C��X�R,pE��J��i�6��h	s��4�����Xw�5�v�J/xt9��R����4k�3'X�QY�g�h5$�a/*����+������fi����Œ�5`p�,L�S7��8X^^fZ�ƑXD�:\ -���0�}8��E�xc�En�ا�\ɛ��f�1"+�ʜS/T��R����2��/�'U}�O����i������Ú��_�1m%q	@��/`a�B�c����ʍ���"| ��V��o @��+e.7��(�֭��v�R�!��j:��V�,{;�@i:熩tQ�	~kN�EA}�㨭Ue��IZFi������Y/`Q�q#�&w}�e�T�U*�8�<yr`�����P�:���5�l��j=��ӊa�F�2S��0N��G���)h'i,��0��d 0��~T7�:&m�%�K,d9�!%*����X�\��X�:�'-%D�NjEAe�
*$�L�f>��]��ӌ��GB
:���X0-
a�1QIl��[�s�c��j��f�Ђ̵��1p���P[� �b̔MD�D��^(Q6�\�@X��ݴJ��+P	z���g�C��U{�ᆍ;�a���
Ң␔@ZpX��J��>2��-\���Z�ͭ�}ԝe��eFㅴ�l �JD�,�'�"Nj�kDP`��B�!�qcgz�8\��zx�KI����sH��]0O��,��E�9��I(��yy�G��+��E��W�R��j��SHM&OM��`��]S�5$-,XT�h��]��*�m�g0 #dU�T�?���3�m�0-��3iQ����"&�m��mPL�$�:�P	���Vo<eN�7t:݂�P�Q�U�a!!.�XX�QLw���=����3\���`�&��ZV���1��~���e+S��qLqG�MDE�.��{D�Ke�
�(�*�5b;����	|X�չ��ܶY�vFh ���r�8�5!(jGZ��˶���p3n�s����2��/���x�e��3�~X����z�����x<����hY�X�B?s�X�Y㩳S��MgN��ӯ�Qp]?�vY�l��"b�/�-���i��K�ߥeߎFS�"LXX:���!�����8�=�65%,jBZ�R�Ԍ�Tw��O�q9C���V�����^��0�����h���x�7eMJh."X�vb��q����ou{���>�p�Y�a#�n���<��z��>��Πڸ�K�[�����k�!I(h�>��]��1|�/!��+*	�
�vFJ�&�Q��C����[_�ĉ����j?I�}�����ÉѸ��i*YK¢V`���Q��r4�%4M[ZLlX���p���hCr�!Y�g
'q# 4@7�_>��a��J���̌�D	��&��5��לKb{-x����[47]3�c��:�5_�5���|B3X�b�\��	m�AC��j��&���`��'&�7�8�B6L`�h�!-�|T�ɑ(� E·wr1Q5�d8���U\Lhy���+Z$�`��‰	�3�C��3a�����*������:!l�:K5��m���\����p�z�:��B-1T��z�EC�kQ�$����I�LVjK�vX+e-0�	%(��y
5��Մvg"��,hR�E4�:�@�	M8�֠Ӎ]a��uX��
��y�!�]�%���&J�`[��G"���y�z�h]�@����j��
�%�Z���u�!��ng�5P�,@q���@)��k��%��Dw�e���.gt]�ݕ-qY��7Q��MYC��tGY�]��!i�O<#"���
v��t3����m�RQ�:W�Y��@�-�z�Jl
�3�8�
�������J� �ks��&X!M�m#݃�
�7#���'Le���I����3Y��odY6��J����v�o/+��jq��<�Jø�J]���HՆ�
򂜭�\�=4�b�O���v�Z��ZZ������3�H�``*S�E*�/5H�6��P�A6�:�ڒ�따��E�ݵlڃ�4(��!.(��}�D=]��
����b}Rj���q�-rW��}s�]�q4�d��'�ε�<�}e�]���v�a�}XD�Z�Q�{@�j� �~'���5:P@��oU����K2�f�S˽
ݽk� t��1e�����6(2��=K�ǶѬ|�8L��fH�
,��7]"/Ae��,���(Ve��B��6�FYZ|+#A�Ze6��TL@��ض#,`1�
�-�EEq�6ʩ�VA�V�Ң|���k�uX8zzl.���EY�����`= ��CI��m�`�ڗv)o)j�
l.In�o��tĴ&:�>)�H��4Ak���7�h����j:6/��
]:R�@�64j_X��o��^�+���=��\>[�莣�5����C�ٳ�/kh�+�Ǥ��v�Q���a�i�W�dT�}i�h8l�23X����1�ͤ�dY�(.HZ�Y�ڛ���>߾˺"'jJf2X�AɆi��ųR�H\XFM�Q�|�f��fjк(_���X<C\De֓�����x6ҳ�o������x����m��ڱ-,
����ʵ璳��!E�m�lOX���@MiP����)N�V[j��`I��a��ŖФj)�Ԗϔ;H8A"א2Ť�6�a��a���As5����&3G�b�߂��:�Q�.Y;Z�e���u{�g
��)OP����դ&1\dj��f��ʿ}!-�d�bV(S^�g~��3㛞�f��Nb�7f�G"�%~��_�D"��Y2�X=-�����d��b�By�2_҆�6�ky6�2����dd*eE�ɸ�dE��y�fy�2&���n2K
�`�	ݮ7Á36�����
SӴ
���άQ�E���ĊH@��ױMR���*�S	��Rv	ڈє	�b("g���/�Fl����%�ĉ���]�_�b���<��cY ���<�bH��?����5���N,���R �C���L]�c��"Գ�-�٨0���zN`a��xYT<�)���
�
+K��"��{.R��(6���5�"[�
�(b��z�Ud�3��t&4bh��'y(�"�d،�-�y����@��iv��!�i,
���V	�2���
g�
���Y�-��Yr��pb�$ɒ�jR�Ũ��n�ш\�D���7@G_�����Y�w�M��Ғ�?c�HdbeXgP�T0�@��r��V�+٪{K:���7�:^L�|.��v��-��R�tԪ����,K��M����%�5Ĕ%���'Tz@�A)B�^��0X�5�RN;�Ų���?El%hG� �L���(VЬbudr0;F��|Ȓ�5���՞}�Ӷ��)"j�"���R�l�,����R�H)��3�y���KU3�D�U	��b1�D�H#��&����>-�_��Xh��"3T��M��H��m�=?�x.`A��-��CZ|�Qi���ƈ��aA�*��u�H�0�@��z6���&S�
��s$�bhH�‚��,롡���o���AV$���2��Hh��l�1���H$�Z<oW�abȐ�#T<J9nP�?sia��'Ѫ�v���{"B�l��$��6�o�Ge�tY#�z��DD��v#�*�",�XAP��HY�Y��ڒ���	�(\b�X�}3@X�
K%����\��y������ �,����ˇ>���d�a��(�[�OD��ף�%>����Ȍ�t^%4�jA�Z|���Dd(�iqP�bK�|��I��k("�	�ɴ�7b�B�d���
�'b6,X�%԰��Bv)��`��Q@��NK�,j�Ek=cd�(��&I�N�P�`R�嫒�Ta5m��qn�b�$"}�>��ǝHX��4&�'�f=��5$�G�^�<�‰N�6����GXy��+�X�B��߈�����#�b�Rܔ�f\���7���u	tM��>��'�r��d�q=��+���ɛ��Z�:���!��H�֖��!�PFEѱy����Ը����0c�]91���9�-�>����R+@�7gg5�f�fѐ��Ϯ���$걀L�$.ݼ5K��p�͕�Y?�z�&pu]�5|�W��L�)��4I�]����)S9MM�&&H՚iwU��R)�j�K��@�h�c��f�_�����7�.����dK�Bli��?���P�W��������‚����y���g3��OeN�ϡ؂�ĉ��Z�X[ӵ��
��>Y�c;�������-_?=�‡8ﷶ����;����.'>|��
l\�ɉĉ���oh�W���/;�c���C?���	�|��EU�Y�I@�r���]�hg��n�g���+$:|-e�M�/�L٧Kڊt��{��AN�dBj�ټ��k���4r=E��	_7��v��50qrz��'n_�@:����V~�2هpk:x�ށ�M���4���vz�����O�������?��h$���[}..�	���g��<�X��'��~7+�7>��oHJ͂1c��}��]�����	i�/N�I�O~���Ll�����L�?�{wa!������z�ĉ�?�q���Pd������Ӽd�}A�hf$�5��x�n꾔ٴ��5Sn|g߅FӜ�jw�zj%����#��ww��@"���v�^��TL���
���v�7߻	2!쓣:����+�4jyU���0w_�0mʯ�f���imKӚ����~@M���v���7�bٻ��Bkש�?��֬�׳Y�B,���_��S�����.��n�w�Z�k���b����a�uM���_�l���fO��>��g�yO�]�R����!��_}1����V_,�z�����9X2���,@X$^���Q��
�8�>�?��)7�{{�9�|������u���s��Zsjו�>>cjM�~�w'P�2�x{߻�M�>ν|�r��8�l>��˯��ռ�t���w/��kB6|����W��}UF֟�m._��c�j�,l6����;�������v��|�2K������*~	4kM���Ϛ�\�
�8�2�x��(���Rv��O����p���������]����\��[�oM_��9W���>_[;qB�eWWW�[ײ��l��?�mo�k�����uu�6K����I{���������sr����ɒk��wf�~��?�������;v��aS�ş�@2X��x,��/`Q�Z�ٓg.~�����|w?0g�>����ͩwwxp��+.4��ua��{W&�pҦ����J��;���;����:�~��}]>������>����{�9qa�gW^���*�~�օ�.6i �~3���ŋ�n�w�f�ȹxq׮w.�>�t���Rf���{W��nD�s`�no�����kN5�k܀��@k�n��<����4��%��q��O�Z�F����5��?��uu��`	|������h������R<��}�߹~j̜J���ٳc��g�}����|a���qA�bG.Jd�|y6T^�������5sICb�8�%4J�^XB����4��÷�v��;bЈV��#K�gɣ��#bкu�d����l���6����d�4�5d�lit4s���}�y��kϭ�������Vs�j拠U{�����y�&�h��7�;kkS����Oil\q�z��~��		�
�Lxn�~U
���%��b�g��8;�Ǧ薷/�\s����E�P/�Vgeu�n�SO�@ZZң2��g;���m>��c|�SY���G~�2�u�@�Y?�C���y(ח�hy���y�w�]g��Gu%��E��Z���Ǥ���Ң�n�
�hd���o����jF֢�k�?2�g5�h�g�w�=O�Q�����Xl������[�w���{�Pb���i�Ojk�T�e���v����/��;T������k�<;wS�'e[ڿm�X�@�����ʭ���:��pn�Z�`S���=?�pD
Y^��@���/޵J��Q#XU�D��9��S-n7X$�s�
d,?��T�X�ϳ��Y�(�a}��=mGϾ3+��,��:�(XTVQێ��9��i��#O����fڎt |~@�-#:�u�{I�l�-��:Fh�}�kyVF�������r�lWbHmY�@��49{��1Ա3���d��$�
XG7�
a�[4[��n�s�ƍ���%�U���7�����)�Y���ڿ�f������; ��9-��/]'z�Fc��G+D�j�����U�&?���֟6��o���c�i�h������0�fX[L�F�5*�\��ƈ-�_g�h+�"�t���ݟVs������Ԭ����b����9���Y���x;kVK�QP}{�w,Y�qt9�⻪���8
�:@ĢZ,h�C�F����G.�'@�ٕp��1��F8���;ˏdW���8�5#�l�o����Eg�/@���hQ�O�8�*�{�����З��[fe���.Z26�|a6�cY��P�wU��5�
>��i/��_�+�tky{i��;F]�»�K_����E�h<$�~u׽�7����


�����<#���!)>|b�iw5�>��t!��^XR[��mDR��~�v��t^Q�_�����6o�Z����|k����zh~\x}�,�"T4�iV[:,�q�ݼ*jN��zfё������g�^�&�E�2��đ��5HA,�L8�,|�<:��n
�3�QY��G��+Q�*\D��`��:ֳ�H�k�ɬ_�ՌE�-twded�C�M�B<�Xt�m�y"[Y��[�͢KP�q<]G�#Ѩ�e��(Q�D��]����"?��=�ͪ�3��=����o��R|�ߙ9�<�{O�)�S\���F)b|��ʹ����<��~?����篌JBokI~���UF=�nI�����[ڞ;j�T�����5����?�PT�G��o�y��y��CѨ�m�����&Dq�
��G���`���
�BO@���X2=w�V�Fn��Ps)�c%����� �

��Q����n��n�w{���y�p&��?��%"Di���JG��
ŧ���Bp,j�
*�"�>fec	,:&������dA�BQ�RЯ*����>w�(��-�����z'MW��x0��U����1���������oT,�m��
�|��L?�����s���c��i�����|,��$I-��ݩz
�6?�6�!��2'��`����?-$����
UUun1��nF�A�:q���@�G��C���u�fgy��}4���Bh��-���w��Z���
�s���YМ����}��q�دA��U�.�D�ڶhIKF�� ��[�
݈؄*
�T�JT�WA�V��-:�
�.�w�mCy+�w���z�7��	y���[�ҹ��n�,jvl�Q�l�?6+ʋ�̓Q�['���;6�K�ߠ㎸qmm�V�ox��ޭ�{����
?�=��~�ϵk�LI�gsy�/�W�	�,�hTͫ����i*�����o��X� D�-+]�1/�,�Enrw[�λ5
��:��^bU��Ѭ�ݠC�}5���R֑���������j���iZ:�ճx����YG�z�a����z��Oϒ��U�w����Y'��OA��;z���5{ђ.\r��ji�8�hY���G��~�q�h:C`Á�g��d�B�����%�8��e=�{��T	�
(o��|޹���>�X��\RQ���$/h�N���\��,9b�}�l�F�lq�l̝�O-��m�'�Oܹn���y=�[�m�vfތ�{f�mL�4�pY/]?�[�?:SVQ1�qƙ���5�7J�w&��s�<���=�v�<ƒ�K=T�EN��-�wYH��X�,���.Y�
��َ�%�:Pjv@�&�mѫ�[�V)g�/J��,_����=�B�
��Q��鬟����٪ ��:�[e�-�k9q��K(Fu�-�8�����;�ς�Ĭ���gAAX@����[��x˥WE�x�	�䐮%˗/?���pJ,&�Q����֔UIr�̸둟��ӟΫ�da�u^�R�ϫ�맙k[�!��m)w�u�#�E��8a� UZ�333�m�1gጢ�̒��k�;ߘ��{�gf�h����\��Í�h�w@-�f���x��<RT��HiK��]��EQyCMf���|O�:���'AA밸Ep�����D�Ҿ��w|hHڒ�ޒ��K8�ޣ�,+��O�JwKz�i�10��.=�G���C�P9��ny�z�w�W��t��(,�u�S��rKK�Gd٩+?���!_�g����������ba-�-]0̮�����i�F�@\��+y�[����X@t ���$��VX�s��¼���3��֕;wZ���o�C�8�H[^CaCa���=�J���z|�=s<e;S�-LkH��[W&D��
���3ye����f%�օl,���Sa��`]Cns��'�67�_S6�VXV�W���ʼ9AP-D1��M�ŭ�0O��!�TAI�mh1�Xx�DZ �$g�@+h4�Ҁr��
���V@ł�$�c�]�W4�S��j�b�y�u�0�UΒ<s�}:*�$�e�X��X�4��$�nHd�#��#�G�8�#{hA�y<�����5TLEeY�e��o͡U��m��h.\���Ь/S?��VW5�j�4.�l�Ѡq<*�<к��9xOP��G�q͏ӹŭ�[h��Jh5ka�
X��GX�&� gi�4�дO�4�e�`!��
���:����9�!6i�@���M���K�s�`pa�yV�f���Xb���씢�jU�Et�Vx��f6/��].�&�2��(#��V���2��;<J0(DŸ�k�HÝ���� xI����s+$�b
���H�O�Y�4����UY\��^�R]-x��O����T4��R�-�\0��^�eV��mtX�"�Er�F:���O@�����7� �̀�Z0t,; �H>���h�jnH4����К�"�XNH�`b��?_�_�}���o�s��ւ���9�X�"��Zk�ۧ�"9��
+�I�V$��U�C�y��Dy� ��m2+�.)&��qA���b� �H�̲�-ο��C�.��W�Y�{Y��
�2��u���i���j'�>4�����s�z-�?�ӪU<��иA�갸�tmG{Z�vP,@W`�f���|ᴠ"	��ن���G(*R
�t?C�
�Vr�J"�r\�y�U'9�$A�C��V�H�"�acX���R2��`")�aC4�ճ4��2�D&�.�K�%(GG��T��0�J�]��p��ĺ,���'����b�a'���Xk��R^��bYh��lq�À�%�b�+���Gsbzc�|t������шm���BcQ^�X%6vD��������Av�9��B\8\r
����i�U�&�
��~y"7��}�|!\�l�O�S5�)*��u���FW�=b�I^��
6�S�2�`-*O�;`�� �j����F��P0���P��/.E�@���*�4�FY�	��|��bXHRD5^�'���k\U�i�2�,��^������d�	)BXpdF��O�B�ŭ�\\~Dk{(N�f}�I>7'0�
�v�o�pB"a(|X-e�N,�O��}�ʟxq��Y�\�ؾ���qSU.�3
F0��U��Q�A��VE���"/��T�$>��,�s��7G��"ȁ��D%�g�V/@
�p����,r@x��Zm�"mz��{Db°�+�ȃr�s,�"6Z_�����AV��D�WXɵ�t�'��U���B"�E�'Ђ�=��`M��E�C�Hq���!8=:B�#!�H�����Y�`��1�$�d�c1�����p9
f����+���B�N4��dӓ��aq+:	�@R���)~�5�*�oWd�`�/���D��� �-�0M�̭Q9H0�നj4�dh���Т�
�J��]8)`�5l�/h\ q6��R�_$qo�L4�n�PH�q�n1	W��m��D.J6����!&�k�<3��]�
�:��@@� �@B���s4��16�bB��I��t4���P��Z����,�aN���R�-����F/[]�"���%'��g�����W��p�DJ4�/��<���k���5���B�����g�AX�,�{x��A}�B��7���	+QՄ}����!b�$M�'�Z��G&`��aE�2��O$64����kܲf/O����k�>/��IdL2�3����լ�nQ�Ű��A�`@XEb�ԝ`��k����Dl�K��Ru5�'��Xx��p�Ae"�2bC��iYM�*���8��@�$Yv�z��YwY��B�Upm�����793Ы�̍�P9-?������R�H�`A{l�x8�G1�'�e�YDR<�Ġ咄!�IMVBe��F��F]��*nS��u�Ŕ�ӭ��Uǫ�V�3Fe5��D�W�-hC�N���RL�ՠ��@�Lr9i�ǡ�e���%��$����iZƸ���.�u���}�E�Q����@@C�)>i6KO0N�ŭ\����(F�zP$�`j�(l�!M&Ga9�����M�Olu���TW�2CDĪ���).DT5�{�nN�̓\"�?��T��g$G��$Z��)��,�� 8r�'��b���ܭH�Wp�E`���dGO�2�&RLOaɝ«H��3�%@�T�d�\ ��P�fUmqU�!���;�]IX��\x�)
:��4�ZBx���q�Y�6@�h�L�!��A�>sa@{��~�l�(��Œ���	‚D#�%'���j
,tnq��D�+L��4�J"_�Db,��@+���=��98u�T��b>��&E(�"��J6��@���$�!�
��XX%�C�D^�� c��刋brk�Jv4�-=��x�Z��X��Y^b'��6U�Ă '���щ�,H4�<�Y�4.�3K҉�(�a�[��ׁ�nC���`�NZdL��p��
�F'�ޢ�Y�&��ul��q�'�*k�
K��w��Cct���'u�/(E��C�@,�Q�~ރ��Q���r�8��� �������dW��Ֆ�Ѝ&n�:eA��H�W.�3�T7��E>�ˣ1-�RA��H���KRH�r�i&��<'� X�����k��(�9)ZB5T�ܴʾ:*Z�%�e}���L�eA<�&�E�赌�'�T�u����0 >�@³N�լD�!��
ZaE��[Ѫr<���*���e�xI��b�� 4 xd�*Q%���E����úE��x�hT%�J,�s��H1!^��"�ľ
ɛ�lStX|
p�N�ٳyXX]&��]�;�]�NО:)4�ꤝyR�RTF|��� ��/Ƴ�[h�O�J.P�őT9�]��.
Ը`�W��p��R��%Uc�y%���⋎TVz����xTX��T� ��S��qk"��բ;�S�E%@1�IR���ˌ��p��	�$LE��&
�Z���
V�[�����iB����S՞�$�t�d.]-��.m)>�da���	��^�=��=A���Y@Ҍ�ZV�a�	�Z�Pq�$-I@�n��б�`	��1�Z���W`�QQ�@����m鎂4��.W����_�#ÏD���{uW��3���u`�|ݿ��%)�_gR(�h<�x
%��z|��|*�I���"M����c?;���c�ـN<���ew��`��ea��P�"��A�
;�p�*�� hE�P$���4����ޘ�(�[(K���9��$��C|$�霐'M��LK�Rmt`��Q�<z�it�`�A��@�b��
���~����*tX�M�˸�B+�X���$��ݝL�S���YIo�%'�뉓��B��r>��H_�$L� ��{��6�'�s�����a���C5?��Ri�̅\�J<���ޠb��Җ��������|�3���崢�5>5�K��6���>E�l���R%OP���%^8t�؅DZ��s`����KP:,�#�Z	�#A�V"Z�o����,ƒd-�.߬�B8��%�[�L��b��\eTU`9��V�oi(b�w�<p(���0��č1W���_��FLa�I���H�d�<�cl<�7��\TW�3?J��]�0.�H��OF�T��6U�>()G�k�0�1�e��{=���"�@���4�%K�:��a1Y�G%��K3(^��j�,E阼���8�lS}m�>Ϊ�N����';��<�S��$f2��-�-�ǎg����<]�A�%���n��2n���*��-�]�m����|4�>c��)j٦M3����.���VTl�ŭ{�ǻ�%�*#[���7r�g?[��.[�{F�'�_��Mw=���ݓ'��ӳ����j����Ϧ�l��͵������w�N�l[I{�֮���X�)ǹq��r��O�~���a����N4q�����V{�f�'����T���f��,ɘ=�rm�N�J�_��c�fw�:��6�7'fe oI?;v,����ރ������6V�{S>IȽ{c^Y�Ƽ�5׼�ɪ�����jŦ�k��[��}�e)�g���e%�?][~��u��
�X�����lxvcde��;�JY5c�ZL'�t��Y--cǎ�j��ر��3��r�M�()_[��ß�9����Kδ��[��U��/p�]TZ7�Һ��bR�J��00�v��pB��hQ3���zN\ �'�>X��G�-��t��ב1�XKǥ���,��|vǀ��:߲�#�F.D��Eޯ֔oj(���}
�ة�
wn��*���򥑈���治W��y$wGMfW()���Mɘ���~bS��Bï6p���
��c�Z�`z��.\�-�B�ܓ���?_���ӟ�Wx�.����ڻ���EU�H�K�3�TUhZ�:,>O�
X [�$� (�??֓��)I���96�c[�/[4�s�m�I��ؒ��-,�.�Z�|ɒ�'�M�$�mI7����2��H[�{��’B�ƃ��;U�᭼{�q|�}
�J����)o���c��Gr�o|���`��(���G�s?�EZ�[+��7��_j_�Z��E%��-K�.Y�ݮ%�i��U��	,N߳�3b���;rߔ��ݟ ,F��ʐgnj�^�
t�@���q���s��4Wg������g1�ݯ���Z�2��g-��d��]cm�ݳ;����ˮ_gt�t�s�،%0�?5��V��n�X��H����,,I��
���g޳��d���x*~��|F�1�޸ni�/��-)��
�S2kri�҅�'��R�o+6}o~�β���m������˵=�����-�d9��%L=�J��7s=*]���{�x�}
����:	n��H'|�UUK#̀��A��)*L���7n�u�h�H�*󥟜�:f�x�%m�N�,�d�c]ǀǗg\:�5,��x��Ǥ/oQ�٘o�1�׀eD���;f䶦=�h�@p��{v�����{7��܍o�jp�'��_�8���bnwjH���u��F"��53%r&�Xq_ynf��7�n���?"*�^u�r���{]����NJNf��Uߛw��T�j��c�у�3ש��Ե�� �{��@����d�'
Gx�g೘�e��c'�,��h�=֝q�䉓�[�u��؉K='�|'�?~�{�*]��}�ػ-�^MW�ōЅ�y���,���,ơ�)��v>�������9�OVl�Y�٠�)Ei�����2���.U�x�2�l�V��e?�xw�ܷ��X��S���o�8{��4cyO�ߞ���3h�:P�9��mw.-//饃3ϙ��ӫ23˞Z��rުOUv�z�f��]�ŗ,�j�n���qk{V:"3��9y��tL�=v�ج���	��ц�(�[ԮK�@���>�^��sih�.��R�����΍ro�ڴye�'o�J���Vl:�*��My[��49ZP>�3��M������b�qF�;Z+��+�>��r�+aw�B����~�w�:s��m��Sӏ;vl���mkw�Xz�l~^��-ϟz����h/wq��!tX|ulh[x"���6����Y2��p�x��	Y���R����J�K���x![h��3*G�����
c0�:jG9�h�E#pԻ�h��=۶w�b�ƅ���hm5�X�V1j��>�g�\HRAi�8�����c���(n���A�
�d%��w�Æ8}1V��U���qn��9e�9�0�gu	�'�����1��;�IT[�v����2^)�z$��UK6hJ�$U���h:�hV��,�0|��!��ږ�Xi�Ҕ3�
��t!�#öX//	���A���>�ʸȰDN�г	��l��Ǖ'%�@w�p���밸ZX$0A�)�%��T7?��e��b2e@7���,͆DaAPFrI1�B�vIDq�Ɗ��$�m>g}�P4uI�
EC����XTڌ�1�r��m���wa�d�$�@ �g}��h
�$R,�
�y��E�q	>q��?b��"���59����~Q��``�!F�	Ku6�b��) ���T
Ha0�! H$��x=�q��'�Ƃ�F��:�OB� h�*0��^��%Υ��x�3�`�g�a�_8����zЉGX�-�q"Ј�[x�5��r#gB���4�����~i����"����1�N�[�rbiF�ŭ[�S��n.��+�������(s�}�a?�
�:,��f5�M3_�zu�`�r��M�e��,갘�3%��
���_��n1�]w�����鰸A�H�
����L'n39w��r�;�A��aq�r��y�@���^�
�^gPL����ԅ�[$�}�v���-‚�F��z��x��c�4
F�ō)��!qq&75z����_uR���y�Y)��&*�:,n�AF�
��$���`��܂�)���엿��'�Q�u�[���)3(���2��u�Fa�I��E"P�u�n����B�aq˪�	�:��B.��}�aqCW���/�`�)����ֆ3iq==3�L�\]N�?�P��
���P�aq�d:l
�Hx��T˸��mzr����q谸
�E@K���qr]��\�vqs��r}�TL]�tX��܂�–���nQA"�3#L_nq�y��tW�A��m�-S�$��(�b&�F	�I�!��6vqS�.ؒ(p ,>'����@���Z��?H�fȾ6aCd�����[����L���aq[�DM�Bˇ%2��-X��ukL"��_�Pn�`���Xd�d�ͩ��aq�n�ٷ��+eM���9t*f&��Z�xf
"�);̄��#�-��PMdNK�=�	w��e�K��\/?��}2���9�-=�-�1Gk�'�h�W������Nuc�����2]7�V��]��4EE(D^II	c���e���N!N�,�=�Lr��T�d�&���=��2aU�.�l5#�2�e *L����auu"�1���[]��4��n F�-r$߼�gk4o���̔��)�^d<��
#��0��(�Ac�v����$@T�*<�i��pQL;�"G{0>s�#�n*h�p���Cѐ�(��H�H�bF%�,@��T�谘V���o$F�)"��L�5	`��I�؂ah���}��|��H��Nr��ڒ�\����N`�,HF�@����hs��J��}��V0o��0�A(���8QUx��=,���M��el�*���v
�����Dy#Q�ԉ��V#.2�>`�A����H�|bH��撰P��P���N{$I�úU6ĩZ�N���/İ��W�|Z�!�%
��(�5`��&	t�#�v4О�E%�%q8ȓ$Ș�Eo$R��-E]#��%�Y�W`{�A�b��d��"����`�vcjmdE\����N�b4���l���՘mRB�G�R�/_B��c���Fe��Y�6lжW�I6	�_c	|Y�VCpo#p��F��[�<aE������DhI�v58N��4�P4PE?�� �
MI�I&$dz<�x������L<��-�(J9Q ��9"`�Rd2c����H�� �b8?��H�2I�-E0-�U�p��4iZ{%>�bdh�2�&#,@S	5�(�
�H���"UPXyp�04��Q�C�H�ȓ0�=2m����E?¢?�j��"�c��˕�A�v�����釋��,RS��ߗ����v��K<%+᥿�o�EP��Ƀ��)}}}�����pT��:�'N!���O�ԯ��ߟl�?�� iy���al���0H��S����D(}��m\}��W�k��ij6��d�}���e��09��@���p반���*Dq���@Y�`A�R\�Պ�w����[���x@J��_0���-�[���s<2�EP���pd&o���.�*���@�+9�tY�����.HO�?5O�آݫ��+�Z
�ШY�W�𾶘�N
�0[�6q�7�b�d x1��T��?�o<�갘�����ŋ�-^���'���)��oʻˏs��$�^���TL|�lu��ş��e�f'�̞z��F�`5ywY�����^���x������T��
�������e����k�:,�)���c���V���X(�3SV�5Qཉ����\e��}��J��d2iUZ�*�Ux53*��H%��H-e�'l>��\�J�|���[�L�#~j‘��Kx��*��/&��n�֧ab8d4V���S&�=������(L��Vr�j�&+�4�]S���T��P�o�I;N�H�[��Ҵ�D�.��3�/�D%no��|s���" DEB�5�:�ȅ���w=��&?)^��k�Z/��d�Ǘ8��d0x�R���W��:�$��'���pN��s�(vxo�C�Ӊ
�J��
'a�VS8:g��U~8�6y�
)!P���S�GXtꯌW��4r
�O{�`<~��Ư��+�qҫk��ke�߯5`
w�}j�L��c?�n:����o������ӲLqC���~�2��P�e+�0E��ްiG#i��� �#-���~BI�����N�x���Dy	o�R�0���B$X��01��<+�Tx�����<S�0�?��
��z��p%�4o��p'���@�f����i�.x+ae���$�I�����N�(��W��@��0�)��j8e�>���;���|C�.�	�DP�5�|s��i�B���"�+��q��M8#�;�C�EH~찕�*��%i,�2
�VRM!=#}8	�y����o%X��(rUb"�*G���8�H�~xq��*'�v8�@�T���VU�P�Z�<!��س��OuV�,��!�=&��	���5b��*�Υ�#B� ��v�	�5�.��w:��.���9�o�X���4@é�N���s�TNUN��ұe|L!��ƝvSg%�6���` a�i2,���w9�"�ho\��b��#7�QDZ���(`}SN��:!g�c�;�&qR!���W�L@"h�L�>k�y9C8L����B;�BC�:{��t�:�����B��%�+�$+�<��wR�A �ߌ��;����FCX��}�������vi'�e�n���Lv�蚢a�8ep�����:3A�0���a���!,P�\�l�Yt,X��^�-!Z�f7:,�-,�-=�E��̕���V�#�d�>�3l��#@��_�I���C���#(���_�&@@@� ���\1tc������(|P�q�UZP� 99�A�1���*�ā"�CVs8�s��N��୳�Q�cAm�
Zɠ��G �;�U��� �!~T�M�ޜ-�v��p
���d��r��k�#�08
(�)oN�)������[���@i�>a����-"BiS��4��������!D]������Ÿ�p�|�����N$i�N�fB�f��
~�>��	(��T?�Z���X����%�"B6P1����������.j�i6}`v:�<s�j�ٝN�u$lY�1X_g���>2EH�f�
���;	,���	�� \V/(/�	 .�m�����uZ�����I@�L�)\t��9Ӑ�,+y��!�#���:�M�T�m��,�Q��v���d6����S�U^@��L���b�[谘�2�v�BTB4J.E�2dE�#��o��I&>{)+(�@򄭀�
�@��
BW�d��9��ԾN���~�A� ����H�������a�D.��P�!b�3\��5?{�����r��q@���<z�^?�@�g�0r.��Zq��5����Q�(a��6�}�T�Z_o"\��Y�2w:[G~�l�zA�zSo�P�ZP���� ��	J*+��[��A�!�#�ϯ�Ӂ*R���?�@��;�(=gAY9Y����'܂��반��~ 7�"	;�#�H?���W^yp�݉2�0CvvZ��g�{A�@�R�2Q)7�f}'̡��l��/?�t�	�$5����#^6�����4,����t
�~D�i53� ?�̀�?g� 1m�������P��h	��Lv3�����)�fPR}}=�� M�){�Z�#lІq�
�
�d���>�d��m#��!{.�:����:Ep՛��(��RU�o�Y7��Ұe�}d_=:�A��̢;�i߼��N(�8���S�HF��ŀ�a�Μ����VoϜ{��HzM$��?��8��P[0��%�Ń�a;,�M�hY���>s���Xh������b�ˡ~���>;p`}j����}a<c�B)j_�To���%��ؖ�t��Q�v�:l�:�3찥����_䗦E��A�G�([�I����Խ��)�qd'��r$����E+הlhu8.8�p�c$#����~��
��m��Ю{�ڶ�hƧN���&Kf�����]:sE0R_o�䘣��J��B���L�p=�(Al��s��0�b���
b���6p��t&�����k�}�+�RuXLK\p�@��DMѸZ7�#M/u����TS�sMT�>;����gGC��z񹦞Ю�MMM��pg6|���Y�}�	�Ԯ�4����p�sM�S;�T���	Dt�9�(Wɻ�,�����@]Hi؟�<Xe����7�ݟ_�lC�ʟ�PCnL��)��?o^~~�Ր[�c�28>{nY�_,o�xȸm�Ӷ6��m�;�ኝC�>����Q[8;^@}�/�����NuR�������=?ʡr������o��|�������ܔܔ�9�S��5�k�;�֥��@
4�榤��^�l��C
sפ�
�=Ր����*Т(m{'�Xg�@�r�Y'�䕪���-4\��m�%U�(�(����oz�@S�H'��/?�⋏�<���~��g�</��=�䋏=�׽��K�=��o,��]��������}|d}x�K/>��ˠs�S�x,{����]�pQ�Ţ���2ϝ+ZZ�����-�!�����z�}�\
�+O�Yt�f}si~�����������'<h�m;f^��8�xp빢y�o�+�]T�Y��o�9��m��d�*�p���?{@l�g{.��=ks��}䭚�v�W�;���<��v�|x�(��n�[��f��:�����-�V���^{�ܚm�u�r7�e��9����?j�)y3e��NP�K�Idd߂|߼�i�5�
MTn���+'&��<�'9S�.�0͇+_>��]/X��(k����:��O6�*�,��/�z�uٻ̯��g�V��/)05��#MM���ܮ�V�U���������{dF����m��'������n:tx���5nXlX6��u���p��5)��s7��2���펟n��4P��ԓ���zc�i/l����ڹ5K��l^[���@��:I4�5��@�pP}~�?��lk������
N+����'3�6��T���en��5���z_�Ҽ�k�ff6�(�qa�:㼚_5�n<�?�;�hފ��i϶�kC�f�N�v�^�:����f�7���s�m��}��DMn*%`�FhȤ!Ê+��Jv�z�s��p8���W��_�z0��M�MG�,~۟j��g~�X�/anJMEJ}���`3ϥ�e��HӃY�������M���@�����~��5�v7�>�Bm���ߴ{�҆��7��g��Y~~]N��Һ�
��PZ�y~~������זΝ��4W�+�;����h���_��ŧ@܏��{��������}����]}��_����:���֛��;]?�����j�m6P���t�1s������VV�P�p��{��m/z�ѿ�H����$�����ИY1����[K�<�[47m�|f�����FyÝa��lE3ܵ�&�
^/.��s:����b*,�d["a����$G�,���©f�R9��
�%�"�nz�_���'�����ee�}౦�0��\�3���lr�N�Ȉ�j���27�u�*v7�۱b��u��χ��y%�+F�J�>pR`ؘ_������3�(����{s�޽����:����pgj�ɹ�Њ����y{?-�����մ|c�?<�ܼ����$��E��3�/4����i�������w�r���6�n/I{}���hś�+uV~k��g��[S�h��mO�����Q���}s�i�"㊙)5E��3K=t�qs���a+~w�5a:6i�i�f1��:,nX�6Q�Vh��W��#� v<�LEF�L4��.?�\蹣g��z/��%���~�T	�?T�R�,.��F>;p =���٬�!j��g=s�9��4������ܘ�Tqq�
z��`_ʞ҂ԡS}s���U���s�,�����֋3��kf�>�'�iȱ�DTz.3�w0�ZI��v{���{����.�-�5״�
�Ny;�m{���z��?�V��
{�FcAi���S���g�,��Ѹ��=;쎅o�|8�g�V��
$��ƢoDN���s�wlq�R~"�7�/,g���?���k�FߘYRƥ�8�޾�Ve�(4!#<„ex�����0�n4��a1�qq%,4�XM�6�)���u����lj���ҟ�=�\֑���ܐ]��s�ud=��+xޮ����d
�ß�x����?��稦���S�7�M���{kf�Mᲃ5�S���V���Ά�
�66���[3s����W�o늙��}�f�
sk7�mZ��_����f>e0ඵu���l-�Ys(L9
us��r�^s�9��i��uy��/��l�ކo�h�+�R5T��~��>`[����5kg4n�O{V8��`8u��3�j~����55�{7lX��Ÿ���Pi�_�~�xx�Ҵj_ۘ�����p�P�/6�p[�S3;��Ĵ=�un�[L�B�,��=�fA8z0����O>��/��^OV��ُ}����ҋ�qi�ix��/A�/Sw���K/������{�׍�z>x���_|�a�d5Uv��go���mv��9�&�\I�z9���$�u[_�x�\͆��E�K��r�p���Ś�l��K�.f��,�醡��e9N'���n�����QW�T]I����`��̒�?�0?3�����/?]U����d6
R�����*�����̟�l/[Ѿm˖-u�2K���Qt��n;\���&�$��3+��
;
��Y��~����m��p�E
)5��3�U�����do�Ӊ��e��T��n7Y��y��pk���-��-(4�Fϲpx5̼˚��2
S*�k�i��)�jnڕ
��X�����0O�����qr]v<\e��taj*��[P`��>���aoA�PssCsC�-ͯ����顼5�
)i�T맅���Zs�#����O����u�-N���0,�6�?pU�
�ء�5;��@C������'��h�et�5����0�����u�͇��s�lq•;ci�5��7���t67�o(\W�;
�7�ٻ�Q�W��ނ���u��?HKi�}���SS�yk֔՛�QY�"�ڗ�<��Z�(.���ӟ[p�J��p���:7Hŝ���`j����bAj'(
�^x��>�2QTjntSa�N?niSh����wj(u�������+��*'F(����c���N�[�
d{=ks�r�ʶa��8���v�bE+`�N��T�FUY��>��z.���s����W<�pؠQܡnu�Mv���N��hH�
��Ѐ���"�#�R�͔	/w�)��p�4<��
;���a�}x�Z���98�;Z�>��q��p�����<�ԙ�AL�侅���t��i���tC�]n��'�-��/�����
q�C�ӄR��)��Äנ��կ�3Y�訁҄�2�B�;�9�v����4�)��0ewR��R@�&k�>(�@вV�h�+Z�X�U&bHQN��S�}~+��y��V�?2u�픫�篯�����Y�������E�o�ͫZPvT�Lv;:t�x��08�i���TW���Ky�ӌNv����Z�C9���J��y��u�0�-�
��-�UP��
n�g�*bX^,���r:,�-���$՟�L
�+jFdI
�n*�iB[�Ģ-ټ=�f��fF�����=��
Vt���y+:��Ma�$�:�ݺ�hh�F�\�$���&�g#
�M�(/��A�b�X�-�V�`��4l7y�3\'AaF�A0�É�b������V��8��aG�Z�m+ڠ۩��"��&��'m9�J�>t��#���)9�*����Ł�8�����C�coh�H����=&}|ѝ݀�嫑[�:,n	
#���@Ofb��O89k�h�G�xo'�a�}>�;�%���=�ˀ3j�	H[�%s,qg6TT��"�_;_PG[]T9P7� 4֭��9:�W�QF�"�7���ݎ�؜h׎a���0�h��a2�����A�g@�}3Z�xŀN�ց��v���'`dž`�v;2�0t:?��?|~b~��_a��DD����]b��sz��[�[p\$�Y�����iF��ёh�$����hn�$,���'F�Vr�%3�ɠI��Ss'J��7/q�A�rA{CC�!'N���!�k*Q�wt�s���d�GOm�B'�-p�T�ޥ�Xb���tj2����ӄ�_/��B}'z.�c@�
^:q�
^��v�����3/b�k�:�`�?dWz̈́��{'�0��CL��6�p�ߝɻuQ�	,tn1�E(4bX�Ü�9S���>�fz�/���$�>��-�c�ԇ��5�, W��(�
� ŀ�TM4;�#��R��R��h;��a5�O���UdU֜��!-Ù�F�Hȝ�+�&��x�e���~k9ɏA���1�9�a1�a�#0$�o^KY�����C�����~8�~�b8i��'ڄ��,&�'[X�E}}Θ��&��-�R�<ֺ�ar|�_21>Ȕ����x�����>/���q�h�:,��J	�φ���W�..^V��T�����&����'�W��c�j�3��]��ͫw�w��[�z<aS��j�������f8{1�S7��xW����;�b�e˴+���7��&.�'.*�qio���pp����u����W�g�W�Ցz��n���O&�w��O��v���x�b4���j���-P�P�nY�a1��g��3n15L��3��k!�X7��݌��`��d"8Ғk�u���19��Uk�Xm!$�U��2�a!'BE@Q�%P�K��1�#&���"������4�Vi������Q1O2&_��/�ia�-�KŬD�JTĔ2Ұ-�XV��Z��Zw �h�P�K,�J5�;�텻'�S�^8�/�]]-���H'�-�$`0
�3�s����.�K�a1q �fSS9������#YT&YfjqOV'*ȃ1I��|��D�J�N�y���bX��(���r�%��Ң[�I�B�T.h��Єs����|D�f����J���(�$��H���n#0F�Cr`��bY�]�	�Ѳ���T��P�`�"�I�����A�\f�DƋ�_$쁋FE�a�z6��
0���sn2��DũS���0i�c^!�
Hk�C��IZ���I�;�fm6x���4H�xo%8d�!ń�-��\B/<Ix�%��[[m.W/L�R�\TE��Acus����h���E2����`���1$�L�1��ݳ1�P]�۠B
X�k���vU��^�/6���>5S
�Yx�P-���X$��	�C�19&�7H�EZ�yZ���&y�&�F�c%�$��tn1�Q�K��PH�2qܔ�_��"1=$̴2����sn���d�l�Ș�Qd���1��6��6�E�Ɔ�Y�XA�m#��<�m8�9,�RT�(���1��p�D7�|(�v� ������*ͅĨ(��<f���<�`P�H�OFXDGlA�&�8��epT�B��(�J�qA	�ʂ��
�Y�ՊB�;	��a�
YIw$c"1�;�1G+��GRK&�H�|,������tXL���:b2wwE6U.� ��ySB��<�VXIX-�yL�UՒ�)��u?%g+9
��2��W�����'0V�I^V�PD��ZMεܕ��'RV�+�m-ᙬ9IV�D�W��Q�<�0J��ӣ�Z,�Y&'NĪ��kry�b�1�7MNb9�U��2�L&�&#JL��tX���v�D�L-�����I�?�-y�Ռ��<��ɽ�l������t�'�	�F��F���~�K���݌zY:xvJV�VpR���1ZNa�w!p}ƑL*N��
�9�z���}(7���*�ؕ��F�	��h��1�ErVV0�����M�
QW5.��r����`�����YY�I�E�9B�t�zDz�B�tXLNˉY�f�PW�-���-�脼B��tX\�\�an��=-���p����
S��Q�`�c�Y��
7ejf�%�����Z]��a�E���f��@v���T�`�,�	D��uF���������ޮ܂X��~�y�^�ŗ1��?E�bo;݂pl�V�I�[Dž�/�E��`\FD�!��8�u�B��U�B`��l�n�}Fg:,�j]�V�洊�u_�M�i�����\��U���`�����[04K�B��U����uO�y�,��*oOn��n��鿹��F4����m�[�
&IM�Bg:,��_$���6����'Z�}MuX܌²	ojz­���-�.0�$�	���:,�pX��4���K�h~���U���:��-��]������N:,�2:A���x���.�zȢ⤣B��P��t�6��u�WۘDSY}�I��)L"�ڭ�[h�-a���Z���V��x���&�3%n������7����$�
�:�ѥ'7hM�۷�"z������`�����I��Z�1n4�H�Kм��V��:,n����:R�hr;#�N�����:,n0�@k����H8NC�"��
�w�aq����p�w��4�-4�(F_��aq�x�B�]c̜��-p�@����2@���9�p�Br�HU�7�_�����x7�����7�X�a��	��ʅ�W��⏠_\�Q�M�
=eW۝̯�7�QLL�	A~��D!c��F,��aq�4o�.�&����Y�	0$nA'`���a��eK��,���Bx�t�7'2�(꿌�?��A\�4X�U
���A�UtXLQJaI��b�
0\݂�ןtXL�E)fr��#�D	:*tXL'v���ط`�O���p	T`B���o��Pz�/Ӭ�����[�
��j반V�Bc,(��� �Fp���s谘�+Rl�qcu���W�u�B��4.�wZ���� n�F�<P�����b���u��<݂
�Xh�U8���Z�B��/��� n�Lڙ$6*0�����u�-.�UA��i�S谸UX�_��SaA���:(tX�:�7�L���5���aq��P������$ť�o�(@��B�ŭ��/\��Cm���V���:,n9~1��z�r�m�	P�ި:,n)`��E	c�1S��I����-0�S�BM�GOm�Q谸E�2n�,0��h��*&�I��Mv��e�zNm�lq'a15�]aqU&�4`�*(�-0��lY��-_H��Ğt�x�1_A����aR��ku�����2�,H\���5�[DM��PVDž�[��XHd�*܂%�u�
��jY���%H�S���.��$ȊY�җ�tX�N��N�5r-���E갸�⊡ü�]n��H���(�M�T���bd߂�jn�;�D#a��u�谸E� C�v��n�WX�+$�n���v�4��*��Xm\�1���6���`���@���-	'��r�;��+^����ً(�jˢ���j�,��3=(�
Y�9	$O�g��E��T��ZDź&�
YT��P��k߿Ӆ,*T��1���G!�+g��i�����um��0[�d�Y�,@ ����d�Y�,@ ��d�Y�,@�,@p�`�V
ԉ��IEND�B`��kDd�!���p�
�
s�>��A?�����Picture 8"������"�j���צ:���}�O��j�M@=�j���צ:���}�O�P|?fIvf~*bj�x���	�mgY�JէV�E[)R��Y��jmŪ�P�y
�(*j�@�
�)�aHL $� HB�$�	�La
2&"R��Z~���������{�9���y���{��^�~���,�G/����/_,~�6����\,���_ď��'��,nw��_|q�E����}����}�K����X��_���_��_���/n����틯��8ꋸ��޷.���gO���o��Oe�������ƞ��?�gd���{�f����8^��{�9޲k8��:�U?�F��h4�F������_�|k�F�<[�����αߝ���w�;6�F��h4��NF�>��vyۭ=�e�������e�^�}o4�F��h4�C��Í�m������q�8^��s>���5�F��h4�u���c���[���������M�⪟l��\�6�|v�\����t����U�F��h4�F��X��ݪ/m+�\m����r�U߯F��h4�F��X6�e����g���n5�s+���p�99�?ƖH|f��5�F��h4�݈�jV�<+��������y�����}�s�?��?[|�������O�t�r�-_��o�y�}��o��������_���_��t>�������/�T�g�y3?a�O��h4�F��hl���@8��;�Å_}�S�Z�t�M��Ë���}�믿~�w�k��w�s�w�cB^��mo[\y���h�W\������]v��ַn��K/]��-o��{o_�sǽ�k6�w����Ż���
7ܰx��߿��>���?����V���� �?���5�F��h4��
>�O�Ӌ�|�#gzӛ޴x��^���?��ŋ^�ų����3����ӟ���o��o-��'-~��~m�K��K�G<��#�8b�<d�Ї>t�=l�������GM��_��i����i� ��v���GN���~����m������/���M�ۿ�ۋg<������N:i��W�r��?�OqA�?</��s��c5�F��h4��v0�%�O�[J��ܾ5/m�x9U��c�?�]p��W��Ջ���勗�����]<��O^<�	OX<���]u�Q�{|�?���4��S��8�裧��w�G.~��y�Xx���}�s��8����r��3�X�����x�u�]7q-��?���=�_��_�8�����5�Y�~���?~�m����x����%�Wu❿������~�:~�w~gq��.^���-^���N���S���t���4�L��P��y�ڟ��y�_u���h4�F��h십�z�T��#��K̡8K��C���W�=�s�9�/��/~��i���%~���ߜ|_O|����'_��x�m�s8������=�y��?:��g�u��[����wq�7N���}�c�O~�ӹ��ğ�MBbC�Rʽ��я~t�~p���z��o|���^�W,N8�����=m:�_��_�x`|�է�??�c��=��O��,�{�1�,����O���3Ϝ�&^�Z>��O>ϱ��\G����1�q̍\��m4�F��h4�b��%�j@�z!��$�…������)>�YϚ|_���G<�?���ݼ�߾y�3�������x��'O��7����o�����#��R�d�k��>޳ʅjΜm8��:���.����g�=��?�sw=x��*�3|�|н��ċ�^�>.{ꩧN\��1׌���=�:5������@�D4�F��h4��c��@���/7�]���|�3����ė�/��5�F�%����8E��(����Õ𹫯�z�_T���1��/�m��p���,�5�9ދ��//|��ku���'ޓO�k�,����|'�t/�/���)�׌?2�}�=����ݗ��h4�F����>�[s��L��K.�d��<g�3��.'�R|��91�|x����q�"ᣳ�����_>��%�xJ�%>đ���@�+��qF�[���3�4�%��}�q�s�]���g�?\��.5\��Kl���|�?���w�G�VN����)6��f��j���Ϝ�fq���k4�F��h4v&�8��1^1�&��p:�r�伥���B�\b*_�n�^���O'�㎛8	 ޘ�C1��������^}�s�_�-��\�p�͸�\�\��Ķ�G~���r�p�׿��S}�_K����?�+�oW~�ϧ>��N|��k�Yݕ�y�F��h4���E�q#��q�|Pꥈ�|��0�/����4\"9u�{�׉����^�f�ԏ�}�׽�U����ۈ���j�۲���֎�Om���x��~s���F?�x���=�����F.͗�>������|z���{|y�'�3�į*.�=�K^2Շ�M��x�z]�����h4�F��h�|��R�����Ԕ�[��[_5C��j��;>;\��M����?IܦxL��G�3�~��t���R�c�G�m����x[��2����R�$}�G��Z5�������g�{��)�N�P9��#��z�b6��������'�����g|��k����z��k4�F��h4v66�dzM<��A��}p\G���:�q��L���N��p@��wҟN��K���&~�ܰ�s��k�}�:*��'�]ɱs���o��9��|a���|��Z)���ַ�u�z�ۃ��v��՚��C|��ߞg�8�>\u�U�߶�ss�F��h4�Fcw��·���z����+���/��:�K���u��p;�SGD~��:�ט�6���F���6�g+�Ǿ[���xP8�f���G_��}���lѯ]ov[��+x��P�q&n��Z�%>���Q��S'5�_��k��h4�F��H���}�����6��k��vq��N��p7~:q��o��)�k_�m>�K��;=�R�Q ��Ĝ�V��V�U�RjV�z(s���.����߫���O��d�?��+��9�}r��O�o��i_�P��ހj��.>6���O���-�V����Z-����Ouu��z���s=*ݟ_s3.�h4�F��h���OF�7?X�9.˵SgC<�~m�7��i���骯n܆���B���w��/�Z��wj?��U�\σ�'��̽��0}�ñ���}���#۪?n�ǐ߭~��g��sy���뽎��z�7�Vk��,������7����믟���S��\-�e�I�\��{�F��h4�������U�N�����-���/~�E��f#?.��:\�Ol��8N >���}�F���QK��C��;~�ϲZ��_�%.���W�c���1��O/��?
��r?����C���L��{����3�K�����]p��c�=v���;/��]�r�|�B�`�}���O\O>%?��>����|��߮y�~���ܛU�Y��h4�F�q�0��5��QՙmK�k��y�7����w�����|;<�K���y���;��ɵ�Ӝ�:�'<�k����s}��W��F�hj��Ge{����gU��~�m8Y�}�����}�����먽���fpz�ɵ<�䓧g�����>g|w��ˇǫ���s�~�W�E�c/�ݳl<T�Ī��h4�F��Xj��jbڗ^��)�>�я..��)�_�Wy�����f��d&Oo5< 59�fq\:>>R}e�>f�W<����7�yu�e���s���4����C��^���=�~��YcWG�6�7��U�ږ[�?�����3UGE/t�������Å���'�=��s�]��ֺ���s��[��k4�F��h4�#��<c���/Q'CM���.�]L&}p��DH�;�q�c�vɷ��替��H8O���P��aW^y��s����p��<~3�"}O졸�9j��>��q�~�����7^v�e�׼�5S�����E�X9�گ���|�#�K/�tq�gL����Գ��y�N��0����tpru8�p����Ss3���d��v5:�Y����3f\��_>q~�2�5������3�F��h4{s�r�Eb4m�~�����v���x�/q:�p:��q8^��XN�����9�շ����8����|��������ܣZ�6��x�}�s�)�1��ʣ�����^���u?�5�S�]�w��r��{�|�;/��?�g�{��G��]���G�~��~��O��?�������q�5�|	r��^�Xsg�f�ߊ�ӹ�z���ֺ,�\8�x��:����f��>���'>��şWǩ�n<�F��h4�Fc�`.��x���	'㇑O��>���ץ���������o�����ڊ�\�q���1�|Q��_����w��]���r��{�˾뻾k���B�s�W�H�o��o����o���|��T���?>q����k��k�m߶�����w�wO�n��O|ϋ_1�o����W}�WM���,�}�{O��o9��W��jm� q�s�z��_��/�>��G/񹮯�����|��*!?�\���\��J��h4�Fc/b�nj>��tT�/}����Q����k~��/O��˙������wy�Ŭ�W��}�WU{
�{�����o_�_1��R����7�~�Yg-~�G~d�7��ߜ�+�����
w����w~�w.��+�rz�?��_*����������+�.��}h�!��nw��-~�gv��Mܤ�����{o��?��SM���	��utF��r��1�b��MP�4�����%oS��#��詐z,|w�P��ﳿ1�pn�'�V3~��ܾ�F��h4��^B�4y_���ttyP�w��~G�V?��\�nK/s�b2qA�������Tc.k�e����\�ʃ���&.v�
7L���n�Y=G�C��؏-���~񖷼e���K�?���o��o��ɷ~�N�
s}���4_�e_6�C������6z��z���9��규�?f;?N��8W��z�z,s�C}��Wk�-~C�S�\�ꪈ��ے���,�WT�_j���I��>�K���L��h4�F���1WopN?k�ך�|OtryP���'�O���8H�̼�K�fx^z��M�Ǖ����ܯl��*�����S��������y�q�Y8?����p<�q�x�P����;��%Nձ���z׻.n{��N�o��9��_\��SO=u����}�7}�ĉ��߭�t��{���2�7����T��xq�EMy��S�[|wP9]^�Ǘz-�٘������[m	��F��h4;��:�ˆ�U��K�y�{&���ѱ�M���I�]��/�>>���3�{��_|�K���
yRj�|���ğ��{�$B|w�Oz��>�쩾�8����;b(�r��,��;�c�s?�sӽVs��������N|�;�i��x�;&3��Է��oz�u�M��������뫵JǾ������;�E:Oy����	�X���k!O��m��;��O�&O�r�p�گb7��F��h4�F#؟��;:1n�7$o�~���<;9x|q�$��"���-p��ϙ�;�����/6����p�I'-�տ�W����6S�.��;ߑ'8W�ox����~�~`ʓS/����5�b��;����Q��~���_��)�1�Ϗ�N�X�믿~:�؟^��s�k�M\�s�����p��7�}��w�8U/yp_R�3>D��e�xۃ���''���Ro�|��LoE���3Ϝj�������>b�-6�F��h4�F6�Y�^�xCu���O�K���ߥoy�c^s���b3�=��)&O|a�!��j��������?�-P���>���������kj���Ss$�R1��i�ǀ'�_^~�w���]��w߸?����o���;���8��'�.�O<)��&�Z6�cb5���|��.�I�Üߡ�:5����y�3�mq��Ԍ���o�O��r��)��s���s~���c���i4�F��h4v:���s��?�'�w�t�XL\R[%����A�/�w�>���V}_�|�?N�>1~#P������ɟt�i�M9r��u�����/|�8��;��#�K�c>'ߊ���7��*7�[�`�����=5[��>;|�o����g��r�����Pp��&N�-�z�jˆq�W㻋//�7���,�x���bl�uϗ��e:'��h4�F���1֯�����3�����l�[r���>�T���3�jF��g��{�s�2w"Rs�˿�˧�'�ȧ�;g)����8�0�*�5�b1���;������ً^�}r��q�{L1���)>��M|���+�DqD�R��ׇW����談�:<I�߁1f�ֶcA֘w���lOOD6���_�����U��^����
�|��Sg4�R�s$nx7��F��h4����V�!�8�\���v���·�c�p�sާ�������%/*=�p��_;�t���Ẽ
|�ϟ�B�d���s
�c|o�9��l��χwɵ��I�9��{xp����_�����I�S�EN��c�˝w�yS�	~/������[�o-�u�{M�����|�8��+�ޅ^8�fz�'~1u0G>�X3����s��(����/�.��.����g���q<כs�S�/v����h4�F���1�oTux�q0�(<�O�	Ox����7��Sp;|��;�E�;�_��W�S�0�_{lG��-�-N<��)�Ο���ߛ둯���v8q��駟��'��L�Z�T[��u�.��S�����LY���x�)���Z}M��ߝ���}��8ܕW^9����|�����|@>H=ֿ�k�v�ק_��:��;�q̏ye��}q�K.�d�O|v���}&~����������t���f6��<�!��փ"~��3"����h4�F��ӱYM	����wxY�w���tb��W����W;SD|�.��{��r��e�����-~����k;��/�_����:�b,��Yl�k�}����7�L���^
~�Y�j���N��{�~�xX9������g'O�N�*\�/�ώ?�ԿAw������p5v�P�˱/_��a|�Cu]�z*�\8���/�4��W��ׂ�Ʋ�?|ֵ���l4�F��h4v"�&�X����W'&K=��TI]�l�n��]|$�I�}���[8�XM�s��"*<�±�(yy�`��'�^|����
�����[�g�{��xJ�/���?\��{x:.��$����oO�(N(�O�&�֚��s��R��W�\y_|�����{���a����h&�31�8->�ڇ�µ�����7W=��F��h4��0ָ���˩	�G7NM��7��`��
��B��p��7m�/�,}�v�N�>�z&b.o��)^��=�����&�
g��
���i���Us+���	��J�l��x��M��s��Y�F��m�>�����r����5;Cz$������Q����v�;���8�Oz�z�5�F��h4[Et��ҟ�
�C!�P� ���*�o>�)�/�f!��U�z�>��U_8����z���.w��a���}�:'�)�~x���e�5N"G�'~�'�<9��p���c�v��nw��
~�����u�)N���,�����%G�/��R�ž��s\9~�9[>�|ύF��h4���5���,ԑ�G���ҿ<��:����87�5=�O�P<`bwS_��@|�:j�|����w����;���x��_�Q��=����~J��P!�8�k�Lq�����-��������o��Aq��MH^�z�h��4�}�� N.4��:vDZ��9�5i�F��h4�������7�t�W)�2��p:�r�"x/n3~=�RC�?O/<�{��q\�"��:ƽ�Cի ~N��H�m�/�첩�}s�B���/�Q�'w�����k/q��S���T�4��r����#z|����'���~镗�+ާ�}Į����|�ڗ=��^�Io4�F��h�Dg��S���~��ۦoy8^�u�K�$�.9x�<ғ_��Nqn��J�B��κ���éS�G��s�vL�u8�{�ϩ~J�s~(|i��Z�%�~s|i�c����'y�i��ScE�����뒏�����x��XNrp�gLq��q�?ևͽ[Wu��h4�Fcw �*�/M\!��Z�Ǭ��g57O<�s����=�X�k��v�fGjC淖�1�f�W9wMs�Z�e>óu������g��n�7�:���@]��?��i��q�Zz��x��Z�|f[�`b8��>M�Ա���=�-\��h4�F��^H�
����jh�����{������ڥ�yr��).N���.~�ڇ!<��	���i�鋮?��5�ֲ�P��R�3��+�n�1L>i�3���UW]5����B����c�|��X'����!�U!�5�?���=l��h4�F��X�b�Æ�����%F���J8��b�Z�N����Wk�ǫ:}b��b	+j���U�_�1����[j��x��+������>W������>�>���w��'O��<���<����i|7�F��h4vp1��q7~zp���{8\jh�wW}{8��G�9�
q\�o�P�Y列�����������e��<發�Z$1�����{[���u��sꩧN��XM��gܧ����q&o����Jg�8묳�ڝ�;�0�r�W}��F��h4{�A�'A���{��%3�yy��ُ��gg�}�F=��[�{V��;Ǎ*W�Os���\�M��T;���:�M����9ߌ���F���c�0^�����	|vz&蹀�ym���?��:�#7���S��h4�F��
�a��Ǘ�����mtY�<�:�.q���/ۏ����鎙:��oUު��P"z~�1��c3�-�e���6���w�����xij�����r�u�M>;�
�3��w��M\��|���}R�%�?>=9��{��6����z�F��h4��`��GzZ�}F?Q����o��a>�������
����q���L\gb9}W��k��fҧ��s^�\��g3^�V�Gײ��\�U�Ãy�5FX-����%�K�v��_z��i[r��Ƕq���O�H�ʸn4�F��hԚ�����ߪ�������~�:���R�0��j�&��|���K.�򓪟�r�1�����D����,�0�����Y��>���?~q�M7m�W��u5�F��h4[��,��"��RG��kN/�~��>	�w�?W{%��x�5�	���L<\��>��G뿍U ��z��E/�b.���y��x����/�|q�-�l�F�s��1ɍF��h4�����EwM���k-�=>>�.�`�9s�+������3�
���pAߣ#�{S��곛񷜳sm^�p��"��o�Ƶ8���p<�?��/�}�{��ot�F��h4�Ɓ }	6�!�|y�_s���}h�hr��p��{~�Z��I<'��W�F�z������S|\��\��k�-�[c���o�yq��O5W�R�*��P�E��y�7��L>�^�+�h4�F��8�X���8Շ?�ᩆ��jLx�o�Co����E]4�-�
���.���^c5�Wk��/|��Sc��?����>�5�s���70��!��Y�z�l}��!u6��N:��
7ܰO
���c��h4�F��3P�.�:����řg�9���⋧��s�9g�o�+_���s��IG
�K����U�]�xދ��y�~��'���/�p��w��W/>��O�ӗ��;ۛ�5�~��ƣ�TcU��C�j͕�N���p���5�F��h4�AKm��+��bʛ�3D�3��?|���2z)?����ک����˥�f|w�?�Ϙ��:��G���^=z�2�r�)S/2�<�V���	����F�x��o{��&��dz�\<��'K�x�+������F��h4��"}*?�.)�L��W��Ջ��:j�'B���rj�������<�.ܯ����縶'7׳M����sϝr�j.`r�r�sua�C��/��d���g��X�p��S��C�f�\i4�F��hԤ��>�Kٟ��.N8�
�E����2��c���ͅ��x̼�+���pB��C��\q��l�Uǭ��7�kN��lއ��}�}��_�n�~<>r|���5�y�t�-�h4�F���.F?��[�w�������_��p��^穛9�N��S������o�=��)7�_d.N��m_��k�=���E�ON���_?�/�`{P�}�'�S��:���x�F��h4��
��[���s��ܩG�W�t���ͱ�J����1�g���_��t�q�M5]>򑏴n��q�v�����z��rU���ЫOΫ�>�]q��ɏ]�u7�F��h4�t��|�3�7��MSL�>	8�&�2~:�m�xK�q8>����.��7�i՞��>0qJ�����NA�i&G����e���j^^�ᥦf�˫��y���'&���F��h4�ơ=Sn�����W�Z*�m�Ϯn����9Έ�v�i�O}�S���uRc���2���&��LT�7�q������{ޓ5~A�m��h4�F��8��.+n�ӟ���㏟r����jf�&�Wg{��y�jS苧'��>����S�zmc���e_W]u�4��|��W��t��SE�I}!���h4�F��8�H]��V��/x�F�M�MLf�jz_k���y��F�%�\2���y������'T��^�2�]������{�󟿸馛�c�<4�F��h4&��j�M�&n&W�%�v&��&'�SWE���������}�s�o�c���x����[��<���h��N�z*s/�;~��]���I>��n���h4�F��X/����������_|�F���l�Ί���Y������뮻n�5�5����u��u���n4*��p����g~�SN9e�g��Rkf��y���}����=����/��h4�F��h�cq.����Nu�.��)�N���?���O<�.���{o�q�GG�{\��	6v"jM�9���^��WO2�W^�ލ}j_�1v��/�mo{���ʯ��h4�F��^H�g���w��S��W�j���y��K�t9{��A��
~�'������%6t���h,Cƪ׵FP��k_��ɧ-.Y�%Ά��OW�T�؟L���oݨ��h4�F��ػ�_�>IJ}6;Vj��G�����.�9昉��]�v&��/B.������7�[���s�*jS��X+sN~���#*�����?^�լ�s��p?���F-���y;�3Wt��\�F�`b39�9T��׵wO��99��9��K�؄Ī�E��`]���Ʌ��kl����5��~����ٟ,.��f����c{��e���7D~�޺�[���_o�+�"�sk�2Y��n�~^�<1�z?�e.�.�3�/�pc��Q?b�w�O���Mc��U��ʨg���8�1//5\�,�7W_��`�9��?���WY\6���zM����z}����w]���4�����"�����*�ft�z�̓ud<��y��I>�=�.��.�5}����ꫯ����`�0��?�q�1�y��F��(#yo|s5�%k�V��XCl�V��l�9�z���j+�ߩkR�����g>3��5�\3�B_���-.���i���u{c/`���c-�e:_�'�v����;�#��<�jd0�]ks���*���E:�AW�;��z�}�Y��}N=��<�9o��R{%}��l��3~>�����G�a{���Ϟz��7�r���c�e�t3DF*W܌S6����^67o����>o��;m�s��f�}�_�?�|p8������mQ7Z��>�z
�Kf]�<�G<b�b�8�s&�4�Xϵׯ�����٦}nM���GN8�w����\����l�U�\Ϝ�V�J�"�����Ov�Η���A��0rc%G^[W��c+���r�XG���^2�Q����,2�aGy����7�i��u�gN}�bO��عsޟ?q�ss�9�l�}�7sH��scF�ZU���ث|*߽���'�x┓��uI��Ejf�S
|n��!�'��A�oU}��o��9?w�+�O.Ź��FG����H��׫~6�ݍ̿^ϭ)㶺_��qZ9��ُ}�~��On�&��ƶ��?��?�b&��/�b��7w�jO�C��G?�x�{߻��?��I>�2O=���	'��x���=�.wA�1��k��&�yMO��+�sȵ������cԇ6��׵i��jٺ0Ʈ�5c�@>�	y��,�;��uX[�N9fl�Ƴ}�0r�򖷼e�m�{��^6��_V���髌ۑH�v`7��Z3�bb5[n���܎y�b_����_^k����
��|���o��wY����Ƶz��zN��i.�;8$;ϻ��ŕW^�x�߼�袋���j㭱m�i��~�l���Ƶ�몫���#=�?��ɮ��7�aq�y�M��!����v����oZ3�n;�zn�__��~�H3��|dq���O1/䈝�_A,�}�.Ҹ5�v���16�w��y����\�+b�1f�h��c����g�1A�[�.H����=�^����^g�u����O��rtQz�Zb�O|�������߄��W��U�����y�{6���[�7ݏ�Ysv���g�F�O�k
n�k{ƺ�b��EY�ȇqO^^��l�Sd�<�'�D�|�zf
a!?��&��ɝ|�ɋW����9vu���PsL��9b/!Kd.��A����ܯ��7�U����5bY�J�N�a�ف����
�Z�"{�&ؗ��ZN��
ɺ����<d�9餓&����k�}�K_:١ؒ�����2��:����h_�|��v��}7��/���셫�\�ȣ�M>:۪��#�:��ˆj]&G�{�֒#q��ޛn�i�|�Fc���a,%ֹ���6-[��m�f��Ec7��FG|�_<�[=zp%�+�+m<���~r���?]�s|�9ߡs�m�"},oM友�IO�?Ǭ���c��*�V<6H�GVޛ���ƨ�Eg���&c)1����6�&n��A���9�%cu���>r�[�n��N�����?�������p7�^�y�<��#29�����u�0�uq������_�7�
c��}�}cY���w���_�u��ey����q�|sl?l�lG�����(=�A���]�mn0X��!lQc,:�]�1��8�y�R]/*�[v\��5,�O���_~R�؛�g8^]�q8rd
��#r�<`�C��i���Zg��`yBl�8⪟Oc�0�9U/����蠧�r�4��^e����v�i���@<�q�2yl�Y��fч�����^�i�
�>���;n�����x^�B���)��^�SzM獞.g]"{���\�Ե�����ת�Y���>�
~�:�$b4��q��>��r|�/y�K&�9�n��C�pC�v��KzG�NH~�K~p��d��������<���k9!ᆱ���V������67���ڴ��:c����Vf]��Kg�g���Z���<e������Y|�8�9��\�;��ɺ���x������=���Z
�`[�+bߩ��B0$�l�S؟N�hl�9?����g}����Q��+�#O����:gL�?9}�\q2�\�/�e�O2k�e3��H̘�4���!C΋�D'�9ݷ�[��Aמּ���2��s�мn�����:#gL�7�`�+��[�{T핱�xM���L���u�tR����f]J�9�=|�>��q�X�
v^A#��Y�qL&�+���I5~��ơ���'��A��)�'�u��߼r��}YV���{�}�S�ȱ�q�������9���{<4>B�%��,�f�u.��Y+�y��s[f[m4�՗O��j}YK�9Z7���+���o��o Κ�H�km�q�5�N��6P�����ձ���or�>��;��Ea�9*��Al7u�tL����p��}��2,[Gc�.ȶ��Y'�)Ȃ1�."F�Z��A��`� �r�ya��:��}g�} ��ϑr��͒��h#K�Uvj܋��Grb�j�U?����hg�����7Ɂ��3��u�	� }���c�sL���.���G�H���c�cvG�ibʬ=�Z�"W���׉��žc���a����w�l��x�:(7�pÔ�m,Y�}���n�H��]ld)s{��Z���6;�Q��}j>-��u
W�6��Y����M|wY���\X1����"y]���� ��P��V#�$>:��.j�����>j>�s�[���A�c��!?����7��36$~~9�C�;�S�mz��c}�C2���L�i�3�㊹m����l9|���FL�|c3��Q�9�������ԘƇȔ�����j��S�3�!.2c�Kݓ�o��N+f������m�{tDr�~��ȶ�R�"vS�ﭵ�I�:�X�e�S��J���B'Cl"��d�����7�����6�Y��~���Z[6�/���|#�,~<o�?��T߳�$�l&�
�6r=����V��u$O՚a<��`�';�8�E�t�B�u�_.�����o�a�>˾�+u���1�d�J�v�}G�q�����_���q�+�r�XT�ǯ�5�`j(�?����tG1��	Sov�[�'����J��{�Pz)���r<�Y��ƞScb��+�C��Z���Q�ORÏ�����.D�3.���8.9�Y�E;����z*�}���Qv6[�&N�|�ľ���֟���}3u'�>�E��ޚ���Ѝ2~��l�ao�HH]��ί�e�U����c���tJr9����&I��yj�DFɜ9��4�@枹^g���]d\��Xk����Ts���>�G7�+�l˸�(c
��_볏�5�}5��\����^��rs�K�@���w�a�}21ѾC���ST��C�1nz���V2g�7�c|�b��y>2�T-���uO���FY7G���������K����-Y7����٦����O��X#����a.�����e�H�j��� ������s6����q+�l;=�6r�l����C���J��@���I^��}�A$��orԹ����î�Zkϩ�g�S�C�@�[�����>�;���Ek��n�?�?�s@?M�2D~�O�M뚘6��I[߼g#R߈��_ps���̮Z�-{;��}>���G%74�ӛ�q֡�T�C�>[�uo�a��܀�����U;Hrtj��.S7�v����5�{����ud&۫
�Ѹ5��ezgj}�:�u�{[Ŏ�ɋw��X?ŊɑkYsj�?��ǡ�/9^�h��-Jܚ����:ө�y�</9YS�>q��*����g�Ǜ��TsDF[T��;�cCjOĪ���o��u|
dH�hu��ߐ#�����c��eX�]�o��?<�Q>�u25�#�&Y����Ľ�#�/���7���λ��84�y��7N��n�����1��o�5�/VoK�U�!�φ�A����#�ȉ�Z���N�sG����_駶���ka?b�߃�wI���b�^�Y��a�OV���XǬU#�����6O�c?�w�zb��Y�7��ڷ�z?�eպ�$55kV쓵�^�@��[tF��8y
�Q��*~��z|��4�Ӆjl��Kb�qK����89���¦C/���k��8qf���_��W�T�%�ϣS�Q���HJ�B�w�E�߮�p�>
��b~jϾq��e���7��1R�FF�h�&_|��M1��Pɐ���?�>*�$v����ڴ�{��z3O�/�i�L�И��W�{cΞc�=q]:�ߩ�
��f��؝W=.g��YƿV�"�=T�Cr�Ȕ��67y�������
�X�Q�r���<�����.�xY�j��诶���Rw��#�דC���8��\�a�^��Ç9���SԚA5N�w���v����v�;��|7k������^��@O�aɉ,�wR33:��֦胑%��+��3׸W��.w޽��S����(얹���0��X��8��m�~{��ĉ�
2��t���>�ǘ���m���oE��<e?�[���~Zc�j����K�]��cG�s�n�wYs��9,�˞Ucg��V�U�u�Le���K>�:�O��zƏu���j?��f6�Cq͵>l��<��ɟ�F��_���z�/a��ă�.V}���E�Sk{��q��Y{�s61��v���%�L'�E'eo܌����n��k�Y�R#0�#��j~^��ٟ��aK�����u�WV���ǎ�_��|��w���G�‘���qN�vϚ�[,R�(�P��$ƫƣ��<�j�Y�(tZ���\S+�<A��q]�ߑk � �H&�o]Ǖ�iz��uk�uh�c�ߨf��|���{r�w���9�~����|���d�Y�/-�ġ��]k.����o�W/�HLB�t�fR��狭���u ��\�7s2�50�5~>�W�z5�Q�X�]�&�._�{�ƒ���d����:��[�z���S���pW�Lrp�GL29���ޗ���"Kb���O���I���/�/棪듳ѧ���88����^��e�:�X�߫~�Z����Q���\,=�Q�z����;�5#j�#k���x�ӽ�_k>���[ȳ�O�#H��ц9��i�����P���Nl��l��vx
O��u��{�?���ܵ�zk�113x=��^��ORm���$Gޫ�TK�3q8j��eꏦ?g���v���v1�u�|.�YV9`�G&ώ~�>j��G�$�j�7��n�w�:���vn��{�o�P�b��$�ϫ�������?�/���\������Z���fCn���X����7]�<o��	�]��m�I��j{=��01��={%��g�����y��^b��l,b��g�_Z}/��\�X�p\s��!������rƜyU�pj#�w��T|�M�����Z���[�;sL��Y�57k^�c�/$_�q�$�\9�uO�8�7����w�ogQ��l����w6iu1�ø��<%��e1Y[�v
F�y�3�?��w�{�{��.��L>Ab�q@�"�16Zr�<_�Í�[����-��u�9W}�5��n�lθ�W˚��|�6J_�r�v.���5s�C���>���.�>����Z��8�7K��_C�ɦ��e�.�ₒc��Ջec#�w�i���ZƔf}����H���g0N���6Zs���d'œU�D]7鉸�X/��Ą�ke��R�ɑ��GL�v�u����I/�ۏ|7��u��b����~�j�Q�q"քO��͋n;�%��ww�����`.�������3N�bc�����cʛw/��3�&���9���@�pju#��#��7d�;�9�����Kd~��K������_7l�bLȖ\O��;����œo�(�-�)y���J�8��'�-�%kzꊚ����7R��~tB5��,�L����э�0��m|�1�n�_-ߎ��3[?��x_|U6j݅1t��nu����ox��Ŀ�����W�}���㿉���F�fz�G�S�����g�m�i�܋�������p�Đ����қ�ո�*/#o��^j�k�1>y	dF�Mk%I��_b�ӣٚi?��/z��Nx��!<O���O5?��UW}o���T�a�b0��j��U�q%5���	�y�֥�6v��Ys�1�#r��x v }��C{��^��o�OJǧ��-�����=�Ps�W}�F���*O�[�y�`�f��:zLj�m���k�ν�
p�u�0��^6��~���c3�P��Ͷ�G�m)���U3�ϔ���%�wc�kc�،3Ty�/�5���Q�|����ZϬ�!U��L��o�ƍ�%�����j��cá��?��į����|�s�Ů�'J�}5�Z��Ͼ��^'w>R�!5�q�o܆��z!�#���U��C�ﲵv�X��|�ه�

�z��+�&�H.H�몮�.B�gg���$�Q�o�z���Ɣg͏��
:R|��������Rv#���>��R>t6Hv�f��Ol	��\��xl�Y#�:�_|QOL�б�s��'q���؛jN�����a4'�x���l�M�1�ܼ�k�gR��S�5��ͧ�z��5�@^�z��9F͵���j��}&G��|����hls�O��������p��c�6�l�����e�{�9T��Sץ|'qv��}�nJ��1���㷷f�3Ŗ����q��Gb��t�{�O���Q���m�Km���>ƇqB���Wc:����6���x^bR���ոIu���֦�?�c��c�Ιx���1~S�����>���e��;Qk�x���NfNV���U��{f�ߪm��W������F=޺̖�^�����ZI�MyGY����QW����c���ܢ�K}7��u@�wギ��q�wg�}[��7��[��n��J���f;�����B��g���06�ܗ�������Ӆg���W}o;c�I�i�ؿ�k��v�$y��� ��!c����m&۫����n�oc;��|��驷?����R�{rx���j���O���u��W_k���F_�u�G=�>�ƭG��;�jl��S]-c�n�א���,s٘��k��7���[I�&�kR�L�~�N���S�F5�n���OG���cS��Ծ���S����w{#��VzV�a^|��Xv�QO�l\nU�������շ�����C思���K�IԚE�ݏ�����D���{�ܾ�[��?�g�q��q��}Fy���-?�g��E��r����̶�[�b���g�v[�zl��=��g~���{�0��y6�{��
��[�3K�^dd��X?��"��;�1��k� �<!��\��x��16�Cw;*O�zw�/�	_=�(�g}��̓�l<�q���u����x������/��T�s�C��=��gݲ�P��%W��\1�$N'w�\.�Xͱɪ�iU��p/�a���ץOsr[�;9Dl%�3�\��qosl�pk�*��5�nd%�Ǟ���?{�tu^�kMr��?��b̕�o��CY�y7 �T^�A�W��\�-O�A�s]S�������FL?�|IJ�W�\�T�W}�}�[���k���a=2�އ^�r�b���V�x�U_����&y�lLx���Y�	�V�_��G��[e#V��]�c�L����U�r��c�y2�V�pxA�I�A��qq��{sur����z��܏k[�\#�K�`_�����G���6��s����7�Ws��"���&;�Wu��w�s=Vr�ƚq�[���q���G?/~a�g'I�e|Ú���������s��Ȓ�!�r����x�[s�C����jB�V.?Q���̬fLD���u�̉wP�Ü�?�KEG��u/���Z���������~B��X�U�8ۍ��W^l\��X ۳.��y�U�;v��|���<V�=�Ngn����Wt���b���W��[�#���62$v��%�.>��a�ǒ�d�߅�_,�xh���z�-3{�'�c�-��s~�Ȳvnc��Y���1Zm
�*�s1C���{&f��|�c|xt���~����f�K	6��֚��b7�/��W��2�0��qy/�ºi,�R�yjK���l�'ힰ�����牢��|D��o�����/����R�*�Mv�
9���
V�:W�[p��#7t'>Yc�z�1�oc��^Ĝ�r�2 VZ̉��ė��q;sU��%>󪫮�|~���{�kX�̃���35������>������:�G=ָm�u��`��SW�Z��?x��j^��0�V����;�ɒW��S���?��{�X
�<Ɔ���`z?3[�u��H��]�:���j=�z/�����h
�"ǁ?B<L�e���71�Ӝޛx��x�pz,dݮ߫1�yn�N\�W��\.~��Ul�9_�u��Ԛ���+��"�nY嬫cd�d��5p��~m��9��z�sj���b��4~�\��X��^��v"�xF�)!c��Y_�v����Z3�ڮ�����3��?V�9���cu��G�7?ۧ8�W�ġ�%=�P���O(q�|P�wE��u�+n����~�^��ċ�#�۽79F�я,T{�}�CŶ�Af�o��^�
�+�����@�X;���-.[�o��x���[G�C�k{���z2�㱱�;�"l��G�2�h�ݚO���3�笑|��ڳ��Y�yxy&㼰�N�\T��f5>䴈+L�sG��Ԛ{y�̘�=����ǟ��>p���|��jۈn��.�ᾓ:����jC��������Z��x(k�x?�
7��k<�<���U���u]�g�.��3;�7�%<0��v~�"��Wc�����9F?k�wY
�Ɨ��ʇG]�ʁ����R�+�e�81>ӊU_�*�I^~�{95�vu��>�^�����͉�3:bd�׮�F�ӫq��ct��4�V�s���H��k�O�L��=�7�m�j�X��]�̉ٔ�g-�י���X���s���o$~^~Qt�<�p���X�C�$�!\��n�J���;�a�[`��5�6����ʗw��w��ʿ�c8sX^WY�1���T}�v����|�b���"/-3���{m�z���>�/�С�ͩ1s������X�Z�����=
��kF��o緫������\Xu��b���&�c�����ǭ����5+d�J&��Lj��<�9��ߪ�r���c��k����[=^���U?�y=��g'�������?�ef��10�1�ރ1`|���{������9����P��궹��Þ�W���g�K�{��x�Ţdި�H��rn��ij�y�M��^�6�U��u�{�~�$8��I|��g\��c��!V}-���U'wO�K���؞���T�	�Ţ�c�N5潒%�:�=����C�Ԯ���e�9�3���pq�~|<��\�C3��:���:6�`�=��P�o��k-�9���/��i��#�Z�N�\�y�KQ缺��go�í��<��ѫ�B֢e~��5m���.��U5�u;��_��-�O
|�ؖ�/}��q���9>ϟL��7�n&�&�v��g��;�y:c{/�\�o�iF�r�ͥ�S:֭��qe��.��������\|��?�>Ƴ��Y���|�i��\V|����}�x�e�Y��k/�� r?Rw������֖�1��˶1���UG!7bk�Ӫi�ֽ��$W=&�?l^c3c�JLY}.�ر.K{�~R�q_��؄�ܿ��V�9ǹ}?��[��j*յ�<ڵ����.�>���#s���e|n�k��_N�N�����}����q
d#��ݔ�@���v����[�����wj��q�~���ߜ<�1.{_[ݶ�Q}i�?�ِcB�RG15�+�[fO��Yy`}5&�sc���+V���1�_���.�E�����_������o�P}կى.�����u�A���yUǭ�F�ӂ��b�عW}o�"b��|��<�|5��M1<�柌���l�
2�kθNG�Ɯ�1fo��[���oB�G���)_D�Y�!�k��~�c_�</�:uh�)�����N�W�q玽��_u.�ݽ�Q۵M���E���j���L�UߣƁ��R�}6�[@zP�y�uy
�~��X���̍ɭl[��
s������8��oX_�skjЉԓ��Ϟr��T�w<�e<s���g�1r3z	> �EN����]�3�R��߫����.����џ]��<��]���b���a�m��cj{��P�Q��>�/�q:�yM���Uߩk����ʽ����9U��>��l^�����f���ϓ�j?}�9^���<����Jm)����o�Ι�L�u�|����k;��nm�������7�b���|8�Q<�ekT?ǝ��^�{l	��jl�yTܓ:���_����uA���
�ᨕ�<�q���k�>V�^mt�o|��X��{ؠ��
;�K�UȜj;����ɭ�>~��O�ܰ��1ڝG{S�ѵ6���$59�϶�����L7U������^E.�'�_�pD.�w��JjJ��\�y6�>?��g�OYΥ<���q�ܚ8�ơ�h��5�R���_���w�ebw��[��4n�xH�|��x���+�����2b'��Ed�}T_E�;=DM��F�Ϋ���A�L���y�t!u�����$��>U��urk���褹����֏{�㦼f�W�8���4v7�~%�~�Β���1&)������9燥�59��#�>�8t�6����(�!�A�fc@��1Gd��Dv*FK�'�gW�P���~��^�x�ӟ>����l�n$�W�!rM���Wk���9u���w��j�cU_e\3�ڋ���P�u�'���B��Pu�k�o�~��\̉�"�����?�^��
i�����������Ft��]���?���s��j����JM�U�_��#c�S?����Λ�m�CT�UE�j����hs~�x�,yC���q����e��@�{����{�{�o[}S��z��:V�QG�����.~L�^�<��X+so��\�u5摱��Wh�˥+���sU�����,<��~�[�f�Hr��䷚��_r�H
����h[�Lɔ�J�Q�4=�2^2�f�Z+.qӫ��U�Os��Jr6�Wb����U7�������lN���W�G�T;
uNs�k�U�;�Z��;ttP��o�^�->��±N�y��bn����@��-�}R3S�����U�����Θ�ؙ������xM�����5���Sk�'�\��zc�����o��؝�u|�Ȟ��W�j�Vt���o}[���iU�1k�W57ԯQ�(�������"�8�u��W����1��z���XC��wk#�|t|��p��7t|�z �hּZK^&^¦�f�f��:����w?�C����+V빍}�V}=�y�͛�|�3�������_�n�xۿ�c^�������W�GB]�2�%�(�T�U�c�j[����m���c,$>�`�먱�XsȐ�}}|�?�؄���\7$�}YnH겨[E4.԰��$�٘���0�Rk'zo�w�"�z�+ж�])���%Ǟ1�VoS�!�}'c_�֛��w�5�Qo������'�y�!����j�#c?q�ٞX��g�/.W�XГ�>��w��=���gg~R�ȺE����ɏ��K��z�}�zr��]r��s>�`���r5�<�)O��3ƺ�}���m>1%s<-�rcnUCL���,6�U_Oc_�Ս��Y�=K1EjC�!�SR�75�s��Ӹ���Ku���j�T��O~��.ب?��c�/7�!tLq�E5�t�r��={Q�ܹ��q�9��?k����G=���1�m�����;�&j���Ś�מG�_M���<�>H�e�S���.NS�>t���GQ���*���X��<�1S�5kU���]Ss=0�\e':I��>�W{Q�,]W�a̧��ʲ�z;����ƬG�q6v/*�׋�6q��4�g>�S�fjm���{�ݓG�8g1��&�k������{�c5���AbbRπ_A����u��**��Ρ���!:H���b���L{�Z$�l�E��y��Q����������8����Rc��m%?'��^�?�j����
Ꚗz
j��o���E�z\�,��8�\��X/�d��>~��DG��;Q9E�ʼ�:�Z�:�r�k�:��Q�7��sZ�W��/��/�
t�{�7g�\��6���+T_^�/�zm,�r�)S���ʼn-���͍�u�V���<Ç�6�|+v���1f��U����z��E��Y�务����sr3c�I^�:����k\��>�ߩ����p��n���i���q���g�]���K/�x�X����qQ�K=֪�w�`�f��o��on�XY��6v��뮻n��e���g�Y�~�>׃�����&���@��w��~������������ؓ����O>y�}I�:7��g��Y�|ͭ�mG^󃒱s�=w#����sH���?���:f{��u�1F>u���!�F�Q��O=�:_�'v�u[��G8~�A�>�Ο�չ7�ϣ�����۳
�㣑�@�/���}�F�PoK,�u����β[q|����.5�̓���lګu�_�7V����N���R�%�ב�׶LȽq�p�'>�S^���ڭ�i�:;�.��� �(���WV}��
�1&�\?_����/?�ޯj��潍���'N��M����e�����7}�;�o��z����6�`������ٌϡ�V}��
5��Ʀ&֒L�o��e/�죹7��\��Әǘ��85kՂ��We����.׷Ye>�L�ĺ����X��X�k��߫�fl/5�i�P{��8����w�E�ĭ�v�u���Z�X���c�9f������p6�;|���:�d\�&�׵r��:��{�'.N:餩.O�:�,���U�o�C�������%�e��ō/��]j|�M@^���!��~�u�w���ڊ�:6d/~��0���S��[�{Ըu�z���>Š�O�V���ncg�Y�����ߝz�����Zgm�����b��>��OOzNxCz�f������n�*@�� �k����>���Cd]�K~C�YV}�����'����<g��N�8O��=j|)Fޒ�z^�o ��w~�w�����'7��\������G��Ծ#���>v�׺���yC��`|��'k�.�$�`�!��s<��1��)�=�=��#���YjM�Z����:v�OL|ƕؓ_��_�j��iW[[zQ�{�><��eӊ���]6�A|Gd�S�}���Z^7d��ڧ��PS�/�W�W'�h��QmX����?�}�꯰
\|��26~]m�s�R�����6"�q��z+�� �)n'�W��ʺ�����v�6�'=�IS�skט{�;�u]ͽ���ǜg�.k��W\q�>���O�|�Çԑv���p�	S����4A���?�װV\t�E6�u^'G]2z������Y�p�g��߲���:C�__�9�=������:$�(_s�n�'��?�3꟫����El�S�.v�G=�QS�4����P#k��p~L�2���;3sRc
{uݩ�?��j^�7Pc.�^�Z��9��C���A/�TN^�y��Y�[��S��ȏ���w�s��x.W�=�N���=�yS,?L�w�ܸ�Mc�a<���jH�?�����//�w����j��lÓ�yb���K-�^�[A8���.|�ь����=k�n��U��Xr��������9j]�K��Q����X��]�Ԋd믾���=~�33����:묩6��絗h�rc��9_F�_���N��:��ц���/><�']!s^�j
���K4�#�.5g=��u\�Q{�i�Ms2?�hC_W�U���CT;��~�Hؒ�_�\�ߺƲ6n=Ɯ�� {�jv�u�3�z��D��Z�bT�/���\����A�	s�k|���W����:Xu��u�χ�a'��WB�����X��7�qE�_���cg����j�L;��]�}��?�c��ص{��X?ڸ����d�W�!G�����>Pu�1�'�1��RvI�������x��n���{�Ӟ6ř�q�N��V�^����ّ�����j�f=[��4?b�������*��j��6�h�l�wp��K��e������O'߶~�9^c����3@�x��.o��m��ܻQ����}Հ�_�@�\��5v7���F>��O��i�F������*�����~�1y���O���b��|�9�Lk�x�l3��R}��g������d��[��5v7ȃ��b���gL�6�C|�y��>�yS���<�q�k������M�C���"�S͈�qg
I��h��-�K�;�Z��j̸^:9�K�Dh�Z�Y�i���:el�l]kG��S��ߍ���?ꨣ��xd����h:�\��C|���<v��W�VD��U���z��Z�\B���O��Ov%Om�L_��i�lj�~��"/;#7�����be�������~��P��yil��c^�;j�\s�5S͈��>{Ck*��v��׸r��6"&�裏��Yo��]s-���1�#�w���g���z*���^��oOLJ7�
��[E�[�e�i��$��n�?Z�G�ԥ����p���Xc�q�]w���.Xkն=�� ���+�z������g>�߫�z�Ojl����KD�2����~o�9��k�w���X�;N�8:��'?C����svjA�gTm�6΢gW?^��Wp\������z�����E�iV�g�y/�@>�ئ1_z����B�[���>|��^�|7�ō������^gl���N�X���ޛ���lė^z闬�U�]��4v&bCH��:���d�Ζ�ܵ�fF������
ƸT��s�1���\�96v?j\�:X��eb/�:�яkN|{�o>r�?j��O�>�q�V��cm���G���o���{7�o7�Z+6��G�����kj�L����?ҍ��W�1����U�3���e�Ʃ������y.kz��B~k�H���#fK�+���X�r��j~+�w.GH�f����z;�+8�3/{��&_^>_G��몽$��ޭV3���L����Z�!�f�ۙ��!9��#'�q��S�v��K,*[�{�w���q0�2����ӏ�}��f\�y��8^��K.�d�Ջ=�=b�|·׵v[�֣�`��=���Ӌ{����Zk��ҵ&�T�\uVpٹ���Ɓ"2d<��r��'/N:�}l��Ef��ďT=�yx�4�$���=�y5s\נ�=s��._M?�|g���Ƙ��|�O}�S6��Zۺ��P{�Z��b�ﴮ}]W���^W{���R�]�
3���]ն�5�0���V闢�^Vj��X�W��n��Ȑ�e��d����j7_e����f�>�C��kֺ�]܉��ssE��t�Ic+��j.K�y�שU���ߕ�6K����*������k�`t���D�W�
bP��jO�Ɓ#�6�>y�(}��J��z٧����Ic3�9�c�/.��&;N�^�例ҵE?`'q}j��}�����n�S��p�UW���m���ovO_���h�۵6��sQ�	��\y�S���U�Z�y(�I���gh�J���Y^��4n
�������\��5�g���ѿŚ�Y���S�K�|.�ž�K4n=����Zלn�o|�Yg�c�
b7�U�z�4�<g��_cR�A�EE�kk�%���-r��K�(�E�f9��m�s����n̡r����{�c�_���<f�EY�v��ɇb��<��|cm�U�cc=`�̐#ya'�x��_���ڭ�y+����|�~�������Qyh�^���Q�S�cٱ�څ�+6~�~'����~�[�/5g9���H>I���߯qy?λc_��9��1f�p���o���r�q�Mu'��K]��$�5�G
�d�y�$�?�f�s�y.�����ч���w���0�kg��:5���*k�o�v�1�/<h|vs�N��;;%v��?^��g�=�IOڨ��S��D�
�s�=w��e9�s�a�f�]ϫƷ���c��+2>��V֘�q�,�7s��\O�1�jn~�ܐ�j�ww��u̩� į��ϙg�9�J��lf_��������|w�e2��S��}�K_��9Ͽ�)�|.�E��T�Y�0ֈ��|�����L}�e��f�.��(ku��>�ꛉ���{�U�k�w�t|�>�uAt��8Q�L�%�VԼY�8�\�~���e�����6Wj��ֵ���q]��Tu�q
�:���+��r�*ב�ߎ��[�wbs��9mN�X�3v�R>�O���rV-/���;ɩ��:��ȳ�����:Kbbk~m��u���W��7��sk�}���p�:��Pϩ��8��8s�p����{�k	���qV�i�����=�qS��:ƽԹ+χ���Q�M�[�Qt�Q��{�Īw���S������QW�1S����dN�v�\C怺�UY�=�u�ח}��Qv�!~srW��:?lg�ت�u�Y���.��#�_(�ɱf�n��Tm%Y�r_�x��V�}���*��0��1w��ȱ��!�U&�CL��{�κ�k�ԝd;����}��N�nc;��k{����窣��s�S�wC=���g��jntjc���s�.��[��f�;��X�3j���_��:?�ܭ����8V]:��ד��׸��DZ��h^;�s�Z^|zU���s��7��(�BdL���h��z�1m�fl��6�5�.:�<�*u���u~�:ns��qr��y�q��]����f�������T��hs]�s���{'�U-j��k
�u������O�W�����3��rWm}u������xB��j�0.�V;E�}}/r���c�����/>Ϥڂj�͜��ڼv���!�E�ј?~ cqnN�l��N0�qs��ܱ���g�%z��9��[;��u ���F.�mѯ�]r���Ć?���
f�}	@�w?�\��O���'�'��?��ů�ʯ,���
9���h��-�_�;8^�f2s��F;N�b��7~c��qP��5�b�l��,�u��*w>w>��~����7+��KL{]OGn�sͼ��ڎ+8n���[{�o��u,���P���LV
�)��N�r�j�����2w9O�K~�̩U��v�T����?��^�v7�|�>�s���g�YGw]�b��n9��_����,�'ǩ:l�q���9ֹ ����r���sm�5�"�y��U����p��k�g���N�9z���b��c|�8���۟N;c�;'�5޹�ٖ�Q���y���UG��v��W���[�s�*����oI�A��9�v��{�3Ɗ,��*�Q�Fj_�o��a�}���1ꀮ5�hԙ�1�96��q��!���'�SmTU&���0������T�����m߶����>ٿk���
���{���W���}l��יS����_�W
`~u����s��T�~և�wY���V9���������D�=���V�B]��5~z�_�ǫ�G�|�-���7<ߛ���Z��G��*��ΗG���N8ǭ�[cF���=�i��mn�]��Ա7�����x�:ƫ<��-�k"su������՗�}b;���^��۪���\c��Y\��}a.�{�6�̅d�oAu�w�y�k�3�\w�uS�	�d|F�I���u�c��W\1�
�g=k�#����wޔ�LN�7��Ln�����vㇶ��3�񌩗�9�n�`Y�Y�5���x㍓o��'1���q��9;]d�g��mY������Ğ-�'ꚷ�g���x��ET{�ڀ���"���~|]�Σc�8~'���As�f7��8�G�䅐
����#C��Y���_~��㚿�<��7ߧZW�+^G�8k?;��w?���̐M:������
n�����If����y�;���_���=�ʯ���^\yQ������#�9�=x��8=�u�3X��s�9�|%�|�P�����\��Ϙɶ�lU�r��cg��tj�A�`cLe��:f]��W8i�ǘ�G�~��r��/+����5a.�P��v�QGM��Z��o;��[�|�+�����W�[����8��ט�j�m�U?t�s�Y}U��KT��g3w<�*���{";���Df�ye����V���F}͵�џ�ԧNa�O�����t5|���v����z�g�5���x�;�y��bÿ׽�=�1���_��_��W���g����)֋n��?x��?~�m-~׽��������M�����)�J�S�~�~������^w�ӝ���r�����M�x���m��?�Ӌ<�s.�V�c�|�.w���S���q\���l���	��Py�vׯ��[u�ю;�W�a�1�9��D}0�xcL�(w���۹�5fٸe'�ٟ��I6�M�E�`7!����~�&����=ŵ�I��}�C'9 ��C֞��gN��C�+���{��.H>��GM2���&�?�S-S��
�k��k&�:��#'������a���8��#�i��c6�\�^��9��ٍC�<��=6����cM�U��"���<�ֵ�ɥϭO�i�,/�����q|����3kN��ڏ����g�@���$V�1�g������G�]�[�
�q\Ob|�=����t|ǩ�K�9W�Q� G�u�~#�.“�,^�p!�D��_��_�z\E��1v��;Ouc��3���z'\K�}����'Ƙ�>�x^l���~��W�g~���e;FƲ����x��s|�k��}Ȇ��:r�������s����Md�6����I���	~��>]_;�<�)�/�p�w�k������ݬ�qW}�[�X�X3��;�?���_<�!Y}����47���o���41\ƴ1o=�w�Gt���tD߱���iܫ]'��������}˷|˔C�[tN��&�A���~���9�;��>��':֣����{�����'6T����uا��s�,�~>[��j��KYc�
�`q����]m�cle��ly��	��s9��v��Tm���~�&��;�1���=�����������x�#&~GV������Y������~��x�
��
�#�8b�Y�_�p�;,�M�>k�7}�7-����
�1�'��K��G��?�W�WO�d_�~b��D��<��T�`�g۵�^;�?�ǘK��>��Sv>h�uնj����.�:��'�g�ʾa�sM�F�	ۤkb_���?pL�I����ޓ�-��Z�^i]5�z��� �X�y�t�=�/�k���S�����?|�y�߱��k�yb\��ƽs�Y��bgr]�U��y�<�n����/��?犇�o��ga�o�W�n��29_Ϛ$��3�羓8^^g���5����ɹ���ɑ��R�
�/��{㙌����nM2��{ǐk@n�_|-��s�Gn�P��f��#Ȩc�9������Լ�����\��l�^��k�p��qW��rN�^l7�s��~�z��kw�Ɩz�b���)�,���u��?��nw��W@/�3�,�o|�]�>i|f���w��N�/�	�q-ߙ^������������o�گ���ۿ��w��]7�_���ٻ�_��s~�R�P5�LT�cLIS�jhT��XZժ��fj�"EBJ�@4T��R�T�!U%!���|�y-y��e���<�<k�s�I����^{����5�o�fo�܃1烺G|Cq?�9x]���|����}�]~38i��Ts�<,Ř�Y#ᜫ�����n��k9󝓱v//zы?�MΆ&>�9%�J-h�/�_���=�O\\ܞ���Td�u	��o��_3��c��aLlA<�}�$�.�jx��	���G�{�L8����J���]{�S�;��u�?�-f�}Nw�7h�^���<�cX+p�G<�g�������7y�79{�C���/��8�)?�]�]^�c�^�Բ�_x������#�y�������?|�a�7k��ȏ�ȅ�Îŋ�!�`0���O��Eo��䌜=��Az�rO���"��c��pR���%#������ᢟ��I����<�{c�~�~��ג��.��~�l��A7�k�u�[�g�ܢ��{�3�9ǰ/Blc�����6͖��YS:s��*pE|�������C����;kY,��}��W��'c�L�ȣ�腏�8�pM1(��Ѓo��o��G=j�U�4=�7���|�>t��'~�w|�w|������mɷ����:`���آ�v��U�}�>��B��u�d�]�f��5O\%��k=6ƽ��]���c��v�:�ͧ�F7�
�OY��Wp�4�1�ɵ���4�H.�r����T<�Lxֳ���a�8���?�t[5�E������Щ�}�c_���t�|�Ω�?��g<F�У9~/��w�=D&���-����䷻?G�_�}�`%d�y}
����2c5�aR�F/7���w�OL)x�nF?�%�6}����΃y�����3~����C���Sx��38���.v��a{�b����§l	�Ӽ1�NI�e\;_��A�鉙�t�Ա{<��!����P��?��g[�G'�C0<��S�MW�z��\������5�Z��	��#|���Xr��3v�k�6?.�<u
��d|`�r��V^Gr�~uO|���'>q9G��x��ӻo�vo�䅫Y�ϟ#7�~�n�\b�d�M*_��Mv�M9|$�j]�=���/�st8�d,�
0+��3o5�Yk�>�g6O�|��8f���sX_z���uO���f\��@�Xpy�e�&����a�e�����/�άO�_�	]F�>��O_�@5�|`����/���O?�O]S�?>�_x�,�~'�ڎ��\�?g���٭���a.��rm�#a��a��=�_�o�Շ>��z�{�G�1զt�b��y��Ͱ��]%5���\�g�)��.C�/�'�g�]�~���-:��'avlP<KG�4�e|<8��Ox-� �gxo���t,02�oy��{���*v+ߐ�s��J|�b>�Z'z�Lq-r�\�˺V>k8�u��e����96��]��DF#��:0��x�ݗ.<�Z�~?���лw��I��S����ez����xo��o��!�`���3�{06lF� ����Ʋ�}f��n�
�����8"~��l
�*f���	#�w�ג{$��m���(�N��n����c�������7�f�8Ⱥ�cz�����/
Vs���,>�o�L�]��� �|�C19�ďb���c�k�O:�\���X_���c�}�N��C���l�޵٠��u�nsx�>$�]������>�{�Q�A�����<�1�C^�?���?�en�9���	?����9���)�OCNl,����.�ck���D䬱H���g����)�:w�<��Ŷ霄�=ڱ���W�~50D�bxG�u�!gm�e������p8�����%���g-�~��h��s6
^Cp/�Od{��t�X�\4�(N/7��C[?�V<Ȧ���2��������K���{�ĵ�]d���||���tLs�u�ˈl�;����)��y����bW��ھ�B-��?��KK�9b���a�[�d�����<�9�2a)��Z�{�[ ��>�st���/�-�*��w���xO�5ҝlQxL��c˲M�mr�}�#�O���ݝ��|<sC��_�+���:b��[6
+�[�sl62���A�Uc��+��w6�=����'_�ހY���9|�Og_��X�7���;|1��1ֳؘӍj��2����!�]��~�7|s���vqS"\D~>Bl9��Ϣ����sκ���$[����™���?6Z˭���rΖ�h~��p@vy�����KN��vdӱK�Z>�¾��؁p{�V�����!���=6j|<��X_�Jl�N��yO�:��G�:�~�|Cv%������/���^�܈O�5������]ؚb���:����|<64�w=�c�W&��}�u�cd��N����?ӽ���37r�5ɾ�1f�T��E��f
��ú�����}ӵ�Rs��IO���z�<繭6">���V�k�Z�YKlLk��c�59�t��	��l;��돽��O�2ؕ�V|ɮd��%�	�_��'�ub}�m�b�_���
�#��+�L���-�d��K���R���O�S�ٱ�x���/V>���o���:���)���$#����#��=�-��6���=�bW�G�����Azɺ�c�/�x�>���ׂ���lM�~[�wzo�]�~��Z������_���>#�^���|Hz�����"|��Hlo�<5/2��7<{�w�
��:��x|
s����|���=պgT��Kн����ޏA�]��0Lz���`��'��.K�.v0�a������Ir��u�+y��2ܑ��6#s�4���q�)��7�;lX��o����X�^�KF��e>�8~�O�al��:�=�:���$��Lg�R��c�5�C�F6�:!����E��K�@�7lG��z�Z�l;�(q�Ԙ�*�B�O��`�d0?�5�>����k�x����z����8�����m��;���y��H�F��_�d4�~��wod2�19�3�Onѣ^;fd��or퍋x'������b�c﷜��l����1�‰[]e��Z㏵܂���N�P�3��>�1�fo����#r��j������/I\!��y(�y�`���������t�u,�o���U����Ƿdk��?�q���5Lwҗ~?=ђO�اx�M������lV1�`r7�?��q��%~+܋,굑5�5�}^�M����w�&�xysB���S��1��e�o2�@_;�n���Sx^�����zg:�o��YzO�g�<��~�Y#�K��9���<���؜~ù�=��g٠����{�'��r/�R�'�ٵy�g���aӋ]��Cy��}�zK\I����X#����sd-��6�5��Q�k��8�)ɋ�yV��C�~q��J�J���%�v��9�o�c����l߃K��\1�l21R����e��C���J�_.���G�QyՎw�e�%6��M�S�C�`l2�[�ߩR���Na˰��ނ�;�����A>����s�\D5|p����=G�/�lX:��ŗ�Vب��E>���O<o��p��_�̅�Hf�;�5�c��'��:�9t2|��㛱A�v�b��ӳ�K�
�L"���r)��\��'�l|Vy��<��*��F&_\_�61 �w���*t��sNVy>��N�ĵ=����q&�ۣ��K��Z]E0�Y��?1�髵3?&=�~���"6&n��GyN�����\�i����N�>�Ux���־�������p�)b��:g��X�7�����q�j��6\��=k��?�N��k��٥j)�o��<`y¿�Bvrr�:��󿵏�4��:v��I_���c��Z�������S �K��C6�Z ��:���
v����g����.]�L3>٫��}0B>��:7��ٗxC�y�8�G�~�x'��w��I�!ϑ�R����Rj�:n�c[��E�x&�������M�g���������AV���l���so�y����9l��'L��r�;'�3�a����l&��̌M�̞>ё�#���+k��W�N����(���w�� י=��Y>OM�;>%�=�m'������v��q�>�)v�:��1�1�����m�~�"��l�6�(�9��M���
�g_��`|8~M�Y��ȏ�c��#��Db��Fyel]߇��Ӯ�7�x
<�9Εs�7t
��o�d;�o%g�ߕ�\|-�U;�^�+�|l^��Z%�+}ON�?�@�
��3x)����kɘ� ��4&[��#�R����η�"O�,t ��#gbׇG�U�����t/�d�[�s����`��Oc�~y�^z/�7���z�'����Mj����G~��������_v!��Z�'�0���
W�p��9���S�>X
;X���}X��]O�����/�
|�z�ݽ�s��s��y���ȃ����O͖<���k����I����?�X��2�^cW[���<5/2/R�=�,�%����sȾ;�_[�DF��p������v��}���'�qf�7X�����aS>��k����M^�:>5�����,2I=��(2�����_�mX�O�n��~�:ɜ��o2��������;T�p
��V�c�Y����+�S�4���N�Ѯ���wÛ�Av���G��	�ﵟ���?��9ϑc�u�y:%�ײ'�=}K�Õ:f��gk��=�q�'����Wc[��§�s�/~���#�����?>��$�_����<~-�P��)��_������ȿ�&���"_I�>|͏d߳'}.�ŵң���`/���S�e16q�1{��4�<�L�[�g��3[�8xV�E�zN�7���c~=��k@/8/u����z=F����;O�s4�̛�26�'l/x���k��mO&ב����]Ef7n}�8��g˽YC֊�l��U"Ȇ�ް���'�N�'�	v������`pX]��#ךL��g�ҏ��7��C�7�ul*u���xv��/��wܗ<7��g�s���I��3�v��cÒ�<_�s��}�;�{����fMh�1P���l��kf�g��Vajd�9l<�T�'�^|�<���M|�/�'�嵈�$67s��̶�HYí\O���_����%�·�O�>[~;6r�a��9�?���\����\$WҺ����Ȫ����\ߵ��듓d���#�P|O�/�z�|��Rw�1����{��Hj�N�ۏi���ǷJ�w�����P�CfHw���Ħs��o��`��/I/��(>��F���S�FZF7�{>�T��x��[��)S�x�)2�]Lt��͵�<�\1��1zG|J�����,�'s�(�2 v�����ӽ��d��[�Xu=�)��]cI�'S���{�����sߍ����q�b�x�G����598�'� �4-�R��5�5[����9,�����M������/�D��_~�_hٴ��_v'_����s]u/�{�޻���(�6bL��|b`�О-ױ��O�g5G�81913q;v��>ǿ���[�A?���L�vtg����[a&�^�.�ߺ��?���h��9�/�c'x�w{�u�#�����-���7<��s����-���(�o�57[cU����M�d]��w�-e
��;���[H�m��y�_�gM��k��=L߭�R��ct�|��?}�S����|�5�X|/��οjJ^f|<���u,�{2�߆���l��p^�xksrJs�1c̉�	z��ٓ&�m��Y�U�/�X'̐��/��^��'���'�&v��x~E�n��T�i���c�0��[��)S�1��_?q���Z&w�nɭ�=�]��X1>�|����H�-=���c���q��Ns��W00q��q���=qE�j|��Q���=7�g��w�����9�b~�[l1�O?$y$�Üq�ș��U�z��wf������r>tc�t3_��,f�w�1up���q<r>�0m[�o�RS���(?N�@^0���.��`)�%�f\�}��y�O������o�fO�lMv�3��<Q�I��w:n ��/�K�>�}h��z�)r�޷�X��ݼ�趦^���EY��Թ���^��}v5��z��T������?�7���{�y�5�2�׾5L��s�ۍ����2�����^��ǜk��r�=.B�aN�I6K�*~]�1��������}8�����Åc"���uY��k�8�u>M��9��9�ٳ&[��gj�?��G�Co�5g\����j���sl��ްVa[�z�	�q�ȃJO��Y�r�������&#���{�G'��1C�����1�hlzrBN�zx��k�,,�w0<y~0�쫕����:5Qk9*x���K,%o^�֝�Rby��Uƿ͹�;�z�{�14~�u�zc!�$W�\�z�'�/~�8�zUs�_7˚a;�!���s����x^[�֧u�'��/�yV~^�e]�g���!���vm|!G���c�Q���I��N����>L��.U�<1k�N�c��
�ܶ�w��N(<��=V�����6�p�-�W�j�<�C��c8����t�g�gF/�S���)�xk5�m����<�W�5���L��Kb��v�3>X��{}��Ʒ�5�Fbv]����/�_�ZOi=f��x�'�\j�P�x�q��*�5g�n�𒷙�O����]�����Z:KMI�����z�/J-�g�p��2��G��f/���Y���+�uz�֕��K�f���{~+r ߝx~���c'�>^�8v�uMgm�g�M��bb���c�W\�����Zh�h���r���{����M����5�ƷbWfoQ��kcK��+��}Ƿ�X}ˋɿ�p�<ot�����y�r��t^��b�o�[��=��O����]$fȏ����!97�N������yī��su_b�~NƵ�cЕ3������Y��[㷦�C�H�X�Iv��k�1<��#�N�h���|��WN|ú���}k~α�[��*ڦ������<b�e��iG��M�g�>��6��|v
4mȩ��:�D�:��
�7���nH��n�S�����
{���jC��~
��d��1�7����x�U{-�P|�ﺽ���DN"���`�:k=uj1���Ywϛ5m���"󳦛����8]�COL���y+��<���SǐtQ�>^?Yf
[�k���t��l"�2�v=�?�6�!�/|�ﵭ3�Z��g��W�u�f�uR��7nY��j�0����o�r�Ibp^�uf�׌?�<�9�� ���'JO��gCb4WE���ߋ���ܛ�J~ ^�뱡��s������1��5ux�|�x��f-��乩�f���ߺ���r~����wRѼ����>N��^�k����pk��8{?#��s߼J�[������w�ŗ���5>�3Mi��k"������ٗ%��H�rok��?�Z3߹�^�l=7�%=6�xt��}y<0sX�*I��11�`���:v��	�^�0k�	+����-L�z�{��͚5,"9+Sf�ڦjl��g���B[���{�w��Rw��^j��1�����2,2��xl�=�wo���+!/�k����2��x?_� ��g�}�m���uhc<�;ݿ�c����w_gM^��;�tڸ9��p��e���ә�%�%l�ouՔ>ht!�(�6y�]�[��wr>�ac��؜t$�����|>�9	.?�c�x��;΍�v3Gn��Zl���m���z=��k����i��6Fӵ�9��?�2��t��cZ��%��\M1�iߜ���|�q����3�ؚ��>bk��ߘ���Ɵ��;�$�ܴ���M��<�Ϻ6�����zn.Jq��-I����C��k��etP�Sj��?���/!���˟��v�f���>���5�)���?3�+�jl28^�-ᕙ��b|��yz���{�C��C�+�]<��J����L��}̳��P۱���=Mۇ\j��]�Pj��:j�1cY�C�L�g�ɗ�w�|�z��b�y��چ�v\����c�:���梔��s���mP#�2X�U֭�/��]����K.����fq.�S���9��|���q_����`�>��:&��oLt����K�=�:�e^g�jᕮ�m_PNu���[��e�p�xy~{�ۅ;�a�[���Yu���9w��g�Q0���=Ϻ�_�9�ڞ1s��+5�9)�yǰ��i����ܴ��:]��4uK��S�Nj�O]���������W��@�stXj
�W� �/��_��c��һN�V#zLs1���I}��;��&��qI����ol�u�͐��6���v}���㩻m��Չ�{��~�S��m�f\�x�K}��w�����^|��<y�ةc���X��-\'�G�O���[�k�ϻW�̟�y�y�9�wi�#����g�M��u����x���%������缞�`��������I�']�Ǜ��y�c��k�����jwK\!6�Z�d�_���3f�;�w^WSt`�5���`[�����y��@-W&���q����p�����=��&동zM����k�����,�%;�/�{�$G-�xd�ִ?{�[�t�/���
���ؾE�~~����
��I/���<�������8�t���D��vl�EZ.f��zɹ�-�z�ނ��V���Ӳ^�5����S}��/��N�u����ҧ�y����տ�.}r��͛�-=����~�
�>r���
#�����p���t�;
~#�ۚ�8v�o�������'㛵�k���m�վ\�͖�:�߷^���;��0e�1�W�Q�ޓ[�$?�
��v諠��}���P����ID��P��f�o}�J�)��]SG�x{��n����[����XC�!;N�|ԽPro�7�M:m���Ӈ���6i�qr�1�S�,�g�k����9��;�5y�g�‹��n��NjR���d�ˣ1W�t1J}n�W�]*yw�
����O�'����Empx�k��q����S~���^�~W|Ga1	�bǪAv_�!�\���ϗ�ѹ'��{�o�82�41<�k�dvp��Zo����"�>��q���/�~�xz���Y�۩�3�ٷ�e�!�ۜ���μ�y[ˋ��^#�eݛg�f�h֡�2x$؇q���׬}q��uX�x͸�̾<־x��j~S�8ԛ�1>�}���K�d�]��_>sM�aͻ���zO�O��́ϳ���}���ج9��x�e�u�j�Ϭ�����s��e\���w��K?%��5cǧ@�F�C춹�WlŶ��Wkxڧ�Z�C��ޖ�=�fm|}�����}6~����%���]S����"�g56|-~�H�L_�U9�O�'`3�L]^z`{�N��=�_�֞�&{�u�e��5o�9�z��c�
�w:����會�lN���Ɨ;i?�5�ҹ_���F�g��;o�?_��9:��.��_�xp��S�}�Y�^l.y�x���?���b�Ox��>�#>b��ޒ�&��:_��G}�G-�L>���>{�Ӟv���ݪ�(�����g��y���<e�]�'�>�1�Y�\S��s�~�����=o�gx�w��w��?�S>�S��
�-��;�����`az�:���/�����:�����7�X�ׄ�m��O��O]�`�s�v�����[f��G�?�O�&|Q�&ߞ��ܶ�c���c��if�ҡ���Ǽuk�`�=K�}��~��x	o��t\Bm�}z���X���ў�_�5_�̫�k|��|�2��s���>����;��;�}����_�k�O.c��m��g�gx���������
�q�qK܅�~�g|���C�I�����m���>铖g=%{o��6��|��ٸ[��S|r��K��xwK�h���y�����f�n�}�j��6l�o*{ͦV���κ���y3�ѵĉg:�Tb��gx��=�G�2�L	�;�Jb#���du�J�N����'ޭ^�LOfr,�+����FZ���=ݾ���}u���k���Ή��S��f���,q�SO^h
/�?O~�z��c�g�Ck��|��
����_�k�m}�%�ʞ��ۻ�������/��/_�9�E_�EK��Q{�_Ɔ|۷}���C��l3{�7���ϑ����˹�\��5��?��]�]���k��f����[��boZCd�X�C�г'=�I���+�LױG,9MF?��?�����?�]��_����H�>��_�#��{Et/í��2��2O�F�e�������߲s�����t�{�j�8q�c��K�<�����{��{/k�_GwÂ�q~�Ě}�c���
�������t�[$�Dl��x�w~���^4���������w|�w\x��'�}؇}�r6�{|�W~��3��̅�\7{*�7x�7X��w����-���<7�_��=��}��};e��9l^���3�	ސ=�w�{�}J.�K�S��O^3݃�J�t����]��d�(�󋉓d���]����s���Bf�=��]8K�V&vDʽq=X9 ����]�^��&��|y2�>�c��{��H�	�k���@�Y���C�ׯ��4d����3����{c�֟7q���x/��5F�q���}���;g&
��挍8&�,����z��oLުg�?�A�~t�1g��I<h��L�Ɏ�W��36,�ɾw~�?nm�
�����1��cѵ�ga����,t�<`<��!����k�5\��|<�hN�/�`��c�+���wk�k��k�9�l}�!�i�ڧ}����/rߺ&_��;��z�7=��O^���)N�>4�����6�8�<�`W~�'|���u��;��;�}��|�¿��`��g�������KoV<D��'>��=�I��=��=NW��-��-�xar����?�!y���8�s}
D~�q���^t��ۀ����0kE&��H~��j�X�1�Ρ���F�*���r���om"ql8
�cL�]bp�~|<���9}�G=j��؛lX�؜87>�O:���F{�7z�����^�>1p>!]�t�?���_�A|<�B����U����.��k�%�e~.���dz�<7���u,{u�"5�[x�?d=�~�T�J�Tzk�%���x.�Y��YK�	į�_�C��?g��a�C�.}&��=���A�᛾+
�уb�����=n�/珽��aג��
����g�P6��N��1b��
�C%��������qJ�_$6��zx4� ��L=u�d�RG��]��8y�7g_%3��>�����c��Zׯ�m�%�M��|�~��z�g�I�d]�Q������kt���Ƅ��/<A��!�9/־��g&��]|���q�?��=I��#�嫓_j���o�;����'��y�"l�sj8ךnw,x�q�w�>^�-����z��S�òI�}�w���䔤�l����[t�5-w�w�~bwZ��?K�����1�����>��?y�a3v���-#�=qB��G��H���!#�G,r�n�7��{į�ekp
�½ÄR_й���zn.B� �~���n��C��^9�h,2׉^�9�}��;p��w,�q�x��z�g=�Y�z$�騜������~Q���.zN�4l�-����>���>����<e|�^�^gO}�SD���p��w��G>r��a���)f�{~S
���7{�7[�g]��ה�-֊����x���2�>��$�z���:dg���԰�c����n���CROz�|�g����6���'E
'���ч������<m���a4tY���pql�ѣ|��k�
�~�%7[~g��g`��_��o�3��P��=�����|d�<�lr�ğ�W��8dX�}���Z'�kbg��]��9�6�ʎ��{c�r>�:�h毄W���5�$������so�0x��Vc?�Wj�W>���q�u�uj�ZX���`�0v�u���WS���d��]6��*�}��`��Ec�X��]����4��ş���9l�G?�ы�����<��X�jx
^~��{���"O��|<6�g!wȕ^{���_;�m���~��"���DOX�����9�Ky��
>Hk�mȷ�K�8׀�-�aÚ���
��#猝{��}z�.Ivqr��\4��<��C�xϿ�[��r�x�����_���M�L�C�*�}7���A�\�����o��d��y����Z�f���!���ⵞ��&S�+��>��'{
.�;��%�2>��k���3��iͳ�o�K�I�`G�}v'�G����l�;���w�,ߏ~#�.��mG����a�rIa�bxƿ����O��x$979��9�=?�X��W��?[���X��[��c[�c�
/���#���>�Wa�����*��ض�;�L�|+��N��}r�u^�u���\k�[�M�7�p���?����^�}�a>%}�})�Of�7��MF�ǖy�V���;���K&f�^�o�+�s��us���k�{���������s������[p���Xop^�D��ݬO�Y�(k����^����\�������<~�{`�����S[�<60��F��N؁��g�ث��?�ѓ��e�/SK�z�+]��A�gl�c����|<�N���=_�����Y3�r��cκw�)<y���ݖ3��7z����Y���^�?r�ɫ�ފ�ė�-/�^���Б��^)��l\|J�m��������~&f�t���k��!؞��1�0���N��O���‘G�׭��2d>`�lor~~]>^�j���=�&V:�m�{d|����ﴏ��3u~o>�I�%���9'1K~�um�[sl+���~xn~̄�G��{�Y��q]19��)���{~ ��uء�6J��W�J��s=�#W�J_�u_w�&�46 ��g��0�,�5�W+<o�c�5�c���X������Ռq�3O.?�z��mJ�ӕ�;��1����D9(p~�70KX��Ŷ���t��Ly�b3|>>}�$��I��Ԇ��j��ZZ:�M��M�d�i���>�?���‹�n��@�^��\���6��n�Tp�Pt����i�Q2�e��=>�>1���]&G��2��Yﻑܣ����7�_��]�>ء�0��R�X�����k�/���p���/�J���cg&?�_�_��݇k����8̔�ʗ�}�O�g��︖?�
<�/���=;�=���|N~ ��ZH\#�*L�����|�s�q�N��Gȳ�ʽ����k�n�U�z�.!w�t�R�3�w-/�E���[�E� X�֬�l[��FO�9������Z�
\E�+~�k،��7K��1$ƈ��Ct����"ޛ��@&�I>w?��o٭�_��ntm���뽊���k<2��*���m�Z7������O{���OȕX�`���C��J|2~)D�XS�Uǂ��UN��M�Q�}d�-�!�AZ�Tn$�����l;]eM;�����6�
��.�W}_΋�_��ZG0��i��M��M�G�|�>a�x�~��N�OI�K�y$�Ax;�j�<u�6�\bk�m:댎�:�|J/\��5�=���x�ӹb�G���>�$�P���7���
�$G�Ƈ���2��^ų|8�V]=��Z������"� ����#�n��b��'׷�\��)2���~�1�㋒�e���`�����w���Ϟ���#��s�7g�D��v�N]?k7�����x����+��]X(�j�匥�/q8'���{Q�G��;\�!MG�?3/�A�񛭉������Zq
v2�'N � ?��E��c���'��|H��GkxyꤎA6�1s�l��/�W�>ݽ�m�~�3��& 'cϝyv>��_��UF�LO^%^�[0)u����E����Cx@�V�i�)5Gb
ַ����7xY�2���&>�{�M�pM��d[�د��ŰA�q��w�?�]<#M�s��o��P?�-xl���k���gd~����s��1k��&c��α����>;>S���˝b�ѽ���w9P�ld�~�pv��|d�Z��S�%�1N�#��|/���ȉW;C�#x�u�������k�[�f�t�=�8Q���tlFx���E���]��4���;�ԫ��2�o��w�to|�Jf����fs'��em��ؘrN��WHl��_ٓ���?cw�W�?�O�����T|����d:����j�����E�<޷v�>�`���v�k�y�����>9�<,�f#WM>7��K�|�U�A���Y�z�.B��1w��?�/��k�\�C��&����x`^o�Wsmt����v�������nt�o����=k�Ȇ�Ct��srT�Y����w�;[���d;�
�̖g��Q�+{�5ٟbtt:��Gt�����G�_�*�*�
�`܋��?8<�d�)�u�{�o9���Qd?�=`-��i>;���>#�OEօ�[��('Nj��Φk�~!�-Ϙ�F��v�J�dz��]Et��I|-�(y�G���|8���p=��5�MwM���S�56qz��cz[�1��x��]}�g��m��������%��<YOfx�O?��1w��ub�������Yf���׷����k_�yg�9�b
�3l&?�E�[�l)k��C���=��k��w]�M�7|6�����:q=�e��9�]/�ۮ��\38*���U�w��~�f<F��i� ɾ���ݏs�/�:�‡�>9\[��EȺ�{�J>ے]9k���s��l<�}/���$٦�2� #����S�&?N�@~���6����P~'�]J/������7ݧ��Ӧw�~gdy�{����c�W�2�=�w�=u��!˶�A�f=�
�b�dY�U_��f��w枱��s�~���N�i��"v����#�|���Iz&�]t�s�o8F�Y���0k���nb����1a(֬x��1>=�O���0��\�?��E�wbx���:bt~�q<�:r>�/u���L�-=*��?�y�G��{:4g�g�4}�����
g�̼Oo�x�gw������8��2D�d�f|���W�����,g�~�ٓ�}�>1n�{�yS_�P.�Z�?ز$���^���}'�뭶��C1s1OrF��X�sf��9Z6d����0�{j�4q�1�x��2OY{0t�� 둚P1;���U3����m�z=����Qd���)�7���tK����i��Ͻm��f.�{gk���έ���h�z<�ǃ�zl�|���Xr����U�S�,l8��|"��8���Z>q��[�*�R
��Ml��ۖla#ҩ01�s_�;�����{k[��'>�޳_:��o�n���{>��>�e�&��y�\�L�S�tؗ��p�����;��]fų`��Eɛh�zL�j��X��`ɑ���S�j����i��<�����/ث�K�	<D2�/�~�9x���G���~�i������`�r�a|?�<xjc�Γ;�wğ��=��/�����)|{|�9[��2Df#��3=�zΧ�jq�<�9�a��so�S k/�f�F�1{|��p��3�&k�Xx��3Bn^�t�{������R��S�<�׎�#��5��c�a�w���h�s�K�B�M�A�M�����o�o���i2�s��	-�!�kʮ��	�~�	�ZX�����\���`&y�5��w{o߉ױ�Ȣ���#[p�����i��]C�޸�AO��ޜ��r`��e���9ej��8ú�^����M�%6��}lD��c��?Л��=��t,�
�{��g���j���B�>Y��	6������߻�;���w�[�w��ڽ��9��F�y��>��㻭s��2����NNE���/��%����"dM�9���z���P���qͺwo�L7�hq=�Iv�C��5�<��0{7Ӄ^翵���G�`*xT���wү!�`��N�9Ϛ�����ा�;�k��:�q������/���W�Y�h�%րbO�Z����S_3�`����P�ۇ\�ñ����R�I��d�u��?YÉ�M�������������zX�
��\��幚��C��ck<e�q�i>'�⋳126s
��_����g��y�����1�՜>s�X�'����Ɔ�_��S5ޑ�󌯭���ӷ�c=�C>kd��G�j>_��d�u/s��9����gw�;�1n��?���[��E�K����
�'&7֯�N�[��&�|���
9�v/#�Ɍ��׮Ӽ�c�l�k����-�/QtϼƩ��e͝x$��������Z��جϻ�Z��Y#l�`��ẓ�&;�~����S��c�1��ԃ�O��e��zky#�u﹆����G�K�:v
�FG�W��bGN=��`�{���C��DoΜ�i��َ	g�9;�I.�X��f�k����x���%����O	�D3�9�3�~�N�j{uډ�;Y�n�X���ݹ铯�n\��W}��\���)rc�y�q�<����^K/�Νm�`�5���1�'�AW�ߘ6�1��z\'��X���:�4o4�5~�q�_���m?1�M2<�X@ˮ���7z��Z����Z]N�W�����N�g=F꜃�
�3,��;%\׽����(o��'[�����Uh>j=��D�����V��]��3�+:����`?�	��g����Z6�<i]�f�3eL�g&NԹ������Nh,���i��˙�'u^�1�x��ZO�or�˯�CjNժ���k=�ך�a��ׄ\�Ě[W%���dN�#3��K����}u����>�M6kz3��$'��g���&�Wm���1���P��k}����cwm}�iS��N2}p�Ѹ�Z��k���g�R�O��|�5�8uLۣ}����8q��&�����=ny?y(�.�]�A�K����}ѻll}���Y��[?G�k�K��{�|�~���nx$:��d}N�n�W�ڠ|/��ݳ��]�xͫ3�01�^�[����a�]�D �/�Nk>��|iq��p�;Q���c�k�ӆ�>Vcv^w�Gj�����Ejy���y�q�>WM]:J�Wd�1ٛwC�[��Z,��|���x���潌n3g| 10�����N����^����{������Wo-�`
��g%����cw���ڠ�7���_�zn�q�=����Go�L�c�>�F�U+,��q�;=o�Z07�_���2�4q��~K���k����\�[�y��O��)�S�~���^x�oǠϦ��牽Ag�3ظ��c��͑����<\�
���+��/�E����ݷ�σ�O[%֝k��2{$��'4�.�ٶ��D/FW��nj������K��M/���z��r�W�Oq�,�%y�[�띨y�s��yc4�
���X~>��:;'ϸ�9���c�?��+|ߧm��#N�GإrD�8��5|ݱ�9�mWݍ_�'W��煾��c���[�]�����u:�2��י�?�ߟ�ϡڡ��M[6k%sּ��i�@���fΧ�8��c�}z|�_X�Nϟ�:�{Ƕ/�^�zP�i/�>�p�ϕ�ɵσw�|��a��Y�ؕY+k����bt���j�ɵ#/r���w�ܱ栬=�9R�K��W�ɩ�[>[�㜿�g[����
꼉��a�m|�i�u~I�,Y���Zo}���w�7�6V�ӂ�'��s�k��C�v,���ӟ�z-�w*��*'N�66��6?;]�o��_�A�Gyf���2���1�㖥k:b�sr�5|�cyȶ=t�y��C����\��c��y�ӖX�A��Q�0�����̤�\��)&�ޭ�G=�ǒ[qh��|��k���c��~k��;�Bt�y�q������` ֔>zڨQ�Ӟq�p�w�ì6�>MdG���%���	;8+���5��?�u���o��ؾ��]������c��?
�'��!�<��ڗ=��;$�<U#�q�R|�ƿ�~���՚}q�.<�n{=�n���~��_[���]����)P��&G��֫;~�)>ױQ��� �i<��x�ҝ���;7M���?����8�(���)bTt"��>������\;��3r�`��ŷn�|n��s�&��:fLh�~;�}evچ�����s�^��Տ7��c�.B�Q�pϥ'�Xe����{|e�{���RϪO�~��o}��L=~��$^��_0�������w:^
~��c��&n�vM?���o9fr�r��jx���s�<�ӽRcٝ�ͯ��!�,gx���?z+ϭ(�N��k^c�];݉�j�SK�R;��[�K|J댮� �g߁��;>��UPlC��=ta��0t~�)�ͱѬ��X3�&��!��9�c��ɝΣ�{m-0�B_X�����g�;��p
d�n���2;��t���lO��'F�C���)Ա�~~����z)�7�{f��d��ϳ��Rr�>6��e_O}���4���zJ$M��3�^T;��t�D?�Bf�w�o���/�{�>�c�_0)�6<4y��ԗ����y�9S�j��٬gB�FM��rD�\�N�?n�Dﱼ�����m���6��k�P�
�@������:{/�i�i�I݇�ZI/{��%':{�87>]r6O�Nj��;j��ӿ�g�q*:x���,��/|�O���>�;]�:N2��8����!�'�+��ԝ�DӧY��띫���3Gf���NyV����ٺO�A��ei
+�7�Z���'�Tx�Ͼ���U��C?�CKn@���)�ǻ��ӽ�Z�tz
�l����/_�+H
۩��=#�H�Z6`������*(�v�,������K<<1�V��h��6�j����a��ξ/��j/���/�����K�6�Z�x�����x����������i��Pct�=�}�o�{��}����^Я|�+�~���>V����OI��t����8�~�E/z�R;n���|'5�Ʊ�ռ�s�Xᓞ�%/y��>�a�tU���O��}�RC�yѧ�/�NÜ��~��~���NL<u�g��)��f��;��c�|ϒ]��S�y2���g���4w�Jj�
���x������I�>^�I������cʓ9f���t(1�ƿ���'��M�����N)��'����������d\N�fb�㥿���_�����q�_������>^��0|������c�5���^���#���?��g\�ʜ�˽z������^�h�C�骨�y�j���������h?/6?O�;����[�1��Q�I��G?06>���t�S�w�3��/]|<��/<��x;���~�w��G�G�ܓ�~��r��>�̋#��CʡC�5������|�����`�����}*^��:��������A�o�W����6��3�t��6$�S�"����M[c���l�yrd
~�g����~�q����N�(z(~���aupo�QΝ��}�SZk���S����䥪=d��v;|�{%�Ym���> �{�-���S�;�
0�R�j��Z�W��|ޘ鬉�i�I�v&kE�.�w�	������S��kj6:�/��/�:)��j���;��8�t��@�X���
[�>�W��nj^�y�i�O��K��[�}%�z�ܴ����(�ۚ���;zh���V��T��5l@~�o��o,����j�I_���7Q��t1�s?y��g0L�}i#�O�6�ɾ�z�#�~Q�7;e[|��C��k�(�G_�'>u��E���K`�╇z�u�m���g��K�+ۗ��u��(��c�����ns��z<v��)٦0�νsξ���+�{�P:꛿���99%��2c3����a���5 �����r|�;�����=�5d_6>ū^��bvm����|X���_��%=>�^��ӝh�6�?��^V�4�e%����^�=�=>a_⟯���Z�
��{o�I�+1k`�֓,f~���c�3s��ޛ̞�pb�iby��읷�=�t�dm$����0�w�3=�/�M[Cɗ�:��q����ԧ.�����O�y��m{�e�m��r�{և�f�����4�ݵ}m�~��@�[O%s"�Ŝ̘�����R�����T�z���M�Dg�f�扏���,��<�Sӌ{Ͻ"��(����~�b�W��#��|M=�;n޹([��N�ӌ_u"^�_��Nv)}�V�rSh��פ�h����s2��{dS�n�Z�����j
����~��-�ka�É��^���Eh�9������П��Z��=��:��}'ӫ��s��a����oh-��5%6���o��O�������I�5�zeS�ǒ�����u��h-?���2���?�����@n�M�_қ����m�A�W���H�'��{�{l��C�;i^bYCz���+�}����v�6eK|˷|���d^�'����u�u�A�A^�~�p���~��[�,���ϳ��[�Q{�ƺ�j�n���t�:޽�ۅ��L�c��|��_�@��5��ѿ&�6���޳����_꨺��nO�nZ����_���-x�ȏ�V���+ᄈ��S�f�~꧖܁��"�|�x�{7���0�>wY��?��?,�[b��D�Z3��n*_+u�1����O?}���Ѵ��B��(^Ss��WJ�*�c�����9�W=N�{�|��n�f
F��^��B����dq��O�ޓ���*�0r��Hg�ݝ�nM��N<��W\?#��c���A���k|��|Bw���1JM"~J,f�(l�<;m�������_��_���)�N��y+[�m���$��I{V�C�nG�t��O���[Cjd�8l}�A�a�����1�H���m��y{>���u����{�}�ٞ0��p�Ffח��^n���W��7�>���4c�w:O_V=�6�����y�����܁Q:/�~����N�i-ג�/O���/x�����\M�w��Y���)c��y���y��<�#�G{�K_���7Q������1<Ӓ�#w�_��__��t���[��f_�֝z��?�#�B���[n��7�w�㕍a����n���e=X+bT�l���γ_��__����njb��X�j�,9wjw�Aw
^�߱��Ks_���ۿ]�{��x�4}��Ws���?��"��ߴ~;]=�Ƣ'�1��z���*)�ʳeOɎ�d,�e�W�bS̱��c����Q�ʬ+�-�������a�țs�uo��&O��"�v�	e=��p���W�W�X�n���q�XJ���p�?��?Y�?�s?��U�_�:���g��K�;�/.Ŀ�g.��sϼ^;k��t}4���(j������%/y��|>�d�ٻ��s{�7�k����Ϟ�g,�A�T�S���Om[3r���Mߴ��o���}��Ikvd^˕z�+_���/�҂�5�4�����5���l���~Gj��u[�C�5I��y4m��	LW�����������;�������[�7o��F�5^�;��;�������i���=\��#o�~���9�9���X�?с]�o>���_����=�i��Lm�d����N7��wo��Ok���Jg�r�TJ�b�m�,[��ﵷ�|����m��o;�g�\j9�C{l}��L�]
V�X���o��o\b��?��l��l�뮛C溱�`'^[�����U�G?��c�����w������k]���~[?�N�9���C�6"���1���ʭ�e�מWs�3�i�2P%_}�uΐ���j;�.u|�ދ���ϳ3�;�m�^���m���P����h�$c����c��"L\v��f�^v:<���"�&�L��s��%gS=��>��Qb}顸���t�$v�\��)�[j�إ�	��|�}����ϴ�Gt?���%�5=��r�z����.��w�Ա�KoϧZ>�o��o.}4���
��S#s�9��������d���;�,6j�*o�<;�u��ν�ڳ�`ݨ��'�x}��j��6�|�A����`'��A};����;�[��Z��[��Sl�Uƒ�g�C�f<鮶A�Sl�)�9������.�'W+��|��Sv����mc�f���g�{�ܽ����q�㥶�{�c�����������>���fl�)��<��}�r�^�������N���5�ǿ��R�M��s���Y��?�Yh�I��m]���f���w�w����ᥦl�A�N�d][1�z�ٳ���;�d��ne=�=(١0Hv��hv��[�='�5�㣷�}\�%l����v�V��m����:o+�9�����f��g��6�|�H�s^LN�c��[����Dͧcɳ�9���ϴ��P�h�Kr<2�1�����9۝�r�(�P���o�f���-{Ofl����b�[��w�m�ᢴ70v�W��+�r�?�N����˱�ƪw�us�|�'y����][�%�{��F�y�k����|�~��?��?=������ZN�N�G�~$s:}5��rM���*k�뢷~��^��v����͟�J|v�|���E���dϱ���P�����k5w����(>R�(�3��c���ڧ�Z+k�E/z�b�svZ��_���Y�J^�_�t�o6혝o6�����#���C.�ӆM����V��ux�կ~����L���M���4(��x=����������1�Y����;>�xz���j�s䯫S��@��^�{L��Q���A�o��o,{���Ծt��ử�xM����'7��w�w{I�|N",�
�l���L3N������c��e����K\O��Cg�w��������2>��L9��j0c5�}[��V�~ҧƾ.��?��?{�~63u}�N�Mm�5���!�����;�/�ͳ�rm�������fo�`8p�"�xm�+�<�v��Ӭ�M�B��ٗYo��f�F�Z���y����'��g({�����3Ao�GKoF����t����1�썐�<y�(��bp����x7�b��9���/�SK��N�1���<�ٍc�x������y��wM�5�yv:<�3N1߯zի�\�|b=l��d�}����4}��փ���H�����x����:[?�N�F�_v���z��~��|ћ�!"�g^�m��f}b����Cv��#�v~��Io~۷}۲w��B׷��b��M���X�RO�z�K_��$ƾ��� s(�+/�'��k�@��w���2N�����ϳ���;6ڹ)�}�S��ӺV�k���X�����\콩����ܭ��M��μ��[�}x�s����Ԏt����fQ��6���}�}߂��:sו���>S����o��oZ�_n��&�#�Mu-րc�׺h�󩱤ޟ7��O�]�1������ts�<�3�О���/{��N3�''�P�a��^˖�~$�siL��~���������gʯ]�7M�k����ߥ�ftU�N�_(���iPz��_���<�fr`�Vy~/uHy7}Y�������)=/s;�ˏm�1������_���g���W��K��g=�YK\F��9��X�=).N]���g�2s�ǀ��I~��ܦ�'|$n�~Qz���>�~�}��	�M���U��Ȁ�k��7q���ڝ��?LjN��2}��f���L|<���o�8^u.ל7ck���ԧ.}��������9A�~�w���9�}�=t�y��ĵک裼O���w�����gz�1��@��'6��\3�
'��]��Ʈ�}h/��S&��o�V^�(u���1�r�}�ZL�(������������f�,�;0��S�^׾3��v���x�4�:'��_���ʷ�%;�e�'�k��W^�_��_Z���o��ٿ�˿������]�?�Q�j��s}�Z>�M���5�l�C-g_/߱o��i�R8$$����ZO��ӡ��`�t��^�����Zj��3��^�*�lt^�]�$��⏜�8A�=��5���sϯ��>J��vqp�q�_���Qd$����;O=	�����v�~:�{Y9{�9�5��ڔ\����tgx����jX`uj��d�N����bw��俪m���G<�\�:l��������2XJd������2�r�e�i�G��v��Pl�^�t�\�S����Z�_`|���v� �7E�E�ʵx֚��4���X�;�y�$C�~�~�>o�l�U/G�|����	|����_��2'�:���y�y'o�~��!5�9o�9��vJbvɱ�vH����r��*��r盛O�#�s�
�~}X�*KOj�q��Ɖ�\Fo�Z���:)��3h��u�^�\BuC�g|��`s\%Mܲs���~��y�����ҷ�~��k�l��_�:�����o�'~�'ξ�;�sѣ��dܻ'�^�w����}d�ž�d�\6Mj��8�n��ܚ�ٻ�hj�w�q�Z��;����s';���Q��=���.�;���y������#8�0v`r�gLz�6�}��7��l�#���zSy�"�y�y�~Zx�1>9{O�T�8���+�6��m�`k��/|�R�ˁ�:'�t���Z<��j��{J�Wx>���A����%CN�8�����p
4c2�%O�IG��r�S����kW.>�ks�<6�}��B���@��B�u8o>v�<�x�ܧ�<�Hަ�$�.�"��[G�	䇐��Y6�9��Tn�z�3�Ɏ�xh������Zz;?�y�[�g�~������c;�Jkk3�=>�~��A���|���C�����|�o�1��;x�{T_6�~)�8��_3��]�]�yn���i����W������|�>kX�Eh�r��}��߻�X6v�}r��a۷+��.��M�9���l�5|��Iԑ�yak���W@��u�g�u���cy���$.�g�mϸyr�z�{_ᝮf^��b�vl�{��X�^8��܃��ۺ/���'
eG�G���`���	������]�ܬ���5�W���g?��?��xL</�X׈L�����|͸^�[��|.5�p-y�2:��Tr��2��~ylN8]����1��sqo{% �`|�y����=r����	6��{���6P�ߒ{�=;���~��'�Yf����^cm���o=N�N�j����ɟ,=��xN6�����k�gm�8��?OO#����N�1��6Z��M?��HƊN������N9���ff�\��ӹ��NW3/�_���1����Jy����x���v�B.�}��}ٗ}�b����kyh�
[i_n��W�f� ٤|ﻆ���;�2w��\�7Gs��#�#�s�a��}�V�3����+���ϋ\}�3���q������`���/�Ž�(s��͞��9�[?�N�G��b�t}�QZ3�?pk|�ݻ��Y������/���+#�S���N�'ʞ8]�����sJ��W��j���gk�#v��	9^׉?�)�A�7z�s^.2��Q�[ꔿ��q�o�k��u,)=��d���ڹ�m8k����{��{�!r��޸l�A����x_�%_r�_�K<&�8?��=��Ds-~7�%��o��o��gH
��q~l��wԱ�޻d�e��������_����\b�bD�7:��xKr�����k2>�'<��iO{ڲ_3{��^n�\�&��zb��ت�tX>9K��^�c;��|‹b����Z������,�J&;�{���oә���{��D]����q�w��*��3gӗ�~
[?�)R��'����2��D���	ѕ�yoj'�z|;��ډۮ'/J���kr��m�v�Y�q�tm�S�2,��[?�M�Ƥ�o;&�5Y<���#�Ŧ�e�d�����_��K}�W�W�}�������j�pȚ���X_s���>���Ŧ���D������<�7��ᒇ�[å��|痿��g_�_�Ċ��Y�9�	�;�������̯��#�y��yg���~���x�8�f2��ݜq�3��D���m>_�E�9�7M�����8J��Ըc�8�
����-9�nz�D�wO3�@�=E���ΔJy/�����d�5~�'r���<?�e��9f
��uh���}1�_��_?��������\�=淞���.2�
�us�z,����W���8�J�5��v�����5�se竫��s�;}��IL��I�%���$w�� k�i�E���|�ל}����Ч�w�xkr�c8r��I�#��$O(}�[��=G��O����Ⱍ��^nz6���&���X��؅�zk>^b�}�~����=�)O9{�3��`�_v�x�n�؉������/�̜�{�����h��^}N��xQy�X�ӹ~f��մ���{���l�srd��?���=ks���;w��ݱ9����8�ϝ�q*cvLt�k��d�G�/}���B��~�}z���FpV5B|��06�)�oM�|J�u�����A>->�댯�O.���;��h��]���٥}�?�������4�Y����ߍ��X�w.�c�,���!��-�r���<g�A�ѕ~s��3�x���Wչ�W[[�9o�뼦ύ/{��w��L�1��_�=���sw����Ĕo�3���_<V���A��4Ƽ�V�!v%�嫾꫖�dxv��_��g_��_��ݜWk��g����N������q'�qT9	�-���,����.G���]~ï��.�6�G�^�>��-�����Zs�|5/O}�S��=�|�M��s*�u��{|��l;r��vL��x6��<G���ࣧ2>7�&�~���g�B<Egv���C�>}���`~Ϝ���>�#������ug\j��k8��!c��Vr���?��?_�
��o+�Ss�x��8�<EWdM�k�:�=�����=���ʵR�k�%�(���->����Q9�����a��t}:4�fM�7_N޼��Y�Gk>���|�q����f"n��Z.�ej�;�o��=�p�d~�g|u���<C�Cǔz�
����`%�g�~
�1q|EG�eW��0�4q�-ǧ_���nm9кi���&�h�
d����,uT�
�^;�����4�&NO~�L]�v�ß�B�\��O|�b��ئ����ڳc�k.3���?��9ӗ/�uu�g|�h$c��H�_w~�v�{����6�%��lj�/��jY�:��&|�O��O�Rދ�}��~�s�{��&N]ũ�X���ث��Z��)�	���m���1���8˩����f�)q�����s�I��O�`r@_�s�&�/ǧ����� �٨�a��e��6����_�Z�B���i���5���G�e���K�)c���„��G�'��9W�"ovz�]�W���
���k�=:������߱��}�Y��?b��c�#����m�:&��}$�;k���_a�E��D���7a��?��;���tz*k�1<Lo�I��l�������0��?
g�"��#W�#S�>E�p(>'��j�(� ���ߓ��nM?�t�(�o/Ǣ�ؖ�;�LO��=8�s5��VlA�[��IG��:���2|v螧�V�t�t��·#���?�vb<�C�<��������X^�^)_�/"��}7S���
F"w��+1�xlS�?�E�A��7;_:5N�WS�z��l��c��GY��6upbw��x��[r��n�c�]�K��1q&6�5�GSg�})3��n�;��$�ӷS�&�E�N>"��C�J���:ζ9���l=>Y��/���gB�>��R�۾�s/�c��B����b�K��M�/�)�.Xe��"���]���Q�-|-'[����‡�K7���we��(u|f�N\���9�+Փ�)��SöO���S��Fk{u
W��Z�a�[�L|�w�ޘ3���#�m@��6x*��ɿ�7᫰} ����VfNc���X��u̼͜����3��$v�s�lܻ�ivچfNrz7���.#Ka��O�)�s�nA�f����P�����٬�zֳ[M�\�5ٰ�\�:[�8�133v�?��[O�+�Sk���M�/;W�1��F-'�o	;�"�G�N�oى�^oªa#�^��Px��r��A�z�Mߣ��~����c�z|f��<�=G�X�t������7���a�	��NwCY;�����G���ze�_Q��Z}ݘu�!Z7d����=}��i��6������W�3��ʩ`�Ӗ��W>���W=i`:�Ɍ3l�Mb��ֵ]㱵���4k+��4�Kٞ0M����N��:�l�p��Ȝ�
r
�KpP��ct�|�џr��h�w�/v��c��慙3[^ݝ؝�r���^���S�5��8)���F�j>K��1|�d_�J�eZ'z�`��η���=��O_���J���X�5�s��Q�q�?B��^{߽>v]1���ѹ�#_f���G��é��t�盶v�Ś��9>[�������06,f�uS�륇�sيx��Ɵ�3�w�_=+t^r��?���Z�t��S����oz3�ÓN2fd��X�=��;>mz7������t�Pp=5�kSN6�}2�Q��Y�b��쏂σ��q8)]J?�V���O�Tl��x]�$>���׵�0Qu�l6{��|Zo���6s�s��7]0�|���,1<|���y��=���|~JG�}��C��+~Oޘc|H1��6��������@��H�v{C���7�Gԡ9�u[?�N���Zl:~J���h[,�Ĥ�ɕ�w�_9����c��1�g�����!���C��a���L=N|�`{�_�u�O��q��;��=���X^	?_�����'���:�4h
����|=v!�f�/�7����#��x�6y��)�;<$����9��Ct���9����[��C2�k����׳�c��������z�1����kc�Ӣ�0�����^��;
���tk�e��YxXݐ5��~�x]<�IOz�b��o�<5j|y�s�B>ғ�ҧMO�O��4׉�t��_ȼ\D�&?�C�3`?�ğ��=8�<M|d�$υm�3X(^�,tm=��Θ��{B�(�}
�۶�y��<~*��m�5[���:e�fo�����#��V���*����>�S{��7�� �ت�z�3���N�y���ڽ��Z�C9 �v���O�<$�\^��6��?�"�������4��dψ���>*�Y;�
�p��Ί�'�G��/:�������eq��f���)�L�K>x.�I����;�|������nEN{��笻���� �7���O��#��9�u~r��9��_|�9|Gv,�K��Z�itw��x��|�<��3{V�=k�U;�e�
޳��m(q�:�׮�˽'������#Ɛ>D(:T���O~��C�Q��dcғ�����X{�ѓ�~^���z/C3W_П��`��
��甗����~�k��b���y<�����L��I�yf�N(�S�G�kx��|�i��iKn	^��`�l4z+6i�Y�Sz�|=���b_�)�i�;�_>7b��g���]��3�U�|����S3�y��<�SÕn+����k-�9Ϛ!�����-6~��Cx�q6 �����kz8|�g~�6a����+��:�-y!߆�N�]�nb|k��Z���Ϸ�iS��;?��Y�W�E
��zf��YbG�m�/Q�]�C<�&����5�G�_���ctZ�-2^|4�x�E����X�׳����Z�����j��C�'��u�`�qd�b�d}8�Γ%���O����3���~]э��?޳Q�w��M�(�T+��H��C�/�Mދ8>�K�T6*����u������1��[?�N���-��}��Z�L(��`��J���eO��K�A(���eI���,F�=��N��q�v��Tqn�9�Ç�1��T.&n�R��w�Ŕk3�y��Z���s�4�sg?�>�}��2bUd2[�<���'�9�W��G�y怇�Nz�dMn=.0��{Rg��������E���솉}L�u?�n.Mg�^���ct�=M�gq=zB~
�O�x��{y+p��W�N�2|�\v�s}���m�翦����#Ût$۝n7b��G.6;B����z�:��������|��^fN����V�7�˼�
����KMC��#�Sl�~��'X*O��&v��t��<~��L����伐d	?W��zF�	����֙k�t�w��!>���N�N��9�w�g0�I~U�(���WI�fƦ�{����q]8K����0W�&�ψ��G�I�禯�(k�}��]��λ���;
9�k��ͼ�[9�079�bx�=�ߖ\�i���׀���/���G�Œ����z�{0 �D<BO�����#��U���)v_�y�����[�m��ӴaC���.l���>�;E�Ѕp�i��։����߁��U�W����P�9 w��!}�c�:d� �ž��p�9�N��[=���t;)k����W�rY���[��H�cw�9�ӑ�CN����C��v��y6ꌝ̜���n'{�ѩrR��v� 7<�K�t�9��t�ZJ���x]�Sp��w��ɒ^,t���SG�s���}�=��r,�_t
�C~�G��:YO���>�~;�ys?��u���(�Ӻ!�ao�W��?�����_�G���O��Y���C�a��H���/~�l9�Zx5dCrH�e#}��j�*b��c���N���_kk7���pĨ�}�%0L�����n=��cѥ0 qz���]����C�o�=����M>�yviH�'��.u�z_���v����Y�p�t��M�;{T��vlN���ɽL,�s_�_��lJ9��o�<�}�����So��8�]�}8T{':DmtM��t��|�9�/Y�Fe���]�����ts�~o�5���l!5jx)5�yJ�&�dצ��S��u�d���o����9���ؐ�P>}+����:�����~�w��顮�_�}�{��N�:~l}[k��c��g�qr�*}Y:އ���^���,9��<[�<�d�G�-�
.OTϠvN�x7��>�Þ���"`��W���A��N�B�M�<xH�F���x�q�����z���:�ط����&��u�k��{[�U2�k�`�s�;�tpRyp��qq�1�T�v�����z�w�?�y����/�'��������8�I/#�x�O/1ry%�p��IO�����r���̙��f_�ٲ?��Kz�s��P��v�8��NWA���,��%�%�$���hF����w|:~�01��C�/`�I:R�=$'[�x�]{��{���l�=�8љ�~�<�)����زُ'�}�n�Yw:�f���S���Fz���z�o�MH�gmge�>bڃK]:�/��d��u0�%�ߢS�g�k�D��}��x��=�}uu��a�I:HM��<TG���t�t'�~�x������i���slַӹ�ѣ�{�wiu慯��]$.ױ
>�F�^6���K�O���j�X�Z���<���̗�������~����>�Z��WO�P�����/y�Wٌ�+�ob4]7x�x]��Y���~%^�+t2�LO�#�ݓ�r�
���f=��s���#�W⛅��H�<��앀����(��|H��)�A_���k�}i���Ŧ��RG�4�L͏s}���}z���z`��Q�r��˫���Hf�Cy/�>�����Z����/6����y����"����/��!��z��	�9�70C<Ե��`,r��)�M&~��K�b�(���f�o�&�e������s�Zx�%&+���p�ۉl�c� R{���կ�����ϋo��z�b���\[o1�
~��[�X��:6iz��-��d|��=�_�>��;w{�vQ��Ħ:����.{k��c�S:Χn��ӟ_��_�اxT�h�i�J�=��f�;q9�G�yd����V�R�D��%X,<�
�����o�����;]Y��gx���`�?�5����G�o]U.�	�	#*�sV̊9G$��K;vl�"��%H)JFI�P�`jX�	�ߺ�y}����	��3vը�^i��f�i�u�Ǘ,�#�-s�
A,��k�_�C!+��`I�{�`58��I�4?�:G��>yQ�#�2O��s�+�]���J|_β��:�V���S�C�=�^,^�6�+�]b����	:?�ޘ�?�S�\t��36kso��e.96����#��K�s��/�����l��r��+64t{�u|�|��c��m��t1�%rh��mL����ղ)���%��ٷe�U�~h��@mY�<��Ƞʅ�Ȟ��ԑ�۱���֚���'�m�{�.u��^v�]�Op���	|,�u\C�H��8�Ć�Z�ӗ���x�1o�W�:/v�Ȓ��n��ɏE.��6��������{�Īz�y}.W9v�5���alc�q���9gN�?�w�n����ty�E^s���G/��<{ɝ�;�ۧe���&�>�}�ЭK�����
��q[��\1��9sJܪ�!�� �5�:m��9K'q$��Y��d��yo�\�=�Y:�\�>�'��g���<ט��%��!��"�÷_%������SN��7��� 6~x
ތ��L��?��|<�M�=?q�?��JI<�^~��s.{�&��E♆nZ�=z���Ҙ䳲ڷ3G��!�G\���6���x���⎝7̣�7�ĕ�;rB�\''��}�br;���QF��g�����͓�o?�w���Z¯��2_��c|�7�|�؛�:�-�.~�Y�ϣ8�'������f��<+6@��|����L��V��A��N-��4�/3r��b��/���-��z�������ۋ)@ɓ���g,����D�>�#s����'[��.�_���K�3n~��>��������?�}�<}?;d=�_�7���𯎏]l��m��l������ɞ������k��d���n7�0�?B~��)�G�O���X����w>��XǙq�O�^��^�0ߵ�Kr?�l*��\P�Ew��g>�k��H�g̣�2�K�%����7[���O���1����1�bOH|^�,��z�<GVM>��CWK�6g��70�y��ƹ{���r㪳���Zmc{tZ�2N�k�2׺��k�c�<4�G=���r��At�ɑ��P���gN�U�G�W������g֑͟���n�sm�X�5^�4�n乡�]�'�o�ɖ�u���s�_v�C���_"{g�c�o0�ϒ�`1�*����5C�k�o�u��#C�"�+b&�n���{�"�xk�\�������O���:^���D�>سs'N���d��S��f�Y0�R�i|��$���63�̣䒦�Ća��3���U?<�>�k{4�mY4|���v���Ր1n����9�t��
�58k��Y�='�x���gO������/���ڞOf�Ɨ�7C76eM��W�>�~Yltd������$���>|��ez�i�嬺�o���c������0�h�Jg�i�����6�cw�;#����#��MQr�ҫ��c�Xǒg�����^��U6m:���+;�;��[���֦�;���o���C�a��C�SϼA��R�ħ3wge<�1	��w��=:�}�ϼ��sϚw����F�C7j��ޑ�4رɠl�t!l��mc���g������u���qudWX�������6�w�z,Ƨ�~�lvك��^��]���rěN�{seol�{��{�HN��3t3��J�4�ɛ(1C�Մ���<��Â���ӄmಿeh�M�o�qq�<�}��ΧL�:�)?K6�W5��j]ʕ�?����n�kM+N�o���f$�m�.��7�lΫ,�޳�GڛCC�'���W_����^&��e�uhh����9$�J˥���f+�ћ��߫�t�Od�f��������ϋ�&�[�F�ǟ2913w��7�K�#<[ٽ��YDO�v����nj��ˮ��>�2���q��?1�B�;:�.y.�ۇ���z����1m�7���n�dN�
�5�=�M���(���%�n��?d��Pט������I{����'����zӍ�?|3���#G
[�����˻Ȼ���On1I�_���_��=��=�'9���4�盉b�����1h�i;�7�ct�{ړ˞vbW;�`��SVr.
���N���h_ơ���7�k����?��!r��b��$��僞
C�u���,�C���.��<'0Y�W����s8/E'#O-;����?��n�ˏ��y��F�;&h͋y��}=����(�d�ƥ�a�ͭ��{#Ϛ��-rϊM��?�\݋�[s�]��
]	�a�>?oh��#��O�X!y��5��z��5�h�ܦ�ߛ�<����q^����*_�읗���(��Ìm�Xe�mΏ�~���/��˞��a�_��i���^?r�d�Ǐm//����N�g����CC7%��s�;��wxl���Ż����(�`�m5/�%~�G�d�����}_��>�e������؏�ضG-b׃��"�����{ּ�7[���k�qw�\v]�.F�kN����
�n��?��[nhy��� n�ߊؤ���$>ﲿqh�j���e�ehh�P��}��s�c��V�8�����ˠ�_������u��r��lb�%b��s	�GĎ��Y#>�q�{�<{y'.���G��M�E�].�o��B�!6V,�n�Oi8�|��_��͏�S}�j��o�RZ����;;������z�{��g��9h�V��]r�1G{��x�:(W��C�x��]�7O#����f����21)�Z�h͛����ַ����/��a���久�ğ#9���#y�Ӟ��ObNjMp�C�wj���+����9�y֞
��=Z[��`�V�=���ɛُy}��
y��u�=���|5�h�ླ�c�`�ثg�ټ�v�^��w!{N�ۿ�ۖj�/5t��:�V���Qn������W3{�C���{����go�0e��@C75�Z��z74tsQ��2M�E_�]��

�u���qu�j��ӏv^����3���_?M��_�V�K~���}?�s?�����Enf���7}ӛ�t���p�GB>T����d��s���^x-�����{�'=i�4/�؎��c�ș�eX�<9��#��of{�ЭE��IΏ�zh�֠��CCWN�c��~6���{&�f�k�����O<��쑗w]�n7��=�֔�����k��<�s�`�.�ߕ{�%�W��>��N>�C?��w���'~�'�|����~������}v ���[}�[ي�׽ԏ�|W9km��[��gm��Ϋ�z�߷��\uv{:��;��{�mۉ���|�{��5�U�Gy��}r����g�/&}��h������O��On����o�IԹ[���







]�:�o��on�(�\�x�n��xpN�V���Jc��E�F�����y��$�od�5v.���B9d�=�Z{Ő��v���|�W}�f�y�Cz�'<a�K^;~��ɗ��o�6�5�ӪO���!u[qk�^��`�Խۯ���ɺ�{�m�9CS��`���jߎ�˳�K���OW��	N��q����mo{ۆ�`6��o&w���zϲ��ef����s�t9^�z�244444444tj��{��{�
��%�
�w|�v<����㿣�U^?o��;8�m;)�m�k�S�W}��+^ɻ�Ma���4�K.|�0���;��N�l���������ɿ��n���)�)��)'_�_���॔��S�g����
&j{�jck;ٺ�M��>ʻ�t�RF?���vͻW�����SNc�.7v͋�
����q��m�~���q�����7����<��/�<�p�c���]��%�l��^�񆆆������.B�w����=l��l�w^;^�	b��U��h==\�`	9M����/8n+h_�ޏ:uTf�P�8�����^b�R�F�=�9�9��}�h��{��߾]w�2���}����ן������ΞU�����r�g߹���8�%�L�|�U݃ԧi�����bP�a��&���q�ΫW�����vS~�u�i_϶5���
���sϕ����5~Ww�s0�y���~N�;8/�ʂ���{�om,��������������R0y�Ϳ�㯙�΋�����5�y�V�j��;����+dd~�/zы�����#'�˿���s���ͦƎ�_�
������}�N��k���~�N�Gl�ŧl�U.l�!�!'��߹��є�>z���>�N>��?xkgEN�K_�����#U��T}��_}�<dÓ_��_�aF{Գ����@��G�W~e{�}ٗm��n6).����?���G�{��{N��k���۾�۶=��w~gÐ���9�[����2���~�_�'��߽��7�)/��O~�6ƌ=���y'L���������;��k�E}`n�Nlj�F�ϲ?�y0^����<��]s+9X�E�ή��؝/{��}Q�����fg�s���.��~8O~��'��A�K��̀a����.������e��s
>��`�'>񉛭1�(�����O�t�s���q�{l��_��_��O�G�z�3���M�n�1}�|��|�������o������g~�gny7b'�y�Շ}؇m�+�?1{f�;O8��>��:|�'��w�{���K��KN>��>�����{��(|C�~��o��/��/܎a׽0��w����؏ݮ˷|��w|�w�|�'|�V6������?|k���g�ʂ)?�>k{�s>�sN��K�t{�c��0r�nz�t��ѷ�i�aX��?��O�}�{���/������݋٤+x�+_���`��]&���?!������}w��l���^'���������n_Y��K寙�+�x��ӟ��-�f�_}��[�`��"x�}�w��ɣ����m-��s����M����ݶ}������2��#>�#6\�?�.acb�a��ع����&q[�]ߵ���/���o��o��W����m���Ɨ�9x�����h��-o�
��vs���p��y���fx���<e�����+&.з��Pe����-|��{�S?�S[߱[>��O��s��I���0��1`����>������y�8�c�7�+�/�fh�ۅ�����^���o�N�Y�#��o0^�o�	�f���[{��^�4���x|���~i��`:߫���HΕ�l*GyƟ����-o~�o�m�ٮ�/�����������J{��p�>X-���}�`�r�_����a<�SW��5ƪ�r��sl(o|�o{O�`9�7���<�1�=��o�-�[����(�N��_���V�`��և�7��_��m�p�a���������Ƌ
+X�

&x�w}�
7�K����+|��ٗ�ҏ�w����aJ�C�|3_R�q��tN�e��`���ž�F�8Buf��)���M}b�d��u}�����8�m��&��`ye�az����6۪�^t���uuׯ�Hߪ�6j��}.��}=�=�o\��O��`ss�iO{�fc��n�v��5���������������0�A�K��-�"9Wb�c{�3��ᣫ�M�S��������O<{a��_}�b���0{
_�.�-���ٯ�`2��=0�2���k�����{��m؉�(�����7��w�����w����˻��s����m�k�qP��c����g�?'�=|7�匃���~��:��ck�dž�;\��e�K�ە�]��~�G~d�g��~e���W�e/{����֫���{��~C���8>�׎���O9o<�`�H9�2���Bp$_]�����m�;b�����������E�󵣿����0�����_x�����Ӻ�E�0�;���}����Y�zֆ�r�u����R��c����{<�:9����vH��N�|�#7�ß�s���͟���1���y����o0�|"���_��͎�F���ɻ���R��?vHuNNN�Ʌ�s��'_@>��%eo�)�{�;}��>�я�����o˛�)G?�v�:m�y���6:��ߵ���b�<�Lߨ�p��Jm!�L�BѾ�x����x�;���1n�a8�K�\�llz��1�����O�c/N�"�N��ʎ���{�z�!CCCCCCCWO��q�~��ޞ\�ƽ��^��Q��rď��j�nO/�:��*���G߸��y�Rף�:�@��~`Gy��{|T�=9q�ݻ}���Z��{�=�����;�^�9��X��.B���+6#1U����l�y�>��_r.�{�e��WN��x��>�Q=���߮��
��6.��I��Λ"�
!��=e�6��_��_�|ٞ�'��&�[��"�z2������=�\�By�aJ���4�c��|GŰ��}�}ߖ�S�����}l��+�g�6�e��}�~���48>��y�ox�_T�C�y����m*׃�y:�;�=��r����z��:���e�hs�G;6�����`T��"���`v�}����~䛞���o1��l�Z�$�J�o�~�ә�w��!*�8D���u�{�6}k��
�z�s��~n�w/����=��Ae���+�m�w�j��u]�V^���+߾���<�k~ֵr_t'9�z�w���G㵿w�G7?�5}�/:������#�?kK�_�,�ܰ�����z%�q�~T�Y۬�!孲@�c���i44tkQˢѫ��r���
_˚�5��Q�ݼ!�g��ur�}����Zw����������~�s�U��w�֥cN���E��~���R��-�ޕO��!��U+_��s�'���t�Q�O�v_��Ҽ���^�/J���c\s���W�q0��z�,E��\Z坳��!�
+(Ɠ�þ�,��fb���Gf���O�8'}�Nd{��	�=��O���>qkd�#�ö���U���#!yh��n��r���c������E0{�.��m��S�6&�&�ьE�5�!����=�y�
&GMl���c`79;�R���r"�!v(�|5�s��ٲ�ɍ�b�m!g�{��{ovDϲ?j�`<x��%}���?������-���U��02�=`����%�Jp
��gd/��G��i����32�z=�5w�w���e�<��9�/�q�E�`V��u\���Z�k\�sY�R�O�oo�\�{
=���F�xi�~�}���4oi��7&�0�ʯ�/��Zǒzv?6���m~���<�<Q+^Z��:F{�}�ܴ�)+��|�<'��~�`���[��ޒ�`��=�����,h�sc���ϵ�8{����39�����}9�ػ#O���A�ه�ߓ���~���s.�r�����"�e�<�혶T�|w�k�,˻�<y/u̷�;��]�Δ�~w?���=}޽��n�Գ�.�����x�㴭�)���뮬>���|c�+�n>"��k�F�[�L���?/>i�ڇ^���[�4/a5v|�����O��I�Ņy�����>t�6�φ���}�}�M|W�����2��d{S��9y(��mP���䴔�$��NXʟ|�ޟkѓ�i��o�֭�p�</�/��y�{ؾ�uǶ���.�e^���[�i7e����w��盼2�VF�?V�#a9���o�0y׻�u�7^[�G���0f���>F�X��V�Ru�k~�x�Gp�\�p�MX.6��؄����#�96'�C߹���l��V�>�f����{Gy;��a��;�5������:��xO���v��l�2��5��oc�#�^���K�\�o�_����l=D��b���_V:Z{��
���,:�=<��q�ɳ��7��3�Vߍ�1���8��i�~�=�W�l�;<��3��j㡡������P����a�'�'{���󿽕��IN�"c��|�2�cהG�r�}�P�r��Fft����+�_Y�ŧ�3�~e�M��J}=�Xَ�M�p�s����U�ݑ-���7��� �HiĦ�R?��z���g��s��;S��]˱w�_]<�nb�RGe���-R��=���S7媷g��=�M?*���r���8�O?���o\�w���~��UNꚶr��S�X�ȑW2��
�Aƅ�Ȫm�[�Vh{��}��O��tQZ����K���Ğ�GP��1���~�2m�7�Ύ$7�vM}�|Zy�50�L���f%V-���$�g�K}�[���>d�����c�4�V�߷z���I�m���/e��<���&���=1�%�E�Q�?��gb�Lۯ��Up�=��=��
�6g`���{�"�{���[�)�u^�����<�_�X6[�F�z��-����?5��쵑���9�����uM��^���_��#嬾���W�v�~Wp`�8����>����]e��&���bj\d|���)����I�[���<�8��E�����צƷ{����m\�����f|D����@ٍ�Q0^?C���������@{�5�Zuv��s{c7�*ߕ>k�����6�wuYk�?it�Gs*��뵮

�xD.¿�e��H\Y��FA����Ovt/'�Q�A���M���"+9�<���2���8�WF���y�z��zy�_e�&�3�~��ۼ�9u�{|����,�(��r��;�>�=�Rg��M}�|�6#C��s��Ӷ�����<�8��w!�y&ߛ6α�d_guU�����{�[�w��s��S�ԡ�1��1�w{��;�o�۱�
�\d��z��gE�H~��"�Gs�3oϞ�g�� ��
�՛���f�;t�'�-��������'�&����d�a+�7	/�*�<(��O�m�G����-aS�
�5��0����_��c���g/rf�xlTry��=a;����A��:x�$���ƥy��T;�^�Cu4�¢�O��	h�������)����SH�F����-�M��-��1�;�%a�������ɝ�t�m���s>���}��S�N�XK��#��X#��I%{6�־���O���\4>�z��_Ѹl���C�E�b̰i������-�=oo	c�8t�~�>�j~�p;o�{ϸW�R��^�|��E�u���zG��;#�;���}�s�z���=�q=�{&����c����_�l��R�gS� �sr^=���{G�H{y�2�2�����7��ܛ���l{:�S�����Qw������ߡ^i/��S���;}�~�×ۚ�w*ϯwu}��}�{���)/e�=2���++����g�I��q�\�3�B�M������vO�9��Ϗ�zԶ�+��

�)9�ů�I�L�����5r�k�����v?"��ϳ~so���|��~��e�����)�}���}�C�W�߻r]<M�w��r>����G���9�+���\s~�����v�ɷ�nk~�P���s�^�?}�vH[������{<���sO��6�=VR���:V�f#�)���ȍ�?�3���%/�ڜ�OF�{���uNMv%r(���dX޹�-o/օ�d���ԙ<
�؆����fdo/z�X��dx��������u9^�|
ao�����F���0�g�ډ$��9vQ����ԇ�=������)��^������
�5�W�l����a��Q�'�?�{�C@�]�#����+ǾC]�N�~�R}Ɍp�v�^u%g�U�I$��E�?vm"G)���F�Շ��_����k>�kE�m%����!��>�����?���֞u��}��iϋ���4��_2���7�y��`#s�=��������^Ϲ�3H��=Υ|���?�#g;�z!�=��?�s-XB=����3�G�WF��w���S�R��9eu��W(�(���"u�k�<���;�%����vM��`��a�5XO}�`�|o�ɱg�6�?i���ީ�y��=��m����dM�7g��2>3VzLu�QӦ���i�`�����uul�h
ݺd-�+?��8��~�OB���S���Ϫ����R��S�*v�\q��j������ֿĘ�^�������]X�h�+�<ױ�S�2�S�6�9����:>�1��ĵ�(uH��\|@3ױ�����&%v$��~Q_�\r���\�y�:u�w<�y�֊�ڮ��݄�)����p��w�᧮�y�w����]Dg�:ִ��8?�/�6�|���ja�!8.c��ټ`n9/a�����/��	��w�ul��]B~�n��Ɖ|!��r?�+���.���l��\�/�<�9�~�	�$�s��ÖƖ���i��������2��_�ֲ�j0
��Ω����N�]��چ,s%�2������v���{�
1c5��O��E��ϼ��S�C7b����%w}^�
/���Z��u|2a�`?��\��s�4�ѱ?�\TƄ��y�$>�|��y|��[�����W߱�{ƜvMY��?v����ֳ~Qޕ��9�_��;r=���g�z�z�����~�����s��w=��\ޗw�U���'����O<�ߴ�wy�U�|��Υ��㙴c��{PbRg�
�z�2=Q�%�=ӟ��p�3�+#}��s^����㯞yo��:N9�G�)__$�@���mϨ���Ė��oI\A����3���|_� �#�9���d ϧm�'�Ú�~��'��(��9&��ي,��;�;d=��ȖG���ڳ�o�Ͱ?��R.9Vّ�=�Fv�N}ɫyW�D�:���X����OO��5�!�+��m[s������;R��;�a��|i�ts�W���^�dD�*����}��ߨ�;�~�'6#��߿��?�o��7�S��w���z%�J�r��C�wodƴ�^�y�c�s,�v����ӟ��S3/�y�c�\��e�k�����6�߈�á�o��;��˾���5|�1��FGF�w�=T�(b �K���o�dbN�����,�;��I2�Hu�����<X��d+x#9u��z���a����#9�a2,¾�^��=���	�'7�9��V��W�6�
�n�>0���m���I�Yf��}�7}�o;C���꣬���O�1a	c+���nɯ�}�4���E{�|�N��>��z�<�1WB�#����q{�Ō��e׽���\y��Î�:o������ֺ�ޝG2<��J.,c,|$m�����s�g��~'i����ͧ��h���X׋���ޙ`k�q�~W[�^l[􀽦D_�g���}��o{�I.�7���\3{��|s����ScԚ~4Σ=C�vCCC����B:#>
�w��.�5�yl���>9��F&oy�ޟ��\	�=�AN���w���[�~g���4r4�rF��'��������o����OftO���'���g7 /{NNAe|��}�&���b/`+�o³ʺ�=����ye�{�E& ?�E���nL�6����m����I�z|#��O��/�H�����~�^�.��9�Clڔ|�w�5�m��=b�����;���,��Rg�Nm�@F������S�r]���z#���0�k�b�c5oԆdf״�����L/2�W�9&��쟖\+�u�s3�����"��8���9���^<|�!�+V^�E�a6v0~����K�������v඿&�j�Iރ����"�vж����I�:_x�}c}���W;����ڎ�9��ߑ��qY'��\W�ȟ{vg��%gg�O�k����YG�ܷb�kE��Wn�V%�Jp��/N���k3��Y���ov����#����y��œ���ؓ�W�a�5�o��Ց�C���E(kY�1:':
s���-�
=�y�'�R���Z�ٜ��x�6���_{_���Zq�{�k�fw篧��I�fk�p�~e�W|
��X�ăY����vx�ͦD��{�oy��э3�T6^�N������e�B�t�ap���F蜶2>ي�y��|���o�W��Z���^�n��C��sM{��|U��F�:H���z�y�o3}���w��M�Oط���:�-�_�����
>�d���<1���7��6^��46U_�v<�1mǞ�yj���n
j?6k?&>G�Z���W��x%<+�xd��I�x�%��{�&>�:L�'���#��Y?ɮ���Ȯd�u�\�~<ͺw�W�_�]��\�+��묜��um��ǞIL���$�_�?�E��I��{�@q=xq�S��6���#�gm�λ`
�?02�����w���`s�iK�>�ΞMl:��{���ʄ��Z���m���o=��<"YA��g�=x9?�|��u�ꦾ�&�	���Fk����
��V��G�J�U�^m�'څM	���.{��/�s3����t�X&�W��Xk;���i|���m:�c0G�g��-m��	�n>8��}����;�a?��~_���0rG��j_�^�&����MY�k=��m��:������t���>���kk�1���z�[�<�ג��Ɍ�P�Ɯ���?f��sűk�7�������tu?w]����/=���P�Z���k?��#\�����<���Γ����@>��{z�9(�E�7Y{�ӣ��>﵆�l�����T���D��Z��I�Zo��������΍�7��uYy|��L�H��s�z��5Y����Z�_ϓ�o筋�3�7"<�]��
z~�/x/~I��O��.�O
�Yk��
O��ak�kO�os�?�:���h��=�W_(۸�Y+<�u�%9���ٺ���]d���Y뼺!u!w��E/�d�vV�����TO���貽7u�[RV�[��t��Y3zmT����]z�D_z=tFCCC7>e��}x��/k�*c��͎&�9]k����[w�k䄬�x�5��G�.��DZ+�>��[C�E���c��⥰Brթ��T/|�N���dbk.�?��C��ed�`����9����
�>F#�Df�S��Xdƶ-�����
�'<���
�A����	�'iWx?d��uakzI8�L�����Vm����e���l�'f_�`<����1<�=|a�D|��NdAu�Fp&�Q��S|/�*,h�l�<�ѷ��^pQ���j?��rr��Hn�-���}�q�6鈕�LJG��~U9n�`.�W\�'�md��_��p�m���=_�>쾶]�j�>[�`�՞ղNJ�]�ݵ1��[���|�<[�8e��-����,��|��0�6<o�M�ۣ�鶽yl}n���؎/f0��G�^�{%��!v,s�:�^�z�����H��zW�kk��c�1ٝ/�wx;�X��
����N�O�)킗��=�����e����M�ϚF�w-{��s�[�V�Z�g�6�6��hw�&���|g���t�tht�0���D���b�a�r�ﻼ紹`��`���I�?5�����"x�O����f=ӧ�v�a)>#�G=�,ky!�)���=0��1ƍW����ʎ/���cG������+�T���/2
y�܁��o�n�x�1~���m�Y�����Wϴ�q�}��n��stv��Z�;�g=T_㑬A&�u5}F��Y�l����y5|shh�M��E��DN�/Ӫ���J/[��$d��� �[������5�[�\|9;�I|+rox� y�;�a[���s������'�Cd�Ăe͌�(W�w�d�cϊ�i���.�[��z��󾴭�Ӕ���໵���_x��E���ůR�گm��
v�c��zo|ش
��Fo���~L��K[�|v\��LF���¤d��t�ߏǑ}�;|HGIcOL�_G����olt�o�^�V����3XF�&e/��di6rXC�����:��%[mICg�u���s:92ɬ�w���և��X���fFD�$�&�.xn����z�9gG&ӛlQ�k���_���.͵���k�;<G�>wt]ʻ�]���Y��ؙ_x��N}�U/x�6���﬽�'kd��#횜<�hz-zL�!�0�ʺJ7�����z~{�O���"1v�?1bx�r�,��_=�-�=�z-�3����A�6kW����"Dw�[�'�;��Zf.�O�U�=�ƒ�����mN�;�_��N���	�w4,�;�u2�g�G8�w����芬�ʂ��@��ĕг��K����F�xʦ�ï�p'�����'�޸[�	�&�R�`<�fm�p�^
��헰ׯCCC���=��=��ƨ�Y��7�j0^�<Oo�Y�`<笝�Ex�?�纷5�
>��J]��qB�>bm&[k�����ă�������V�_�*�5�5�7��c��L��\c���������l��嬿�<�I;��:�K�NV���ӱ���,�l|��6xيL�O�nc�GrY�|�xB����o����K����~��P��^��؂i����]m��惲�,ɳIw�L��ɷ;�q�{&ϱ��晾i[N�;�F�s,�<u������U�c��LDOB�������^�Y�۶O=�.1�a5� �x�L�u�?��0|g�����Nmr��{�ޙ�d>z��Şͻ�GY���ټ�S|`��+���[�@��EԆ��P�g);�L���Ek����:����9<̽�A���U���Sz=���ߺ��Η����[s������u�n�=�Ǟ�f�Z�w�����Y����5�b��㏪?�'�xlv{rF�)<��P6_v���r4?×����s���x�O�l�N[�M�.�o[�G� ������r� Y���M�:��=t�q֞�I`�Q����H��a[��sGm144tkQ�cz:�82:�C�h�8�ޫ@|z��`��e���	�a�:�8O�I_n��7��r6��Ì�i�x��^�y��z��K��6�G�G����BoGV����&�Y�i�J[W��<�&#��`�u�bڷcy�8����%�[+2&���d�J�B|)y`��ۇ�d�<߉g��w�W|�`o|���V�w�Ex��p�_���kɇ�x����xh���[�e���E�t��dz�;d��͓��<h�1�^g�)��\��q��#���{��d��g��ѶɌ��[[s��κ'W�7�Sl��{�9
���6��������T�ON�ggl��ɭ�\+��چ��칏��1=˚S�z|K����z��ž����I����eb.v���j����o�.F�wLG·��c�e�'lR��E��vP_�k��5���vv�z�7��~Cz��'~���{}���^�#;����kߕ�e�}G���������z$.�uX���=ߍ_��į����e��z�S���v�6�����n<���c���{��|�)�E���y��"y�2�gH�9���纞�9�G��<��:L����f�ϻg�b'����a<m�N���A�ƃ�ۺ��nm�: ֍/�6oO��0>�Y��������;�|~Yk���W�<e=bO�%O[�H�k�刯f�e[��!ʤs������U���$ʃ[��x�������қy��]�Z1^C�{h��:��О�x��w�ϗ��aKY�����&�&#�7h}��?߉Җ�`���W�+���#����?^��{�,�����Mb��]���x]o�َJ���U�/���#���Ǵ]�=���`��[��b�����u���ܒ��5����z�5�-����7L���}��5�/m�2`�ύf�˻�]�K�� ��jh�#�z^��Ň�=��{���:��%?	ٚ��dM�'C�����m��B��ǭ�i|�	ϊ�g�OXANky��0�*�����$k�g��\�ڊ^VaG�fh������q1֔�DW���֯v��:�X[�_��^t�l�=�{��=����F���k�-k}� ��;�͵���f	��c������z?	e�w�O#}���+V���Ȭ���Õ�U�V�&�=��Ͽ��8��߂�"�;���3�U��ؤ�(aX� ��n?u���=�5b��e��01��^��_t�ƹ�?�9}[;Xoh�֢�]�qt�b�,��=�a&k�Z�zΚM'j����G#ó?���LL~̇_cK�{��0�m�&2�zX��Q1e����_���-�[<V�S��|�6x�l�8´͊IV;^c��Y�{���=�c��VGs>���_;�7^�o�߃�fx�w�nNs
�K�k�u����>��>���cƛ�0��
������u�+�}[����|�M�� y7�gl��5���9�s������6��9ڎ@GA~�
/>��������~~ۀ��G��6�g�m�����_:�V��\�B����{��=f3��`���Uk(�N�e�^���o�x����.{�x��x��?^+����g�B�$�؜�>Y��M�)雬I��4�S_<'�c܃�����ћYC�Qtk0^r����ы����j����2��ٞ�V�H}���N�r�{�։�&$_$�o��;5O�8m_�u����:��0�	�!�����?�Ԯ���¶�_��4V�x�y�_��k��v�>���]`LvO���$�N��q�B���C��#��ܓXV׽W?j��f|�7�W���md������31�x&=~a|��6��D�J.�{u�V{k�N�M����n�co~��oh��&6�����1>��f�|��z�D��.f���"��tcp��4�R�*�u.!3�:�a����x-߱��B��ş_ƿ�ѹe��ܷu�}5���^���ݫ�0��qB�w����CƉ����$�/t��_�{�(����_M�����;r��nP��lj(~Kw
ogߵ�ɐ��e�W�ym�b|���v�;���L���j��^�j�����_�o�ϛz�-����9F��eF�^�Q>����5�f���C�[{D�i�C`�Թ�Z���'c��-.�;ڇ s�ܲ6�7���S�����P�;g���/�	��Y�y=��slx9�����N�B�FK�������;b���k�:0:>86�~ޟ>Ƈ���Ch��\�{�,M�V�5���ڝ���>�~Z����Aʅ�����2c�i������S
?Y���z�/��3�+q�X:�x�<{����G�5���O�^'�g���=,���x.�@X[�&�8�/���H����k;���:��|2��D?�W��:���>�m��W���}cH���'�>�1�'e�^���-:��8�^e�v0�q�z��l2\��g�V����(r5����Z��i����L�FљY3�u����I㻘��� y��	��?���Ҋ��NZ��$|��߆!�?9�u>F���L�5~��y���@�fd/9�}�x�c��C-����GO��X�ڟ�/����50��ЎlJ��i�>x(Df��l��1�'{g�����ߗ��/�-��V��H�k�O
?�N��A�W��&Y������~�lt�|K�9��t��	����-;O��-�1+ڙnfc�f��`��_rl�=Ř�ϯj���W���s�V%m��ۺ6�������/ȸ�k��:v����*�/�W�u����G��s���z}G�j���������j�ɱcѹ���xL�o��x�53y���Tڮ���]�%kI�I�FYO��XSa0�H�F���&1�i?>�v���G�T�?���٧3�Д�[�&kҼz����ɾA�[����^��Z�^��/
�F���ܯ~07~�?`*�R��=�e�t߅7�I���o־�?|2va�K�j����k��e}�Ϸ����Q���;o�[�O$/�n�� �*d��\��x��:�����wu�k&+�z�?����-	��f
dS����b��tR|"O�'��|<]��[��ߕ����aez����;�;��b�	�)�Ql�51|û�fM���ӟ�g���ruf�S�����ʢ#s�u��O| k�|��j�0}+~����9�C��.���R��g��[A���3�{��/�L������mU�}��F�^Ov�nt����%� ��ޙw�a06��W���x'^���9��mՁ��Zc��l�����bƉ���6v��\�[��wj��\�E?о��SL�n̒��'
�K<^�^��[���F0c�,[Oܜq�F�Y�M�m8�U�N�΅�Ɩ����5�F�w�`dBxƼSfn���0^��Ƌm�c+A�Y���?��誮Ƿ��ze�"�Z��'��s�;¿��]�A�k�u�zGWi��mlJ��<׺?�,�5���;�kx����w���״����ʲ���:�E���8bu����^�m�ɡ��U�
�%��I� X/x��GY�Q'�Eߐ|W�>�Fѻ�����z�����G�|k�)�I=�Z��0��#�e� �'����X&�W�������{-Y�]N��}���/����GN��m��1~�+����LNUmj���K�Qʮ��`1e���o�Ǝ�x!��o�X�N��|e`_��n���U��Y�2{8uߵm�FY�����y��7�	��Cxg�x�s�Z��G��6��P�q2�2�s8g����E�odRq����QHޏ��w�M"��0�k�(�	�>��)�W�+����#�}ʱzy����q������ZO~���F�<�-k��!���&�"|�o%� �~���{�w�n�)�a��~���N�>8���3���l����yF�g_)��ҹ3�5�aO�Lm�y}N���&�=��N׌�{$����a<��>u���o!�9Oߛ=9��c���!�L9Ny7F]��0s����3=yX�O����}��6"DF�^�{�X�������<,C�H�=4k`���C�k�eG(k|g=2��������^��tk|(� �4~�=�:_����{�9�ޖ����<��;~�1���8�<�k�v1'�)djsK_�%�fk�5���6Z��g�	��Fl-�D�q�2���9��5��s<��N��p�bM�7�+cSN���Og򧩏��N���(�˚�{�X�<i����x��_����8<8D����NK[y�[��Y��5��U�k�~O�þ���U�#^���_m���U���i����C�e��?�E�>�{�M�`�1�*X�N[]��|'~
�l}�+�98N$����_��rԝ.�{��s������|6�?���+e�ͻڎ�9����nj�A�dz��m�?����~?�W��+o
�vZo�kNrI�lsd��u�o�)�I���~�=��}��/���5� sg/�F��w�׭��z��Ʈ���
�u������#��th�Nx�������Aǽ�?:^��	��)�R�U����6�k�E�zЅ���KdrL�-:]|������Cd��}?*Y�l�o�@�6�D>T��V���ߑ��a�A@0�/�Li���������}=�Cڴ�9c/8�3W�8.{'h<��{�k��%�=�����<�U��y�G�h�N�=�ȿs�)���5q���ͯ�>����z�7�ة�5���5��o�e�˘%w�%�qh� s�)�HlU�_�w�3�}���Ln}�>B�s��m��_��ꎇ�Qx��Ό<�O���ٻ<�k�ag"��a��u�[�����k�HG�~�״{ƒo�����#����P�[#�<��g���{�ѳY�՗��ۍ���?C��g�h����io�ݾͳ�;<��?� Y��`�֚>C煿d��h����ތ�F;&��M�œa"��������6Ɨ�u�ij��Ia<�+�Q.�˞����GCڈmS?�O���	H62&�?c˽��9)��[�����ר[�h+�ds־�g����z�̡����u�鬣�]�vb;g}�k#�g���u�zG�w�u�ڗ|��O��frt_v[��G��;�U��K��w\$Gld��9���e�p���H��^������%�r�`�nm��TWmA'�������������M�>���s�g�W�9}�Lm�2r�&���r
��:%�"�����``������ɇN�l�X<�s��$���d���:�s���yA.�m��O����4�c�_����o�ݲ��{�vd[c��I6�N�/3�$��tl�5n��b?��6�4�&���+w�u���;F��=��+l"�=�x��J{Gv�Z�~:K���b��$ul����p{=)��Z���g�;l����?h�ۓ�[ϐ�6��Xe��0i��;{mHLC�i��7�/|8�=�Q�F�P;�{�=��_��P>��gO�xH_%�@�Z���^߭=a|}�([���!�6W����:p��{�qv�D��v5w�B�c����>ո�΃�;�5=!l��{�)��L�'ov��~���⽃߆��N#k�	�%�G޷�Z�������9k�GW�<�g�I��j�m}a�3G2k�c�Uϴ���?&��"~�ds�.���I�K������i���m�X{Y���u���D�Z���ސ�{xr���b�<�/V��x/1;��x����}��-�|y�9����c$t�s%c��@����L��r�������ŦGƦSǿ��:&/}���\w��=�>��q�m�=�#G�w|���E�:82i�Ǟ�}����ݏnɜ��AfT���6~i#s�\��O��[%Do�Ŏ�`?�o\uYY��&�r���=�+/j�Z���]w_��{V����oh��	��'��ml�e׵t�/(u�=��j�;ފq}{�8�=5~�+�J�v,@�*����\�]���wF���q����56yZ���;k=9����_.�����'��i��P�W��=�zF��l�=�]v�z6���������W�NS�O�B�@>���O|����z<Gg��M�n�Ժ�~W�!Wy��C�kw�C��+Gro㪋���M��$;��;�A'�&�~���mk�_r���ƣ�<���7X@��[��:^|m�=[i���G�<�im�����+6[��(>K��MG-/��ot��"f��&��؛����5ۮ���[A.c3�{��/���oa�_�0�e�����i���a�;v�P���-��+^���_Lx.{ܭ{#�凙}�7=�k�/{���pY�ɲ|����naO��_�S���<��YC�M����n�|p�7������S�i�M=OW>�r��J�X��V�z���ܫ���3L}��x{v����i��Ϧ�=��o/��c��Ďw�`��^�W<��[o������O����z��Q�>�x2���zt�0���}-���V�����r��,���b��ehhh(}���O��o@���8:T�Tq[l
�/6�er�ȗ/V�zx����r6�����b��Wk��6bga���
F栋;oy�Z��I��
�	������RL�-ގ�=<�H�_����������q$O���1!���񌣳�x�ȟ�d�ī���_%�n��v�Nq{�a�=���j���;��~�������_�Xb�'����g@n����b�K~��uOגO�1���W�_�z��O�٤x	l'^	?��W���k0�"�52u���`��ڑ\�6m_��t[�����v;�s{�d��5���3�����Ř!����5�]�q��>�>{��=�M�@@��f�/yW����G�Q�qk�A���'8w���>�)�]G:�U.��;c�����ߚ�.�S[�
���+ƶ�}Ly�1�_׏���x���ЍG�_��Ñ��ӑ��k$�H�ϹF�H�J����Ϥm��=���l��O[ӯ�K>gq���_t϶���O�~L��9��]w,��7����r+��R�����{rS�6�^����qm���s7
��X^�b,��
��߲�yr�t��⿙�����k�\�{��{�2����P�ȑ��kl�����Lkv�_N�dcI�L��#/	=�u�/˚W�z�p%m�{�H�#���a>%��M���9Hn-�,�ʜO�Z��{�[}:^r�ͳ{����G�ۼ*��}�W��X��g�%爵�.R�e����z��g�D�6;�6�D,:,I��_}�����V��l�Gr�C�-r���^;6_�w�͛�}�7�‡;��y$?��:�`<s��5^�a�L�,�d�=2Z�鱴�Ib��uhhh�4Zc�O�[���p��;�N�I�V�=��i�_�N��:��+���'��1�Wxr��
^ɷ^+�f��QY+��}���ϰ�y�3{�Q��F��oƘ��W�ω��V��&<�Oί{ⷙ�,��%'Fb_2����~0���~j�R�Av}��tI�m��]��7�|�m~s,�
=,�������='�H7��Z�V��NՑ\�@Fg��F�9�;�0�ѻ�3wV?�k1�*/�����W�����a�ƱG~ �?���g���=�|�լW�ٲZ�7�V��Q9�ߋ#H{8�х�c�J�~f���+�

�zY����z�=����rVe?־g�G��Y��
��Y�O�H,�k���W�j[\������m���)pZ�񵠳�^�^x���E�2�N�׋`�w��Y���&�8�Ir���%./���A{?��lI�� �2��f��u���F�C�Sυ��ԧƒ<r���� ��ɝ�{��e_��8����a�EO��?v��ۉ��<��{m�ɽ�ٗ���\��x�GZ׮�Jf���N߿ڈ�&���u�����({�o�[���o
�Z}\�=������M����mfy�j\�5p�����]�a�Y�U����`{�����}��ZFJ���i�o�q��~�+�u=׭�k����:��^�r��Ek�H���ܖ2ϲ'�u:��|��:}%�K�j$��G�+O���
���3�l��O��Hٓe��j�Y�`��r��<�G�z`�+��O˔݇�"G˃������~�yٗ9�{�e����yb4��_�i?O��α=2�
��l�tp\p]r�d��k��/��_��ʑ�>%k�*O�zw����_m-�_�*�k�s{xeoδ=u��q�A��ݘe�x������v���=�����e���~�]����IY�o��Z���8\�9���i�W���0�޵��z|�ol�{ߘz���z=㼟߳Q


��z��9��t�o��+�������w�8k��[������Y�χe��R,��)ܾ�����kߛ��S�/G�q�}���/�+�'7����_�w����i��H�YK�v3��񱓏�~�	�Ş�X<x.v��>08��'��<����j��퇲ƮkK����+VN�]rfv���:��/�?�_�.����Ʀ�<�Yc���˶����
�:N��������h�۽��a�~ך_r��{Nӗ���i����Z��W�f��o��jx�_l��~�z}������w��o�~���>K�:�淫�;��=Z����}oO�Y�5�������C�Ö�z��e]k/K|�3��8g��o�:�{�������
�Gj��؀�m^�d����Ji���k�n�U�Y�^�k�h�lm��CH|���+���*�<,�y9⻙�-�I�6��='�_v��M�=Xn��=�yv�M7qw�Ō
/y3a<���r�?�g�d����Y/��Ct,�������B�W��u��\0H��{�ˍc"3�8����i_�~�j_ܛ�y�g���ᑵ��7��^���c{qsG��y^Ǭ���95.Z�a�ᠽ>Z��h�4/<j��f���^ٮg�v��sܱ�=�{�e/�n�#�j�z��򆆆��N[k���jtV]�w�;M�w#�Q]oO�p�o[u�d���%�>c�������K\^0_��u.N8���я~�C={1��iz�#Y�Hֺ�6��M_�,��<�y��-��ƯW��� �5~��[�u~���x������_?O���6~��l�[��籟\��f���2����}�*��^������E��E��F��CCCCCCC�C�-�nV.Q�ş��gn���C/1y��7���ݏ�'_^�׿���oht�kR�������춼,j���M��j[M{ǖہ�h���?~�ˉ�����%���w�C����<�tƕ���o��ִS?N{��٧�L��%�f��s�]���?"�ˇ/����e��A�a�շv0�`���:��(o�>��ž&���W���^�̶߉�sL&�~�|�+�qu��������������(F#@�̛��g<��^f�v�M��ػ�d	��_g�R�	�c~�p�#���[l����}U�"����~�2VH�SrƟ�=z紡g��s���-7Jl�p�}"S<�Ɩ�_�„r� ���|�[����vZ�ڡ�����������Q�SbC;�{���կ~�ɣ��MvϞz�=xNNN�����|�OGp���za��;ۖ�8yb׺�\f���b�[s-�=��������J~�&x.6;�p�=����7�L}k�<{_���N_�u�qhhhhhhhhh��i��[��e�k~|�1{�S���m�6r}�7c�s�ɱ��8���w�56"x��
�5��?��m�<����偿�i�~1G>������a0��k�M�]b�`6�:qx0L�~ṡS���`B�����>�����
7/�ٶ�=?�xCCCCCCCCCCWOk�sk^Ǝ׋�<�|�^�Wl1[d~�Y�o|8��:'|���%�{�=�4‹O�ӷ2����c�X�΍>���a��m�k�񏵷����gm1��<ǿ2yR`����x;���������ɴ�ݫ^�������F��\��'��okhhhhhhhhhh��i�_�\⤲�U��r���g�܋��Nl;0̇��[�cx08���`v={��&�ٚ?���)6�ੜs,&�������
�=���)� �p�p�$���`�K.��i�}�a;yX���zk1~{v��f��ná������������ב��r���׽�ў�N���)F�c���؉�gf���������7zЃ��A�<���
o�|��>�M~��n�ˤ��������m�w|����a8����g�V��es��[|3a8~�p���l�c����j?��[/�����˶�^v�









ݬ����6�u_ϴO��A�|lG��~��^v��<f�rq�n�ђ�z�P�e�}�9Q�q��4�K�F��Ao�
�;��7n1q��˿��V��g~amX�}��厑k�LϤݝ��p�'�'�]u���^W�[��\����_shhhhhhhhh����^�G����;Yϱ����>�0A�=`	���7���Mol�ܝ�����Ye<�я�r7���/�|�ka��8�\��>�#ztn�)ۣ�k|/�,,s־������?��-/擟�䓇=�a�K�����%�6���f���eϳw��H�+��[��
C�}�<cb���˞CCCCCCCCCCC����@>ο�˿�U�eou�$�-~��;a=��y�ٙ}�����1�{�|�3O^��o1|�~�#��Ķ�w�ẟz��r���E0�Y�ۏm���p\�N�ԧ>u�ς=��T���Ԯ�Z�,�^�ɛ��)p�X;}a�vW�!��/=�����p�^������������n
:�k/�Zp�ܙ0���y�C6\���#���ۇ�7�O���aسص��ǟ!��� ���.�h�q�h��霘�{Uoq��ba:X6����8���59S��;i������ϯӾ�R�ŵ����]�yCCCCCCCCCC��'�����^��
k<�q���R�<���<��-��^�}�cߋ�g�_�y�E�����d��Dn��%l[_�!�rѬ{���}c�	��׻�۷�M
6��|�o��Ʌ��`���S�<�`ay4�>e������y��fr�








��t�V�<�}�<��?A�C���>w����m`?x���/1}��������O�^b��>�IO��ד?��3u�?_rDv�yb�=��f�?8N�{NاN�`s�/���ʅ`7���`���d��+�yX�p�_��m6M��k�������o�i�<4444444444t��i>|k���1j�go5�=��Moz��k^���.r=�3��ذ� ��A�X0^�$Gg�b����)���~p�s����E�{�M�^b�A�A9D����r�������K^��o��g�F�|���Q�W	ӱ�i�Q��[�O�7/���?��'�|�#7�߯���o6:yR�aQ�b�����a�����7�硡������������lZGv��Z���6�؎`�@�Vaw���(y6a3�^c��b����Sep[X0��Ļ��e���)�9�.�r��A��'>q�lj���v�ǜ2Rn�:ア-�c�x��{�|��ٻ��xĆ�[�?�� ��V���cs��z�?CCCCCCCCCCC�&u<^��<��_�v���r�(���7�#W�}�(ƶ&_�=�ټ��4�c�i�T0 �%7I��.��~����}�{ߓ���>�o�aB����f���E�d�3`���N�Q���V���rg°샾#���9�y�o�y��7��W��e�������������w��>~�G{������g׽:�On���9Fr����o�|D�7��G}�$�(R��<�u	�J=�~�=4^>j��#?ً��X��oCCCCCCCCCCCח��0��R؋���g���y��|�r���ƪ�w{�񬼡�^yG���}�zߞ�G��u9�#g���͡���������[��0�ѽ��8���sZ����_�΃��r�;oa�+��;��5�}ONN>�������������Dd�����r�
�
s�@��A?�����Picture 10"������b�ӡ,]o�"V���跺�Q���=�n�,]o�"V���跺�Q��PNG


IHDR�)x%��sRGB���gAMA���abPLTE���������������������������  �((�00�88�@@�HH�PP�XX�``�hh�pp�xx�ᇇ㏏嗗矟駧믯�￿�������������������P�TtRNS
 !$(+/67:<>BGHLPRXX]abhmptwx|�������������������������������������������=	pHYs�&�?�]IDATx^�c$�y�pi�Ί&e�Ϭ��E{$�K����Q&���Ȳ���۠�o�;����o�7��Q���K�Ѝ���2���Bյk�����'�������W"r���B�_��8)""k�_�]��RDD��p�𕈈�����W""�B�_DD�H-/"�fjy�5Sˋ��Y���y��z�	وTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ���Ӵ�����O��a<����|�?��ڵ�[��|���v�Ϯ_���d8kt�N�
���������׿��}q�ׯn��?�K��w�!���I8�q���…����v�w�߼�}��o�%����h0�G���p�?���4�I��'v�|�0-_�C��OƏG���ۆ���&l�(l�TF��{6��pgc�����7��#)���n�f3��\�;�����&7:n�I�܉��Nf����敛e1e�a���6���d�D�|�#뙬mZ>l{k5n/��;'��x�9y���w��^�S�¨�S�ޡӚ
H�_��9��[���7	����=-�-pb;�0���e���'�p�[��i
�
��/n���??��o�l�7_�2�ԕ�x��y�����Ų��mɪe"mrq�p>�38���6����.tw��{��r�y�f�Zb{҉b���ލ�
�z7V4Y[�|�O��+��t�F�sl���X�\���K;�_0���t� ߰Ͷ])�\[T�]�f�����߄���u�ݩe[��0�<������	�d'�.����Y�9UO���i6��������[q�H�2�ԕ�x��LU��_���'i�p��=�f�����s��Q�����]�/w��RNK��,�тnVx��g����?M�?|=�����i˯i��oy��b����m���~��~���S���hr-��
A�¼r+�a��6��i�l�MRoؕ|s�I�����p��=�/�s�uI7TO8ma�7�iz���%��!U��
�{<��4U���'����/�;x�YK�/[�;������(�MK՜�.ls���Qϛ7٬�|����p�������+�-�y���Z޶�s�����k ���f���C:�Zo��Zf���ù6�N�9a8�fz��͎�I���&fl�����p���7,�s�uI7�Rv�����hw:�/��I���*���=o�)Z>\?��o5=�s��/[�;���D9�s7:
n��R5���A7ciG[�͛l�W��g��<\�R\��������Z��æ��N|�mn��t��],lQ���o�6�y�k�MW���a��_�P�g{$�y���5��$^+|9��1c�|wF�g�������|t[=غ(��������}:������t�2H�ad���7��8
������.��}0k]&�˖��>�s7:
n��R5gp'3X>�y�&�&�~�2�1���'{W�[��V5Y�|���^�o���~�&6"��EX�R)���7���t���������%�u��ȳ�nw�M�7�'nbƖk��.�6��<���<�m�.*f#X����<:���ۆy
!^�9Re�d|�G�������F�?a$�����A��Dw������썎��ľ_..ܙ��`��ne��M7ˊ���p�p�_�g��XƋ���Ö_�dm����׆�ÿq�s��Ӓ��D8'�����|I�&��2��t7����L].j��0�QI�I�&�&?6��ky�]o^:�7���y�uQ7\�n���ՍN/8���}�r� l�TF6���A��#;�T��?I�H��Ύn���pF�Dw����d2��7:
n�F|���]��0�ţ��M7+W�2�jܸ�@���&'�\�����;���ڲ�0�k�P�7���k"^.L�W?����Zf���m��s?O�D�ՙ���C�t���.�7�6�|!�oۛ6{Š��pN����7ly?:���~j/�-n��H�ad��=m����\>�pەL�e����
����Qp�ط���
�b���,u6o�Y���p��'��E69���2^\�|�뚬Z>��?�f��U6,lSز�y��/��]i��K獯e6]!�n8����n�X��8��}�
{��&[�-��v�w�ؼpr�`4��(�l�s���H��x���\����>�M��Ça��0����ceS��SwYv�O3��6	'�}6�e��<����0����
�\���>-݌u�5z�ټ�f�efg�
��}5���d���9��嚬-[>�[�@P�^۔���C<'|aۜ�?���̦+�
�]����.��W�xc�.�p�����M�5��-Ҧrb;�Pl^<���x���̆MFl�x{a8F��\����g�㭐*��F�{<��lt�צ�X8�h$����Lt���������썆�mb[ʗ�c��m�
S\�G�͛nVؠp=��/��h1���
ە
�ށuM�B-�섻��@cU2����׿��|�b��2��t7���)�X���pc\����ᚬ�ViK9���](6/��gw�Ƅk
/��F�F����zG��6�/�-Re�hx����g�Gq��pq�L���o��J9�s7j���6�/�7JSR<�݉�y��
�A���g�+O����a˯k�j�t�����wۼ4��α/��?���Zf����S<eS.o#\��gv��o�����FO3�d��Pl^:�W�s�uI7��Hc�_�.�htt����w>=Re�lp����}����pN�h�Kq�~�L����]�����q�8��b����Š��$me�7o�Ya��*����
gp<ٻb��-���Z���B��d��J���`��/ↇ�f�����t����4�i
�9��p�o�&4��)��p��`w3M�,��.��Olԟ_٦ڬ؟a�����fP=��nNP?Z^p�m���k�>	?)ӏ���*��f�=.7w0�!��g׮}sېbڂ�H8��t������Ź�����܍���|ѓ�e�r�ti�`��w�WnVxl��֥����p������l�UM�2-&!m/����O����0���
��p�ɵ̦+�
����@�ҋ���x���ް����
�-rb;�Pl^>�<�.�w�ѷQ?+�:j�m�D��RG�#�������}1��Ŵ��~‰xF�߶v&��-��G}�n4^ ^?]�dvu�܁QZ�3X>��敛.�D�)
Lŕ��b�w$~7�މ5M�2-��}V�W?���uv�mq�3��4�:����ur-��
AwÁ����fo��mw?�����y[��7	�o��4��{�l˧�Pl^�^�Q9��O~cװ�G
���ʯ�
���w׏�~�O�1�b<��0r����k�%��������wi{�i�p�d�31�l0>w8�&7�.@p���ﴺFi�`���x��Lǹ
}6x���?���_��z&k����ң�	وTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�f�T��NB=�H��3�F��S���C�?���ȟ~��)����?K�i��gvv�&�a����oZ~t�����eě���oX´}?��O��/�����Nئ�1���4������.�A�lD�#R�d��:f�vx*�Π�c�ӓ���
͔��o���턟	�Ch���9���-ݮ����?�u��e���n�p�]��z=	���~��D���5�S6���w�!֟Z�%=4���H�aDj�LU(+���H�t;��O�.b~�+���k�neoM/��Z>���Ol�4\����[[7v�`{v7v��6����_�/6��_�kj�?��a��?���?M��������w�!֟Z�%fL-߄TF�f�T�r�ՒeX;���o��;�ly��4n��c��e����8���
,d�p�a�ɳ3�9�F��ٲ��_����p�L���w�!֟Z�%fL-߄TF�f�T�r�;�����3j��L_�;�ӖW梴[��H��ceq�ds�3��]/�ц
'o�����)
;��ٖN���<�.;�S˻Č�囐*È�,��P.�sS�kg���/�r/[>��;����-���W��beY����=��ù���G6�<O3k��S�����0cӖN���<�.;�S˻Č�囐*È�,��P.�z>�e*�a�Z����ݹE�;-TT��UV8/\:UV�7Uz���O�g)�mw��6�<��g-��T��/mgZ~8eA7���C�?���=6j�6��0"5K�*�K�R>e5l�T?]w-��Ί�-���M�SY�}��=��ʖ�$���x�����n�`��6�M&ldl�p2l[����#.;������w�!֟Z�%>4j�&��0"5K�*Mz��v�-+������_�0W֧酅��z��O�������7l0y�[>li|Ud��Jˏ�����w�!֟Z�%>0j�&��0"5K�*�Kh��'��é�d�-����x�L��:J����UֵO~�v���v�j��_�/�M���
L�p4+�|��Uء�Z���)�|�]v����w�S�7!U��Y2U�\Bu�#������1by-o�·Y�Y��TYVh}���K�[��֋�w��w(m�`lF�~��������Z~4e����e�Xjy��1�|Re��%S��:74��7��Aˇ�N���>~Wj�����AS�K����&����Q�������hʊ�g�v����w�S�7!U��Y2U�\�uh�a�Z>uR@y�-.�_��De�q��'J���.ߓ�~�Ŝ�L�4�۶�ݣ���K��T[~8eE�w�+�?��K̘Z�	�2�H͒�
��#4J(�a��2���ly��oB���pY�SY6n_�����׮}
/4\wk+h�ц�� ���;{�T�a��<�&f����e�b�]v����w��K-߆TF�f�T�r���][Ȅ�PL����ži����y�_`e�WV�����V���
N^zK�����&�s��O�X1e�k��w�!֟Z�%=4���H�aDj�L�_���ڱ����P;�H����t�&�w-�;��7�.�G�78W�]��x�ڧ�h7ܽ���;_ʖ/7,I?�>��v�'� �hۺ������^�������w�!֟Z�%=����H�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ��?��K̘BքTF�F�j��S˻Č)dMH�aDj��VZ���S����(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����?>�;6{ť�9��=W�$��D�#+�柑���-}9��9��M��N���j��V��n��9�ѻ�tᛮ�?JW��$���dFV��?#/�˽��>�9��~�R�Z��J�g����V�h)�'\��ۨ�g���eY6���d2�2{���f���W&=��ZZ�[����M�pٷ�n���E*JL�ade���ɼ��MrR��t#��ʤ�3XK����hH�k.z��Fj�Y���dFV��?+o�̽�#���N7R˯Lz<�մ|>p������\�e�@-?�T��,��ʰ�g��<���O���Z~u������˧T�K6�P��"%&�0�2l��y�l��|I��Nj��I�g����\�x&�?�t+��,RQb�#+�柙�L牿��~��Nj��I�g����v��{\�bb�|�(1Y���a�����g��|��Nj��I�g����vaNx��{�Z~��fj�Y���dFV��?;�E'=�_T�|�I-�:��V��p�mNW<�b'�/��g���eY6����\�@���Z~u������KN8�]�о{��g���eY6��?��|(���>�_��x+j��������,��g���eY6��c���yʫ����Z~u������^��?�/�y��vj�Y���dFV��?K�u��y�/�q?�_��xkj���?���w8頖�E*JL�ade���	����s.�~�I-�:��V��农���j�Y���dFV��?S�]�6���.��I-�:��V���7D�_z�'�����������[l/��o��v�����b!%&�0�2l����(\�)�kߴ�_?9<�k�������1�l�㰜�=<|�{c̳�#�Z��V���[�U_*�����i=�{p���-��rpr�q:k��у�Sfn>��LB*Jl�ade�3�;���S~���i�wO��7���ӧp�-�)�鬃����O��"���-z��b����x�]NO��Կ�t��3�Φ-�iᄒc�:��Vov�\��ĖFV��?[�=���X~�ӻ���9#�˞�Fv��}:k�<)~��_�����Gr�����|~nuz@�-N��َ7w��\����J�}!�ARQb�#+�柭�L��俏<�t<��~�+�2-4�=�s���g�Gr���յ|>pYy�A~������jk �3��EZ�m�g�m�{K]���fFV��?['��*o�=��y?:xR�Y���Ox�!��H�3����5^y�p�!�/����y��K����/�����
�(�U���a�����F�?�ܾ����2�D��?G�q�/��-��b�W��݁�=c~���կ��d{>��������!fx����=6��qtt��Q�X�0r9��IE��2�����!��7��q�v��q�������C*���|�!�9�>zr����͜'��b����B9=�[�{�L��#��/�|��;|w��?�v�n�O���wng��(�M���a��Z~���qx�Y��S�s���
��G�/Cؾ��W�wY�v߭|=�y�\-�}}-���{��	m�Ii����ђ���bھ�=��1���x��d���&FV��?k��R5��Hw��ۋ)v��s�0b�n�w�ۍ�>v/8ؿ`���H�Ӿ���t�}j�Vveڽ��腕�m>g���u���yN�i^��v͓�[dY6�����F~��{�)�H�3�-1��_y�u��?W�]�č����n�H���–�.g�x5�X�;8�f��#/����-��OM�>�""%��0�2l��ˍ9�_�o�}�8*c����|��m[������J>*y�vcx$W�I_a���y ��w(���g�i�*�m[>/��3�T����#��A#+�柹�Ϋ�]���i����so5�w���n����sb�w㋵�#�Zi΃��|���(gt/B���gC����۶|�}vrǂ
��\t���FV��?{�O�y�(L��S�]un:��8x'�-[>?+0=<L_��H�V��`}-��O��[|�P���n<�2<�ء��k�|��wgX�?ʽ$HE)mO��ʰ�g/�Uͤ�y�?���;�v��<G�e��?F���#���;<����<X_��hN�ðT�.�;�}��\�O_�<�Ͻ|��'%��0�2l��˅Y�"+�z}4��[z���Op����
��j�)V��{�?��3�b�d����F���H>�:�#�"#%��0�2l�9����'��Q��r-���?�8<����<Xa��p-ޘ���l��(r.��诽]&�n�.��T���D�����}�}�|D��m�ҥ�k��5�����+^�W��H�S�Ζ����Tk�'���0��l��ϻ:�?CbmӇ�]L���6'bde��0�G��j�c6���q��ϯ=�~0C�?U�"��\-�|�-��~�
�}��>)�����el����y���B�FۄT���D����=s\��Wi�zvxп�̂-�e��gWv����j1��l��_<zcJ�.c6����ᣃ����Z>_�$\�� %6�0�2l�y�{Ã3y�vD������~Oo�\��
�H�S�Җ�y�J޿�}�׋��z�b-߽o�	f߅�"#%6�0�2l���y�
���o�����i�c���>�d���	��j1�+m��&M��9V?s�����`����r�K�RJRQbs#+���4|/="?�������n���RJ��b�W��y�f��k�<����Q���b-����$j�K��?ӗ�b���NG�O�����Z~Ӿ�`A�;��b���� ew|�w������l�~x��X��g�N���$��˂�t�x~�������Ŕ���'/8�o2F������u��E,ڥ[>���!�q�K��?�}��>A~�n��?
���$3��>bs���߹�\��+my:5�y`>P_�����њ��u�����w�������3�ցT��\��ʰ��.��)�{����ɠ������Ӷ|~9C��i_�$<����`�-��m�u*�|/0B�}Z6��-O��/;�66��(�����a��	��k��O;u���w���[j�Z>��Y��\�2����j�G$Xi��_U�'�@���&{���+��&�����n��
.�o�� %6�0�2l�9�oY�^O�O;�7|�{0=8��j˗:M^<e�����x$W�Gd�-Oӟ�(A>hyg�X8G�7�|ޟ�ky����I�ppi��R�ڈ��a��
�ޘ��X�6�?	f��4��������w-���`�/R.&���Yo��}�x��Ó�Kus�埴��rC˿�~��c����f����6bde���K'S��Vq40������N��ƻ��O_��08��j񈬸�Ia�,τ�;����o	�-�%��Q�dx������쏛��T��Z��ʰ��_�TrX�@�6������j��wn�$���>�W����;<�����\���my~]�w��M���Pgߥ2�^o��c��%�{��<���/�RQ���0�2l����mי6�^4{�{���2���+U[~�-��k���ν?�N:,���7F><����<Xm��Ѕr���l��#��z�+dc��W�����L~r`��/�O���iMHE��1���nx���ʆ��������^y�����4������<��q��Ez%1��j1�kny\��c~s-�#<W���7�<;D��h��	�%3ݽ��Ep�#_@����'bde���q�7�W�I����woϷ�����%���-�=�5�3��?�FR�Gr���5�<�27s�&�sϴ��ob��δ|�zy�s���秧���C��}Y��dY6���������Ι��mll���>��ϭ7������J����*��j1�ny�|�j�����=/�73-��x�=�Y��GH>p�?y�Y��������dY6��������λ��/r�+�-�}/��zտ3Ƞ��Z��-���kE�S��	��j1�ny~�}��>�Ii9�寺�r&
c�L�wG'G�~;x���y���~��۳�}(�EF*Jl�ade�sľ3��vy��]��{�δ<C��O����;�{w�򻒟�5��H������Wo�H��:{��}�x���O3-���
{��^�����x�~Ͻ7x=�뼏�w��ʫ��
����Ӛݾ��Q��~S�X̴|���^�6z�2��qw�������n�\����b����}D�������1�<vt�_o��������7GO�{i�Z��5�ۿ�<.�7/�5�)��T��&��ʰ��+�`�e�;R~��U<^)��x0��]т��<��c���(����֣t\�h�!=�#9�Gr���u�|��3s��
3������A��q�9i�ǜk��*;8�k���n���~��Ff���6FV��?O���f�u����������U]s-�C?�s�G�^���F�Ͼ��y�\-�}�-?l��?}��,}�.��3?���w��n��ul㖟{����:fٌT��(��ʰ��{����N��Q��?��u�lˏ��<��a��^�w\�n_��W�o�]�!�����Wv���e�>�-�l������j��W�/iɫ��Q���š�&��)�l�����n9-��]��ە��8G<���̯���)���q�Nz�c�;�t/C�o�oGOFE�*-?x�u���[�HE��2����r$�/�}��{�g����q�|�x���n�w����������#�Z��[�;pY;ԗ�kۣ����s�#���g����K߬����d�.�!��T��2��ʰ��+w���N������Kc~pwD����&F�}�q��Pm��O�-7]ȝ��b�����G��O��G]n?��[���u�s��C�~���O���W�•��x�� σ�Ϧor���[gY6�|��!;:�X�/�ݐ���u��rcs�}�(�����r�?��ٽ�=o}�q��#���X{�;l�����σV�/j�=HE�TFV�Ϳ,��v8ڽ�����>�Gr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j��.v�����HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�X˶�룄�[8~v�v�S7�fP.$RQ�_��ʰ�oXo����6m�+N�5_px$W���l�pK�<��7���%�r!���ade���l��w�K���ô��8Y�|��\�4��l���q;8��6�����@w�G*J<x���a�'6�|t�~ݽ��}|�����
.^˿����&�����C�<o�����ade���[>8X{���孽�+��
.^�?�V�����'7�.J�^��2B*J<z���a�'�Z~o�>_���~w7����J���µ��}n%{���U���BT��+RQ��FV�͟hl����\a����q\�j����6�p-���w����8{����z��J�T���Y6����]�3�>�lN-f�����Q���)�s��ݕ�(�;1�2l�Dn�;%��\�Gs)3�6
���L��ࢵ�{nc�L��P˷ �t�#FV�͟�-?��껗�sv����R�_ij����9
�x4���oA*J�G���?��僷}�0�B3�4���a�/^�q�fj�����p��ʰ�'�������l�����j1���/B��-HE)�ሑ�a�'Nn���0p%���~�Z�����|RQJw8bde����?��en��Ք��Yc�/^�?K7q��
�|RQJw8bde�������\��hR˟5&�¶��<�^R˷ �t�#FV�͟hi�ng�1W�Z��1�j�M��-HE)�ሑ�a�'ZZ��=.t^JvV��g�	?��sxx�����a�wՆ��������s/6~�"��l�O7���������]i��
w�����po�>�};��[~��8���æw�'�t�#FV�͟hjy��y��ǎ�<x<�!:�>��>:|�%/�ŏN~0�����v�Ó��iZ޽�����;|��mx$W�	�}˿�����Y:�?r67�߻ >�\`?�R6�����n����Q�n��w��H�nw��3���r+�8`An�+��y�/�~�Κ����ٿ?\8���5�ᇣ�8��|���"RQ�#+��O4��S.�=v<^��뼎no����Ql�<�k�g��U�><�w6�WH�m'��>��փ��^��x*���w��|Vw������r�&x$W���}��<7+�Ó|�V����ɿ<�/��On�/cﻒ��?F"�v��Ŧ��_�.9��y+�g�-?�{~�]�}��9��7z�搊W7���?����ڷ<�
_=�s�S�:��i��ǤֈO��Ϯ����Q��f�d�'���T��տ��/��7���Gr����l�w3�>����ǣ�_�s4������W�=���6T릻r��?����pWN��9��>-�~�Ǹ��W6���?�˩i_�{N�-�r�̃�1ה!(�8���ޤ�;�e�m8�p���������w�˅o�|f]ߚ���H��p�-�z�[�#�M-?~��!��`���P_6T릻r��=<@2�/�ᮜ��+s��m�'���,�kY6���s�u�On�w�cw{{ݾ��>R�}���k�x��3���~���w�[����=W�[޿���#����H�spv-���fO�`S��^C>�ѽ�x��߫
?Zv�7��?��.�ᮜ��+s��_�nn:jC*J\�0�2l�DS��w��-?x3�������ŝkofO�Lk�q���͸1|6�(��������[��H�Spf-����|���P�?����+�2~�t�x^����������vO���z;��s��ᓣ���s��anx�s�]q����|�������<��߆�r�����7�7�q�E����K�ذGD*J\�0�2l�DK˿�?ܻq�A L����3)���<9����K�ދ���Ӓ����v_���Ϗ����rw�Ɍ�{ó�s-���w���xw�Ǹ�Ū<����Y������Ã�WRr+����Z�_�?1�8�u�/3�L����O��u�5o�勛�{�w;Ȯw݁����ޕS���~����?E�����F+k�T���ade�����e��i�Zy�N\78��o�G]G�폐�BE�%�u�ҏ���v���Q��']��O�Δ7�O��f.x��M����_���=�y$W�8���n�]Ӆ�6�Ɩ�n<��~��\�7��
�3���#�<��������j�tW�-�!<�68t2��3{WN���d��2~z��E�<��!%�gY6�����Y�_��e��;����3�x��H3�S���Q���3�m�]�q�g�����nn�So��M�G�G�k�Gr���3m���e�G���u��v��Y����)��'�����Z~rW�-�:

�_t��w�3gٖ���/9��+�s�ŏ��(q5��ʰ�'�|�{S�A�w�1?��
ߍWPdc��:��q\�s�pڸn�_�׶wϹ
nb��?���_��F0��$��j1g��_���G�zR˗���1�#;��4db�Gm���!�Z~zW�-�C;��~��m����w|&���`��(q5��ʰ�'���n/s�}���}��a���_��ڛ��q�&��m��O�?gdP�[��i7wx����?-�q��j��g��ß��+�5�I-?ݥ�]�!��~烜w/���ѭ���ӻ�ݼ+?�E�?�����rsfA���RQJ׊Y6"Wi������m��hG;��s ������jo���s�m>��'��i����O����	��&L��Ɩ/����7�Z~�Gy̭L䀶�wq��Cs���t��[~f��W�9�3�B��|� �l��;�_�79���%<B*J\�0�2l�Ćny��0�3�Y�Z~�n�y��I�C�?:]��܁�{o9�m���t*�[ߑ랢�O���e���<
��\-��[~���8�7�{9��k������l�k�$�����7���8k�A3��ûtV�K�-?�����2��S<$RQJW�Y6�����v��53��$��f,��˵7�� �q�.G��Ο�?�'�ݧo��67�T��ӁGr���k��_��O�aNj��a�wG�?�)����Kت��斟�+���74����
�Ò-?��U�s�����!%�dY6���G��Z�_ys�V~��W��\{���y��y��O%	C�n��n�܋�8k�jx$W��?���{�{&	'�|1|"�C�ͻ?���jc���W��2
wdі���0�|>]�Ţ�/�(q%��ʰ���Nps��m�ִ����'��t���ڛ�!�7ƙ������ﱅ������ܹ��\��Y���L�c=���-_}�G�-�-�ҍ��K���sw�U���)�������_�
1g��"�t����a�'�Z~�V�A�ִ��^00�������P�����í���n�Sn���/�Q˟U����5�斯>^3޿�ޞz�D�ٿ�d�y��Ɩ��+���tm?�l���Gk'���n��Z�����M�C�ִ�x���G���8	�y��a���:o��G
n=xQibs�?���.�<.W��Þz{tx��Q��w{CVg�u�]q�.��e���]9]�O�x~���p?��Z	HE)]'bde��[����Z� '�ߤ�Ww+�ګ�ǒ�����F�ݤS��)7w��=�<Ϊ����[�rh�������-?�����nl����]��I��,���o�o�$\�@*J\�0�2l�Ć�?888|1{�<_�Ƚ9��2����W��	Ʌ��g�]��K�?���L�Z>m~pV-?�BG�Ͼ\/�O�Ö����m��6���]���q:}�-?��	���?OL*J\�0�2l�Dn�MY��Z3G������.��|{�O����{ϳ��{�'E?S�m-�N�7w�p�Z���+O���=��5j��_��|�=m�ml�����|;�^,-���;Μ�h�<3RQ�:���a�'�j�qRM~ت{�(J������饔��&���/�qږ?��N'.P��r��|���q����x2�#a�i��Ɩ��+�����V����?"8�쓊�1���?q�-�F�G�ګ,�OZ_��6o�?.���՝�|es��3��kh�7��}��Q}�=��;�;m�|���,���>�(q��ʰ����|޹-jo���m'��>2z���|es��3��+h��'�޺{�"^��v���q���O���N[>�=�555:.?��O0�K�|~�x��e�g4'���M�Oz����;�ݛ��|Q�f>��O��j�i�������
�Uu�$o�>�/���ѩ[~����Y��[�ݦ;��}��U���mFV�͟X��O�3}�����ʷ'H�iD:�~�#G���L�qږ?���g��.��U��w�iy�	-o^=�l`��A��<7��n:]�iq����m��vڞ.���iY6b�g'��.�Ȼ�f��*&�< H��.��pt���G:u˟rs��3������{�g~G�mj�����o�>[��myMZ��w�O�݆;��*��׊�(q����a�'�ny������6��*���q�-��=��a_���[�������6?��-��Nc���=�Z>x��9X��t��kw�
:|v4���]�|�
�>�6#�t�#+��O,������׽��7����#E�mW<���آ�O��j�i����Q���+)gt�)9ط^���J}�r�q>�i7��A�*�]�~�M��a1�HE)�d��ʰ�K���kևrowFD�Ϳ��+޽��k�O��u�?���g��.{��6�o��E��_�<�?w�2�gpC�n�����p��˖�}TT���G�ƻ���6����6���~�#%n�0�2l���-���U��!)����&{��xo������J�l4W���)7W-?#m~p�[>�a�l(�~Awk��٠�z��f�������\�����=0�Tv+j�]i�v��x��0���s�r@�T��uFV�͟X���o��wi��w��=8��?,��m�:HKd�5�y����[�������6?��-��ns�%���[c-�~��~p�K�&l(��ՙϭɯ�����>�#p�$��+�o����?�	�'F�<RQ�J���a�'�n�.ų����s���)���u�9�s���~���O��j�i����9�s�w0�[�#s��}�Ae�[�X�>�>�jpc�z���}���w}�Mw|f׿�}��܏ƀT�ҕ"FV�͟X��s�ݙy���=_s����o���t�6O]����{	Ć��.0���6W-?#m~p�[>��L?���;��o�`���72X���+6�e�R��r��[����AOn�
��/'��+�o��獟;��߶���ORQ�Z���a�'o�ܮs���ah�_��}zx�������@��[�ߢx���'K�'fz�Sm�Z~F�ಷ|~���䅔���	�oO+�KZ�"���Ɩ�+��)�ë�O��]�̙�c��+�o���?؟t��Q|�7�T���ade���[>�(Oϝ�Cv�\�s�/F��v�؟����%�^�k���P����\������eo�|�e�"�W<�c������\f�ϫb��Ʋ�Dk����[��ec��sOV��]�}��w<����_����q��THE��FV�͟X����le_u�0��`��|��]<\�����������h��/[�<���g��.}�w�h����`�;�y7y��m�����r����\����,s�C��{�9
�-��~(��|��q������;��&��\����j!%�gY6b���[t�� �o�_�F��v]��]w���m�dl���b{�c8h߹��{w�����\�4�����6?��-�R޻���邾�^���|����v�NR�[�r�'Go�=�?��ȍZ�;f��>�����(��w��6���O����2z3���=��HE�+FV�͟�A����2?��r|�m��'�ŏ�qkXЁ���|�j��Q��=�ݒ����d��y�\�������o�AS��}wpxx���ý���q<�w�F����Q��P���%#�s-?�����/ft�ٻ8��	w<?1���ڍ6���(qE��ʰ��h��^n���?>~M���u������mR����	̕�����.x��U��H�\���㕾{�����������M:b}BYN��>
�dNj�t��'��ݕ���N���Y��k�T���ade�������G�F��}���`x�����GF!�+�܄��̶�)6��#jy\���߂�`.;����ٽr��'�x�Ie9ۻ�~4�-ߥ�T����]1���Ė�������(q]��ʰ��i�����}_�����d�/�c���)�W�?m?[�,n����i6w�Z+h����q��lF/�9�M�홻�z�뒞[:�,ߎ?�Xٕ���z|�$�y噻5��[~�d���
�HE�+FV�͟�Q�x8�{s�>}���*o�|�A��AѾ��=ڏH���)6wJ-�5�|���v��>R��9�w�8�~p�x?���b���<Cڿ��\k�p�{s�x5c2�+h�v
w<��Ppo�!��T���ade��]�|�}�aQ�w�2����W!���+Y�mGoˋ�ݼ?�+�������j-�͝P�cɖ}�p2:fl��_x�Y��̍��2��f�I��~���m�o�>��p����K��~pp��1����{�}J��O�M��W��AI�}������,�w�����x��Q�l��g���� %n�0�2l����9\����c^[p����ף�;~����G'��n�����nn��'��g�}������3^JY��i�K\v��ȯٜ�\�8ufɖ?�0
^�Xz�w��w[�����u�L���2���^o������]�yo{�]e�ei����#�Z)	��Z^��(�*��ʰ�ΦC2�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l����o�#�Z)	�Z^�C*J��0�2l���� z�I��\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���e[��D�#+�����#�Z�?��l�T�H�ade�|��x$W�����m���2���/���j����-RQ"U���a����\-֟Z^�E*J��0�2l�\^<���S�˶HE�TFV�͗ˋGr�Xjy��(�*��ʰ�ry�H��O-/�"%ReY6_./��b���寮�'d#Re������O-�3��5!U��Q�Ziz����.1c
YRe������O-�3��5!U��Q�Ziz����.1c
YRe������O-�3��5!U��Q�Ziz����.1c
YRe������O-�3&MH�a���)�6̚�����w!eҀTfOj�2iì�IXjyR&
H�a���)�6̚�����w!eҀTfOj�2iì�IXjy���2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K����G��������۩䛏}��o�%����/��TF�&>||�+��_�7���~h����s��|�۟�3��<�Gb,O_��?�~����Q��'���h>��a�?��n�o��r֟Z�%f��|(��~x�Wa,|��-���E��2�HM|��zG>��E�k?���*�u�Sl�P���gO�p��B�s�?7v#~�������.1c��â�%V]��V���pN:7��0"5�O�U�߅H|�/�-��{�u����ǧ�p
Z�2�ۡW�_�?��K��Ei��o\��U��߯�sD�#R��TY"BA'3-����m�Q��ӥ�V/Oϴ��`�A�v>S��S˻Č]����p��Z�"�V�sC�#R��T�D�}_|������H�ۻV/Oϴ|����Iv>S��S˻Č]��O�᪳��g�[uRe����*��6~��!5_�e�^����]���gZ�/��I�r�v>S��S˻Č]���O���p���?�
�2�HͮS��M[�׶�sd�n;�?�|q��W��vf�ݾ�F-��S˻Č]��7�۰����w����1��]��<">�
���Y�[g>h��td��GG���a��=�ZN�S˻Č]���柺׬�[�v�}�sD�#R?�ޅZ>�x<�c��S��-?>-o�߉�;�È߁��$�?��K���h��.,�T�a�
[��NZ#Re��]�j���#6�M<�bA���-?>��m��׮}�Á��z�օ���w��-oekn����;7��0"5�NUz�UV���k����B_[~t�����c�s7��k9	�O-�3vAZ�~��J-��<U��L�Z>�ӵz��7[;]o�p�j�����w��(-okԖ�Z���y�B(�C6eˇ�tȆV�J5s��򓁅�|�V����w��(-o˭\u���Y+Re��ݧ*4y|�����>!����Ž8��2h��陖�ѿ��/�]�䟇/���j�V�?��K�؅iy[wiU&i���|�*È�ć��w��9��{�s:|�[=\l���I��8f���q,/~�������.1c��We������y"U���_��'���̼�pw��C6���Է��o�|z�7�9}q��L�/�3�񵜄���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy���]�,jr����gv���W���?������C<��ׯ?6�>����fl��OƏuN���<Re�����l���`���]b�v��P���Thd�o��O�r�宾�[k�p���-?���ſ�p�;@�#R	��M4S�?��K��[��?� �u*������η5�U�ջ����t�򃛉��p���[~�6w�TF�&<F�&�)֟Z�%fl�-�׶�=ld�;���ų�p	��.8nyn��xP�͝ U���a�VF3�S˻Č���^v�G4rh�J87^*��E˧��/�ns'H�aDjv����Ly����.1c�n��}�����s�8���.?��|����뷹��0"5;L��h�<Xjy���ݶ�G�L-=hd������0��L�O�oynft��v��A�#Rc�����fʃ���w��a�'_�'Y�W����6n�����>請o���x�6w�TF�&>|-�h�<Xjy���]��7�@ʰ��2��玖�7So��m��2�HM| �Z6�Ly����.1c;l�o>��ױ�����7����̆��f&-?w��Z�2�H�S�2�)֟Z�%fl�-�x/9��۟�������l��ɷ�Tn��F�#R��T��fʃ���w��m���L#�����i���\-�_�L�I��L�6w�TF�f��Z͔�O-�3��� ˴��g;�ދ&��ǻ�2\|3�Ń�m��2�H�S�2�)֟Z�%fl�-������k�>�XM8�ۿ	{�w$�wh�ov�ڧ��9�3��/����e�6w�TF�f��Z͔�O-�3����S�7����$cE���~4���ofpnl����] U����_�&�)֟Z�%flW)��?_���9=���p��O��Nto����[	��W]?��p���K�:���ߤk��y����*È����e͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<Xjy��1��	�2�H�R�J3�S˻Č)eMH�aDj��V�)֟Z�%fL)kB�#R�T��Ly����.1cJYRe����fʃ���w�Sʚ�*È�(U�4S�?��K̘RքTF�F�j���`���]bƔ�&��0"5JU+͔�O-�3��5!U��Q�Zi�<XÖ��Qˋ���Z^Dd���""k��Y3���Ț��ED�L-/"�fjy�5Sˋ���Z^v��"r~���D�Ko����9���?�lx�7����/�%�]�k�rpV����Ϯ_�"]�v��~����بl�fW�˕b
—��P����7�/sG�ڪ|pV�:�?R�5l��eek4�Z^�k���P�a��zNu}���-����������-�]V�F����JQ�/%r�븿>��0�٤��Y��?�˫��ͮ��+E-��P�y�<tzQ����@���-���?4�Z^���Rr�O�<�	��%�g�����U˟�]-/W�Z~)��C���T��z�M�Qˇ����g�fW�˕��_J(���N}�	��P��K?<+|�����.+[����g�_�k�~��?����g]��3;����_s�����M/_�Vr!��X��5�������j�3@���w��!��뿵t[�ͷ?U˟	�^����B����z��x�>ŗ��
_�U��w�94�Z~�Bp��]H��R���ޖ@�W?���ɒ�Q�/%D9�Ev\��lFg��å���_���ͮ��5�G?�~+%������l{��q=����s�ftV������mn�t!�F:���_ͮ��5VAҟ�~�2g����5��R(h�q� �/����������Q\����fd;4�Z~�B�S������u���٫D-�kj���˖�P�E=��A�5uxV�:<\)}���?�v��?�����vhv�����JW� �I�������]��Z~�l��R�
9�|�?�>�M�X�=_��
_ǀ����>��t����vhv���u���ቐ�dB_r��w�f�/e+���_Y��ʷ��u{��`xVn����W��>�����o����Vhv������қ��4���5�k�Y9�]-�c���-��ǯ>�Mh���5��\4�Z~dž��yaM
�{V��xh3P��Z^��]-�k���W
�;���j�������fW��=����O��� ���P���A���w.4w|�����x�ۿ	{�������k�>���wM-/Wͮ�߹����V���8����5�l�Y9�]->���9�<�������W��?��tV<q�Z��W��Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z^��]-/W�Z~)}��0��Y���웏�۬�w���t�S�y���H��}�q�;�V��t������jy�RB���`vf������_�m�Tw*�|�(��~�����ÛMg�6hv��\)� |)۰����y�:�>!��ga�Ci�S��a��O����O���7��(nV�B����J���Kق�s��Nʖg�h�__��o�Hh���3��a��p��'7+[�����4f�b�>���;�_�-���_�+Zˇ=�x�p��c˗7+[����(�I���^,���O84�ˇS_t����υ��8�|y���]-/���d9��c����u�R�����뭿�-�k�Q�C��?����-���Û����jyY�$�af/>��k��[>���S�0���awP&�|8��X������Vhv����^6la��4��K��>�?��v���F�L>w�.&�I���^8���s�'-�M<�2j�p�.�EcˇE���!�!Щ勛����j�-Y�_6�~q�Z��\�P^mt���$j�+����>�M��aˇ�'�x�gؤK������Wa�>���fe+4�Z~KY�ˆs�[_�]��_�ŇW+[~�f..�I���^H!�����[|��0��� �Njy��/c���ܬl�fW�o��7G��ta���t�䤖/o�⢙d9���<��c�
��˦�O�o
�Э��fe+4�Z~;e˰[ڇ/��Y�[�����f��0�R���2���)�]b���H��h�vv�ݬl�fW�o����a�;�Z�;ë�.X����f��0�ˏ��Wy��'!�)�s�Y$�o��U�5���%R��+|>�Y�
ͮ��R�/�����eé�mG']ë
/X����f��0�K��@NZ>��<��|�q�u�X���-ok!^!�|q���]-���
˛_g{�Z>����b��d9����?Z!w��CR��*���v
p��mk������׏��/oV�B�������Z~����$�afE�hv��/>E��^}|1�L�fVċfW�/��eé��pgs�Oo�⢙d9̬�ͮ�_D�9�m���INu�uy��Q�_9̬�ͮ�_ďNx�pw��a{RjxȦ�Zy��ͨ�"fVċfW�o��eö3��Ϯ]�4�{<?�w8������ߌZ�*bfE�hv��v��NZ>�oG^x�e���O-_\p|3��$�]H4�,������[j{�p������]�w���&]1�t��.X}�q<���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L^Gx���^s�nr̕�9}i0�"^4�Z^E3y}G�rz�������������afE���Z^E3y=#�����)���6jy�j��Z^E3y�{����M�+N�Q��UC���(���>!����ᢷ9�H-/W
�W�ˢh&�W����q�'�n�����ȫ�eQ4��mRx��[�M����r�y��,�f�{B
O<s��q��Z^�"���E�L~���'=�����t+��\5D^-/���N�{b�����8�8�L-/W
�W�ˢh�SxIor�"�������\5D^-/���N�&9�|(�K9�{U���C���(��4�+$7�Ik���9�N-/W
�W�ˢh���5������N�S��UC���(��T�眞Ë�o��YR-/W
�W�ˢh�SyN7�1e~��#N;���!�jyY�t*�7R7�U�t�iU�qx��<<|2���E[�͓��{}x�{˴�`fE���Z^E3��C�X}c�s��x��N��>�޴�7�>��o��z�q��ƽ�Z3+�ED��(��t^���S�c:�#�ϊ�On�ݻT˿��ջ�;\fVċ|��eQ4�)微U���>�z4ܯ�n�QR˴�q>f4v��U>̬��T�ˢh�S�oYV���w�=x����sn��{��7�{Cp�
�X3+�E8��(���'�Vޘ�q:w�5���y��^���Tqػ���a�Y/����E�L�u�,�W&�A�������GG���7����h��<�ܼ������a�o����yfVċh��eQ4�i���Ͼ1e�<��%8��G�*�]~o��Ӹ۷�q����S�o�'co��R�	3+�E2��(����߶rr�'>�w@ȇ�C8ћ�W��߾��=��A/���7�9=fVċ`��eQ4ө��3�M�/�����w�|��|6��-��y�|���\�7�i�̊x�K��,�f:��2����b��}>�����7�O�Z>��޵�<0>��fV�+�2P�˂h���%�3oLI���dg�
ؙ�%ζ-��d���K�����2�Y/b���E�L��_63yc����A���~�7O�^��m��?���;�w���}fV�+�2P�˂h����'oL�S��ݮ����&g�^���>v˖ϟ7;�������e6̬�WJe����L[�G?��0�2��s?:�1Zz���O��ȇs���v�Y/R���E�L[xC�:u���-�_�S�W��ݟ9ހ��J��� �iR/ޘ�]��{L,��<�[;&�o�80�̊x�PjyYʹ���q��p�̫&'޿|��(v����ڛ"�<�
N.���J��� �i�y���^z��c��W/�
�6r��?N�����m�ŗ�̊xJ��,�f���1����P��_��k�|ٓ��S�4�Y/B���E�L[��J6x�3�%��{<���L,���ߓ��֖�Y/B���E�Lۡ�oO����71;~V�[>���$;x)%3+�E(��(�i;����x��䅊�O�Ҙ[�_����D-/�T�ˢh���73�5����㷳�j�<z�[z����ɃCjy�8�Z^E3m��Z��s}�N��.�z�#���K�|��&���f�̊xZ��,�f�R~�d>dC�Ͻven�=|1xK�m[��&���.���̬��U�ˢh�mQ�|^��18N���w�|#-}�綻�ϗ-?A�0�"^�V-/����5>D�g~۽���̻Rzޓr�c��+�I���jN�̊xZ��,�f����f8�1l���+o��sd����”-���83̬�W�l����L[�e�^�Xl������K/7�|��7����	�V�C̬�W�l����L[���!����+g�?,����Ϩ�-����c�hP���3K>|x|xXy���1�"^dV-/����v�v��
ln{�<%����#�s�Vo��ɝ޷|�w�ɯ��;��B��eA4�x��󮱋�^��Sz��v�Ohy�����1><J��Q~�`榶�̊x�J��,�f�����˔�[�l���Ohy��|���]k-�w��>�5��׎�l���"�jyYʹ�T������p'7��q�����2̴|�c/�n5h���g^L�u���X3+�E,��(�i�;�`�|r`&?��?���}n�k���ϻ��6;���a�wGe�(���=�3+�E,��(�i�L�~:`�^9?��q��b����N�i�<�wgx�o65l���o���n
3�o,���"�jyYʹ��G}#��yZ�ۃ�?��󑕨�$�������|�9��l4l��{�>��5��wu��٭1�"^S-/����Зj0�լ;P�w�0���������\�w/���Ϗ�^�5wӟe�Z��ig<��s���]<�0�"^$S-/���1����Jw�����kp�9<�?U:��/Z'�ϵ���f����rZ$S-/���1h�?\
j����\i_ӳ-�v��o��-����8���ٻU2�"^DS-/�����gfoo�|c��x�b�!�sX�"�ߙٖ����·�o�ϋ#B��J^-/�E8��(�i]�wU�۷�{<��M�[�|�x׽@2ۏ/���������V��̊x�N��,�fZF��h����������s��+��|��{Ûؿ�^)Sk�pC��?������|�̊xP��,�fZ��8=��@���%�r�|�&��̟�?�ob���|��x��k#_?�{�~4�<8|1})���Y�Q����L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���Jo�ڼ���1�s��m0�"^4�Z^E3��<���[��-���̊x�B��,�f*��O���"�jyY�TR˟3+�E
��(����?=fVċ��eQ4SI-z̬�)T�ˢh��Z��Y/R���E�L���w6{��/;��\�P-/���J��8�vjy�H�Z^E3����̊x�B��,�f*��O���"�jyY�TR˟3+�E
��(����?=fVċ��eQ4SI-z̬�)T�ˢh��Z��Y/R���E�L%���1�"^�P-/���J۵��LJ��;<|��&�<88x�v�pcw>+����pŃ��~mn��/ӷ
w�z?;̬�)T�ˢh��-���>W67�ͽ	�z�<~t#�ػ�%�);�Ç7�n�����/m_����i;o���t�'�
�~��gb���u`fE�H�Z^E3�N����nq�ޭ���[��w����k;3}仑}��.�^�<��B-�����֦�gfE���Z^E3�N��o��M���Z��n�*ُȗ�-��v�r�v��y��w��0�EZ�h�3�ϛ)fVċp��eQ4S�t-�tx�f�F�f]�ӷ��L_~8���[�I��k�a�rg����[s71�"^dK-/���J�j����S.������wK_��P�O��0�I�@�?fp���c̬��R�ˢh��iZ~P�7<;::z�`����Hvn��A����t�Q>������ַ/����;���N�:�o��w_=?�?�#{ӧfVċd��eQ4S�-ߗ�~��ewh}�
C�R�G�oċ=Ngơ�T�ݫg�c�ߥ}��&oƓft��?��q��ி�3�C%fVċd��eQ4S���ﺽ\��a�[��+s���O��/�߳C���N���3��ɋ��GG�n�'�O��~}��這�"XjyY�T�|ޥ�/dtOaJx��w���P򃖿;|�����ϭ�/�w�\o��ݷ+�8�3�3y�f�̊x,��,�f*��􉀹��nW��|�~��B���s�y �\�[*���C�����m�#Fƿ�D���N�Y/����E�L���sݨ?�|z1��=��w���P�[�8�}wL�x�d��{�m�?H�M=v��r��̊x�\jyY�T�|n�[��&E�iž1��/v�#���ӝ|@|Ҽy�{x|iۖ��{��o�xMP���J�
�� ���m����CՏ8�{5e��s���k/M��`�}��C�[������&'G�
�s��fV�+�*P�˂h����9`3{|�Çw��pN���[Κ�s�a1��ß[�|r4��3�W�˲R���,�f*y[�זO��c-]-�R���Λvh>�>�^�-��jyى��@-/��JΖ�%9�(�wo)����/9o�#��eZ�DW�˥�r��eA4S)�������/���+f�真��s�>���M_��[��g���_>����e,��,�f*�o���ܿ��?|x���s���
)T�;������w��,����E�L%g��#朜�O��w�̥:���M����799���~�`�P�˲�Z^E3��-Om���t$����R�}[GΛ���g�u�-��^�>i%��,�`��eQ4S���\�R{�����R��yΛ�8�����ÞZ^�E���(���ly�^��Ǡe�_0�����κ��?��1�88���e�\jyY�T�Ѿ��j����j�<z�����e�\jyY�Tr�<����#�(�?9.�[��dG�ν�G��jyى��@-/��JΖ�����y���y�ɍ-�}T��u�������)W�Z^D3��-O�v�Zʯ���@s�-��ml�<�bO�?ৄZ^��r��eA4S����߶��[V�wx<Ö}�x[�M-����[3�J���eY)W�Z^D3��-�;��y����=Ö��
-�?����|�Z^��r��eA4S������K�b�WSg���m�� �{���O}�{k�)"jyYV�U����L%o��M�9�QQ�O��j�Z>��h,ɿylh��D��ó�93o�`�Y���@-/��Jޖ�/��S������a��D�ﺳ���lξif~���"fVċ\��eQ4S���y�x���9v�v-_�!��xljy�U��j#��	��,r���E�L%o�wE>��cyW���hy��� R�,��顼������+��,�f*�[>Ÿ1}����<9���{���ϝ6�|�I0s\�}�7���Y/r���E�L%w�w;�wʚK���Ϣ�����?�:�<���:��O�`�CS�Y/r���E�L%�wOI��қ\�	΢��ػ3�����Q����-�}W�y5|�ɏ����"WjyY�T�|�wD{��}3��5�l��h����+�=�9�hS���ڻ?��q�9f�sk���"WjyY�T:E��B����zG�.�RϨ��.���󣣗��`���ǯ�Z�]W�7sϿ�?���F�Y/r���E�L�S�|��1>\&-���v����-���qp��A�C��s�"a��I���J�
�� ��t��=1Yx8>�}6-�=�;v�od���?#��{��N�~?�0�"^)V�Z^D3�N��c�c7�Cg���5�]�����+?���ay��k�
3+�b��eA4S�-��\5ޛ���Z�ûɏ���6���><fp�~�D~'���dfE�R���,�f*���?|8*�t�z<��j���>c�?��d[�xS<ݺ�:>`#g߯���J�
�� ����(�}��F/�'bo�=�{���7�|��w錙�/�J������{����}�������p�C�!�����̓G��;o+�7̬�W�Z����L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jyY�$�afE�hv��,�f��0�"^4�Z^E3�r�Y/�]-/���d9̬�ͮ��E�L�fVċfW�ˢh&Y3+�E���eQ4�,������(�I��̊x��jy�R�|)�r4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4�Z^���\4���EDd}��""k��Y3���Ț]��򅈈�е�_�����k�G�������7�w�������k����S""�&��%���������������������������������������������������������������������v��rģ�,YIEND�B`��~Dd3����r�
�
s�@��A?�����Picture 11"������b��}6{ЌgZ���$Ƽ�h���}�[n�}6{ЌgZ���$Ƽ�h���PNG


IHDR��1bLsRGB���gAMA���a#PLTE�����  �((�00�88�@@�HH�PP�XX�``�hh�pp�xx�ᇇ㏏嗗矟駧믯�￿�������������������Le?tRNS
 !$(+/67<>BGLPRX]bhkmstw|���������������������������	�	pHYs�&�?{�IDATx^�{��֝m)��Or���kwƝL&��n�'���$��t��˶l�Q��(�z}�O1�������YX�	��ޫ@����˵kx�*���6x�j���6x�j���6x�j���6}ϧiX�$�IX ����eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@�ڣ��N���W�'�e���_�����o.�e��|鵿��x����.�џ���{�&]��s]�!��5�3������ph���''�6����������gV��j�t�g�R��As�7NN�jf�<o��er�5	K(U{�|�R!۸�p���7��O~��5X6˩z��"�(Η�ʅ7˅]�F��"{;S�l����4�ܴ�'o݌߻��_�CB
����k�P������Fx�/]ȶJ����~�������l�W6����m�4���ur�?��瓂�YިϦ͜�YoWyW�Oly<X��x~�aM�J��=��KJ�6�)b�ۢE:�ں��6��M����M�u%<�i;�14!�O
�{e��|zq�Y�P
vR��hwf�%�F���]CM�P�.��_�Ьᴦ�[�v�l��Vz������5�Y�5��y�o��ȩ��!�-�y������/�o3�yqM���C��S�������;�.�j�����f�Ь����s�4C˦���_FW4���׽�i��W��i������t�юE����_��tUYt����I��]_l;��ά���ej�h{��ھ����h��״�_�j(	�M�M�h(d���O��F����Y���3m�_&/�����C������Uv���WM��Q����J�\���{>����%3��&$�������nRc�9
i����O%�N�]��(}P�;'���v,��*�zj`�JSi�\H]�3���`��Ai��+׮筬<�+���x�^��4W*�4+/]����U��Is��
�c�p3�{�6�����7y�ۯ�2~�&��4��N�����6=�^_�O��*�mF�W'v*�_n��\	��R�ϗ�W��M��!T&�8��Ӳy�|�Nm�N��_I�I�{7�����5c��м���n0ڱPm�J'6on�ۥ�����=?�I%C��4\eL�n׆l_��[{~�B/�퓛���5�&C���Eۜ%�ۤe�&C����'��`~�u�#3x�&�n`�G;,�,C�o����M�A�,�͝����'W��T���y�_Z��B�A�ꫯW��<o�r���4#�]Jכy���`G�G�䮸����&�Ɂ}��V[���=?�IU%_P�4>���C
�����5�w��q�D���PZ�/��m��c��,������'��Gq��`hǗv���+ʹO�������6y�4�YN�;��/7M77��KF�گ������bi�� 4�W�.{��y�O���j۴@�]�]������hh.��i������!/��TeP�z������6�5pk�^h����\����q)�f)���,�/�@�����/�������ډ�}�e���>�D}��ۤH��r�ܩ��izj%\2J�=_>^n^���K��/�����7W=�T�<Lo��4�e(wM~
��%����9~44�%�D��R�ɁM3�;韷��!�4i^y�ݠԜ��*�2�]��G��=�����u;��@��2����E��i*�UVY��1�`��xw`��z��zv������P��W��f�*�6i�4\��ҵ�&��N��M�S+�Q���n��E���տ�%Mu�����4C��Ic����q�:����C�
F;�`"-R�V
59�i�tﶅ�!�\����J�q�I���n�0T�nQ��|����7�9M�W^G�}�ͮ���]�4�;Uˆ��@�Fq�`����o9�yyM��T�WXЫn���O5�WٿM�E��J'v*�_n����F�z���C��tU�^PKĺ�
��f�˽(�;&?�&wK����t��1�Kfj�ꬩ���w�����C�|����J���I���5hP��x�^h�4W�}�_T�^�&�E��i��f�p��R�	t�Lw�{�4CS����kr����Hz�����S�t���&�"�P#�f��
��`YQ
�+�Q�^��5>iP4L)&y~]���Enp'�P6C]�Z�P�h��-�UoM7m�4�	Ů�r��iѼ@���#v�!x>�I�IU��D��&g|�6d�B
���{/4]nH���k��W,��^Ӗ�]��T�t���p��h(�������3-�$@~e���|�:�}�yR�2ߦ��JӠ��Ճ�����'V�e�T�d�痟g���5��y0�l>8'
_�����̳ʍ�P�h��?���8���+��Mo0R�n���#�.S�P�,��w���ܳb�2(2L].MNܮ
پP/��v/ H�<(���@dF�v9������?���8\P�71���4����>��'t�i�*�͟�D��&�X���[�w*�_n��\	��R��=�����^�r$e�-�w�Ҙ�͉B�u�&I�})�;&?�&wD�r��Mo0��jR���S�,���.�հ�5���Ŷ;�4;
���FAˍo�%uO�����}��HS-�����nF���)W�&�7���n���y���@Eq�`z���t����P���N��HOp0ԅ�B-\���K×f���҂����KG�zY��E����4r��;��:�F���r��2Z����ؔ��v-����p�]�\���ϯ�=��phz����cZ���=|iۡ�]^J����N+�,��u����g��i�
�Ŧ���T�zYNAQ�'n�%uO��^�^h��Nu#�o��M�h�tgy�f۵L�%�w��f��	$�yb�	�����Ut�2�B;8z��ۤי�J3�K׷o����;�.�j���"�:eW�={>w��#K�)eKS�\����Je�l�va�\5����m_@�<�^�F@��˷/t��.7�=����ta��	��41^����]�"���ȏ��ݐ_E>�O��=��>�*��`iz���5C�/�������7V��T�(y�iط�G;�R���S皩�-)�ެ����}��\x��N������<�|����x���%�g��x��H�Lo���
��΋kr7t����p��Q��[�w���J�E�U��^��J�|�*<%�%M����hGV�O�M��M�ڝY����M�e�k���EQ���B�w�L�إ!]U�K7��k�/�����ml�e6v�6��@��B/����������s�f������|�3'��z�O��Q:��y�I���ܩ�p�(Ux>J^K���� y#l�S�@:�
�T�(����=����6���tp@���QH���{>�Cg{�Ƞ��*<�����5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(��'�_�'*�g�m&Ӭ:�5�\]��9�N�yb[�ks��zu{"��~/_Y~�l�lbx��o��m�3�6'`7^�Ns�y�4��K��tp�<�����>������ڜ��GJ�:}s���ܧ�[�0�O�Qv�R��䕤IX ���j귋�Vh^ꋦ�r�Y�|�\�����ҵ�Y�{�r�|/�e7����W�gs�����Ys��/��t��jr7��0_�e�Ҋ-F�.F�Fa�����
�GɫF��@����U��/e޹�o��
eNnd�/]�7L[S�=��.�f�,�qm�e���ͮ�|������TZ�� �&wC����f�<�i�o��K�_�s"�F7�c#�Qh���ݡT�(;O�"��fç���'7[+�|�/Y8��ܰ�+�1)%+��_�G(�{~�N��<��]7p�ޕ��|E�h!��S,R
�M���8
5>�G�J����}"�O�(*WRq��*�-<���f{��f���_ݍ*;Xv|m�+�'�c�O�鿖��r/��ev��z��?�ɞ����ޜ�8
5>�G�J����}"�O�o�o��6SE�jK����Mz�/w����c�wi����k�#|P>h�ײ>�:k�N�JS�ɵ�^F
���캁����W�?X���iSD��jJ¦��Q��<��P��|<��|�e�F�ͷ�Dkg��|�/ݤ�{�7�^QS����צS��������[���˨�tp��7��ޕ�L�=�J�{��ݜ�	Ϗ��Ƨ�(�C���Q���$,�Qʒ��.�j����e���ۃ�^}�A�>�[s�Z��|Yv���g��M�g���;}+�����/��N4���=�̆��Ss4'�����b�Y��[�7h�q��ew(Ux>J^7��B�o���iHۊ��y�z�9�}RɅ���׮�^��K�˳�x�O���F4�+��^�����i�6�O+�y/�V���Qh���ݡT�(y�hy�4 5��m�l'e]��r�E=+�?IR�=�g%׎�;�/�ym�w������	Mz~�Nӌ��r/��e����뽗�.�W�x>���4�R������B�L}�ݡT�({I�!� �+�=E�V��ݜt!�P��5D�q�n�v��ko4Oa��w����� �B�����^B�8M�U���K����d����(��)�G�J�����]	b�����n��Ҕ��eJ��0���S��RS�n\[(4��;��}r㷽�Y@
����Lhr����OH���O�%r��<?����]�v�R���)eW���s��6�Ke�[��s��kR��~�
�9ZJ�Jw���ƭ7�-���8��ԝ��|}G�A
���쩁e���SԬρ�s JjKh����B�By�ݡT�({Jٕ �ԊDvf��4�d�kC���_^��z�k�K�U���t��aj�*y�RO�9���o=��'���_��Z�t*���Y �v�<�@:�LVM�z���?KK�T����fŧ����b"
5>�G�J���ט&a����R�r���_6�R�
o���M]��eڭ�~����vrw�l�Ѳ�k�͋��;-Mη/�.��e�Hkr'�{Z��&F��
��ۺ1Q<_H�&��z��(�C���Q��$,�|��ӜW�4�!)�9x��+�SEn��D[�i�"U1_��\4���w��~O'",�^����;/�g������n�Ɲ��[�l��Q��2i�w��z�����_y������^j����B�����
�G�kP��@��+F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�y�p!4�0�x��z�4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6ǜj�6�w���OO~��^z&g��r�0�ZY��z֙�4o�O�dBs.���}��Ž�a:4ʈ$F�0���Y�Wn��S-�o����ib
#̠�u̞�L�fyz[K&4�rٹ�?��&�C��Hb4
�hm�Y�|�/��z��y��緎��V�1{��s͜��h��c�?��2i��2"��4L��9��|2�WZ|���Gwn���:f�/��/�Y��n=����ʤa:4ʈ$F�0�����n�j�}��ޏ�8?�ߖfUet���z1�Ž��Z�A�.�]z����+������;//=�><����Xx~[�%t���z1�Ž���X��].;���Gks��[�t���އ���h���;n�w|ͻ\v�r�x����9�z�k]�8;;���#]����c��x�����}�Z3R����o���M�6��{��mg���7�x������q�P4�r���y�y��1K��n�c��zX<h������q�aYDh���7����&Z�c=�����/�x����9�9;n~(Kԝ�{��
����eϿx�m�[w5c_�a�1�<Vϟ����qS���g�x~_�y�y��1����a�{|T<Q4�������������=o<o��9��|�A��/K�Q�1�<Z����7ߗ�����M�6�8�Q���.�	=*�?4�G�yy|v�M�;�q�;\�z�x�Dks��Ч�<����ӯg�������wg��x���=�G�zI�z�uz&_�M���_
��z~i�M���E�pv�U��Wg�I�<-��ζ�~�:xz�����I�g<���cy^�K[3�,'��ٍ���N���U=����5�����o��o�S�O�nu�������#e�U��g�z�}�����|��h��t�
F�Ax��?Ǎ>�}z��x���l�h*��N�#��T����y�y�x�ı�O�������������pD����&Z�c,�+�]�t�4�D�A���)��o��;�����,�@ӽL�d�],WMm�|�Y��
����� B�3h����qs{zk�wy�ۇ��=�t_�~5�?�-m�<�5�^ӝ�w�6o&�ɨ9�!5��O���������h��B�=�R���ʽ�-��7�z�����ӒT�?$
x�R�����F�e�;m��y~�򙻣M����B�>�i�w��BsZ�}1ބ�|4�8<�&�6�X������o=?w���w�{L}���TEnw9��~�N��^���/��{^A�<�GyG{;m�x~J��p�|ooK�Yh���7b�G��v��x~Mhm��<_��oS=?�y�޹6x��Yo/~��z#}1�5���PE��/��{^_x��qS��I;5��T�:[����J[�ͣNy��?�Gc���kBks��I�.T�:�h�څ�OOO�7�sY��w�|����~�F�!����Z�/�3�����_
�#��9;n��,�Oz�f���?;��
qC{�BFy�~��Gf���h��W���zU�v��5��9��Z�;�P����W�Wwr��k��Tv���N�<ԙ����kf�z}&�O�v�vr\�E����7�5W4[�S��~��n��zW���F����I�M�M�w����g�ɻ�O�?�yz���4w�v���������&Z�c�?��U���[e={~��'�VK���� ��
��!�X�[���o�}s����|�Oۿ,�i<Q4���7eã�0���G�ݡ����s�˳g/ξ��և�
�w��,h�/�O����u�{���8Z�cϷi�{Y����E�=Kс���A�������������_��*t���Ex̞�Y��q�l�7[����*���d��u�[�S�y���=��������mo�נ�x����9f���۷��;=wY�dc��u����{;L6���ζ�|��8�O���{Ex��h���:�`c�M9���z����=%�v�J�/�y�y�<ͷ�S���.�A5�_q�6�,y���m��mV�a}������m�l���Z���Yn�Y�H�;�_
�Q{^)��qSv۔�Mx^�H�ԍ�^�������Ǜ�z�������S���:Z�c�����{[ڬn|8��o��u˧�Y=vr�~^��#���ކ���S�f�<Q4�G�K�#�>+�,�V6=_3<�m�|��y�=��4?��XP�'�Xt��o<i���hm�������	����Ȫ�i�4f=0��1�w���2�=�a[�WwOl��C����/��=?���W����o�r�2��is� ���7�Ž<_iR����
��:��9x����9�M�[�[
n�GV��Z�1է�*��bݜ���Ŕ��g���v&��(���D}Ip��'g�N'6��ƭݙ���������Zլ_�2�_u�6Ǹ�n�[�vًz���L���usg��D=�ζ�W���⌄��/��=?��F[�
֤��ю�	�O���8w�ͬ
���ޗ�
�9x����9����6m^��xS�y���B��5����#���Wu�o�x��h���:�k�̫K\��v�w�o5�q�Z�3]=�ۦۜ�Ugs�
ӡ���M�6�8������6�@;[���:|GoZ��s��a閞��yg1�_
�{^���!e�z�V��O}:��fJ���̉��m�|#��=���+���e�߫�#�Qo����̼�����^)�3K�oƖ��U�Ww<Q4�G�z��q �W-�������z�qb��SQ��o5����z��Ϧ�1���x����9�|�����_"����z�:i���j��������y]<<Q4���y��my���ub�e�p���wLx~�Ժ���!
�m��Xs�GksL
̗��1�Q~�n5��E�\�"�εg��	=ʖ�������Ex잯;n�w���6��x��W6/&<��&<?�߱��?��1���8Z�cj�f�{0�nն��\1��"T���Y�b�׭g?)��/���=_g�}P2ڷ�s����1����δ�'�ܴ�0;��qϚ��8Z�c.��C�12�w7�.�x^�L�i<Q4�G�y��qSހvœ���k�3l�{���Ԟ=�%z�9x����9�=�e����Ax���펛b��KP���;?H�O�щ{�ޓ�O{n�<L��9�=�`��E��ﷹ�|=��.���(���|=�K��9�\Ly��͍����6�c���W-��L��Ӿ�S��簫Cks�e{^���d�{�R}l5��v�M�O�Yn�������/��=/�*c%E��Ox���p���c��G����.asύ�E{�2�x����9���<�hΘ�;�^)������x�������.���(��p�M�sﻫ��oo-��ߍ��7�?s<�h��
����;Ƞ���_u�6�\��u��)7��J�J3uJ���b�y���l������<Q4������ۦ������˻��DuU��w���6�������
�Gks�e{^�w�������⹳�i;���m�}ڥ�?������E�^�K��o����nz�s"�5W1Ϸ׵�G5�sS7b�=f��CC�ϛhm�Q�.���8Q���I^�))�O֤ݞ��7�_ϐ<�QA���'��e����Wp�����~96<_J��q��|�������.��+����|�}2sU캺�x�lM{b�ǝ�����[Zo�>���_
��|}O�Ԫ�6}�ox�6h2�C�m=_��ƞ�������NY�_u�6�\�竹g�Z�>վ���#�M�O+Y�M薮��<*m�8<Q4�W���I�%o��&��3&�S������C6G{n�O�n�|x���O�4K�+����|k��V��A�{[z��_iP�ͺy���zϽ��{�����ۖS�'���0����ym��y��
�L6<_���V��o�:�sS�5���z�_Z�c.��u���u��v�y=�}b�6�h��O������[������dmu;�������
��1��l<���0�<�~ө�p���ߑល�ד���j�_�͚9a}B�th�y�y��1����Uݽ��j�7�ݾa�~�������x�ͳ�Il}"�sԌ���l�0��+�y���h��
��=(��#�y�I5�p�Mݰ�pb+�n�JM��{�a:4�����|=�f�Wu��X)�=�.y^�T�aT�g����v�g�7�V����̘�����f�^	�?/1�[6Շ9���1�5�K�<�n����O��,;8�~~5�k�
ӡQ�vb4
�hm��|Ϸ�����`�����s}@��;�Fx�t�4R������V���F�0utA�3��K��8b��m�2���
�ם$��[�T��
{��<�i�㧣̶W~YOfj�a:4��N��a��1������ۧ�P=lg�^7z��“nk~h��j�g���/�
�N;��>b�}��`ХF�A�w5<_?���
Ϸ���F�Q?����=_��7�������'��j>9���i�y��1;�|�E�[�逖�_׍��}#�I<n}��~��_����������w�ia��/��I����G�ݶZ��Fێ[w��w;�a�4zW���q�0Ԅ�Cn�~��aoc>ѻ���ے���N����dy�>�����J�7w�����]x�=�&��Ͽ�_7&2k�?������n��nym� 8�3�����������D�%�=����F�A#w5<���m�M�wG��~q��W���oG�)�cv��|�u3�Do��f����$�ў�zHra�+�CCOϛhm�ى���6�� H��eh�ގ�>��Oz�ŷ��}�_�[Vs{ha���|��f����{y���q��m<��3�H�8�}˸g�A	
�4�0z�x�Dks�n<�����i�����_�Gޤ�	m�'���|?݅��#k�@6wbja
��|�%��c�&<?���lJhS�۪����^�ᷥf~�*�{���w��gq�0z�x�Dks̎<���k���6�z��QF�~>�{���7^f<��I/R�Í/�>��'6���0��+�V�WLy~z���x�0�>�����ߝ�yn�~1�A���ɸ=����������&Z�cv�������9��å��8O{�ŋF��7Ҟ�|�+2��s�Q�@���^Y7���0����y�i�w/1�O��b�>]n7ķ�|�oh��֓�Gn�g���ݧ�CC�ϛhm�9;-�0_B�Z����W��[�?�zʭ=�>��w�A�2q���j?P����2�t��ѧ�3����o��o��?�����_
#̠�=6�]R��w��ߌӷ�B[�>�&�<�Ǚ%�*˷�S�71�x��G��Ӎ��Ͼ��{;|瓇�
(����R�ٞ��hm�'gg���E��~wf�T����_�Ml�ϑ��W���\4�0�xl��T���>:;��9�S��Co���P���&l��fPW�F�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J�7�ڄ-�0�j �?V4L��R��M�6aK4�0���
ӡ�T�y�M�
#̠�cE�th(Ux�Dk�D�3��x�X�0J��r��$,�F���P��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|R��m�@:�
�T�(���ۨ�tp@���QH���Q��240�R�磐2<o��eh`�
�G!e>x�F
����J��B�|�H����*<����y5�.C(Ux>
)��6j \�P��|��2�q�sQo�Ҩ��h�`	�
�GQ�E���y�,�T�()c�̅J���tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j�N;x��I��Ͽ|��O�~�y֏����ϛ+��*]�n�LW�|�\����[ӗn�z����x/��/uqW���,�T�(x>@v�&�\�]v�j緲����7�k�T5���K5�O�O^���I˷w�4��en�˱+�Ch
�P��|< �^�p.j�;��ϯ\����&=_�ݛn�y}x��tO
=ϧ+�Yި���R����k�~���t�p�շON~�,�/��H~N��sQw�l��„��>��۪����ҭ�Ǘ'<�7��}�B�T�(���Ըf{+s��4ټm���K��%?'M¹����`2t���|�x���].)D�Zv��^_��|��]�)*�
�G9(ϧ��j�z�7��v|�����ϻ����`�"���mz>E譼L�ho.��+Z��/�l��fr�*�
�G9$ϧ���{�������/<�9��6=�vNM�Q�z�&Mw�]��|�2�~�G��J��r@�o���]ުz+W�����.j�N=���-yv�x���󒽞#�f���
y��K3��]�I��)XB���Q��e�|��|������ȵ�$����<ߘ�ٹ��k.5��y~x�a�|,O3��K��)XB���Q��w��Z�]�A����<��Q���~�f�M��N�~����r���]{흴�3v��Q��|���|&u.�߾��v�M呟�&�\��u��Ϋ�=��9C��i�w��\��|�ْÝ����`	�
�G9����PC��J��<��Qw�v'_f��L�t����<�t�x�`P��|���:Z���]"�� 6������t�{>�(ו7�zZ�|=j���7f\:��G���Q��;QM�ƞ�}�\���&�7�=����R<�&M��qy��I���������׮���M���Ih
�P��|��|�]��=j�;���O[�Rsٍ_��x�w���y���gq���,�T�(����\*<�;��k�dO����m�7�����<_/�FW޺�����o�!�A4K(Ux>�!y�ٰ*�Wx��Q���Q��|����d�7���C
����G���Q���}wڠO�
E��y���I85�*�
�G9�	x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J���G��O)����&]ȿ؝�8�x�ƫu~�=�����Ϛ�]��_���~���^��^��G�p.j 4 T>J���G�s�_lӅ7�?�9�|;��i���c��Q�,���g�\��i�E
����G���Q����n����T�$�� �Ͽ.�FjAZ�z>�?���z���ϟ�z<p��tЀP�(Ux>�~=���i�;y���s���y>�W�4����wQ���Q��|�={>m�7�N��|�j��|���`���#x�E
����G���Q���o�����b{>]H�/���g��ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>ʞ=�J�{��Yڋ��������ͤ��d��m��}�@:h@�|�*<eߞO�N[�I�ov�o�>����+:ϧ����]���i�E
����G���Q����^�ϼ��y�6?�|�M�H�N��I85�*�
�Gٷ�����Q�z~~��t��K?�k�^{'��Yb�y5�*�
�Gٻ������|�ak�\<_/�yc�_���.j 4 T>J���w��m�	�x�IY<���/��5{ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>��=�]]���<�]5�y��|�O����x�E
����G���Q��$�"k��yF��n��K�y~��w�_���k��g�]���&�\�@:h@�|�*<e���[�����U���2|����L�����&vK~4M¹��tЀP�(Ux>�=-�:��R�ou]<���_���r��y����w�
�y�_��2����ij�E
����G���Q���ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T�(x>�wQ���Q��|<ϻ��tЀP�(Ux>
���]�@:h@�|�*<���.j 4 T>J�����y5�*�
�G���H
��R���x�E
����G���Q�|<��AB�T
=W<p���W<p���W<p���W<p���W<p���W����4�����j���<�
<I���<u''�e��ɍWur�n�ĵk�#O��j�?x5_����[e�W���yr���n�\�2;�����/��h����j鷳�{W���@�kP<�~��e����x���$��].Aa_����5s��͟��*o>�vY�02;�����/���F��6�@�iN�qSf��J��5��} ��p��I[1�e	�S�O�����\u����lUxӺ;�%��\7̓�G2/	�����o͵x~��x~�Q?[ʛ1텓��<�xgn���<IT�oʼ�I��%�W�鷒�ӵx~��x~��s���*�n�u��ۦ�����Q��f���!x��HQN���������&���'���x~��x~�䍛��݅�?��n��;�_)���6J��B��:�9��U�~++��yϷ�…����Iy�v�tr����$��<IT%�Y�R���o��Ui��|���= ��ݣ���ޅ��_���I��<I$%�x�zJl�yo�K��4�	{��4��v��{wDf��;��S��a�ʦ}�7���Fa��<I$%��H�\Jan�I��J�i���]<�dv<�s�直g�R�sM��y����L���/��+r(��S�mW���On��z�,�oQ����Cf��;g��0���e6��9x��P��鑠S��w�Gٿ*M瀧
��u������Ő�����|�x�R�_{'y�l����/	�9g6y$�t��x�_�������T���L[;/GwCf��;��K��P?�MIo?�}�`��w��$��ϧ�Sxӿ�����h49�*M7o�K����2���
\���#�����S+���/�~�~�q�u|B���c��_U=�l�c3���7�P�:�
\���v�MwA_��r��<�Af��{ o������6n�S��M�������ݏ�]{�ݝ��w��� ��=��L.�.d�woS�7��<�Af��{�w��u^⟾�OR����_��rUs�ڵ����w��� ��yXxV�̎�am�yX
2;�����a5��x���� ��yXxV�̎�am�yX
2;�����a5��x���� ��yXxV�̎�am�yX
2;�����/��o�WN�ќk^�x�����ˣ=��N��4��]�Q�!�����~͹�ۻ��#��yXx�rȧ�������/�4���nH��Gʟ�Ω\x���
�2;�����/���9?�[�E��V�ٳ��(�N���X�_~�!��������4W��.�̎�am�K���T���1��'7[�$Ͽ�o�nO����q�p!dv<k�_
�O]�
ϧ
�wǞO7z��
���Vs��؛���wBf��6�7�?(���`mϧKo�Kf�'�k��6��-\�����C>r�������cf�=�v�X����_i����P���.�̎�/�uxY��Mܻ����W�ϿL�4-��
��wS/5����~��e�{��\S/5;c�n�W�]3��s���)Ϗ�.�̎�/L�qf��Y�z�����l���������|����ޗz�1{���Ѣ��Sin����]<?�[�2;��0��q�2^V=���i��j��l���/��Z�%���rY�9����.6��mv۔ʤy������Q���r���!���n��a��mܵ|�/��7,8s7{A���Dkq��
���������������~�D=�Cۤ�n�B��x��ԝ��Qܛ����e�w�;�^Y��n��|lj��ni�?��Ol�nI����E���
�Cf��%�8rx���&mw�o6��������ݒd��s#���%�mb�"E�e�M�|�[��^�h�.�̎�/L�l�8�Q�7/+��%(�������^�/�8�Z�?����ڵ�RJ��(�͌��^b;w����.ϧ%��Ϗ�.�̎�/�}xY_����8��ͣ�v�|lj��H�.H��O�������j����~�z>w��aH��-\��_��e��Qj;G���DkqW���Y���;Β�_$}gm����]͎y�Z�P��Ϗ�.�̎�/���e[x~�(��#_�q��+Ff��}xY�w��r��7�f/�p�h-Š���%�6�'=�;��� ����߬]p�n�<xh-Š���%����5��w[�wܴ7/8�<6Z��bdv<Q������_^��z�{s}�ݜ��ln��l���n�<�h-Š���E������/�������w��-4�v�|lj�"���_����L�C�����)7l�>�7K�=J��v��p�h-Š���<�#_�q��+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<��p�h-Š���<�#_�q��+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<��p�h-Š���<�#_�q��+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<��p�h-Š���<�#_�q��+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<���|���R3������{EkVL�_b4
�"_,r_��u��欗�i����eR�M��K���$�լ����[O4Y���2)�K��Z�%�T|�5k�<�}��Q�M��K�U|2?h�9�0���á�/1�h�/�V�i�B3���e�<%~��4@�|���Mv��n����Ob�4���!Q�M�����t�f�<�G�_b4
�"_��W%;�>*��٫c��O���Ž��+F���0�|q>͇��n={Z���X��ƴ�_&Z��bJ<����}�ν/>.S�늵����P(�<�#_���%:��x�L�~!t5�y8<J<����N��7/^�7_骕����P(�<�#_���'�����L��X<��B��a��<t4�<-��:k�Yx���<��9T�}�/</G��/�����7�'J��|r��;}x��C~��}�<��?c�z~�n{<m�|x�>��"����<��9�f��3]z�\����{e�̝�i���_�[��g_O}��~���U�{"�+sʋy��'J�~���[�͒����[���t'�?}��x����T^]���SMh-ŠQb�<�#_��Na�I�tV.�zX.��N�q�y;�����G=��<ܔ�T9yR�rU��vC5[�_�J����u�U��U���w��rr��;͟�2={�P�EX1%"��4@�|1�w
N���޷��v�=>�x�/����3w7N�����x&���l��my>�|&�C���0K�Hb4
�"_�#��'/�g������'1�qo�o����f��W�����B�yl��<�H�
H�	<���$F�-��,:�Y���R����&ݖ�3���_R�sN��p/�v�<�L�;����݊':�Ę{����,%"��4@�|1�Nav�;KW�1�s%���fn?8==�⾾f���_�����_�E{K�xjј�{;�>�?Pn��6�7��S��/�H�{{t��YJD�i��b�O�P:i�/uy��&��V?j����d�%�-���[�m���Cin�j�o�ۈ����qE��U�z޽���ʝ�t�ӯz��<��2��a�b�¬x�3���`;�R�Do�O��5\o��d��r��#�i��ݹ��`+�7����C���m�B��
�ݶ�����g�71x�QF�<�#_̡S�
v�TM}[�|{t|����K>�>�o�v��=��=��`?�����c�h�����>����&����,���y��)�t�|�B?!�'u_Lϥ
Ϫ˪"�%�'w�vM<�z{n������5�V��q�;w[}>��_�
<砌�y�G����f�եj�ͳTem���@�����e뢽��[z����P�]K�aÞwJb� ����n�<̢��y�G��A;QF��]��m|}j�����C5��dݿ3��&u�R�L���O�֫��	�=��m�;?�w�~:��ae��<��4�k�=
u�H��S'E�&�_�~O��	AK=��s�v���L�>�'�u��y�n��{G4u�q�<̢��y�G���n������JǛ�uW����u��_��*ɩO:��9�y��Ʈ��"���V3����xfQF�<�#_L�]�=����?7"��Z��^�>�Y��p�g;�O�>�v]�����W0yJ�98��YJD�i��b��1g_u
�����g�;�
�>���-��n�{��|�m���;w��Twtq�v��y��D$1�h�/&��)�"��>��?�Y�_R���������v��|��[��x޹[}�0�_J�<�R"�M��S�9'$Sw6�RQ�N�m����8����V��y^\��uq��n�}?��F��y��D$1�h�/����n�B?�]?5��s��M}��PO�����y��ɏa�?�xf)I��Z�)&O�>b�Il=�]�_r⨗U��ƭ<�St��=o�m�8��4����y��D$1�h�/&h��.=i��Lg>R��/Y��|��nU�y�i�8�y="��YJD�i��b���*��?����:��!��լ3���l��?�2s�(��%JD�i��b�z��3�˱���%�����}�c���2<K��$F�-��&u����7�.���dYp`�R��z�y�8����%"��4@�|��9?�:�'���&]<I����BU=(�X=���m`���h�E�ؠ*������Nқaoɥ�*�_�x��%���^���8��Rxf)I��Z�
�?g�3����ODU{�~�iI}�h�N}�u�V��x�Z��<���S	}=��,%"��4@�|�A�"�Pi}����3�ؗ�cG��u��򗔷g����l�/��OSb��D;,��	��<�qF��<�R"�M��c�)�f����"t���IŦw��=���|��/Y��L�α���6�[�9,��g5uγ����YJD�i��bL=���� ݯi�a�V��k������Z3O���x���'
���j�ǹ�}��Y�<��#�i{{x��uK��$��ԟ��SYΈ�/�g2��Z���ޱ.���q���h���g��^+<�(#x�/F���t��NQ���P�컱"��W�j�ɏl�I;��o���n8_�� ��>��;	�m�s9�Yœ�k��,���y�u�w��B'G��<���N�
c/Y58��z�g����O9��^��{H\������?M�o��y�<��C�N��R���}�S�ͣ���ֿ���o�ę{뢽����6��t�e��������Z���h�}Px�A��0�|1�n��|y��no���]9C�x�D�kmO��/Y�"�/��q=O�dju��ȳ���B��~�ᛅ�z�y�&�H���<̣��y�G��:x�b�l�p����׿�Q%���o���]U���Ο����~��$.�z��@��|�aŭ�z;���Ù2xfQF�<�#_�+Nz�O�{��^����_��]�lwf`�������/��ۃ�E�����|�����<_�����ۿM靉�]z�E��y�G��0�|1�~�9{��G�w4L��L��?<�L�����f��C}��n}��y�����Y�O�>�3u��|�ZA�Guw��=�۩t��D�����<�R"�M��}�Q�s�A�QO%�ۓ�U������@n�%�?'��뮜�����B�G.��iA�b.��ji<���$F�-�E���s�T?��P��`�C���"K�:`�0�n/ȀO�~�x�=��A�Ͽ�ψ��.ݞ�g��"����h�E��S��7Aߤ=�Yo��c�!�7��_�?	w�_Y*L����K��N��t��}��r��v���2k-Š)I��Z������٤=�Y�x����,�����/���I˧���tÙͱ:��.$}�p)���]Sy�_��%JD�i���G��qv_��V�={�x�dl�G�D��Kn�������x:ڤ�����2<��Q��q}sI��.����|8��_d�Z�S"�M��=�����l�XK������?�bt����������O�F�����<��_=��=T_����y�?�����lu��'gߝ����v��W�AkVL�Hb4
�"_���2���g	.�,��ų���6�Q��fO��+�D$1�h�/�0���o��Z�S"�M��p��s)O��9��+F��0�|/�O>����K:�����y��|/
4y�	}{j��x�<,#_�KC'��P���J�n����2��4�o4n�i��<�!�EX1
	��y�xiԟ=��9S�vΉ��a�(%x�/��QOj?����;��|cMkV�R��a�^:K­[�u?���a{�����x�<����n�}p������O�3�}<���!Z��b�<�����wj�
�k/Z��b<���2y</�O�?���"�%��<��Tw�n�l�Z��EX1�
��y�x�<��i����Z����y�G����7�^�G����Z����y�G��C������g�~�ڢ�+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<��p�h-Š���<�#_�q��+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<��p�h-Š���<�#_�q��+Ff��0�|lj�"����<�'Z��bdv<k��DW�����dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j���<�
<�Af��6�<������dv<k��j�ه�������y��
����y��
����y��
����y��͵k�?����EiIEND�B`�pDd�%$���J�
�
#�@@A3"��������b�o����Y�jvJ�4��d|��[ol�n�So����Y�jvJ�4��d|���PNG


IHDR2��,�sRGB���gAMA���aPLTE `��0P��+U��0P��-S��0P��.R��0T��.Q��0S��.Q��0R��/Q��0R��/Q��0R��/S��.R��/S��/R��/R��/R��/R��/S��/R��0R�/S��/R��/R��/R��/R��/R��%%&,,./R�0S�0T�1U�2V�3463W�3X�4Y�4[�5[�5\�6]�7^�8_�8`�9b�::=:;=:b�:b�;d�;e�<f�=g�>h�>i�?j�?k�@l�@m�An�BBEBo�Cp�Cq�Dr�IJMPQUWX[XX\_`dfglnostuz{|���������������������������������������������V�\�ktRNS   '(((.000888<@@@HHHLPPPWXXX```hhhpppxxx�������������������������������������������������������
p	pHYs�&�?lAIDATx^�c����;�6e(�q�M8
�@1�$�P�I�l��$�
e;8�J[ڦ���^h�a���ij�g=��F����gF����mI3�GZ��R��<�v�;�^�{�;��}��_��K	U������]����W�q�p��v��]�U�7�;��W��P��\�����F��]e��3	��u�9�fPHݹ!%Tq����U�s?�@�9��((E�2j��H�1��((E�2��A"yǀ2�Z��-�x��D�e�@@)Z��%���;��e�hQ�s���P�)��((E�2����2�Z��5��|��j�2�R�(��o(��JQ���翡�((E�2����o(��JQ���{�_%�w(��Jѣ�o���X�!��((E�2��Jby��2�Z��=�x��o(��Jѣ��>t;���2�Z��=��x��j�2�R)��o(��JQ��N翡�((E�2:���2�Z��E��t��j�2�R)��]�3���j�2�R4)��濡�((E�2��R�yG�2�Z��M�x��D�e�@@)��Q�����Ne�@@)����7��e��RFg��PP���J��C@-PP�*et6�
e�@@)����7��e��RƱN濡�((E�2^w'�@@-PP�.e|����e�@@)���E���;��e��RF�濡�((E�2����^>PP���L��C@-PP�2et2�
e�@@)ʔ��7��e�(SF'��PP���M�C@-PP�6e|�T"z�@@-PP�6e�ҹ�7��e�hS��$����e�hSF������j�2�R�)�;�%��
��e��SF���PP���N��C@-PP�:et.�
e�@@)�ѹ�7��e��SF���PP���O�;���2�Z��}�x����2�Z��}���C��%e�@@)��Q���	��e�@@)
��v���PP���P���JP/(��JQ��N忡�((E�2:���2�Z�����T��j�2�R4*�C�o(��JѨ������^*PP���Q_v?��^*PP���Q�w&�
e�@@)�Q���w	�ee�@@)*��'	�ee�@@)*�љ�7��e��TFg��PP���R��C@-PP�Jet&�
e�@@):�ё�7��e��Tƫ��C@-PP�Ne�s&q�D��((E�2�w?��^"PP���S����^PP���T�v�(��<��((E�2:���2�Z�����D��j�2�R�*��o(��JQ��N信�((E�2:���2�Z�����@��j�2�R�*�K�O%����e�hU�s����^PP���U��J�C@-PP�Ze|������2�Z����x������2�Z����(?�
e�@@)j�Q~��j�2�R�*���7��e��UF�o(��Jѫ����PP���W/����2�Z����x�C��7��e��UF�=�����j�2�R+���%����e�(V���_Ip/(��JQ�����PP���Xe翡�((E�2��C@-PP�fe����2�Z����(9�
e�@@)��Qr��j�2�R4+����/	�ee�@@)���]�3	�ee�@@)���z��o(��JQ�������^PP���Z/�?��^PP���Z�濡�((E�2J�C@-PP�ne����2�Z����(5�
e�@@)���c��%e�@}D}r��#)�>��Q���7��e���]��}�+�	��e�T]�g⎔{����d��Q�����I�/(�����t*�cY�]�g��G���'2U3��Oez�\4�U���+�+�/$����?��'G��՚����ǹ�P���Iف�\�O�̹򐪹/}�re|��7���?�xʑ7Ɣ,ʀVkv�q%̄��������i(�Bӻ�|��n�(�躎re����2�Z�G�l�2?e��:n8��m^XS��f5���̄Y�_�3	��(1�
e��Q.�$���K\������N?����ԃ[ES4��K��3iH�r�^���jη�{�VI
h]A�2J�C@-}�G�a��N?�#��٬r�ʸA�9W����KMo$��Y�b�K�WF��o(����13ug*q�1355%��֦3����D��[��LXb������I�ga�>)G �j'ڿ�~PQ��Fe����r7e�/Ю���PPK�+�7T9>�i�m�"t�3T�1{�}^���=�#�p>g�S��p�/7�܉�'�;��#0����T�d���6����G�
ڕQ��������2�Z�[�8�3W���a���yͶ9�D4�w#� o�4��F�u�ƴ����S���;����1�M�Y��g�W�Q����_4PPK_+#����Y�;����c��s.�	��CJmH�b�"7�,�,u��v�yM�6��&5>��X�Uϣ^�p?�_4PPK_+�k�3��ҝ�y��a�F�n"1%h�pa�F�H��6�3v���=�ћzc�@N�������q�
��w��GT��:ݲ���o�F*i�6��&5����1��ze�RZ��j�ge<���-.Rԥ��'4�7�߻�7L��=3;�Aܮm�	jÄ�`v,}�sQ	�}�
�9;A�%�r7�q;��l���T���v۬F��P���I�/(������6s+ӌ<��}���c*IR��0�ed���.��\j��a�Ɓ[���r�°#��E����n��X�C�:P�����PPK?+���u���&�ST��k�i�	��O��ą�G��M����.
���r+�s��T��k���I�
W�_�忡��~VFص�25;KOYO�B����(W��_�!=^�Y��2��듓�
]�OP��)G �F<� 7LqW+��D��ݦ��9��:��QZ��j�geĺ���Rh�v�j��YI3�;��2����ϸ!k��_u�r��$E�����n�k�K$���WFi�o(�����j�43;K���"-�T���w1e�9�c;�%Y�Cz)G ps����:���n�k�Als���S�WFi�o(����AW�[
�ˈ�>4�B�wU�ݜ��tw��e�|▍�)G <�G��N�6���y�X�Я���H�/(�����9a.���qAh��2����}8v�0���bb;� ܹsu��:GzC�����Q��S���6�F޺�^�d�e�]R��j�gep�����sU�xH�j�NW�m?W=�
��yVƅ�����b;U��’r>�� ��S���6�Fʉ_���P�n����j�ge��H���*�,�cxv�ע�Te<5Q�/ܧ9��}fg�t�Z���ޮO�~�fR����)��S� �ox�w)���'�xR���6�FĶ�
=��WܟK�/(����a[�&nݝzP�6ag�'-.NR~��2�''��|�;�MV\�xU*��豌]K=���
�S��'�|\����8���n�j�G��_�e|����b�2�Z�Z<�Fϴ��A��ʈ�Vڲ8^�j6@��)��p/۔#x[�@O��T�mZ��?y����e�����2�\���;�����z��zv��V��~�A�7
��'.R�R�as	��[�����j��&n�N(�۶$�	β�A���X���~h�6���9�G_��()�]1e�~��`�����.`��2�}���}���M�*f�&w��l��~������_t.F��OoZ�\���1}��.q����(�~�8e��q����=H]�G��U�ƕ[~�R�Z"�ۆ�m}���e����2�Kt�;`�	g"�>�[�R�2Rx�|����-����u~���+TGڔR��os�W�{�GBo�M�;Ǫ��5Dj$S�?����2J�C�{FR&���l͉F���v���2:]�ȷl�c��bۏD������P�<��pn=xx�~BEe�lc��̦?�Q8��h��zA���2��]��yboϡ���2
����Ͱ�KY�����˕,=����?I�/(c�Q�ڥ+��a�7&/]�����>��)���+]�o��~��t���
4���F��_�p��\{�|��
�M�oZd��]�x�n?^�5�(�i���r�K\�6�~����	�ERyeL����׳�w���Dݛ�ZO�Zxh��_ � I4�;T-�65����S��(��'�(��p���iK�A�^t�v�2��~"a�H��~{�`{
}�	��KQ�^�o��'�PUD#6n1��jcc8ɵ�)�N�s��i�eʣ;t3;՟1���2�/%�]ue�n��%�$Qؾ89i��[=p��
N�<|%c0�	��8�����Ӕ!_�@@)=���ݿK�/��+#g�c;���$�
L���b�'n>|����3��~�I��������m۴6�j��	��+c���G�e�B�PPJo(���wŕA��>��=��2�~#ˀ�3�Q{��v���p]R�>P�j"�vSe�k�BQ�J�
e�����2x�N�X�.�3���K�J?x���g��˶u**��Dma'�\ʰ;g�T�C.����(%�]mepٛu�8~����}Zy���l���4���h�-�c�K<˾��B�[PPJo(���w���>6BM�����,��No�K\Y�m(���}:��J�
eԾ�M}qT[�.�zrb&:�`Ne��lU7��@vmD;ʠu'�\���QƷ�?J�/�j+�p�6L��n�񓓟�c�*CV�"hQ�T��E�*��2�q\�&@@)�)c���m���Q^-!�]mep�!�p�q�/�O$�����M�S	���H*���0�)�� �׭PPJe�]̅�=�\�,�ܟI�/�j+�{��8�789ݦ2X?�0EoȻ+[�FDֶ��[�}�f0�7��K�
EQ((%�2���ϗI�q����苣����,b������ۆVʸ~Q:�����xun��봨���m�!�ț�i��[>�}9�[:PPJe���
\8�y'�����/�Ɏ����UTƥI�	Üa��T?�{����<���^+eQ\�uwj�>�<2�K�W��7jjQYۮ�ܸwS:`�r�������q��7PPJel��cq�6�y�<�������2|&ͽ��f�R=:�}p>�a/�[*����@�
O[�FD��<fn��"�?���k�06Y���ܸ�\��_:9�1��ϣr��w��;J	��+c�A�ЄtF����Z)#\� Y� �k#�k����iZΫ��N���?j�1-c�e@�Y-�~�A�^��|����Eè�Oͼ����8�4��~
��x�о���Fel����js���oz���ʲ�=+�X(%�+�;V���j?�Z2�ۍf��#�yn;���#�s���%4�v;��L�ژ���|w�\y6K����pz�2�UFʰ1Ih�̣��/Å�)m���L�
�5��|M��j���;qX>�5�0i��+c��c�~���G��1`�ػ[��Tq�����2�:�G"�������'����ӳ�w�w�'��^���`�~�Kc���W�w�W�3��Woܶ�g�f��=����k��I��k�,L�1y3<�j�V��}Nkd���r�Q|]a�cfZ�F�|�L�5[��������cO��okڶ��X|�;�a��,�4j'����*>�Α�dFQ����2zQF�ce�$�O8��O�#�e�M
SFJ�xnn�w��i�Q�!�k��������;�^�9��-��������+c��_��3i
���Q��n<xVa����࿌�C��Y�v87�%��� C�-�v��,�|�O�s�U2�^u-��(��@���2;���ѐ5�=\���afH/ܜU�2�/�c����B[B�ڦ���7��R�{Ӗ2X�u�N��عLf͗/�?�P_P�v�}�)����nT��ԝi]�fnK���ip��(��?�_�Sb��	��إ��6�@k6����;a�Le��~v8��{	W��~f�./mSƓ�e�is�$���SwSϛ�)#��R�f��w��9���E2k^<�~�o��eh��G�2^�=ݜK~��w�R��}CV*�[u�2���O��|SbCn�./��nU��E|���}��=����N"	��4G�2~����<��]��v������Y���C��oֿb����[]�����G�[��.Ӿ2�l��F1i����Cڡn�<@n��e��y�"��Q�_��UF�rVkB�c}L��h�K;��6�s��Ѓu���PW�e=Ϸ�wIe�]�tdgv�����>����B��
3~7�Oe#�&Ĵ�x�A�Z(S+�N����)��N�o(��g��?o;�LM��5'���`CX��A2#hw
wi��Qe����Z��7;<m~��e�ϗ�Gf"k�q{�LX���Be�[_	-e�
�	K�`�~/�������K���w�?��(<�
e��2&�?�����i{KH%�囶-���I�����i�n�����2���@�Y�i6屔/S��R}f�[����I�4�Z8�e���C��2�p��l�������RM��(��Šk���N����w0�ȣ��?_�Y�ߧ�U�90��f��7���3ʸ���&P���a�����I.�6v�ep��F~��ID�v�\{6��Q���#��h�Gm��ڄ����W�E�
�.����_�?�:X#�������c�*��RH����1���^��F���<�hw�󍇌"���m��]F�o(��w��>-���
ҦD���hx^��e�ԠO�D&ʇ�H�2�a���ȸ����^�`Ο�M�)�g��ݼ����v ����o+��BepB�[�p�W�aۨ2�[�ɡ��?_s`��tg�����C@-���p�J*H�
GKs�ۂ�0
Ns�[,ʘ!�\��+SE�2⻼����
�K��S�Y{!oUa<�B׭`8���>+L�a	vϫ�9�b�{"��?"���<oɡ��?�CN
�<Fȷ��K�/(����1U�_�� ���s��e_��[r&I���2�e�3���22vi�)� �h$�ѣ��Vw6\Ӭ	.I�[FI����e�C�v�e�>o*ɡ��?�a	����B���+	��e��2�B2�=�e�����}Lm+Lb��~��m���#��ܥ��xI�tr��K3e<�}b�|�C��t>H�_հ{�ߏ$4/�22�><�߀�hk��U%�H(�Xp��j�eD�/h}�����i<�aٿ܎/���-R���J	���ޥ��x-ۅ6���p)#�A�qS������ݨq�T���#����Cm
~^"�}����2�ZzE� �tw�
����1���F���rU�y��\�h�KO=cQ�>��`�*K�2�S�g�y�4L�-RvO���W4/�2Z��?<5�PF[����{�_%����+ʠ$��;�C��^⻉0�-p�lepX'��@�v�P���5Mqz�.���������y�����SRvO���m��9�����JUEe�5���##ѷ�9R�K��Yl��j�ePӍ��}6D���7�_C���9�2��2�{��&�?����-f��ÿ��ـ�'b�;�'���oWc{�P�\Λ�(����g��E��kR�?翡��ʸ?e��!�W�p67}N���4wU�L�"��5�J�#����Pl��'n��f�lP�}�������h��n�"o�*Îdk?ohG��c!Ǥ��EfG��y���0+N79oZȣ�v?O(�v���)8�
e��V��={U}��c;nm4�g?��#$/�Ce�s�~�
��l�
ʰw40�r��ݩ�k6z�;�+Sǘ�{j��t�����j�d��{��^�dG�n�jv�dd†�<%�SF����X0^�2
�C@-�����5$}��O��+��d*��ŭ'"�h��Fe�AM�G	��틋�;Q'��l����<�2�2��!
�M�+#��2Vr�}R.�b��PP�ZeHc��vd�6�� ��xOr�7J�C�28� �m�h���S�6��-<a�Cۡ��2xg�t^dËv������Lܥ�ze4�#��Bm<oZ(R��_'�N5?��C@-j����du&z@���>��n�qݙ�6;{�n.�����>��\r.�#	O�N8���扑��Ȑ��ΥpL�p�YӾ��4Eݔ��iw�R�lf�;qU�̵	�o81ySI����u�֥�f�]v.���A�\5���a�*���i�~��ە����X:�e��!���)�]�V���K	�Ee��UF�R��ө��^�]f�h*��L�b�Lfۥ�i�}-I�B��ٖ8��S���s�g���w�e���!vD�3ۋ|�E�'��j�)e�B����빔����y�4q�;�3�I��*��I�/(�ʨ}���d�����M���g�\e|�L�}@@-PF��#eY���Ve,�|�{��$�x��7��eT��Q�By�[�ѽ1�
�C@-PF������������ѭ�l
�濡�(�zL��{]u�ʐ�e��|_F����2�Z���\�8ǟ�2�o�0�d`�P�*�[E濡�((%_�]+�Xx��K��Xv`��8Rl��j�2�R�ӧ(c��dP�T��U��������?��((%�2jG=o������y���t�5�83r@Z�kdA!|����e�@@)y���������W����cg���$����7��e��QF�e.������[��s�"�@@-PPJ.eԖ]x޹ef*;�\Ι���Iğ7PP���O�����w����w,�Mp�B{�&)0�
e�@@)y���1g��J���7��e���}ΙeR,����PP��R�2�qN�����PP��R�2j�ƜS/
�,������e�@@)9��tp�p��Ί1~�;�YR����2�Z���\�X~�t���!��(BȒ�x������e�@@)y������'C+F�l�%E�O����j�2�R�(�	9;zPZ��.����?O��((%�2�c��|代|���7��e��PƆ̖��SX��j�2�Rr(c��:>���2�Z�������i���7��e��I��7,�b���y�/��G���C@-PPJe��.�bc��ވC��)�Q����PP���G��z�[:c����<�G��KПPP���G����/���3c�_��D�)�Q���JПPP���C+��#��ʒ8�J}�R�����?/��((%�2E!eI�x���7��e���M�I�t���o%��(��Jɕ�PFA�o(��J�Ee���2�Z�����dh�-�-E���RL��j�2�R�W�и<�!�\FQ�o(��Jɡ��GGWJ�X;z4:�d��"`�,(�b��PP���C���E�����RLa��95�y�g``�s�Ɲ*�W�O$��(��Ji_��ި�RX�8#�y��l�]6�FS�|!�o(��Ji_�g)c#R��`eАS+�`��]�<�2�Z��������̗��t�%�y���3�v�,���?IܟPP���Bo�!qb�Tq�;g/H��!�����HܟPP���B�"��R�0�-QC�q�>nS��"��PP���Bo�%"�ݱP��̱I�����N�q�QH��j�2�R�O��s�?�8c�^:�HN�`��C@-PPJ��r~o��d�8^4E信�((%�2Vz��R��S��>��/��|L�o(��Jɡ�6Y�W���؉Ce<�a("�
e�@@)�+�#<�~,��@@-PPJ�*��=�o����e�d*c��
ԡv0�b���|��D�9e�@@)��8�y�8䁌���<�%GF��5#G��f�:��7��e�d)c���.�d�ࠬ�€<�',/e(�Zm��3��s�j�2�R2�2F=o�V[:�d�,O!��کR)$�
e�@@)���ի����2������PP�������+c�!��'備��j�2�R�T�k��w�X;Uq�?�
e�@@)E*cD$��v���PP�������R|yx���sH,��v~�R	<�~�o��s�j�2�R2�1�y˥x��M��Ty�7�7��e��2��Ab��2�Z�������q^�bɼ�Zb��2�Z������9��Tb��2�Z�������]�K�濡�((�hel.�ٽ��2�Z�����1Ա���PP��R�26:%
]��|��PP���J���g=OJ��ey
�8㫤\2��C@-PPJ+e��_���j�[#�ry�Cw^�o(��J�T�QD�,e�V�p�=!�d~��U���p��aM�c��oN%�-+Ƥڀ=��x��^����2�]2�1�֐����+��s�u��sq
��o窔P�E�I.�#I6ʒ�yq~�o�2�Z��J��e(g��o(��J�ee�3�
e�@@)=���忡�((���1��7��e����%�WH�L��2�Z�����h���`g�)�K�}�K��2�Z����X>�w��^��z�rN�̒�����9e�@@)9�1�y�ۖ�T+��1N��26:N�N�>��7��e��P�j;���-eF&F���j��E�3ij���/%��(��Jɓ��r�J��Qυ��}�2j'�dI��D��2�Z���|���[�Zk�}#cHBb��}eqF��$��2�Z���|�0,�6j�qr����4�:��+�P�ʘO��j�2�Rr+ðt���[ˬ�:c��+��R���2�Z���v�aX��Z�iZc���{\E�K|_�a>�o(��JiS+�O�2gwɼg}�2�����
��C@-PPJ[
Sr���?��9�#���|Xelt��%<�,��2�Z�����X�E�ߧ�U�=x��eQ�%g��Ѐ�l��S�K�8�E�6PP���S��4�0�?�{b���S/�p!>�enY��N�6PP���Gk�c_x��_����qƶ/��e��b���2�Z���ʐCNg=�c`��q��Ⱦ�dFy|���m��((%�2hX�s�ʔ6>�s��j�2�Rr�e���+�=�
e�@@)9��sdQ��[��2�Z����X��wP�9Xp�9#�Z�3V�]��2�Z������y����עo�p�w�Xs�C@-PPJe{�)�f�xLF e����s��j�2�Rr(c��!�֬w��R$�9�kR,�c��me�@@)9���w�ŋ�B��H�>c�/��
�Sq@�@@-PPJe�V����},�(#��>S�2^�k��j�2�R�(�����i��%aj��E�sH�e�#q@�@@-PPJe���B�ʒ�8�Hd\��v(�R����H�=��((%�2h��8Y�iw���R۝�MG)|g��o(��J�s�1�d�,IcŸ���8`:e�Qv*c�o(��Jɕ�h��9S�K���濡�((�xe��e|e2�D��2�Z����Q�m�3r�q�y��0|�C,�PP��R�2:���PP������V,�PP���OK��Ko)b��V�+���me�@@)��1|^��x}F'���C�@[@@-PPJelS�MX2�q($6Ja9�`N�o(��Jɡ��g=���<��I���/;0.=l-�d~��=��7��e��P�Z��������ߞ�쌨§ʘ[��j�2�Rr(c��
��I�r�A�[I�M��Ό�V)�YP"s�C@-PPJe���y�����Le�1���P�an�o(��Jɡ���ً��"���&���#-QI��2�Z���|
S�5������F:;������me�@@)9��ܳI�
�G�s5�w�ww���o�me�@@)9�Q;��ϳ޹-�/��IN#���_��ȗ�O�me�@@)y�1�y��9���&�s�tf��(��%�
e�@@)y����$��1�g�����s�����wA~��((%�2j���Î��N���T�a՘s�%z����L��2�Z���\�h�c��w�=��T�>��7��e���E�YR*s�C@-PPJ�w#I6ʒR�K��j�2�R�VF��C��j�2�Rr*c����r����?�	re�@@)����`��|�e�"^m?�
e�@@)y������G�2ֹ?��j�2�R�(�}c����U�@CM)�y�c1An��((%�2�c��~y+�F^��u������7QA^��((%�26�k��'�aD8�#OR�n;�
e�@@)9��K^�ڂe8΁%��t��C@-PPJe�@�-�)a�r\��N��o(��Jɓ�>��R{,;d��U&ʦ��7��e��Q�~��r)��z��T�T�o(��Jɣ��g��st����S����PP���G����/�,���Y�8CR,�W�_�re�@@)9���?�a�,i�"�9$Ų���SqAN��((%�2E!eIƜ)��s����j�2�R��e�&�|�ws��K�6��PP���+�1w�t�E�ķ�?��e�@@)%+��l�b鴛��2�Z���r���qƗI�t��C@-PPJ��XBOw�]��7��e��U��mÇ��e<���H�34�ԙ���f��j�2�R�)c�lƹ2��ԑl�������7��e��R���\O7�6E�;eYgx��� PP���GOS��?���irF���o����b{�o(��Jɣ���wn�$16}���wGy�C���7��e��Q�y�Z)�j�͍F8���ܿ��e�@@)9����H��ΰ�����Ey�2�Z������y�H,<�JQ_k+�
e�@@)9����J�y_�2��C@-PPJelK$/�zG������PP����aj��������V��j�2�Rr(c�y�td���q�����7��e��PF��.�2�[)eu|��� PP���G��7����!�.��x��� PP���G���(ޑ�����5PP���K��E�w~����%GF�CK�9�ё���~&Bh
��e��SF��z/
I�����#���ܺh�yM��6��PP���WyI(�v��RG�j�o(��J)Y�;��v��PP��R�2Vr�}R�m信�((�He�&/�k�*�6��PP�����ջ6��职M�L��$bt�]���7��e�d*�{�Z�׆4y_�!�D�3����U�b��@@-PPJ�2;�27�2���1�i^t,Fh	��e�d�e�z�`��t4�&Y�B��Q� w��j�2�R��߫WK!7+�%)v�c�_D	��2�Z���le� ���%��j�2�R�N_ɝ��2�Z���r��d`sGG#����o(��Jɡ��GG��TZ;z4�K��ƨ-;c�H�3���PP���C���E������^��pl�o9�xfɝ��2�Z�����Q;�J)�ed�#������gw��o(��Ji_�g*���вZM���q�xv�ȝ��2�Z�������M��/�8�[�)ʨ������	-�2�Z����xC��k���F�޾2�tz\B��S��
��e��PƨH"FV��Vg�?}e�2��Y��
��e��Pƛb�gwЀ����񧯌w;�0U����H!(��Ji?����YE�������$���C@-PPJ��X one9�F��$/��C@-PPJe����#���|Xelt��%<����C@-PPJe�ǒ3�sjh�q��|�12����C@-PPJ�ʨ��Å����$g��j�2�R�WFm�[������o(��Jɡ���I�G�����wΌ�۾Hft���2�2�Z�����2B2Q��?DY@@-PPʜ��5�y��Ԣ}�d[���+�
e�@@)9��X���s޹
�KeI
���RbV�pH���v+Z��j�2�R�M�<�X�i8Qglw�פ�A^q.Z��j�2�R�UFm�9�M)���	��`��o��"�B��7��e�����6��bg,�'�N�P��y��PP��Ҿ2j缃RJe�8��~�;�ls忡�((e��~�w����A��*�:M��7��e����ŞwX�M���	c�SkdF�ɕ��2�Z�����q��،��3�Hw��\�o(��Jɣ�Ճ![Nz��A4e՘�k|����9PP���C��#�!��R1��Ii�+�o�14�j�2�Rr(#9`�hڻ��SST*�+�u�7"��@@-PPJe�U�N(c���.R�}�D��(��Ji?��Ί�ftaX�Z��o(��J)J�ȑ��2�Z���~UF��7��e��2r信�((�he,{�;��$9��PP����yz���flv�}R�*ϻ��e�@@)�� k�+k�0{�R���7QC3��((%C[D�d~��+��K���E
̀2�Z���e�m�&Y#�g��UR�*���C@-PPJ��o�p�k��GX�L��(��J)\�'g�IHti��o(��J)Z+�1�2,��{���PP��R�2D!�zL�e��j�2�R�*c�����۲�`�'�ʰ����o(��Jɧ�����2K=-��PP���Kkϊ0�ӫe�r�w?���!(��Jɣ������=M�H{+�BZ忡�((%�2�{޹m���d���&��A���e��Q�y�Z)�j�͍F8��W�_�ҁ2�Z����X�y�R$^��аdh�-�-E����K�OE�@@-PPJel�
R$��F���и<�!t�ϵ�C@-PPJe��Rd��T�f1E�NY�y���C@-PPJelK$/�zG��‚3�sjh�g�s|�,�-��PP����aj������SX�8#�y�ߴ�l��o�h���2�Z����X|�;'do� 	6:����|���>�B��7��e��PF��.�2�[)�v:��<���g;v��o(��Jɣ�����[
{i�h��$����E�s�?��{�_Ei@@-PPJe�֞7�xG榲QZ����<}ܦ6�÷�ߋҀ2�Z���\ʨ-?,���Ù�/slc����\�d�2��J���)f����J�ʰ<5_�)�SF��z/
I�����#)�r���gl�K��it�3��UW����R.����LHy�t�hUeX&�W禔�
�*#7C��J>�1Άw��>t3��}���u��G2'W��D�Wp��h�SOd��
�"Hy��t�Z�Ceܕ�E������i~&ׯ^q�L�.�����W�K�Wo?�9�pe,:%����w�|Lf��_��O����Q�.��/ܟ�qX.ߵ�PF9G���S�4���q�C�5;O�q-�-�U,O��+|T�{�Lr(c��ތ^�
,�+�~d�ġ�=�A|3+��/ʸ'�i��i���nw�Daď�MQw��Z�OO�?0Δ,ʀVkr&�/q%�g<����d[wڙ�MH��3
ޭvr(c��;Z�0T����Oe8WevK��ԓ8�I�W�2�9Z��.�B�59W������T�p�+�Ь�bw���Xk�J�n��*���w_)����ԃI*9�[]��ڬX�hnLMM}n/�Ҭe�s�j��\7&Mr�,Ȃ�N?�{��^�nNػ�Bc7]���>{<u��`��2�H��oFA�2��}���!	�.�Gÿ�p@7=�(�R�2,�#�v���C��:��׿���o�&�����f?,(#�ž5���7��~&�h���E��^���Xzv����[�6y�n���U���n���w�Z=ڼ��A��z��>�yä%�S��pT��ܚ��U��kH�y�Gk�૷���fj*~@�Ie�1u��䭻ѯ���훓��گ�m�ģ�՛w����&��N�E����~X�>y���>�}�j�.M�nV�G@p��D����'	�6�Y��B>ek�n�_�s(z��kd�P��W^��+=a���T4\�ͧ�}��I��1��\��{|��		6�i
�2�)ˏ�מ��y�G�,�����(Q�S��`���=�Hf}NST�1-]�bW��iN�˼C���nɓk~�S���<+��y	�1B�M�i�}Cnekl�1vʉJ�O�w����A4҇��ʱ����6��O�;A��K6���l�Jl��􉄄i*^0�`O����L�y�yM�v&r��>����2�_�/b⾝�Ds��mb-"��9��*���t�O���N?�I�<R���ül7��Pmb�Mk��Q��Zc�L���K�Ue��D�H�)��ܮ��e��ĵ�'�w::��U~�|�t�&�ls؉͓��DB'(�p�=��e����㴝7���hyᕛZ&� O^	ep�`b�_�_�Ǒ�ZZK�B����u9�j�\�raB���5�\�pͿܠ�r�F���i~���n���7�Ie*�Q�!i���Ն�ڇ��
�2>����o�<�������=nJ�a���:�rv�C�}�S���{�����|"!!h:�t͹t�|m�o����,���)%'���b��yS	eP�@7�|�Ï�q��+S�S���GiҬt�my�f��N��k���u�jPo,J3L8�(�%?Z���̗��P�s�.�,�[�7	��0�LEC���6��ohG7I�T�+��a��.��5��6���2|�H�~�2�N�B�V;����
�n2�
X�7��<Y�Ol+T���S���3�܂����,���c����ǩ�2�.ԦHԄ�"��g7H�4�\�h�
Q���ӠI貴Dƺ.=�H-��
�ݠc�����us�[�f��6V�m��������~x�̉��]:[c����w�כ�R�w7E�#��x��j|�f���~HK,������|�h.�{�t��{
xBsx�);o>��,�c�[�����
�`	p�^���I��AS�����3T���N�?c�>�{�r�tKA���|�A��#X�_��1�jc�m^cߐS���xg[�������V##�ݧʰQ:E|�\��ƃ0ϲ�s�K�=�q�b��A$6O��?�������*�g;Ϟ�����d��5ڧ�g��2��q?U��m��{W��3A�*N0�<�+�@�2f��C_!���+��qSU���_
�lDk�T�m���<��/�89��5�e{��<)�����_������ev�2l�p���<�^:��u�@�ڴ��I��2nZ�Dv���dл)����Rr{Ե'�3
�g��2$�0e�C/�B��˙�(�P�����=��x|k2�kE_!�N��l�1��V)G �����	=��?,�9Yml��k�r(c�����eF6�S��V�y����!�~Wiʰ�`;�ea�~�@?���I�@�&��;�b�O�[p�9�L��W��9�%�~�4?K��l(]�ǔ�4�!�[2c��n'��?�n�
��G�Xml��k�r(��%<0�X!+���۳Lft��E$�Gep�s�L#e��Z$�>�[�;+���I	���&-���ل/ƊS�m%cR�J/Re���|���m�e��=&�Dc���2���ʂ��#xUy��uZ���6��o�u�qx�B)�c��t�#]}Y��u�w��$����߯�y�kV��e���R�0י�(�y�$���엩ٙ��0eL����0{�*(�Z{b~�v)34�B6B�PDc7��^�oN���NtRڋR�@�D,��S���y�}C��w������W�_�"��2��K�=�|o0��>�䲂0�#u�	6�$&������Xe�>oOO���WA~�'nM��j��F�F���G!�[o{�_!
�O�ܿ;tcJ9�������N�6�ی����Q�-�y�N��Y�����"��2�(��-Kt[<c[�x��~��a<R�0w����$�7��ʠߓ}+�o���gMUA|o��>���u�&��h:U3oI��w�4�"6�sV�n�Q�|KR�ӥ��m���W����n3j�2���������y�o�; ��f��R��ԭ�mh�������]�dfկ��'[5L��s�vxzt��qb�dm>Y��~X�#|̿�”��ޏ>��-}�跡
ʘ�;�	;*���}�C�_��}|�"�E���0qz���dzO���Fl*Mԧ�LU���El�?�
���[��h�A�t�R�?5U�M�xR���6��>!SÞ'�j�gÇ��ɲ=g�T:C2�-�5���2"��u��bf�X{�jݾ����YA�ߞRx�D�)�y�6�,e�����l�)�Q��枧
ʐ�{�|�(�L{�c���Ld�r�>��8�q�f���W(|���>�n7�d�Z�Rml��5�9����|g�S�F�X�sj�"��-��T2�Z��{��s�D��� \dY�4%6O�擥��g�_�2l�{���ʰ�><3:&1%��3U|9 W�O���$����5�;��c�֔#��oZ�Z�Vmt��5�9���-e�7��J���W��E<��0>Xǭ5&�>⟝�a[��k�g�ӂ��t��xIC�͓��d*�]y&��j�)�{>�����Oi�8�P����E�E%f�G��ѕR��~���&�~�A�?zB*���+�����A�Tx�c.r�}Ic���n�k��W��0�s|k�o0����~Q��j�%ľ�nM^�q�\r߫׹�����>��%)��f�L�5�;�M���+�����7�yb�g���"q�����՟�����y)�Ž�}��:9��2ߏgu�-�8y5��G���u��d��u�V?4�Xn����d�M�oҶ\��ɏ>�qw�6��?� �e�4_vH���#yr��er�}#$�����E��O��X���qμ�f̐f��QF����\)mo��m�V݃�Ryd)s+Cߘ�� 7�*#��xK�3|��?�$�@}�L�E)7�GZ/z(�p�!I��s���E��X&7'v.�9:x�T$��x����4s�S:�4PF�pk�
�^{��"r�ڥ8e,ca���[�Rx�I�����|#�ի@��V���9S�2t����#�D(�_{o&����(�`'L�c����J�2'=�}[}��2���H
/����O�D(�o��r�x�O�5B%���C�󾸮����J3e��O�w��翡����_e�ij��~h��"���!�H�M���*�H�}e|#=�
e�@@)��X�m8��g,�<��*Y�=�信�((%S}B��7��e�TAM��PP��R	e�翡�((����[�D(��J��2^q.��e�@@)�P���&�@@-PPJ%�Q����D(��J��2�N�C@-PPJ5��;-�
e�@@)�PFj��j�2�R����7��e�TC��o(��J��2���PP��Re�v#��2�Z����(��E��e�TDϧ信�((�"ʨ}���"�j�2�R�����?�)��((�*�zc��j�2�R���/7濡�((�*�H�C@-PPJU�����2�Z����(�1�
e�@@)�QFc��j�2�R*��/�?U�@@-PPJe�����j�2�R*���ܿ�+(��J��2��Q\!@@-PPJu��j2�
e�@@)�Qƺd��j�2�R�����7��e�TG
�o(��J��2��o(��J��2^u-��@@-PPJ�������e�@@)R����[0PP��R!e�ދ翡�((�J����e�@@)URF"�
e�@@)URƗ�o(��J��2��翡�((�J�H信�((�Rʈ翡�((�R�x��肀2�Z���J)#���2�Z���J)�9׍信�((�Rʨ��U|a�2�Z���j)����(��J��2��C@-PPJ���b4�
e�@@)�R�sF��PP��R-e���PP��R1eD��PP��R1eD��PP��R1e��D�e�@@)S�s��c@@/PPJŔQ�����z�2�R�����7��e�TM_u)ƀ2�^����)#���2�Z����)�濡�((�r���PP��R9e��o(��J��2�7��e�TN/�?�2�v����)#�C@-PPJ��q���e�TO����2�r����)�+�/��((�z�����2�Z����)���信�((������PP��RAe��o(��J��2��7��e�TP~��j�2�R*����?��((���8����2�R���o��B@5PPJ���C@-PPJ��#(��J��2$�
e�@@)�T�w8�
e�@@)�T��C@-PPJ%�a��PP��RIe�����2�R*����?��((����7��e�TS���B@1PPJ5��s((�J��2�@�o(��J��2j?p�e�@@)U���((��ʠ�7��e�TT���2�Z����*���PP��RQe�~��j�2�R�����?A@-PPJU���
��e�TU_v?�2�Z����*�y��PP��RUeԾ�B@-PPJe��6��e�TV_�2�^����*��P���RYe<e�@@)�U忡�((���x�j�2�R����C@-PPJu���j�2�R����]��8�P�v�J	U\t������=�?�]"h��_��
91��J	U����S"h�xՕ��@�H���~��#'@^$�V���j�֭����o;�9?���~���>�����o˧�ºu����cǎ�7|~��'����?}��?�@5��2^��4��nݫ�w�رD�㇟|��O?���~�[� T�*+#/ϯ[��ݻw�ۏE�O?��ן~���>���M�k��6yqݺ����c��o��'��/�}�/9��o@��u�֙ۏ�;���C��'����O��g����Q_\�w�~��w�>�㷟~���>���s�Q��Rh�y�G��a���i�y���}�w���@��w=��=�:�
�w��2�к�.���ne(�i����.��@�i�yC_:��S��.��@=���}�Y��_��.�����u�]}�7PF��f�w�λ�ye�9A���7鼋��meTt��(���λ�L���R�2��u�]}�2@M;��֢�.�Y�輋��P-��t���@`N4뼋����@`޴����P,M;��֢�.��J$��.�[@�e��λ�>P��:��E�]e�nӺ�.��@	PP:��(��E�]����e���wP�z�f�w�֢�.ee��u�]}@Q@��@�]J��JV�]���9e�J�λ�*G�λ�{k���e�jӺ�.�� � �w�� ��λxo-�*P�A�](���ºu��v�
�[�λ�o�2��;�b�+�O@����(�2:�'���[z(��A�]�/@t�y���λ�{k�y���{�輋���6�t�λ��2PHV�]��t(��.��@/Ѵ�n��Zt�%eг�輋��@�@��:�@���y�����A�]P P�i��ཱུ���2�(-:�b�+��@�]�(� ��.�[[q�@�;�"{^%�@^�u�
�[�λ}��-:�b���tޭ
P�P�:�⽵��(�֝w1�UOe:D�λ��Zt���@h�yC_)�tt����&�:�⽵]���u�]}�Y��g���Rl��l�Ii+�i�]yo-:�v(����y��6�n�t�ZѪ���-:�⽵ee���k4�^Y�E����F�؂D���4:zt���_Q��:�v(T��^Y�E�q���K����ʟC�7�+�i�λ�o�ཱུ�e���DՀ�� �*c��ޑb˟��2�aE�FG鶣������8�V �2��i�[Ш��RdŠ�ߺŖ�����λ���輛(B�2��B!�TF��w��ڦ@PFey~ݺ/��n^���2��5�X���/ڲD絻�7ay���B��Ǭ�4<�)L�#{b����a���L�au�c��Vn3S��g1Z(C*Z:8x��R�27��O��1�#짛���v�
�[[�λPD\�&�a���f�����<x���yޖږ�y���/죑�aam�.�E����ǰ�};����B��
�A�jr�
'`P�v��0ٟ��[������2���`x���ޑ��a�՗�$�_?���Q�ֵ���0�u��=e!u��N�
;̌p��1쒢�Mk�k2fA�2��m_
G�xM�(y��M�U�w-PDT&l�����r�m��-+��/�
�R]�4d�N�c֖n���+��)wȮ�Nۖ�p��1�No�p������5Sg�2���u���kᖳ|K���-:��{k���2�z���e�y����y�d�5��;����@��a�j3��Jf�� ��-<�m���)\=q/�mY�2��ii���[��vԍ'`e����d��X�]("�:m��z
ο��@+Q�Dl>��Q�`���@�S.6����dَ��<��f��z�i1�ߑC�t�8����N��A�;jg0�Iд�n���^�e@��0a;XC����|�`�R4�
���2oit;?"��;m���F�0*��7C�i�����hy�8���Q����֕����ۃC_A�2L�F�0��B�	�V>����)��F�3<��^�B�O���J��
��\�]�Qjf
'��<�P5ˆ%CoHL���M�]("T���Q(N�
.��x����3���h&�e�ԅ&���F�8��p�3�GG�YM��/��<�P[~֔��݉I���w�������J���x0N
�i��ۙ���f�m[X[k.�O�t���f�Pe���Zm)�����6��s��:�B�2L}���Z����x�7%�6	��v43�@��p�|Z�K����
/�77{w�C4W��*��J�b�~zt�/��$(���w���v��.�*����R�� � �ڴyf��*S/W⯗�p�Y�$?A�������cXh�!����2榌�`Y���{_1�IP,9:�vc�+("T���Wf� z�6	)�6m�js�\������(���\�۹��z��툟
��2�I"�SN���}Ē�����.�*�v.|,AXj.���e$mڼ����*����Ѱ�`��1�
/��V�~;z�r�)'����4E%&AG��[�{k���2�����&����q�a�h����INb�Oh�,�f�3ln2"���9s?"�Tf~��0{ړҎ��,�I�
��$&A��x�]("����,
R��|�Fi��?�aqm�s�ZZ�M�GU��`�Xm�O�M[��}S��#�=�Ǐ�vA�e/�K�)c�G#�,�B;hv��p��.�X>j�KL4���v��w���2dT󓣧�Æ]s��Ci��@�6����:m�}����p9OX�-H�z������I���v�AJ (c�z�
'����(%�� �I��֝w�6��UFm��–s�(Pԕ�8�}��mj�
�:�V��װp�	�;�k��&j������cXHq�����v���v����eyFYc�I��;�Bˇ���2��2|tt�0��βtp����;ìtj�1l���#��}c[�*�^r��0Ž܄u
���c�P[=|��.����9������Go�U4����J͎:y�����!��$��:��xo-����t��<�O�,��e���Ct�=c8��Ѵ�n���A(b�g�^��u�M�λPz8�y�n��)E3t�D�]��:�2U��M������N
��&��==4e)�v�Kv��b��g�LJ��<��8��6�n�d�Z1��*�܇��Α{dAT���b�/80r`��
���&�����[�r�Ȃ,:���g\�-�W��%ˤl�I)�N�C���8k"�Y�E�1�8ǥ؂*c���)��}���@p��@�Ae,xi�)����0gk�S�>��m�P����QF6P��2��T��2l�9�H��e/



زD�5;��ay���P��cVm�6��#{b����~���L�au�c��Vl5S�g1�)��aƫn8v��CC�,8�8{�ea�@�Cn�Wl�ea�
�.�qe�K�n��S�i�����y�k��c�2��/����aam�N�E����ǰ�];��� �)#�0�U�g�6[`���l|�0��Ҹ�ض;�i�S�h&��%#&���?�q��^s�����$E?���Q|��ֵ�-�a8b�
j�B���]�����c0��g�^��kY�h8�ğ�rh36��y0���i�Wl�U�_���5f���Qe��}�ZY(�ʅ���ۼb��И�oxk`��ѵ-2f��R��c
Ԗ����+�i�ˮM>e�}����p�9����fs���O�TF�a&���3`6;aĶ~�!�e�a*�@����wg0����D�a.xߵ�K���y�㜱�Ë��h�5���J�L��j�<s=Η�[WP���l��	ڶ�(X=q/�mY�2c\�d2��p��?/��fA|��
��2$m_�m���h܄v)@�Q��n~�����I�&�Q#Q�B�{&���1�慁����@PS.2�����8����<�f��x��d)#y�ɪS�mv��Qe4Hھ��!�tHm �#���P&l�]H�^����X��Os�`��S�-�n�M?��-4J`51����!��_Ӓ���a&�N9�ٙp�Te4Hʾ�ۚ{)k�}a��*����	��M��P,��lb���)��D�3|!����v�V?���7C@��Hf��3��<�2���ok���d�X����0a,
ӝ�ſ��i���Y�v4��IJ^�Bumz#h�Wo8㙡##v��9+��%�N9���hv )��oK������Az�P�N����KCZ,L���̤���l����5#�v�&��W7�0�)�XbfG.��f�HTSF�I�Wb�}v
3�3&���0q�]�j�쬉�6��S�Ŷ��d�ԅ��2.�_SW7�4n����4�x&U5���u��/�:L�Y%y�G�~Ɓ��+��5�]�7�y�H�Œ�$���S��ªL�\��^��g��9�C~��=�&PK��\���[-�}-�f��K9��#a?�@R��P�*�Hs�&T��z<�����i�0e�*s
\=�A�_/m�z�`�2�v.ᯞ8s;⧬�(c��%E�[�t��?�䟗r�����(�@R���w8�b�ʠ����H>��S�-�n�?�ௗ��]�'���Z_M�a,�?��~�f���l���@�r�#����I�Wl[u5^6N�S�3D�ab�HZ�	��T’��b=-��3ۍI�r$����p��ϐ�Ɉ�>�z���4&����Xp�q�K|ɻA�O�Ì�y)g ^�9^�Y������	��^ �����Q��t��R�?�~Qm��1^--�ͣ��֛*V���f�Rh�٠�?�u2ZF�S�*�ڛ��=�l5�
~#X�a&���3�|���ڂ���$m_�me�I��z"ʐQ�O������#PC|Z,L��빪S&$�1�z)���ނ��Ǐ���O��;�1s����Zt�3~KS�a&���3���BP�%�@R�ݖ&� R'���2jKL��@QR��i�baj|�:c;���kX�����Գu�[&h������cX@�&��K��)���>_g8�3�f��K9���]!t��d_�m�e�	�

EG�X�y��Ⱦ�ȋ��52���0k����@i��{F^������\�V��^f+�fDW�Cm�Ё#;M�]2����*�l94�R��ÌWmH��d�K�^3��r�i��ȶf*�yY4��:BO,Ts+{*@b�Н��H}�1X́E�6�=N5���Ĉt��o9���;�5���D?�Z��r@�;�9$�������x�ww=5R�8���%0'�CC�ej���U���ZIEND�B`�GUDd�'-���r�
�
s�@��A?�����Picture 12"������b�TCpi��D�:KWƘ�]�]T�Jn�UTCpi��D�:KWƘ�]��PNG


IHDR"�$�QsRGB���gAMA���a	pHYs!�!������IDATx^��E���;���<s��bN(��s�S1"��.`@�9!
3"��]2K�9�I�`����ۮ�f�]؅x��NwWWU���t�_�W�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0��~��?]��]��\Z�
�I�g^�w8�5��(g�4m����<[���ho�e���e��!ڛ9���`��Uå�\�ҳO�O��vM���:H���/:R4��Z�/[m���.#���rJ��2�s�>�]ˀ�mwu9���>�)�+�����Ȫ���K�ڟ+������g)�b�֡�KkW������:��d�m4e�Y�>5�2�r��}M�E�5��M�l�}�kZ��4���5κR��i�G{7|��K�a�a�a�a�a�aT@�Tsi٭\z�p����ed��5��ҳW�(�����ju�ctֆ<�ig�7U�\�$��S����59���#2f'��3:��22�6����ݣm6.v4̪��3h���6�^�����	א־����O��a��.-spa9%NY3��Z���ˤ�3�X��Stdd5�}��?�Di���dd_��sI��i��FG֑���AYO�c�-w�2ҳޗ�c�|.�'r�}�q��ɾ��I+�=������'���A�N������Iے��d�&gl�3g�a�a�a�a�al!�d�uYs�h�𐖵�@����s��	����I��N״�E%�3�C�&�7�������Q���v��nHz�#�]�
���^�f�-<:µ���5l�@�m�.̛�L��Q����+iB4I˺e����uDz��>H�i,}�f�sK�Ҥ�Z�A�Y��˓��Qtd����)ij���Г�IVWݗ�=K�x��?\Z�Rݟ��m�@Q|�;L.(+��V2���9S����S��r�	�a�a�a�a�a���ڮI�
��?���ܥe�o 4�9ܥg�s�9����F1z��"� _z�<=���ee��5�<=Ҳ���m�rlȺ�너�HϾ^ڲR��q�D{��(!�(2��Ҽ�Y�]Ӝ���E�Tޯ��e�Gi9s��ӲWm�:�y����녎JF2!Ҳ��iY�5t��АTY?�5����F{�ȹT�"5;$�k�a�a�a�a�aTx
�$(�9���t�0D�4�K�~R�*�/���tÐ;�'D� u�piٿK;�K[�E����Zq!"-�]�ťg��Ҳ�/R��SQ�H�|B�s�\�l׸�c.#���%-��(Gє�Ѱ��R��ѱ�E��-\F�/�w����-���0�0�0����s�Z������]}%�0���pZ�.#{Y��9��FEb�����I�5�WDy	��?B���u��̫�v��q�T\t=�	�/v������\�'F��'�O5!���z�7���g�g���o���9�u���(+!���ӳE��꿼�bفG��C�������
�4!�0�0�0�l�뜷di{O}��0~�a�Q>4���5�,28�(Ѣ�x%4ή��rV���:ڿ��"�d�(ȓ�S�~�k�oҎ�j����5��%ʹ!q!�ivU�(�����zWdd5�r�OȟjBDӜ�度j~�n�tGi��r��z�
�Όr&����Z��(�/hG���ِ�m�K�fFyӣ��0!�0�0�0�l��۹�8��%K�c2!�0c�H��]z��Ȉ�6ڻq��%�f�7�Y�]GyM[��5�^$����ڽ��u��zI���ިݱ�/ww�Y
��Y�mN$�O%!������H���e����.#�79���+��" ��YR��k�~3ڛ��9JS��|i�LĄ�0�0�0��!��m�v�	�a[f��nZ���ލӠ��.=�K�
?�5:R@yj��U�BI5���OPq�sӳn��nH����u9a턬Bq#��x��ֽ7�oG{�{���.#s��O�욶�#:�!e)D4��dd]Po�Ůi������i�>�o_���+ڻ>q!"C޷�m��Az���I�7�0�0�0�aB���cB�a�&#s�q�q1F�Di���$�q�Z��0���ΥF)'�RM�S�����E��L������������h�����$D�u:G���4RF�C0�e=[P_�׸ݵ��
)K!�uH�d��������q�3�}�Up<��h�ą�&Y���%������GGg�a�a�a�0!���1!�0c�$��B�.�DIQ�!2T��[�h���.={�O+�F�z,={�k��!ё�I&D׍��۬wQ��?�#)(D��:����޵@����c\+�X���e)D@Zօ�7���l����Y�Ց3�5��-:�>�	E���U�Q�{�3�0�0�0�d�al�a���IϺ�Ј۴Í�ލӰ�.=;���D�qY�3���IZ�ȼ@��+8��h�%D�'#�cT�<��u3�C�T"��(u�؂|�MUP��wBX�##;O�9<:�>e-D6)=��\��ɺ�x�6����m�'Ddב��
Rz�IE
�a�a�aF&D�;&D�ala�s�R�0���YE{7N����/��r~"�;�����
�Y��-��e�]T��XZ��ZVbz��AҞ�ug.�}�P�,�M�'�ed�q�[,\���y��I�^���h�~"5Ω]�'���ˢ3ק��H��p,�݄��s�:�p�=����I�6l�j�0�0�0����c{DŽ�0�-LZN%�������<ڻq06gd����]�Y����Uz<-3]
�����;��x���R�fU^7�?k��;bÔ5JڿD�g^������i&�񻔵�5����?5��\zf��I�Qޣ�I�*��Ҳ2�p��,�\BD���:WH�M��zB@z�#��\�`B�a�a�aF�`B���cB�a�����|5�6��j�ct�8vp�W;�U��7���x식d�H=���*��v'Hy?�9k!��Yw�°M%L�C@��8"ԫ"{�'��5�v*i9�˱�)-{�k�q���u���{��ݻ�ޜ�R�Ѻ/#!�79�f���a�a�a�Q6�al�a�����*��[�1�??:R4��Z��_\�$k6�rzV��s�PW+I��8�9wJ�_]z�I��^�kEdd}������su��$���9V��5Κ��A|cBm��~\ڱF��a���o��H*��PP�bmo�>
)=�i�o�n�umT�:�C����ۢ6�pi97��٧��ߴ�M:��J�	�a�a�ae�	��	�a[�\���|0�6����;:�������B�Q��k�؉�!;=�I͓��;��Ȇ<�n�$+�! �gOwOd�����ҲWԕ]G��Pp��s^��ܥ��7�[�Ƅh�u��E۝���+�Tх�;��Eޗ�v�a�D�Aё䤷=I�9� ���u���أ�������|#���agL�0�0�0�(L�0�wL�0��
4 �O��`f��Ԡ�L����	�;�U�F�Hk߰�����X���c\F�-�q�J��s�k���k�o*^`�n��!�q��\z��!����Ҳ
�K�\�kEl��vgI���99�]������L�@�� ̄Tх�f�z8d���Mö�J޶��Pf�v�FG
(/!��[Pn�X�8�{���[��"��_���d�n�i�
�0�0�0��al�a�����<[�c�Ř��?#����z˥g=/�?s��e_�����<R���'�R`����Jys������K�yE�Z�j�
ב�Z+u~뚶�-:۩�n͆/6��q�8s\A��cTP	�L�pjHO�Th�ײ*����)�'���)��%�����<����k�_ϡ�6�H\���Γ�i��Q�|��Q���a�a�a��	��	�a[�������\FּB�obJGT�X�,�팜q.-���WJ���k��w��O�S\ZVc],:NZ�Yz<-�g=^�Y�Y���F�]D�ƙW˱��XqB�gݨ^�>���j���׉�g^#yW�X�h�}}a{J"D�geh�D!��6{I�_\s�|�
(	x�d�)�?'_�_M��(m�����ٝ%���ܸѸ㾒���mΞꚶ�Wt�h2:�-׾���Rzv�.�n�a�a�����BĈ#��>��Q#F�g�R*'"�0�2M;��5�>��ɐ���cQjM9Ϻ��FwWC}F���o�J��5@��\����{�FmΖs�I�W����'���]ö��:]7�6`�����Zo�HQ�}���qgt�:�8�����~h�)핼i�7��?�/:R4����~��5a
��GE{�����C�o��ևE�t����ho$�d_������8M;��k�U]���$�
��O-�/벍�0YgJ��u�y�P�S���.v�<dҲ.\w^1��`�a�a�aFr6E��ӧώ�G�<"?��Q#F�b�R���Ç�jB�aF
��U�5��Ҳ~UA�����a�a�&"υ�"�%K�,m�
G��m}�K-D�>|Ĩ�ÿ3bD��#G�h�R*�Q����a��B���/�Iv��5\�B���^�c�a����^�
��}-Y�diK%{�c���#��6�C.i����ÇgM�0a�h�a�cǎݟ��&D�a�q���0K�a�a��<�!7�0����=�O�i�&|�%�al��a�a�a�a�	�al-d�1!���C.Ʉc�Ą�0�0�0L�0ck!c�	ƶrI&D�%&D�a�a�a`B�a[{L�0�}��K2!��.1!�0�0�0�"��Z��cB���Ç\�	�v�	�a�a�a�a��B�"�m>�L�0�KL�0�0�0�0���0�2��al��!�dB��]bB�a�a�a�&D�����DŽcۇ�$"��"�0�T�r�;_P�W�h�0�0�2���0�2��al��!�dB��]bB�a���T������{F�n��v�a����a��B�"�m>�L�0�KL�0�0R�ʵ�T�ހ�����=���j�n�06�����G�qǨ#���%K唚�����cgTPL�0ck!c�	ƶrI&D�%&DF�0hР=G��?3|���G��a�REKro�٨#����}l˅����Z/��j�s�W���w+��[t�0�M`�����ww���,�7�X�T�ϗ�N�E;��bB�a[{L�0�}��K2!��.1!�0R�1#G�G~{�;z�?v�VIcnj�z��ÆIz����l�1b�e�Ƕ�9�a�.U�_|a���tAݼUplt�0�M@�in��t�w�իW[�T�i�ʕ~��q~�!���QA)!B�	��>eJ�	c�Z�d���#G��9s�_��j�C�"�m>�L�0�KL�0��A~sj���_�t��f͚���-[�kժ�v���;-^�؏��_9j��+��m�w�V7�Q!B�Z��k��Q&�0JI"V�X�
�<���_��	L�H�@��a�ԩݣ��0�
��s��q�}W+2��al��!�dB��]bB�a�A�X�jUt+��УG?Wnb
#���)D��`��/��7b!�~ޏU�e3��l��o�i�_��d��~�!�w�=I����]���r7����8q��i�T���5���P_i��F���6�5�f�yy���	�CYS�L����aT�'��3g�0!�0�6|�%�al��a�CE"��X�a$R�B�U�}����W'
*F����4�1�kF)(���O?�������
��n���o����c�g+
�����wў��˒%~��q�]��_z��Ӽ����kҺn��O�4���]�FG�f��=###��4f=���p����	�Ö"J+n*�s�}ׯ;V��y�Z�ş|�D-GW��Bf*�?����p-���v-��-�"E�O���=��m	�ńè�!�dB��]bB�a�E�0��(O!�s�Z��d"�Z����d��Qv�0JAi�{#�:ʏ=�\�f�݇�#t0��
;�}����Z�����/y~^�ȯ:T�s���G%IY��ZX>y��}�
?R���w��/��8yrtt}&�s��~Y�>~n�~�_��ef깚�!
;�D��c�
��5Ō����-���sȟ$�&^�rþ�/�'��	�Cy|�u��G^x��?�t?K�Ʉɲ��%K�����n��/���Oy�a?����_����S��t�	�v�|���?G{��W�o���#~�;��
��|V��~��U�zL�\v�_����t�$�pflY���~��a����oY������{�%ǣ_�/�S4�CO:ɏ��X9|��g\\�嗺o��,��._[���h��O��Bq�c�rr����#�V�K��V�n�p}&DF���
#D4uNc�7���K�⃄ԽCW��ѹ�vr��ncĄ�HL�0*:�&D������Z�ܟ������~��^n����gt�a%�4Bƞ)u�am���Փ&�~Zڴ�>���|�a?�W�o�W���Y
�S��37��o���{�m5���]?����45j-l�N�D�幹~fF����~QǎZ֚�3��'��6TC��8��|ӏ��Z�z�?��ې�g���f���Q]����2��~�?���\i����k,�<��}�u?C��{�
�a��:���9r
��z�/|�}�D�F�)��\��
��O?�k.�ƍ�?��e#��0z��٬��)�b��p�����~��c�[o��v�С~��1C�^gt���̄�ԡ<��|�y�~��.��O�f��ŋ��ٳ��?�����wC��y�˗뾟%I�`h����9�w�qAr���i�T��J�|wY�ԯ��+q,�CY���x�80檫��A��/˖р(gA[~�q�k��B�&u1�06Ҷ�A[�w�t���?��N��o??��k�Nꡟ��?�3��qX��O�+p��+ׁ�x�
;���C���/���[Lː����Աb�@�Fޗ�PBA&�g�'�1�C����>9�߁��d0^No��/��Ee���9RE��|��|�~Y߾:~O{�1?�fM?��3�3��9���oE~���m��O&DF���r"��S��չ�d���;��s���˹J����s�vs���k+7Wh�-Dw��ܥR����u���NJ�s�K���Z���5�ʝ��[tب��a��V"��0JJy	���ݽj�����C�tA�~���3��(-�"0J���r�z�?���~�Ը�\�;�85�/��I
<��
����٦ߵk���z|��7j�R���t�m~ɧ�j��᧟���Tф[n�٪[�R�=aU&H�ɵk�eݻ�0n�������ߏ��2=�9g���0L
:�`�*�I�(#�?�8i��t�*8|߹�U��_��g~En���������s�Qa�3�ؚ5�<�����.�����p�M7�`��/
�8Џ�^]�N����f�W��}���U��_=~�_���~�~���O>�W���up.�8�駵�0��
&D��)D�}�?���o�hO�����J/f4j�ԭ�g��7��Kհ<��W���S4�仄!���|�9w�|W�x�9s�|S�!1c������R�"�҄���/��K"Ȕz��̧�Rcy�5ċ�/��=�։�/��R�w2���ĒY�Dx���#*4�V�`lz��~�=������9xI���:?��U�E���}{?塇�̦M�ti�#��\?����~�y�ɲM;�P����x����q��3�PA!@]�>��O��"D݊���Z���x�Aع��?�g4i��	���0Σ~�}:Iޟﲲtc���7�Ң�����ʸM]۶���7S��D�`%o"�7l��ժ��LF�{��k[Ƅè �!�T�B�@�*u�	�~7�;9�����˹��-y.���;wķ��#y'�t�>�m!v�:��un@?�����0��<�aa�s�H�$ב'y{
pn��y��(�QA1!�0R��� �l1y���l�؍{IX1`�[�
�N����m��-
H�5����5	�<��,�<�š<2�-^3�~�2Eg��29�l9�ɕ���a�.��l.���8�#%k/��x{�^��"�R�<H���%�8.�6�%DTk0�U��(<$&�"�������jF	(���7���^P�۴�q
#F��s��'_�a$�֠����z>6�!~�cW���u��U��9c.�D��5�g��?�ǝw�_ѧ�zc)�1 M��N?[��H��ij��8�8�b��m�����ݦ	#N?��n�\=�թ��
��q����2QCg�}�U���o!?�.�=����t9_g^�L#��N���?��G�H��r��
�g�����s.FT��^Sk�s�{�p�q*`BD� υ�&D|��j���Y޻�
|�.�P�#��\{��xI���
?���#
Ϭ�W_��X��n��-���9�Tt����G����`�X��uk5P��r�����w���0N�G��H�؇��BE��ώ��|��!hbl/���AX$�c,�s���>���;~ʃ�8�8����r��O�~��r�1~޻�j[W����콷���g���e��ϫh��i�t��*���{,�?V����`��q�I��_}�&���2&�ǔ�]�z�C?�O��"
>�0��o�I�Q��P�$��6���Brq0������o1��p���s�I�=FV�R(D�?>*R�����-cB�aT��K*W!/���M�un��~�8w�"������n�ܟ�;��|��ùIr޽�H;v��3�������eʓ�!�}��C�m$�]r���=f�\�\�}��-�:�bTPL�0�ԡ4B3�F�x�u�~4�zu}8*
�l��Tp㋑e�)����9t�}u�g2x8�(�<H�Q;�*yX0j���ߋq�N�1c��5�H��Jb�a8V�C��j��N��p��P��y����v,�13zg�̢�l��������4U�F�C��C�Sz����ը�#e����)�>����z��Vՙ��g�w�1R7m/m[��ǥ�ʃr"ju����K��]Z��Dg�QJ*D�y�u?|�}
bj�w��?�?�I51#�@C
�˘����:{w���;�!l���jؗ�0#ƨ���F0���zK�@fP3Vr>Ʋ���GU����UDY�%ȋ�i����j��K�u�'�1Zg�2᧙3}���]
lxtv
c^���̮���8_C�\q�� �%�5`�ݵ=���+hOdx�.fuc��d�'���Z=!�_µ��!��}�_ ���!!��S	"Ry.,7!�{���m�"^>���D7�&�~��^�����,�+��C�:J�c?W*D̝��pOƐ���&��a��e��~­��*b����Y�LB���`8��T @le?F�D����YY�)5NڡBDFF��D������yD�᧝��P���H2��k�^�1tŐ!~�a���:<x�!h2V0� �0�!�qF�\O�+,@?��<ُ��r?^�US�û��S1��Q�7܀��R��	wީ�����j�'&Da�\ڇ�D��FhA0����1W^��&NJ���Fm�_�~S�g/N��}ADv�~�<O�o?��e�'"���\R�
��|zo����\I�䛵c��ù�%oӞ�� D����:M�fK��z9w簖��D�l���Gr-�C�'�w��s��=G�8��$O5�'���-��MR�IҎ㥞r�cE�R�]Ү^r�!l��]��Ir�zs ���:�ԟ%�uűn��/yH��I����VI{I�ɾO�o#��ϵ�Ү��Q����@��'o���E��pɮ�'Fјa�Ci�nęq�a�����0n@u���̲�n���Fpbɲ=��)#�Cܯ�Η�k��6
���YU�T<D�C���!�X���0���ȃk�ԝwV��2p�&셶�6G��my�H,�"�4y��e�f��Z>LR��JH�[��Ff����l1G챇�^��GU#��O5"�Ŕ�߲���1��j�3Ϩ�	�ֆ�9x��NƆ��63�0���Ld�t����V��
F��TC "��*6Lg�Ѧ�My��opa���T��Vr��F	٘���1�Y�+c������M�}�z�����;��0�}���3�'\y��q���Z��feF<֑@�x��EaeL�G��@ʦ̀k��p?/X�3nG|��#u#&��G�^exW @,'4Rժ:����2f�v~0���L�M��S!�E��ws�Y��߉���G\p��3�-�Z��Ƅ�-�Q,�;�������V]W~����
�K�����8�A���"Ry.,7!��4�i�{&R�d�Qի���g��R�q睅��'0Z�F�{��c~h��W!B�K�?Z��B�|_��=���r����*�Y�,�L�5��0��=%o���?1B�����*Q��$c�&���'9���f���K�<!۸���p|�c.��
�261��=u2�~����3��
c
��x�<��@�"<��pkE�<,�=�7T`)�Û������ed�	�8�'
Pc<���>��zR 0�c���j��{f�N��!�V8h_�7�{~"�,��\��3�%aZo����5�a>䒶�1��s郜{��>4Q����wn"C\��¹��9����Q�ni���<����H��r���1X�e�7w�K�sS��g��:�Z�DmX�#%o��u�zz�rY�B��%e%
u ���߹AR��҆����@��qپX҇����m(e��9&�"�N��=�r��-;Kj+�>+�G���$;״�lw��J�W�SrM��o����oC9�+ߧ��a�	��:�F��լ���c���(�$t��!7�3���;��)7��`�%F�91!��w�P4[�H����A�g�fؗ|��nǡFx�Z֭�zj� U<�=�}xC��3�s�P�,P�f���6���0B?;��J����!�8<�
�i']�.yc�r�b�����C�<��&f�¤��G��8<�x?��x��Gk�py��c��(ƕ���x��r�}������%�.�*
e-D��p�<�r\d(I�V/���=.*�0���Q!B�.�f�
���La�$~:�e@8�x�]h��O��/��C<p<�&ծ]8v�}<��1FM��?�����t�X�y���P3�� �9�'�q�����3��#f���s�ˌ�5k�I�߮a���h'me�^9x��BH�3�A�=A|&�Ի�Ra��U�	5j���tɏw�y���L�R�}�0���*�/
�g�f\�ď2�3y`�5�h���F�����Bs�1��&D��\XnB�O����	L�@��^1��;����ю�0��[�;���]�;�~cxGX@� �p��$<�M�&b�LX����ƻA��g�A�{�r��w}�ԩ��K>�"�;9��CD�}U\�o�eb�
�n�>�B�֘�[��7%#<�^c�gBu���y�^�zK;��
B�3Q��փ���G�(�ƙ鄓�1C6t����5��}�zJ��t�b���p�O:aG�Cx�PO~�
#Dc,�Aq��x��	7߬��`^˖Z߯�#�u�B��~�k�G��*�>���p]���XØ��@Yߌ�|���oc���!�.x�ࡇ ���L;X?��x� �lK�0!�0*|�%m!��sM{9wD�s��Rw9�B���(Ϲ9=�;:.D����4й��.��;�;��!����sϐG^�.3��� o�2G�j�Oݲ/W��b;�
9~���OڼB���	�ѹ�J��I=�DY�C�ԱP�wA�|3�����p/y�z;�I^gI[����& LD�H��[��6N�H�{NҧѹxJt���B��M�zW��.ǎ�L�{�����q�Fјa�C��y�?��@���
�9�&�ZWX��;yx!�z��ɍ0A|޸�M9���b`��%�|�\�<�w�U��A<������Ɨ�ч�'�C�by�`"�A"<�
�w_�5���p��=�P��,^�L9f�" p��@1��S
b�0*�����q��N���~Y��*�0H�f��X�xy��"xRZ�N:I����W��/8<��>$1��>"	�����daָ�5s�<��i���<��[��"�U�߸Z�~?]�Dl�X�V7�kW�����(��
����o�c
c��#`dk��$c:�FH�X�2tV��u�8�c@9kf�P��o����~��C}����*������x��*n(m�|���g��i���D>��6�7�Vچ��`X3�i���������?I�G����3��g��X_�n�t�G��?s,��T����A��M��/x`����L��[h܍7�
���{�]�K	��^�8p����A��L�p�]*0��{If�����1A��_e���{8�!��=��w�&�L��]��НR��(��Uq!�]�P�S�^��0�3^�OW��1�39A�vx=A�9��a�\�l־`<��=b	�s���#
��	*�%��o% pO5g���{e��5xBHP�����W��*u/h�Ə��S�F��~���n�\	z���x��(a�j���q���'�s�z�0ޱvhbi�/�8��ʐ�O�	N|Nxy��/�bhb���#�=�����ޫ����ȋX��<� v%�xIu�ܘa>䒶�!�����="uN���53��"8��sW�wn�����m�����w��!獔�=%oo9>���!�w��7Q���/�K��$}!�n�c�}q�Σ�|<
�<��:��@��k�s]��]Q������ �w���v���Q�) �k�v�/�g�_9M����b��W�m9owy�U�������������r�K�s����{^��'��3���K�x��u<�Fјa�Ci�Bnh��������7�<���ZU]�Y�1`�G�W�F�}�.\��DB7�Ī%��"y������>.�y��>��;��$3�0����J?�J?���4\�kq9O&\`�B\��=��~ȑG���6�Q�P ��F�g������KF�Jߌ�g?G����~B]̖��1���<@�0ߠ����*����� {�r���3��>J~fa%q�	9�1nc.�X�j�	<���l���|��1K���Am-�R��ҠϑU��_�~�.L"4l,]P�����gF1lL�0��ń��A��U���sƤ�_�/�{1 �`BH4�GD���^t_�>�
v�*0�}.bǹ_�^�{��<����Pۜ�Щ�1�Q?�l��� �"�ro�1�
���:���>��=.ׇ�?��*NFp�AH%/��[3�L�O��HxD�I��X`���K�w\��SΏ���'�f�=�^����~m��vRmӾ�sB���)��P��,�w��;R���R/������2H�I>��vJ���m԰~�~^��K�P�q��OQ?�_�2��l+�G&DF���-&D��0�Ϲq������;Z�ZڑT��H�9�.y�K��{9wB���l�*�O�쯄w���]�
�9����T��rZ��@���=Ü�N����K���9�z�[#B���n�ʶ�{�_ eԕ��+۟H��m"hw�����F�l#>H;�Wq!B�=lOq�Ϲν �[!B�^*���qL�0�ԡ4B��F_y�z7�<��t�։���/B8a��aVZ��?�@?�vm}����~�g�kB���,4�FÆ�M���S�f�4�j:���[nQ�lBk�}���Ņ�(�=.�,��,2b��p��4u��zt��<,�q��
�"Ʉ�8�u��GuTa�m�c�s�1r�<<1���q=���"}�:3������/�s_|�9�
f��H�{n��~�e�>�� 4V�bf�PG�]���C݉BD"�IG��mkSvB�yU���I�$)��ѵ:�_T�aE`B�Qޘ�:�sa���@1��5�q��_…���"����\R����#?�*D��^έBH�����v\$ۅB��<"O�wE$��&Tӗ���\)�uI��%1йc�Gh��n��=%��#"׹ۆ97^�W�v�D�������
֌8J�C��i�]r��\O%������H�!�v�<i7B�'�&yY DH��
R^�G����l+DH9��!���1��b�X�	��:�F��͝Eט����V���ck���aEgb�Y�e��O?䓿��q��~�_����NS�9.ʄ{�5	֮U�"���x�����{w5�'B(!�+����B�o�ů]�8�9���a�r�t���Vϋe={�y�c.��/����İ?�r��5#@gOE3�4Ov�^'��	��qf��i�Bc�2j����`�����\?���Y`��?�H�fH�����k~���ťy?X�ـ�����61;l����-��k��6y�`���~f�����p�
�a��)+!�ʽ}�Z7��I�Ҥ�A�WE��Q&D�	��<��0QhŐ!�_��0�„è �!�T�BB/�fJ=M�].߹�e����-��;�'/��t����K����w����{F�1�gHYy=��C��F���u�=��L��)Eh�����n�7.D|*�ߜL�X���K�.�K�L����r�c)��({!�����o�"�9�/�}I�?snW9���� e�$�}E�����?���9���;��ԇР��2$��%�K_H�?�2�F!4���B�x;r~u��G�S�~Y����'��:L�0�ԡ4B3�Gy��ݠ����c~N�Foua��~�5ר����_�Y��A3����	7ި"�ZI�=�<b����O��C/Y�u��x�0���=�?�~}]Hz�
7���&\}��/�a�O��8��OV�BF����5�+�h��k|�~f���wB�j��D�����Og����c�V�>�P�٧�u�^�G��*b�K���낇@,��+k!R �O�w�﷟���_���p�%��\iÂ7��2����/�iZ�z��**<(�Ah��g��3�s�&ČYR�!��o�����&e%DT����ju����
�����kպy�Ϩ���Qцa$����1!"u��B"cĄè �!�T�B>���=�Y��<����u�0�$��8���}���1��r�~rS �����`tg���SY��'�6��w�Fb��=��sWww��l�Wʹ,ԗċ���%Q׃��<y���s����(o!Ҟ�$�5xQD�v�|�˵�@�!I�?&���6�.e_KFֲ�׷H��ٖ��"�v�\��l�l�$�\���/\��6b��s���;9���9����¶;�z)�mc&DF�P!�ة�sr
Rv��	�7��Y /��t�=���=]t�9��Y�� v+K/h�ZC%�FBX/��Z������£q(�PN�W�a�A��S�״j���{��pFx@���ׯ�v�د�1o^��YY���zx%,�k��ڴ��UO�%K��]����b�?���ʱ%�^�:Xg�E>VH��?���er�#�9�ǒ������å�[h��H�V*��Ńc���H�ѿ�����ʲ���E�~�Q���U�D�h�g�ju��
b��ju��;���jQ�a$����1!"u����^�X�p��N��c[„è �!�T�B0�?���O�h[I<Gnv��%-�c�]�C¶zȟ
ΏC�"E�����}����#����������v+;��7
0!�0R���h�ɰ^�}z��U �����#o@���c��5Xq"���p�u�ږ������v�~(,'*+~N@�S��C^��x%)#ԛ�X�}��c�}�X^=�+~�;���WE�,���u��Z/��d�¦$֊�V/��ʵ;�-��0����z�D�*?_�9��gl[��:�sa�"�/_���Y�t{�ڵ�k׮~�С�w�?*�֭���h�|���ϵ�ƍ��={�V�\�333�]w���z�-?W���}�����
�'�x�?��C�C��7?
�8xf0!�0*|�%��a"#u(��%Yѯ��.B�M2�o6W� ���.J&(lN��nފ*86��0�J*D ��96��uof<��f�OCx;��!< gc���0�]��g⭷�I7����n��t%��1W_�a�&�v��D�-/����'�t�G���4m;��j��k��n�]��c�T�ݼ��ޣ�W���ﲳ��5�q,�.�̯�͍j�ؘ�:���X7�����?����	|�ƍ篐�#>�k֬��K�������?� T��=)Y[�^5������O��~�g_(;.��2�/�X2N?�t_�zuߠA�q���{O�X�`���{��_�6m�o���Y�f��?��c�=֟r�)>==�����0�\�a>�L�0�KL�0�ԡ�
:+�
8F�yB�ߡZݼFx0$67U����65�H�HBI�������O�s_zI��-��]��y��.�k��Q���53f�B��ѭ�5K�/<G^O��V��W/��ҥ~�%��9'�3��+��.]4_�	'�?x�BO��$���z�C�?M��^�@�� z?�
�����1��f�
��F���w�����S5t��|\7u���\�T�ǒA�Em��u�8�$
SHY��4�{T�`]�1W\��H��}�
?��35<�i��54 ׳�kW�Ta���o~�СQ-"R��"0�w��ͷh���s�&{08P
��Pjժ���b�������۷o�g�=��G��[�w��^����?����#�M�%��~_�^=;f��|�������R�%���3�!|��'�@}�G��}/����cd|)����3�<�������_�z�\/�<!�0����لè�!�dB��]bB�a�U�0����<�{x���//!�Z�ܟ�{��Qu�a�(�A�;��8��yG=��p�M~�_�Y͚�ɷܢ�a��xO�iw��խ�֮�!�X��u��L�+�c��j=/<&X�gz��k
�G_|�_9d�_=v���f5o��!H��t���.���o�|2ڱ��|�K��H�~��
'[���|�O����6:j�SO���<�J^�A�(��X?��&MT@�#cI�.jB��کw��E�~���kT���L��_[Ƅ�ԡ<��N=�T��;�n��o�=-F���OC�$cN�Ν}�>}�u2�|*ߝg�}V���3B��Y���	qt�y�iy�(DP6B��#�<�e}��G����u�I'i��^z�z% P�)c�B�1���\�s��Ox�;dL@��{�1}��DK�d%ńè �!�dBD��s�r�a��	FEg3������u�V'�*U����Ui��W�a�\���?�A?�c��
�FV��GU��W
�'�v����n������o���]����~T�j~�A~�g�����{���o�ů�7��}�u?�{4Q��G�#�:�O��G~�zP��6m��s�Qo�'d���N��ث�V������7��3������k���t��ۂ�V
��~�8Q����R�
�c�x?p�=�2i/m~�~��o��Ƙ�.�K:w�j(�8B���a\�Z~Y߾z��n��/h�ʏ:�<�èQ�_�+��K��J�����}~�ʺ�F�`BD�P�B�d�}����7ިa�6����y�U�Á�F��z����+���~����!��s�=׏��,^�\r��V�%B(�05k5��HA�'�<h�I��3�EƄ�o��Ϙ1�r�!�U����O>���㢋.Ro���<"�a��QM�EB2�|���1g�-�������aB�QZL�0�
rI�.D�;��@�m"?���ܟ��b�����m�;y���ӹ�Kھͥ�s�'����[z;�Y�Z��9��B^�F�d��`�D$�keB�:L�0�������B�U�M�:Um��}��s���5#��BD`�G��G�}��z"�{o5�3���7�B�p|ʃ���Y��Z���1��TI�e�ֈ�u�r�T����'����T��a`���R�+L{�QMW�����i��1��c���^�:�<<0�H�	��ȑ~����k���V!$�9�.���{����!��u���k�׉x@8)֛����\�A_�h�X�U���Z��OͣBĭ���Hi��(<B��v�si�ؚ5u;U0!"u���r]#�E�
Xas���PLx�Mp�Yg���Fz�>�@�,?�p����B��"�q����!6�`��E�i���k��E�'x���uqk��{�l	�o�g�y�oӦ�zN\|��Z?׃'�SO=U��w?$0!�(-|vL�0�
rI�*Dtr��C>X���.%߹?ɾ.���-�U$R�{:�lo�:�:�]�H}5;�'m<�m��t�w�,������:���'�wv�oѡBz8wH�Z�s.W�2X�
���p�:BF�-)�)�0^F�-���	��:����
n�����P>���p7ګW��،�g����������`P^�j��ߪ��˩\���Q�a%"�Ę�W��z�����pJ�9D�!��7Ϗ��R��رjܟ�⋺�C*U�K��F�6	/
�s|�+��Z�N8AC�Q��u�i(&X5z�~��&
o�ş~�u�nŔ{��v�Q��wo?�Z5]�:�a��0��~Y���k/],wD8���V(0�5J="�-�M��<0Y�K=��5%��2G�b�w��;W= X7��#8Pߨ�/V�`���.x��I��C�NL�H买\���!"����q�� ���n�iؤi2�  ��~a� ��bՄ}���5�{9l�0-333S��PIƴp>��5j��؄ijҤ�.*�6p?J�܇'r�i�i�(�V������ѬKq�UW���W^Sd�	���M�QRL�0�
rI�*D�pn�^�-�z�v)�����IF�
I6�C��qj�Y"���;�E
^#�D�x`�1й����ٖ�s$�у�I2�@��lio�[9ڵ-�m��k�߹o%ߍ�N��e�����:w\�U!��K�[��#�<$6�O�,&DF�PZ!�����w�p6�5o�\]�
����B��c&Zy�54H��
<}�������]x��޼y�#�)BD���U��7�`K��}�C�.��7C(��F��_}����_s��s^zɏ��"]{���GW���}<� 4��f4l��i�G�p���������:vTC�����?͘�X�z7�~�����~Qf�z"LOK�sG_q��'��i�g���MS/��I���.��~�f=�}�j�_,��Jx+;�xm�׈�2�jU݇'Ƅ[n)h�E~r��~�'���@9"���_9l��#�(F�}�E?��U� ��M��z����~��qi��~��O�Iwׅ߭�C(��e��&M�di#�A�㮺J�3�&D��\�2BDU�����X����^x2�W�ׄx���m�ݦK'�~���m�=1�a��5k�a����'�w:������O�XcQ�`�ԩ*~ు����ڶm��Yl�ū��:M�:�;Yj˸C� fP~FF��6��`B�aT��K*w!B~�gK��R"!b�쿟mi�a����Y��{Q҇�b�,����+�w���}�fH^��S�I]'�-��u����{F����[�-e� �_��8���y��n%ߣ��R��	Αv֖׳����-ɋQ�19V�rA��C�Үh�H����%_�����e�������S�stJ!�5عi��xx%�e�s�r�
=��SS����F�~���!��)yn��J����z7�m/�a�Ci�f^�(��<x�
+W���S<�%
<��A�K�^�Խ<���N8�u�'�0׭[7u��ፔl���@?�p�CeY@a>�Z�#eɦ�rL�zym.���Yd��ۡZ��YqA!Y�V?o�u�IZF����׶J��뎮թX/J�؞(��f�l?�E?��{��F�<�y����
g��h��﫧�}D�#����Ԯ��i�*V,��C9VO���a݉�)L�SG��)�.���pE�Y�y�]wi8'�V@T�ӀpM�y��'d˂��w�O1��u��i�gɗ_j{	�G�Q|߽���6�A�|��%�m�q�$-��I\?e�0�O�v���~�+���>��ͨ__CT�aB��iҞ�͚��m��9�?�gHYs��)O
B`-��c�&I%L�H�0e�D�����k�1ц�@��������}&�¬�@(����<@@�*X��øgc����'��b��i�徚u�ú,�������TQ6lh#c�i7kS2D��x�z�FI�cB�aT��K�B�������B���ܗC��^����s�d�_Ük3ܹ׿pn'�I޳圑r��U^�ɾ򷶔�M�)���e�:�E�1��'�'�s�A��I�b�����;7Y�<F�Ք4^^���O�5]�ӹ.�G6�7��yҮy��t��.u�wn���G��Βw,�;v�s�Y�{[�xitZ!r��.����Nҿ�?�x;�v�Ү|)����N�k�QR�!��"e5����<��ܦ�z���B�U؁��1!�0R���|��u��C=���
(3�jժ�lqx��o��|�޽5_0��]@��'��A�`� Dp.����y<�y\�y�<P��:��\��j���7���Nf��=$�?�+���c��8����Ź\��k�_G�k�)���Ho���?蠃�A���q�$%����밟�\��6nH�^��5�����.uh�Z��X�>).�S���U��}ra�!����?��z�����R�>�`�a�(��X�q#;3�1��q��8�?�%���u�O
�2�P��x"o,�*BȾ8�_�F��ze;��h��G�ʔ|�VҲ���k
1��)�����8�-�,-�}�ֻ.�K��Q[׫S�k���oM�,m+�;�~���7ԗXGE��/"Ry.L!B�	߅�/�/n;�K$�X���}�5�;��4V�ԩ�?�x$���X�ˁ�m��oE��ńè�!�����z�.%Q���tnY?����;���/�Qt�yI�1�K�Y�`��=�y�a�39g�SO�GK�P���e�O�n����C��mI� y���b�j�}�Jyx@������k�پ1׹�	�����ߗ�EY
���r��z;�5��}xiH[>�\Η�ϔ�p�X=)�^�W�蝟�vkI�7%u���V)���yd�zd;;HG��a�����!ϹZR�HI�xږ1!�0R��ĒŨ��/�����F��J�D�\��ǀ�;��/�诽�Z_�J��믫�;f��p��+��Rg��UA�\�fv]v�e��͋7mØ��~��s��h1v�F���b�fggG5���<�p���?����Йi���N]�~���C�xMP.�!֫WO�s�,bȍ:������k���Y ��i�q��=��k��X���\�Ν���W\q��=��c�{ァ�}���'�|���_���3cC 
�G�!��W-�+��?�|m7�.���K��.����z��B}L��Ʋd���pZ����V/�ӅIćx�Z?wl�:}t�a%�$B�al&D��\�2BDE�{-<�d½+^�aR�almL�0�
rI�*D�] ?�{9�h�KA����%�Ƕ�����rlHo瞊^��k�r�8��S
��r��r|G�۩�s���+���z�ss�um9�x96F��K9 ۄ��#Dz0�Kڇ��'Q��BR^C�s�ɹ���&�8���"�ԍ��Կ��m����>։�s���4x)\(������_r���Qњ�)�=9��� �������
�#�W(DȾs��{D��@�~�$��E��yL�0�ԡ4B����3�l D03�8.�q�B��3�8�W�^]=$p+?��u�~��1�㝀!c7�����!�7�xCň�j~�Ygi}x4,\����Oc�R'�m����}�ݨ�u D����_hy7�x�.>H�7�I��� m�a�]�v��#�T��� ^0� ~<�:�
�֠�k���:(1�6r������KGu�z� � ��q��/�7�`ĵ��!���y��7�_7��	�:uR!���ѿ��ڵ��$�=짟(��4�����"�ɹ瞫��WI?K%ń�HML�0�"Ry.4!�0�AL�0�
rI�*D���������.���R�(�l���#���q9�$��o�!��$y[��2.���<��_Hʗ�7ɱ��+Ǯ���l�6d�M^�kO�\��r�ν$��&e�'D�p�K�_(D���B�
��kȱ^��z3ts��Ro[IA���ɹ/P&m��"� ��ݹ��]������+��I����R_��o/m�+�P��2Γ��uI[N��(�J�k�DŽ�H�J�@L`�_~�) Q���C��7��Y�:Fvf��F� D0�PM�Y����9��|����c�6�6�Y�$�c�kО�v�M"���;�c#;B^A��so	�7*W���X�O��mڈA%���Oh��>��
�ƛ!Q��񋰁kt �AѾ}{��H�7++�}���f��K�M�G
����<|��FHA����}NN�����0�_ڍ���)��,�H�Ž3�"#51!�(oL�H�Є��1!�0*|�%����k��܄����C

]SAڡBDO����K*D��w�u����
c;�圧%�x){/��$��qP!��!�/b�j)�Z�c����җą�I�ɟupL�v�������+:��O���Iݟ�5��>iþ��})��F)�")�H!B�%�J�G�`_��ڲo����d�_��L9v�0�I���B!B��=\��$����}��ϓT葲�cB�a�e%D`�g�gf��I"�;�B�83��E��?��O��!���5�������S��r	=��Fr5TL���w<�T�#��߃-Q�`�j�?���u�]��SN)"�����AX%���v�J�(Q����g�i��s�zG p�x#Pwǎ�-����@BT��o��V'����}�O�&��{�/BBCh�$��+��8�C�\����++L�0��Ą��1!"u��B"cĄè �!�T�B�7�4��)yF���
dfa꧂ ��sn&Fr=I�]��y�PKC�����߹	���I�?���a�\�/e�H��x:��N�h9�΍�6���W�k,u��!^��(�X��#�.�ʦJGF�֑�?�q���h`�l.�VI9wՊ�%r�Y��#��Q�zH����Ҧ�9.�.�d_a��D�X���D�R�����/���%OO��ʱw�zn��]�axd��ۥ��2���E���/K�"��H^�IO�q�/Z�v�	��:�F��pN>���!��D��f���{�}�Uo�$1/`�<"�ZB��>���W�<�3�	���q��/�0A�/A%����h#��;�C���A"���4���8�̛c;�	�x� D > rP^
}�},$�"���!������;O���@�@����z�>B&�E��!B�x�^��#/e%��:ALaQk���#��p@_�v�R?����{I⽢��:5j�(lB!�૯�����A�AxcЦ�„�HM�Z�nY
��m�$�8l�?&D��\X��é�=m��͡,�*oʺ���r�Q��:�	�Q�C.�܅�ӡ�s�{9��߹��n�x���s�{V����F�19�r^ww�fo��ui��8�V�b���B�͒Ԓ�<�vA`���]�;�|,�,e�+yސ���e[CCI^<��z�`��%�3�����ry�m��o�<�Ⱦ�l�R���{E�ȡ.���ÄX:R�7�Z�MOG�*yjJzS�e��W%]�=��㩲�
I�)�/xt�*mnD;���C��ʱ��g��y�l/�a�Ci�f��ŀ៰E!|���a<�j<ȇQC�7�|��-�A=�,�|뭷��� �r�-j��#�p@,���#9xd�&�X�O�p������	D	<���PO�!�0�#����|D<���\B!��"�<��h����O�� D�����
6'��zn��&���_k�86���'\y�D�D�?���&� :h#���@x(����xX�}�ݺ�5�%�+ԁ� ��~���2�,ୁ��X�K(��|83!�0R��
��+�����u7�h~�6<�XC��~#K�[j�&D��\X�Ơ�yur��XT�Fh����88ν��ܗ1a�I%�usN?0�	,
څ�n������T�o�qN�r�W&N���1�L���,��&�gcЗ���&DF���-"D�Aw�N�hW�7P/����ϣ��cF�8��č���B�'�u
�a��,��hO��]��K#�+\W� �_���e�ˤy����hs�k'lT���0!�0R���1���CFj<0�3�C�
>7��1“��wf�k`��o"��rF}��1q�	n���hN<��p@�nݺ�Dx��n��>ofy1q^"ԝ�'<� �x�+"+<��6�# f�H�]���:�K�
$ڀ�ƒkf�Vʠ�`$��H�^�f�j49��(^z饤��
<��v �Ч<�q��.��@��@���ס
����~���vq>�׶���bB�a�&�"y�	��obiQNj����q4��ǚA�B��?�e!�&�M1�~oL�H
买��W^~�����^y�W�g徫80�3)���I&͚5�� ����3ggg�6�:���c-�{�y^(��}#�j��M����}3!K	I��Ϭ�裏j�s�_xF��㏣�m�&DF���-&Dlktqn��΍��;�F#50!�0R��E�!����3B
1�����0�'�Ob�fR�c���hmN50��Q���s�=��/<�T�Cs�cB�a�&�"ȃWw�0�0a\CL�.����-R�1�<�A�f���a1y��PN� �Rb-���$岏�|��������yuɃ��qDw��zhmD�����\"2m66�	�Cy|��
�]6�c��Ș<0��}�{�t�a�����B��u�k�Zf�%$���ct�\���aBO0�S�֒s[�b,䞏1�(�!Q�uS>�cuJ(��\��Ν;���v���7�A��p�xȱ3�<S�3����%�=��K��'�J�N�:�=���'�q�8��~�,�����BXW�1�C]x�rm�le��'�|R�_��52A����y^����'�_&ф����s�>�k&Xq݉0銺���D<��	:a�O��=x��3�ȴ�s�NB�"��v����=b�6~��l�����G|�*�'&DF��$"6�|�F��գ Ց"#E(!��qf��7���@(����	��T���!��i���)xg��/U1!�0R���Y�{�=
���
�F3�6�.��"
9����1DU�R�0L !�{���?^��	�8����jժ��Q#�Cݛo�Y�-8��.���u�J�*�C9D�������_�Yg��F2ڇ��w��ÀGX=�i����>�1�P��~�%1Fa#��e�]��r1����o�b��`BD�P�B�1€����Y�|w6<W��c>���u�a
�ʕ+�Q5c	�[�1\31C�1���_|�	�������e�_&�` �۷���g|`,#ݡ���q�W�yLH	P&�c$p��x�`иqc�i��� c,CTe�垒��x �t�A:6���Z�2�܀Bu��1���x�0���q�8���}�Y��j[��A�6���w(�c�t<�øI�R�!$0Q*������I�����e%D �Y#Ohb}ǵ3��V>��f�6>�7�)k��y�����?y۷o��/�vП�筷��>$$,}��R��L�0�
rI&D�%&DF�PB�a�'&DFjRR!�ٟg�:h� 5 1ӖY��5����bV)�9���p��V�a&,� `��0��q�'j9��իW(p`xbf3Ƹ<Pg�2��6f�b,�����)����w�.f�28� ���K081S�	cR�����\�jٲ�zi�~���`"�cBD�P�B���v�AEH��B\�`,��w�m���x^�5�x�w�=�C�>#"0~����0�@�Z�t�,f�cp�{N}��@(�����O���q�0A!w�}�N�a� �B!ࡅ�сq
:1�c�G9�ct�iӦ����W�1�c��0�!��8ꨣt��0��5�@�uQ'�XLf�\�R6B���@Lj��8����ߌ�
x0~#SyX/����Dg��6��&�+���hcB�E��&�7����Q/k�Z��Q��G1�?��ӾN�:Z�3�����!���?)�]���+�OE�=��&DF��$"��"#u�ZB7��f��V��M5�I��ڄ�l���0!�0R��
c��{oߪU+���q�Y��0�0;0.2�Y��0V1��
�@f†s��Y�٘]��,�����F�wC!�0��x��c�i�8�/�}f�b�c�t��JY��&ԭ[W������y�<����M���ԡ<�f�3qqS�-��ˀq�-��ǰ����^3�������x�e���Հ6֮][g�#�2>`ܦ� ��xQ1>c�r֩�͌����z��#{|��P�@����X�8�(B�R>B/$
��A��O�B
��.ˆ�Q����E��W�fM�>��w���q:`�U��E��N��7�|���~*`c�n��]�HM?�~�C?b"2}�1�'D�'�!c>0�ż潧�i;B�Nث8�%p����l	>'�#�v����~DPB���oꖆ�	�Q�C.Ʉ�2��"z9wL�s��:�]�e�	��:l
!��M�;��2�����Dx�b��6�`����<��೩!���Zq��L;ޫ8���a5���@F�0��&DFjR!��c�Z� �}�,_�:�dxJ}<
0v!��M�=�k�g�2e�$�9��"B�n�A� |!��V0$R�ԝ�c2!�Y����B�'@Lq�Dfڏ� �x��I[�w��cBD�P�Bp߶���D!��'���A�=�������B$e�:�E�i� D�
��Ch@� T"
�V���B!�0�c��^�)76���m�D`\a�c����"�D� B}"�c��aLe�����!�R���O�_i}�x�0�k���{�k��~D�N�Z<�����-����/�h�)�4�*��r�xА�5oK"Dж�M���B+�ʠN��p
�=䚹>�f~����M������@?���I���+��诊�3!�0*|�%���C�s�
w�~/玈����?o�s����v����ٹ�;w�\S�Ai�۹4�ç��f]��E��%�n�չ?G�mR�ߤ�w$���d����{A����F�s�)=�;Z��{]���ù��CJS� e\&�q��F��� �9ւ$�<-i��p�Ä�H����rn`�<��fz��a��R<�m�h�:xxdF�@9��ks��ľ�!rSfBa|cvƸ����r2h3�
�<\�Ƭ.\��Q��e��v1�˄�0�D��(���c	c<a=0�! R��&�\�Bf�+�a9�E]1�����/���P�0�1�	C"c:�'V���8�,e�ĨH0�ah$�J"�n"�`��(�a� m���� ���B��>j߾�΢e�1�/��BX�0��cBD� υ�*D�z���=�WƐ (2c��B��A��H��È	�S~���_Q�4�{B��a���8��=F|&�0����(��c#�cc�B�qC=mgM�!��6B!Z0�q/@E��[�N���q��X�˸�؄���_���P�1���1��1���,B+Q>c"�x���Ͻ%�-c7�H9��8��x��0��� ��
��h?B1�X��х�y���:0��~�B����зx���b�5@��x�m��v#b �֏��s�9�{���c�}�� X��{�9��p�
9�~�;�o}��XX��@��a>��U��¹�z:7s�s?��/�����������4޹�{;�j�{��u�6�����r��sp����\�Ё�"�4�m��M�uOiû�"�C)����p�k��2����*��W��~�A�� :��p��1I�
���$��3\��W{�{�b�s�K���;DO4d�)s��G_����GFY*&DF�P!�}|x�&���m簏Ĺ��c4
��LPټf����~�b�	呟�!ۜ�吏�'��~,C��8<�!D���!�9�r���O�<����,���88���5�2��y�"\[ ̾�-���B�@��Mff��l��Z�o2p�ǰw��8a��%��qyy�c�/��B���HMJ"D`�€�[`D�@��(����ʄ����	��$�f�n`�"<c8�����m������̚�X���d�8Č\�G�AHP���H�V0�ap��@��M­���/�s�0t��q�1#\|<7��	��<Vx!�{���}
���DDC&�cc'�M�%`��� `�f<>��)�[�}]/�Ӕ�ɘD��?>���z�n&�p^��0���8��#�{�=ܛR�$�S�{8���D�e�ald��^�q�	;�e�����O���wb$gl�ܷ"Z�yA���+\c"��x��4c��s����[�r㷄m&!<�;@݌ь�\�'}�$(����w����d��oe#�?�p�u�	��#����{C���H��ӿx�!�������������N�w���Ľ_*
|^M�0�
rI�*Dv��C>�G��~����C�H��&����q�cBDw�.m;L�;��;9��!�ҹ?qs���1��;#�����o#��%� ��}�t��RƑQya��1㟼#�;�?Fwʔ��R���(�|��>�c�U�.n^�"��}��r�G#^��Q���>m�n5���$+�w@�X�6�-���k��m�_��RG�������r��uB���R�8��k���J�?��HR�R�hꐿ;J�M��&y���?�5
�9��k��a�Ci���Ƙ��9x6��7������<1���f͚�,n��k/��`�U�xX"a��Lnj1>Q��0a�၁�f1��YK<���*�y a&�"&���=��z9���y�I�(ڌ�7���
�"��
E����W�ya���w_u��a�����V�Ox`��~ �.7��ࡄkg���,/r1j�������A�"�U2B,]��!��7yX���Ku��\WybB�a�&%"0>2_q��F��K܏�"���Ǐ'���\�@�9�r��}J�WTJ,�������("Ry.��BDE�{Z�c6R�v���m`B�aT��K*w!B�)�I��s�� *`��}��>��sy�ُp �ɾ��o�r^�s7!
��rΥ�#ٗ%�$�	��<�&�vn��͑�:���{O玗��+�w�s�ЦHp�K����?�\9��l�,�fFe�-y�M��C�ϕ�kF�T����B�~]��Y�R�%�_��$u�UA��맻�5c̗}�ɹ9�7��%�ќ'y���{�t�3�x�����C�>?�.�A�l,�>������Kʺ):���M�h���g;��[��ߓ�䜧�;�Ӧ�gKcB�a��"�nu�f&s^#,0s�8yfG�a@^�3��bfC1�#<�۸l3�c?�,�`v7��¥we�f�c�Ǜ�K�{��Z��
#�8� ���9��hu3	!��O�s�\1�'��Tf�b�B�`�.��^̈B`V���� n�1��|�K�
G��a��p]t��3��v\�9�}@�@p!�8��A`3��c�1���us�q!#���{X�0��%O"/���L�*f}���zì���HMJ"D0N2�0��ג�K܏x�P�������"n���1�ߞ�|E��2��/�	�=ė7�Ƅ��A�M���䞐������	�QA�C.iKxD̖�.u=,�o�ۛc�Ν�˹=�;��s%���P�.���;��sOJ��X�x!�|,Ǜ�9w���"y� �O�招O��}���]�#�)�,�Y��lߏ��{N�/�����g��h�l�-y���s�^�)�%�\I�D�T����{��&��-r=�u�3i������kIoЦo��r�tIu��Jr�r�6�s�xU ȱ�R�s�[�����F�F��P5�DЗR�'R�l���=��:����y��!��C�.E��)��"d�%�8iS�����0:\!1!�0R��ۙ���3Fn�
0V�P>י1�a��?Q� nj�
c;3�1�#4�ض�1r3˞�Z�Q&Fp�+1��cb�*e�.N<oD���ՙ�`�?�3T!l3�h?�L�p��D���M����N�p��s�=�cA�"���6�F<2�b��so���;��d D���W��M�����"�.��@� �l2X��C(*�D!�>�<730�a�����IYaB�a�&%"���
�:/��]�QF�V���+�D���cBD� υ&D�6�	�QA�C.i���k�˹�r�.�
�s�����}���.�#�
�$y�`p�<��s�����*eGY9��$)��W]�g#��z8w��k+�:�W�ˢ�K9��2�Җ���dFQB�l��Šu�Cl���;w���l������={K~<8z�5V*͖�-jŮ�2��D��g�lw�sz��ݢ,�ECbI�$��>C�!uT��%m�+m.\G$�BHYWJ�]�x@��%ײZ^W�W8L�0�ԡ4B�C1:0�c�dzC8��1JL۰��S1X�A`@� -^���#97���"؇����8�H�8���|�c`�Q�)�E�؏7���"}ŭ�1��!�/���z]0��:����".!�:/��B!�O��D�K�*D�d����������6X�}Ey(|����GʼnɄ�^mE䡏y��u�x�e�	����D�0�����A�M�0�m"����\Җ�h�ù]e;��s��&Ao�I��iA衡�G�B7I��sB���C{9�P�?�@�W�\��
�H���y��e��W��s��Y,e�m�_�9Ȭ��1!�Mٯ��1ȱ97$2������$`���7"��Vr�9<�'�O�)�ɱ%�(u����G��K�GKߔ����u%�#�H���&&DP��9I�w�����OI��{D�yg�u�'�I�pQ�}2m�ci&A��C#�~�v)�/�G��HgH��hW�Ä�HJ#D`���LMK�0���6s����@�Ly�4�	^	,G8"B�pk�eAx#nj�V�H ��0�y:���[�A�q�0�3�!�㴍��`�E��=�ܤkDp�xt`�g�
�u`�8<=7��B��=�k���,�M�(<<h+�Q��=m��mځ�����Z���xD��eR�?3u����.S�r� ��%q��'�b}��'	m���m���!B���/x����)����������᰸cY`B�a�&&D�	��<�a� &DF���-&D�ݳ��=��sH"���`/���\���sn�����\�x;�xIGpY$y���,9�1��|<"hA�_#�Η��Q��se`܏B3=/�����N�)�v)�A�?E�pk��"���f_�q��y��s���l�_ڤ���s��a��/�\#�_��s��<�䂩�D���d���9��5��Ҏ>��h�w���,�.E�8B�Ѯ
@0�|,ޱ�a��&DF�P!���*U�50��hРA�6F�[o��p1k�`��t�=���D�0�c@`��*U�hX!<7��ef����
�#�`'TR"0��הGYo���zC�4{���CT�|^�i�wʨ\���1�# t��]
�\?��e P>m�˃|�
�
��o�]E
ڀ�b}E�x1 . 2���	�M���~$�,���؄M�k!�8>
�	�MKKS!�b���*(��k ��C��r���"�\7�Jx���G�kd�&DFjbB�Qޘ�:�s�	��
bB�aT��K�B�<IO��ù�{97v�s�e�K-��B��Η��A�{��ʾ3�/�Y/����ɀ���s{�H���ܻ�'�u�;9~���]�9J�xy�TO��w�c,l}h����r�P����^R�ir�r��4F�>ʱd D�.���h�
�>�z_�5���'W�O�R�T��)ٷ�?I�*���=�}�eIO�!"�&I-��<�[t����A�}(m�E�r��]G��PԈ#�>"����J�,ꍇ������[��B��E�����s�%uT���ߥ��~�Q�"d\�6!��-R�r�����H���+&DF�P!��7߬��4p�B�7�i��?^��@�����70+�m���ǹ�ŋ �@x��RGh�`�g&?`��O{X�pM���PB��bl��D0n���^y�-0�#j p�!��y�
BLa��]\?�B[���O��a�k���LHb^��S�N*��?xS(��1�H/��Á����}�%xK��~�_y/�K�xq�µ��; ,�ቂ���ңG�(��cB�a�&�"���P�WE-���Ƹ��["xl���8�p�(�
\c:��A�.k�{�稫4u�[6i�$?~��2i�	��<����T�_ұ��s��;[����1�u�_�(�ރ�C��a>��U���/u�ps:۬� �_�܊�Ν�>f�����^a#���9��+�[/y-���?��=�<YΕ<}�p�>��$ω�o��q��Ϝ�U�֐<c$� )���7\�ބ�ѯ@x�6r��� �]��˱o0�s,Җ%�t�v�!�+��)r]�ו��R�	x��+��R� ꒿c��-��,d�[��m���"!��MO�з�H���rm%�U�)!��I���x��H��b���r������8.ǎ���J�G�qڗ'�/»��Y��u%h3��do���/k] �L��C%�0i�d�Ì�J���:��佉튀	��:�F�`�j�nҹ�O|���?~�����d�0>a8
���x��/Y��p8�p@�����PF����\ob�O���O>�B��þP_2��)�z�yy�"٬�7��y�R�p,�����1��!_�k�#߇~�^A�)L�0�Ԥ4B!��pC�e,�������|��Q;�$,`���'Y��(!�>��.ф�ws`,���5�\��lq��,�w�����%��'��s������{dBDj υ^��;�R�Ż3�3�0��l��x�7(�&���,���u�����h϶�h�S&2ѧL��Z�x���x
㙛8��<�[���
 �+ڜK�E&�•�@���/��u��5J�&DF���r"0���)̔�v�O�ۣ�s��ME�q���ց"��ү`���1f�:w8k%p,Ϲ]$�er�r�"�"�y/�/�cG�\W��>9�^��&��%��h��|�|5�C}E���uОh�Bݲ�0l��8w�]ZIέ.u]�щ��<߹���*��^^� �q�������>�vE�փ�m�s�J���W�'�BH%D�sd�x�0ҹqN�*
���בg��3�G�\k{\!��z7ox�H�Wܚ["#u(��gA˖-�-�"�C�'z�lI0��A�,1!�0R��
�ֵ��G(?�M`\�8�0�(�2�`,�m��
��C����()����c1lcP<����7�O�� ��7�M&s=�����k�Q'!�X�m�s<��8!e�<\7a�RK4zr��H\g8?��B9�
����V�z�������\o(���~a�>B�os1!"u���r"⟻M���%����甿�
�Q�v���}J}qQz�WF[�7BhbhǓ�P��{m�S߿0F��,�����p��,��M�<�sC��<�c��Z���L����cH2�z�)�z��)�y#F�(�%��￁�2���ZN;�4�)G�k�!D�� D�7�nژ�o��z���.��O8�1އƆ�O&DF���r"��bB�a��" ܼ��0�-bB�a�&%"� ��[1<a��fdd��yJq0�8?�K.�d��v�y�]w�Y�c"��E�"䬳��O�;�Cg;c$l�1���{Xχ�H��x�F�ԫ�Fxk���;�Z�`E�;��H͛7י�l���zS4�|��{�a���i�iO>���e�:F�K��S��>���v�q��F���k�9�[�n�G�T!���Q���ZnѢ���>���:0r��ǺI�'�r�-}Fa])�݄���"�,�ƣ�������_�jU��!`�#�\:��1��v�u�����h��M����!~�q��V�x���+��	�ɸ����З��Зl3s�q��|���1�2�7l�0��1���c
�@���=��N�Q"� ���'F�b�2V ���F�!���x�!��BY�-q�g|
��s�w�~J��QժU�:{��/�����}b�ָC�`�e��/�<^��9�!׸��go.�	�Q�C.Ʉc�Ą�HJ#D�C26�~aVVxH�!�����d<$�ڌ-^x���4��DŽ�HMJ*DX�'.D0��~"B�7�q����5j�� �Y��v���hF^B?a�g��>��:������G�&mxZP7�/��"��K�k��V��?��xB9�1�
 ���^j �5r�H]w##�z1@�V�窫�R�$׊(B�Y��kH%�A�s���h����;0l���o�]ڈ��20��5�0l�׌ŵj��`�E�\�����:«�^q}̺A�(i;�b!�0�q
��9�sM��(O!��:�G�㯾��Ƌ�b��~��>0�㻅������;߻8�B�#�U�REEM�������C�`�5��|�0�#��1�.�3f�Pc9u0��)m���{�Ȉ�w���Q��]q���q�
����*�/��G�MX���>���xɽ-�!�mC�Ƴ����w��I��x=�
��B0�h�=l��{�F�q͌��>E�e\d<lժ��y%�хu�k/��r-�1��ƶ�?�\�k�f|<��SuFh���(9�&DF��$"��"#u(�����X��ׇCf�b8����/�1���0��^���V�M�(��:����Ȭ]��0&DFj��B�*G�Ba���…�����ƍ���$��p��1���	���H¨`|�ҥ��g�� h`�#}��j�Ę�kfc$�T��D�8�����0~�9����	�c��߯e0�w�}�QO�p����8�c⡇���	�`ܨ�k�YY��^$�C��@�Q�kƈ���52�0Z���`@����s8���a�s�^zI
�x}���R�B�kВG�G�4`�Ǩ�����q�w���$O�D!?�0�󽈏c�w�}��j��s��!���u�ĵqװaCs��l~����X�ќ{9���C���x`1�!�1��1�2^����{�x^�zBj֬��d2O�c
b$������z�o�a��x��(D׍P���5��5=������G��63������}/�/|f���c,���M�o���}3!�0*|�%�al��a�Ci��uQZ��[n�y����!�ř�)ǃ"F31��ưσ�z�+	<4��-\<̖f�1k/>��4�v������P�C&��z�ŰfB�a�e!D��H����1�ag�0"F�u2�`X�Z��!����0����0T1��ۈ�p(xV`�¸���iaE��w!⬳�*lbCb�c0
B�D�fg
����Og�R�3�8����C��Ӓh4�zʹ^��Yׇ~���"�xh'�v<38��� D��7�:���؎�/��Y�_|�	�1�)D�y��w��a�A��p^H��1s�m�|�.c�N��I&DpmC�C��e�v�{��)|7�z|7�'c�?b��)�{A,`"a���2N"$��^0�0A���d��0O۸oFx�x$
9x0>Q&c�"�]f=��E��7$��vҧ�5s�x��B"Ʉ`�DE��= D�
��x����N �""3�r�\c)}F�2�3f���dl�["���\�	�v�	��:�F��=�>pOFvcx��f�m�!l�P@�fV�X�R<`Q&�1B�Y���\��A0�(�2x@$x��!��}��W�x��I�)��BH �L�7�x��P��_�L/�[U8�Gy<lrM�L�!/ۡ<�`?�R�n��'��h[0���<����Ì\�8�Q&y)�z��u�W�K[�/��A�_��O�d�C=A$�}IY�~�=�������	}�x���M���8�M�0�m��
���0��k��3��c���˸��g���ĘΌX�؇����B�����i\c�c�c�d��K�1C3�y��b�TD��~G1�"�1���ylc�Be2��nj�x�.�g�L\�}Gq�i7��51��F���u�Dy\b5����q��>��裸$�cԁ؀`N����@�G�k��5Qmc3�c�[oB�Ey
e�>�ܯ�=B|�"|'������
��8�Uxp>�I��X�6��i�c�mL����Y|���.�W��;̸��2���!�+&sč挑���y�!p0� npM��{��xI{Lv�}w=��
!�I6�U���+U���5���c|�p�Ɖ ~2v ��.�e�ۡ?�����F<D׋���u�쁐�x���u!�"<p�uS^x����<.R	��{G��M|ύx�M�0�
rI&D�%&DF�P!�{���0���02ps��(��p↟�XX�J���!/�C�� ��c� &/��b�%d�y�P�3�0�`���s��	3���̭���o��Dh���e ��ҍ�e�`�>�!����q瓗�;�Qʃ��x�9蠃��ƒ����ǃ
��G��`��Z�L�=��C�KL�`�	з����]$ڄ1..D��k��}�{F�0+��x�0��ɵa���\}�;?+��|���K���F��pu?��x�y���ĵ�I�яk�A�����4��+"cۢ�B}�5�f̺�����,U~;��%���0�a��"��}	a���1(��x�Ԃ�JbAU�L�tA �I�81F1�1�1��኶0�����C��ڃa�}�6p� �2.3��'m`�1��Q��C��~O0�! 3���$��u�:�
�0Ȍa~���`v5�5�
���kLjJ]�N���If
�^�O[1�+��R6�G�m��)�כ�	�AE"����{A�˸?F��g�{SāD�����&�b���w;�wA���>p��PȺ+��}c���el
�ǸW���<�	�=f�|�^��X�8@��N�4����죮��:0�3F#�Pc�m�#?!�(�z�gpM�������{�0Vr�����%�c!����{Hʍ�)m�^7����?�=�����g�	�6s/�X�������{M�g�1�ml�	�QA�C.Ʉc�Ą�HJ#D�0�;3�{�'�p��x��
}0N0k�ْ�Gy������xă��<alb6%
���Z6F"��1rcxAL�!�;"�x��hB�x���C��<P
��N�fir�Y�<4b4�Lf�b����A'�СC�yH�w}T)��<��J�q�a�A4@��L�硍Y�<L�`d\'���� �0[,�
 2��Ō8�T
<�2˕ٯ<X1ӔYuh0�>c���_���FD�Cy�ڥ�����P���k�⡎�a�f� �8��*�@�y���k�_�����1�x8d�2�}!�q2L�0�Ԥ�B��c	B(��Y��1�q)/� �x���A�!�R�uϘ�y��~�%�a�緊����z)'^y��X���q���?@{)+>�!J0�r����1��a�z)���䡯(�6�r(7l�a?������w�A�o�G��`eb��ئO��6�~e�c�V��}��{s�."R��.D�yĐ�= �9��}>�L$���w2��s��#��|����{f���<epOŽ���~�q��E�Lx�>��O�;��v>c�aq��=)�+c�Oh'm�ޘ2Gh#�G��<�c�3�ͽ"׉(���?��p���n�@�r?D������k}�_�I�)��h�1�p-��1�Q����A_s���d,ë#Lj�K��2�A��a>�L�(�}%�^�r��%i�;J:Z�?u+E�"#E(���%f_r��M'�x<$0l`��f��<����N�7��Dx8�<fr�PC�Z������T�M3�R�C��	Q/ x��p�L4ډ��%`����C���o�'<&{�`�F|ftR?�跻�[ݿ�DlxhAaV�0�/��>@ї	��C[i1ϙ��PY����Ay�-uѿA����	}���NX�a�zy������npI��S.mC@����h�l^��A��P�K��K����2�ڙi��.��{�@AL^��njg�_� \�	��z�T�(
\��E�
�c�5�]f�2~!�2&%�
0*&&D�]��H`D'l�x:0�%�
���o�	�Q�C.����?H�\�Q��>�'�����t�$�W�HzZ�%U��H�_%%�'I/Kz_�����_Q�Fm���tk�p-[�}6!�0R�����(i0x���#��`�F�`��Hp�'��B"�#�0�(�Yf�"`��PDx
��1���������S!����fw"t��YSԍ�?��c�� ԏ��٠���A��;#�	����q�+h}F�,�E	�
	�!��Y�L�@dA	n�x"p���2ڇ�C\�`������ D�x*1�)A/� D�B�3� µ�AY�!x������#�0�=6W�0��aBD�`BD���%�W��6���	�QA�C.���f�ϗ�n�C�FH�$�3I]%!FT>��$�wK�J�.�A�xWR���`�S�Br��E�n֭��I�Ӊ��1!�0R������I��Bx���a���Z�R�8��	�D�#����>�"0^��Ax<+�pAx)�B�����ucTG�`v.��	�D]��l~�����h�z	����q\�q���N� �!p��n��@H	�xTp͔����x�}A�������G��5a����z�{p�y�i{�C؋8�E�@P�83wه��>Dچh�:� ��B�+���5)"}��{�A���D�B>�B�x��^�)xD�1Q��.J�˵s���pU�W|FXO�Y�&DƶEi�~'��m��1!L��J��6!"u0!�0�ML�0�
rI[B��-��n�o�����D��K:]R�29�;�0� �� 4^��M�a���v��)�I��%	O^�F�q��PI��
I������~ė$�ċ8Խ�$��jI;Kj+i�$B?��dp�HI������/���B
����p�Dy\_�7�嚏�D?�	�;N����}��a�jK�����i?m*wL�0�ԡ4B�s���Y�?��1$�M� �c�GH�!`$.V�y,�G� �F�0Of�c'ly1��zX�Y�̨'B�,چ��� N��Y�㩧�RC�"ɠ�x��B"!$ ��o��@�q �7kW��/�i�bx��z\b��%"�@�~�^"�7�$F0�	e�a�#��C^�g�D�pT! ����1w9��aoD�O�p�} n1^0��S짝�&x���"׀7
��Q�B{),x��D�=�OyM?�a��"X�9Z���Gel/
�Y�g�|f��jb�#R��\�3�0��ų��~xr1>Q�1x�!~#L��,Y�M��t	qǵ2F��祁r�����Iex_L�H
L�0�m"����\��"0H�$	��(ȇ�D��5`o%	�6�qB?�Q�m�C< @�'�[�h�n���!�I=$
���]�s�0�_/�sI!4SUI=%
��P�+���s$�.�qIr_�HzLRW��z�8�8#o�zA�Y��$����'$%<ϓ���ڋ�Ax��A�	3�[��E}��Q_�[�ޖ�96.��o$�J�%�~��YC�#��6�j�(qm+%q#�q���6I_J�l�r��rń�HJ#D0S�k?`$b;��	�K�O>���	�~�L�!��.fg"l��p����Y�DŽ Čzʣ.<(�e�F����2�F��
4׏Q)��^�P���U�l�.��`�¨���簍Q�PQ�
m�ڍa��-(��\5�I���<��$�q�
F�	�@y�=�B���`�
�'\;}LY�Iy�3���y�˵���E]�9�;�s���ŵc��n�#��V���B�q�K�	����T�`lF0flG�ţ+����rcLI�أ�>��< &#l2��wO0<�?��b�b��;Q�a�����}�ԩ���-�.Dm�"J���uE����"GY@?zq�kƛ1�ߵ�X����~_�� ”������:�s�	��
�3�	�Q�C.ik	��J�(�Z�$%����K�`fֳ�r���K�a�I������ZKb?��1�Sw"�S$��t�$�VK�c!�<!�0�3��v#�I�%}()%8�q���!i�$�W}t�$��%�-�>�:��>�["�#OB\�A��[�Ah?�.����N�Ix�  p�K$�'�I�'���#ΕD���A��o�4Iҙ��Bu�)��$�]*i�$�D?�E�)<O�Q(�s+JB8)�0]&DF�P!���7�8�}�^���$n�1�$˓����e@b��(�����C����B���|�xJ�ߎ�..%�ۡ�~H��ߢ����uH�0!�0R��
��#�Fq�e��������p<���B(8�
C��"�+��N
�!�.���B#?�X\�0���O
Dg���1�("�8q�h/׍��>�n�hB���E����6�K��SO=U�u@��ݻ�^O�0�|D|�a��|�A����P6ރx
Q!��oG�,Di��}�2b�����|yaBD�`B�al��aB�aT��K�ZB`���a#?��%@|�0�1>.D�9��XH�wI�1��J�8�w3�;H�� �A~�&�~�Q$s%�>���%�
��#2�@8E�
<�Nʞ#	���1޳> �qQ�9�=�[#@�ԭ0�O��>n���$�yM�pI�0<3�{���/	��;I��Lx�j
��O%� 9��{D9�J���&D�Ő2J�D�aB�a��"ck`B�a�&%"'��A������	�����
H���C�5u�v�u{���{ �^/�l@��;��<�X?�<f�ҏ0sq��"�!�`2"�>�h
;�pN(C�'< x�QWFF�zm�!��zqC>��xw�9B�?��AD@d��+���`m"�H߲�׆h�q�fq������<�0*Q�A�k�?xa�f��0�������}�E�9���T��������8Bx�>��1!"u�ք��?��C���k֮��WE��^�}���67�Or=/g}��F��z�Ur�=�N�KW��,]ᛵ��/[�sGN�&��q�s�� �]I�q��~���NIX�t���>t�sV����7~���uQ��5k�?Gm^��Z�}�x�d���_�/���ok��:��״)�����S�,��l�Ћ�~⬅����)�S�,X���̇]���
<̋��1!�0*|�%mM!"���ƒ0�cT�{,!C"N����l}��I�B�%�m���L���������$F����PL���<� D ``�+�"�oJ*j������Rx8�(�v�A0Aؠ�w$�����k�퉞�/xb�
�~H���M�� �"���"\?}L���D�Dž��M$�pUx]<")y�=�L��#�e�r���%�&DF�`B�Q�1!�0R��
��Gf�c�؎��<k��@8!�G���;��1x0����<� l�'�|��{��Ë��P�QĂ������l��h"0�cp?���ۢ(�	���Â�h�}�����b	��څxP�zu]���;v����0�xQ���z�~g�
�
�Ca��v��}mڴ�>G�@L��5�Q	O�r����袋��~�}��5� �m�?	��J��r��B<��}��	�f-�4��/XRN�"�zN/��_G[ųz�Z_������ў���ѷ�j���x���`���Iky��w�v��>x��Q����BQ�$ ���/~��83,�M��,m\_�A8����Zwi@��f�X?d�����ѷ�"O��'���~���"~Z�O���1iv�gC~��W�]ϩ�5h��i����b����Mi��s�1L�0�
rI[J��0]��G\��ւ^#b�6A���$�"a�����ǰ�A������D !`��#a
�…����/J�\xa��ߕT��� .D�a��x��-�PK
��*
�����	���������n���XS#�>��k �R�OB`�C3Z�U��U$]$��T�J
B��B�h3�.PB��Uqk�l6&DF�`B�Q�1!�0R��
���w�}��F��p����A��}B�`|�H�xM`�g6~���Y+"N۶m}�5
��lcT'��v���x��+���kH���J�-�����}TɄ<ׄW�h�V���GyD�Z�j�؇�=�ܣ�
5m�T��
AX)�h����1D��n�M=^}�Ujȃ��뮻��Ѯ];
-u�!��&� C߰��L���O?]�#H�1��	kl h��{���ٺÄ��!�f��o���g���D&�\�oHk��/^�g�_�GN�����?�2�O�S�����ݙ<k���s�q��Z>����;�&��i��f��$�b���>��P��~>B���o��a��O�����hy��q��/��Ǩwp��H���?׶�w�j�y��7r�_��:;���>�����u�?��x:�$�i���?�����<�V���g��s���������1��4}^�����=�7�/_�nM��S���k?��
��u,��{�6҇c�8���\7�
���@8�5t���E{9g���h�y��z��<��>j�\���:`��<{���Y_��w\����%+��{�ny�w��=OP������~�]�L��3P���/X�~Wp��1i��+�Hj9�qm���W����}я�2W�	��~"O��?�|U�.��͖���}�>�ۡ~��t����_�Y݆�{�{�͠q�Y�}��:&�X�O�����ۏ�>_�Cx/����ϓ�0!�0*|�%m)!�YI|�I��`A�]$�Q��xD��3�8��J"l�a_ ��	0V·s0���3�#c��p�������X��5&0�#�NCsIA��}��b���gqk�bpg�֌HFQB�2�n^��7<lN�u���P��b���_%��Y{��A��
��c7J�&�4Ix2 D�Pt�dBu�)��4�������\+�É�m��9�S���a=ډ��C�H5U��a�Cyċƨf�n�"#,��3?	�M��(�a���c�N*`B�a�&%"�b�����0p�/��b"�h�B�Q`V>k��0B	�5�y�q�%�x��߮!�:u�F{f�c�c�e�a��|<
0�c��,֮F����
��ly����R��>�999ꑁ8����51���C	��@����!���@�x�'���^��
���ܦ����n�i]�9�8�A߰pw�� D�N��š��6P.�xX�x7���9�~��UYbBD�
B�g}F�ï��{V�w��M�qnJ/��������.�/�~��������}��<n��9t�?���������F�q����՜�r�'��+UD���rV��'}}��^�f燍��k�h�;|;Կ+�1�c�ǘ�#����_��/>��}�F-����l�蛨����.�6��>b�l5Z�l����[���sq����=�wr-u^��Sf/R���J�1�s�����S����|![��Y���3��
��~^�5��T{��S���%�V���?��gZwնO�� �]��i�Yw� ��K�Q����_����~]
���{C���u�>�ӰF��z�y�]��_��|U�f�ߔ���Ӽ����p�H�����ҶY�9���o~J���{��˙ߪ�~����'��3�D��o�x�S�j���m��|�3��7>��.�?�R���ǵ~ڼ��F�o}�oo��W���b@�����O������6�R�4?F���)�ě�v��]|Ki��Y�ε��O���"Ǿ�;J�s�o��K�a�<e�7U�mͥ��~M>�9*<t4�ߔ�J���'��H�1�8x�M�0�
rI�-D �E�1�X��E�'K"|�=0s�=%%�q�nޘMOh!�\�3#8�t��[(#r`����1|.	�8�F2c>a��INY�ˀ�P_#��Y׀6��4Ta���@@�#u��OX8X��N��bJX�E�	�D?R)>
h��VI��T��pV��(A�#�C�Jی�%%zD�&BD<�m&�e��x9��Y�z�$B<1�S7��#	O
�a-	�����kūύ�%�_3��� ܔ&DF�PB�*����c1��ˠQB��$E<<fߖU�b�;��$--�CU��A����
�a�II�<O�؎������ŁA���Y��J�\���1�E��p�����~�z^ v������6�,c�ǘ�:���\��hʡ�xr&����Fx�H~�qǩ�B�z��Lʾ�曵.֞�x��HB>և�>�'�RD	�[@�A@@�a
�D�Ͼ�n�I����@�Ο?����>&�eqMW^y�z5�54��/ք���@� d��(�'��ԉ��F�u��ĵPm�K�PM�=e�	�C*����q��*u�K�8�BDv�!jg�:!}�i�N
��}��?�R�茂P@_���wK���V�@�>�|�3z�/���Ќ(q}��u&?��8�
�Fj�0,3��c������~/ߑ�|���϶���;���_��m��B�C/�n�#a�^���Z"@T�X��7~�s�F�^�A����iO������*0$¾֝���O{�P���	mF�8�?ϩWF�̮��ϧK�_ߨ�7}�\G�J�?�y���~���i���_�ZNO����z����1�w]�Qc��U0�Z��$����gE�ޯ8��/�z����m���^%�d|������B�#f.\ꏾ��z?��3�PA��u����s����V��+��!�Ih�7r�|����}��m�z�X����D�f���|Ά��b���|������Ơ^"���\Ry��g�cB�.��Gb@%I��HbM��B�`��K3[�|��O(_�8F�8,�̺ԁ�^E��/B4!���p�� �Ձ����Q�� �H��BܔA�խ���z�!�T�k����Z�	)x/зx`	b��ϷK�8?�(��Fb��$��87�����'���m��Cl��By��fB�^|�h7kI�@�@�(7L�0�ԡ�BF�`���3��G�?��w4�3*�pc�6�)ʊǦƠCY$L��֭[�LV��0ԏa�2�oO0҄���R� �.�s�z�mf������m�[���8F49�Iل�D_Qw���<�O�aP	�W\���ӧkx���sh��6��5�gڊa���Ϝ��������W�����x�-�	����T�`�ClE| /�cwI`����J�1��?��~�3�O�	���Y�>��s�&� ���H�$��a-쌷xІD��'/��G�=�gރ\C^^�
�<��0� w�ǻ�C�v��
At�w�6#<��@�>q}�~#-h"���ȀC�}��x_h;�ap>�8}L_��u:�m���o4��F~��ޠ̲Ƅ��!��%�~PC-Ҧ8�BD����϶��+��J?u�"5�3�>3�1�b��死�j��y�S5z��F̰�m7�]�k(�e�~��ެ���>:[�Y�w7o������JG��ԇ����,�n^ZxO�ݐ���6F��雁�U/_寐c�u�"�AY]����:B�/d�6C<a�/��5펋�	��Nā D��Ї=�:���g�����������h[x��5!8�͵����z�)�3p�tn������3u
>���54���!|L������=B&�L;4�7;���U�}яL�D�o@����+*�p[��ǐ	��g�j^�'��X�=���W�{�m�QQ�pX��̀q2��!a��<^��8^$������è�!�T�B�aTHL�0�ԡ4B��O3��'�T`�&���O<kf����`��Dli�c|��0K�c:0j����LK�x�c�cD�����|��`0�#/���0�`\B���M[�M���0���
�w��`��(�a�o߾�FD����K�p�	C�E0
1�c3[�0x)`�a�.3S1a8���ˬR��ֱ��F:f���(F�b����Aү�!�g�хE�e�!�zu�~�m52x�lW�����„����L[�݄�H=J*D`T�7���<���
��'�7�f�m���FIex/YO������!�(����u�΀���$�co_����
:���Bg��j<(sDh ‹���2X��0I�݇�9��l��}[���ߦ�5��~�q��8s���1�.>�X��]�u��Gj8���_�ጂG����j�%�B3��BkD��v����f�w�������_������{[d�D�������*�ीa�ۯ/� �v�s~�?j�tXk�X��8��^�V�c��C��i�:��@�v��,�~��;&D�sO���o�W�M���D91Xp:�,C&�����d̓��!�-�3<"�c��nlV��E�<*����.R/���ax8��LyobX+a�>G|�A���7�<!\=�A}����k]s��CH�=�U�ň�s|���S�Zh&�H��K2!��.1!�0R���1�#`|G��-0��١�8�]�X瀙�xM�i��ժUSc7e���S���իk^B��s��E0�-�ќX�� %,m�����8��M@1�����e�D��w�}U�`,1�Y�C�&��\��6f�"���j4"a,*U��F|��9�Ed�3h� ��맳k	��u"� `�#d��:H�	f�2�>�/��*}z��'�/�P���#+��> t�.f�b�ٮ\e`(D|�N����:t�7����g�	����T��L`�-��"�g�/�Nl*ʌ��2�2��[���^�����!U����bլ9���b·5�P�c��`��j�'�ͣ�}����������	�f��k�Ϳ���/[�ZC����;��Y���GP �u
��g���)�ؾ���Ks>kܘ���/����:����<�>�o�QWI��U8`���R�%.���o�i?\��O�ֈ�%�C]Xׂ��o}�G�$��-�uκ�9�����v�^��ӐV�a�J_�E0iv�7Z��E�۰��5rݣuv?�U�Վ��G�c���=�L�5 �m�ճ.�ǽ�Ր�c��Fi9m���M�*��W˹����0R�Y���y���S�h�BL��PC#��)Nyoj5l)uvU�چ��>|N�K�?]��{�>?&}xT����F��뤝O�����:憦*t
,��*4m�Y�ۚ��PT��b�������Ѿ%�+bBE�{��}G�A_�f�
�[�'[u�u_��|�-�����ڄè�!�dB��]bB�a��"x�ǘάOBV  `��؏7� & `|��]�vm�� �4�o�`���@��F���ԅW�|<0��)�1�!/e`�A`�%��9����^�y#�"��:��q����w�zEp�?�CT`@�~����@x�/�vڅX���g��WD�Dc���*	�0x=�z�*"��bӞp�L{���n�H+��:�@|�8q�.FJ9��A!�T�re����	��	��bC�!l����}4!�0R���M!m�p�ߤ�J�u&D�ۚ�j�O*0�~悥~ȸ����( |Fb��3�-�;�����򫟿x�ԃp�w���+uqj�/�>]{��P�k�D�p��p��$���N}��Y�I�ck#��i_���AZ���e�Q:S�Axp$���1��\�D�������G_
�}�O�����
�f�U?����"Zp-�O���`�~�Z��K|����3t-�D8��	%E�l�+_��#q\�Ï:of�#t�52W����`��h@���ӵ�v
;]�_)�k, l ��K��	�E�'���҇_�z$_��:�O���c���T��K����<����f����
��q(��>S�,���30���i�Mx�z+o�\��KW�v]�b�k��}�@ө�0-1�PO|n����`�@�����"װ18ׄè�!�dB��]bB�a�%"�&��5�\���1�cG �HM8�0{�ֈ����|��ĵf�=FsnX���¡̴�`^�fMݏg"P6��]�5��(?y���☴����h�Yg��7o���NB8�0K���xB�OʎC���B�&������V
�5"Zh����
ڏ0��\^	���Y��q]mx�m�Bڦ��4��@�؆����A�q�$+1�N��$2333333�s����+��+YkK��t�����\�����w�9XUp�����WJ�]w��
�2�V��w�=��*�
\?!n0?XN�u!� � � .!�0>�3��}�M�?7�U^C��">�q2`�;���q���t�!�s������u�lȯk"�M�P��7���P\a��@x!���]Y�E�L��"�MnS�	�5���V�"T�P(��" �π%��R��f�?V������(���E\���V�;��ǝD7�>?d�rP� t���X@�`�%��"���̀ȁ�A}�gXB�*��&���@��k���-�B�C��*	�[D�u�]�6;�ȏx��>��,BЈ�%�U	��h��;)���_�U���X��"�k�ĝ�o�]�*AQ'��?��7��YDp�Y�f"0!��^�6����'�0��sF;��"�tA��">�[!�5�0����;�>Xkf^1�k�kϞ=̀�N�2�a�����.�5k<��u��,����p`]�s�,n���g��%!������"�.X�@�)���S�p���B?P!"~�BD�;��g0l򂈮��
������C��"�MnS,	g�t�M��O��6}iӵ�p"Ѧ[�ө��61���_l�G�mDЯ��SP!B���V���~��G����q[a��k"\/�/_�<��V��9������g��WM�'uay��…��"E�H�fv��B�C�#P��2	����y�A�R?"�M;�+W�"��m�*��#|��֔eh��bf@�E"��.D���#T`��D,J�D�/ӧO�7K,Xu 08��X�0n��ĉ�|O=��#*�$XD@�Q��z�8�聘�5����<�:<����~�tA��">�[!�5���:��p�Ǻ	�ݬ�X±>b��w�k�e��|'���."���r��|���-Z�H�m�:�Z��Qk<��v��uY$��w�m�#���[�ǸY�Vk��g�
���}N�;���իW�����O�?P!�p��1�d��X�"��R��P���m�%!�Y��t�|�sl
�q�MKmz]>.<j�l���O'��lh��z�t�M?�)��J6��i�M�lB�Ѩ�Mum��=;��P�r+D�#k��p�������4�bbW?�!��C��z;?!�[�h!D>��gŮB�v��x��n�~�A�Hsv�CQ�]����Z� ��Q�1�P�MӦE���E�k�+H"�e',����9��9�`�+�27�<���(�9���&7s�j�*�暹r;zS�c�=(3b�9N� �p+�p��`5A]�+�@|���NaΨ�y�����!�B}�Ra�>s}OT�P(��"X�c}c�G��,X�a�7o.���a����0�;��XS�q���ڧO�x[�~��}$�H�_XY��C|fD��T�;�z��ڞ-G��w"�W^)��6�R��~3~D}@?X�Y����wR�޽�^����^A�b1��s�2��X^��w��`LX�������˓^�z�Z�;�;w�,�U\3�х�1�KG����Q����

E��
>l�?��o{y�Y�)��+{,;R0"��2�<�w�>�����ܦX".��
��&�<��M��μ�!�"^�O�!�g+����T_�eN�n�r��Zɧ��m6͵��M��D]�m�ĦH�b���6�j�����=6M�i�Mvˉ��

E� �BD�����X'@>a9���IA$��O
*D(��
X%�R��B�r���E���$:1x�!�¬���q� Ʊ��Z�L�2R��;y" R �pi��A���!�����yƂ���=��Q">��ҏ~0'X�!8����+X�����b��+V��C,�(���n�sB<�p�ʕ3������K�"
e�.��C\�]�
�'����K��/�׀9绕�At�ʣdɒ#��A�w�X�!�#!�cEl#?�BD�@���{��fc(.Z�N8�ln|&�n���l�k_hR�ظu�ٲc���O�����-_/}d��
�^�ێ�˔���pPw�":y�/��0�keS:�6�l�3����l9�gC<����-���a�&���y��MnS~
�3�����)��!�)�{�n��~��&\4���Ғ���&�[bӇ6�a���)��	���&�w,-~m�ol��&v�; �\c���:/�t�M�	��&���M���7�A���S6�/���d��Y��&��Mڔ��M�m��|
�ǜ�}~�_�Ibl���C�ΦA69\m�x��ʧ���˧>�i�M�_��M�lj�

�"�PЄv�����X�b�B�]����L�����P�'r+D`�9��1�X��6m*YX@�pQ����:�H�`�~�r\�a=�>��/A���:D;�bn����s�='�s�p{��_��(\�qQ!�Ҁ�G&�V"�GG0FD`Np}�����ց�"Ě06H}�e<�ߥK���z��)))R?.
��ĝ@|@��"��-\G�*ܲ�>��|�`�{+����#� XX P'�s�.��b����
���P��(1q�rS�q��H���v��?�m��ލZ~aʼ������9��١iב�M���}�g.ZmV��
�+PW��3Mن]��pr�ޣg�
�B�z4ضk�8~�]���Es[腈��w�m���]�6�s��W�l1��LJ�'ٲ%�l
E���" ��E��&v��M�lrd<;�GۄX���&��olZf�r�Rmz�&D:,"���ަ�6A�?`S$��|ljjd<� �g��M5ljg$<Xb�ƈ�i�q�<޵��M�ǫۄH�o����Ʀ6�2���x�M�X���M�=jiSv㠟�lB|�+�c���B��m 1��-�H����M��SV8��-���6ͱ	�N�k��M�lR!B�P�
���N\F�ݮ���r�
T�P(��"���*�a�t�RY�!�[�n-.ai��,"X�!�p���' �	A�XC��	�K���O�õ��/�?��k׮��&IJ��٭��J"��p��O �i.D`���;Db�8  ��,��Qছn��"F��}�ኪH�"��36��RG���b>�2�kb*a!��>�0!J8K�Gam� B��n�����'T����J�صw�ٰe�Y�v��0{�|vعg��2��0'��������+m���X=l�f�Xo�� �����m�.�X�^�q��4w�ms�y�t�lM(���m;��鋥�a����{�ؙK$?�Աb�ɻf��bPvѪ�f�ԅf��M���P]��4���2���1s���c����q����|]��Yo�$���Y�טq��ʘ��Km��8d����i�.��}�Mf���d�N�^��2'��r�V3n�R�n�i��i�
�IHx��H�x��k�m��,_�9s��EG8X������l�ߦn�y
^�}����sN�۞_�u�\7����\�ڌ��̶�{%_;v���;f��̺����p��I��:�w�f{-��o����g���næ�G��g&�kD^��kx�O*DX�h R��^���b���vE*?2DJ*'���k�l�bӅ6��M��o�I�=�&�! ��\�n�r~�`#b�M��	�wy�E�@���ԃ5��6��	��@u����d���:@��?�&��K�W��M�9�&\u��~շ)�&�0�|�/acE	Zh�`q����S(/�s�@@{�4���&�s�>1�\�3�#����BW�T֦�6���/l�K�

�"�PP�E��

E|"�B1mpM�
��1�8�!H�ºҝ]����W �
�7J�h'D>V���lXB@�#�Gg!�����{�8�.�89_�T)S�jU�+B7�D��
�G�^D��{�G��#YD����
�`!��n������<�"����aQ�\)�N�Aݸurq�\M�'��
����`���{���+�k��V�Q~B�����_X���Is������Ru;�w�mc�����wЬ߲�Tj��|]�����tS�qw!�!�K��l���0��H3�[�bx֒5R���ژ������~�"����5R�����j��X��ؗuET��l���]��5�7GH��Z�6e�w1��2u�)�d�&�S�QwӺ'�Y��񳖚��O���6&�i�~}Z=�|U��y�T#�g�,9>t��wmeLoUl%��Œ�Ѧ�X�u�o�ݬ\��Tj�Ǥ
�(d��m�A�Ɲ��6}ƙ��W�G��5��kfZ�8�����o�͔���,[�Y�1�iOi㭤�&c�$!�{��i>��~�Bs���=d�|S�u?!��������W��Oס�njc���N�������Lh�6�j^Khn��
�2ڵg�i�e�)�c�)a�}T5E�5m�*{��5�s�%b	�и��ج��
�93t�b��E�8���b,��3s�*+�h�m�i�}���U����k�\�^3��]��"�p���8T��?k���TA�^���4��P�[x�ݾ�`��a��;������uЕ%���-�{&���m6��L��D���ZWG�r��M�Ϲ8r1"�Y�N��:)�
,*��p.�Bœ�)�.6!D�&"H8�X�i�������k�.� �i���o�!��>�&���{�26���g@�Xe"O�)!`<\��
#�p1�X~���U���k�u��P(�y!D@^�.�]��	,0_y�C^q*D(��
�O�eQ8 �Yg�	��H�"b݀��X�����]w�%�vMv�CΗ-[V�,D��[o�5B���A�,& ���p�}�	Q!O��qy��ܹs��W_}U�
b7�}��f֬Y�6�^��q�ȑ�rꢋ.�~c=�
��_D����E"6�X�\w�ub��Z����KDL�1c��Ú �|��gǹM����	�CL�.�Nl�n7�q!1oX@p-,�!NE~C�����_X������?�e�-Xiv��g���3z��9r�)Ӡ�ٸm�ݐ��'�ֽƚ�Z����]�a���r;!�g/Y+eGN[$�x���)ͫ������6�|߶�
��L�e��e@�6�LG�Qa����뺝�J[?�	���'��l��L�>cM���8.���/ظe�!�o�u��և�1�˚�B�u�橯��A�ZL�Ӥb�{��ʸ�/Xe���%Ӻ2��m�X����B�o�u%7�%c�j��ר�R&>?U��2i����]��t��rl��Ok�\��=μR��Y�y��C���e�����>u�\��X��x��E��#�{ߵ����^�L93z�"��x��Ff��b�P�j{�h��O�&�Zj��n5���Ĺ��g?�K_���c�[�6]�Mͼ�t���ҍ�2�X��"B �0�ek6��1q�r)�r��v��D �Ҫ��C?���|��t�y�t�o����E,"_��v��"„���y�!�پ��g=#=�~[~����P���ʑT�P��=��BV�m�"��M�Xg�۩��%.D�7�#��|
��M�	���l���j��X`}�8B�	K��6a!�f�}����
"
n���k��X2 �D7P�W8J۴�&G�#D���$D
�+p�L�f"�c�?�	�%�8�@a�Z���d�)T�P(���$�(dD������ 0(J�Z�����!11ь5JȤX�
c$�(�L$@�1��.ωE[�?���`g��T�P(��"��!�@P�����r`�?��3�v"�(�@{���6m�c��:u7DX)�t��K@�c���;��q���p�D^m�Nʑ����(���e�q�9�~X�d�X������@^�[���R7��NA�@l@t�?A��˖-Q"�w1�5�3�Γ�q��
��P���o��y���7T��4!����iB��av�7�>ʤ�`��ԣ�Y�Qb��.���$/�����k�o�� ��nrh㍄���z�M�a�]��Zz�Lq�����*�M�Fݤ?�ٴ|��`�zӢ�hS�yO�b�&B�/[�ɼ]��솟�b�q�٩1�a�����"0���=d'?�8g�y��K�^A�k&�>a1����~�^)�̤�s�|��ѯ̀�s�3�����A�Ljv���oݦ�7*�/~̐�"�$4�.B�����v'� B��#�]��biq�`(�
B��)XeЧ�����A���G���{���K64{�W�7qѤ���}�8`L\�Q��a��@����| T���3����
�3�;.��]��9�i��Z��Y��.���^�ap��4q�/D46�����M��A楲M�<�~��C��ㅈ�b>�i�u��gA3��-���s�|����T�P��=��B����m��&\a�@l�9k�p!���9	�m�N�p���ް��vƍ�'ޱ	�!>t�	Bk�Q6�v�j@��EV�X���FH�ݠ�a�@@����X, 
8�� �|���u���p�D��G��J�Z�S�M�<�&b^��5�q��@]�,�`��� �Cl
���8�s�P!B��D#D@��������@|�`�(. �����vWAİk�ݔ�d��sq��K��KN�"���eG*�7"‡1!X8�*�v wp��/;}�AW�9�)��F��N*D(��
��5�!c"(��WP��JR�����_X��)A��{�ͤ��u�1"D >��!�h?P�Th�Mma�˝.æ�y�։��!�k�r��-_g���4�6R�4�~������l��b=�η��zb��D���a��B��8W{�"z����!!�x_��n�/X)�G 
�p�T����D��1!ؑ�Y�4�um��d|A!�j�~������ ���ʦà�2^�\�X�ʼg��ÖA|��XM�������cP�`�F���q��=�f(�Q7c��WKO�l(V�7�B��=�
����9"t���<r����f�v�����_�����4`p�U�]qM���~cC��6m�eJ��j����ˍ�bA;�sȤ�"Z5�>RD,w��I���A��y�>
ܛ���l�a.�}�;>�>�T�P��=s:�b9�����A���]�0`!��"@pgv��R	x�#������-�r��"�q�M���Y*n�D�h��؈�E�j\a!!��M�BB�xަ�mz�&�A6a�u�g6A��l ��lz�&���G!�3��x�l�a�>�2�*z#D��ę`�,	�A"�����X[�`܌Q������&���e���lԶ�k�P䀥�60���`,���s�b*D(�h�{�ӑ]����}�+ǎӇ~�8��d)d;-"�5�M!tY��A�E���Q�N(�����r�aÆrr⃝�$vlr���(���'�P�ϟ��<�����?����,<�U�&}F��J��A�ԪUK�D�N�	��s����R����,Hn��q���',0&N�(�gC\�O�gϞ�~ʩ����ݱ�?1\+摾2�kזy��1d71���/�
בݫ�e���<!��O���uQ9�1.�Ř�]�vDz3�]��.f�����

E|� ��A+�1���@�7T��4!�����ʸ]z��,�A��A�4ID��cfI�.æ�u���C�|&�[!;����e��}Ɖ���f=�]T��X�zi��B��wL��9j�i�y�y�TC"F�>w>M�b:K"��&�Xh%���ڙJ-����}������ٶs���Eo)3`�l����w�%�5�w)Včh�e�5}������Ō��d�cg,���1��V�`������[�D�2�� ���2Mą�an"Z�#ua]@=X{�k��l�}g'��ßב@��g�.�(Ө��C�@��'�V������Z�~���FL�-ׂ��zBs�s�3b�q��h��a�v�����S�ޣf�� p����M���M���D��X�<k�#X�~���}��t�\#�A���!|�d����j����
���h���׈b�y�`�T��lq�}�⎍��ςQ�w�-�–��=����S!B�+����" �q}�=}, ���,��vk��n�K!\�bD;�v Dy$�q�A�	ī�B�`��``g?��
X $`�+&�J�Q��Ќc�M����"Ѧa6a���&�`���e�7�����&��xS�l"����TN>�\&!�<!�r�D����;�͘�?�s�~t%��8�;�	�$WS9$��u���6�
+[s�"��A4BDX���YT��� ;��ᦛn�=\\@h�?���K��x���_~)��!�!��V@\�5��b����N�Y=v�X)�kD�}�#�	|�C�a����J�*�q��t��EƝ��$Bſ��/q̈́�@@Q\PU�XQ�A��q�E.��29O]7�|��С��Ҡ��	��7�)]����>�h�?q�A�W��EX`��'��+��5�P���/~�qCB/��r�N/�/�5jȘ	p�5�����$�ڷoo���Jp����
�_����!���~���фc'"��DA"9R*H�'T�����"�rM�j��Q�ˮr�tfG�C�Cr����kv0�w��/,]k�u���'��כ��Cn��k��$�Dt��b��]f���Ÿ��C'ͷu���k��z�I
�Ύ��jw��:�`�o� �l�!A��͏en��|�e�T3bj��� ���,]�Y\�n߱s�����#�7y�
�ؤ�mF���o�m�Y�a��q��9��8W�^�f�X!�K��,"J�Z��\`��B�b��ӂ�!(5V���͠	��k���Wѿ{_�73��F�'�6oaÁ2X7W����J,�$1
:
���"�
׽��Y"~ 45�p��/��"�q`YsH�_"���I�Ċaܬ����+B�3��������}�M�~��5V�l;�?�[�#ל@�+���ްM�;��v��q�`�T�� D�c���;6��
	��Ʉ=�$p�20�*D(N
�=s:��p���>
! �|�s@�=�|� ���H����^u��
�E?�ڍ�ڦ�d�b*D(�h�~lb��@�-9������g�y�?>�����~BT��g>���x���E��x'/�F\ �(���>���N�o�����G�p�O�E��� ���5�I]]��G����{N��L�"+D�Ǖ�K/�$���K
�W��7��N�\�Ҽ����?�ԅ@����W_-��i���~��2� �+"	b
mRoӦM����1!@�&b��7��'"�I�����N!�����m����V(�{�Xk`!�zG"���
���o*D���%D@���"���~�Vm�W\C�;�v��}�~��3�h���w�۬��Ƣ�~��˰�s�BD!"��~9��>�����_�m����]{� �*D(N�=s:������i�	��P��" �!�?���LWJq RpJHk�������	��7�6�B�@��/U��)Y��y���%/D=�����+ّO�N�@$��� g�?m#pD
,�=��#"��?����6��?�"�p`n��ʗ//DZ`�����Xs0���?�ؼ����6u:!��n��#X�\x�2����/�|�A���{�)^��X_<��cb����eǩ�6��`Μ�@?�;�;eʔ,B�PP��}D"��e�"��tV)�E'"���
���
����@	쮯�6X|�+�İ �V"�>u�ٱ��w�
X`��/4�
,9���g_d7���
va;N��@ϻǞ[ȱa���}�c�����y��6�V��n���8Y���
�"��?m1"��A4B�
����_|!"?<�U�;�q��G��x
��,.���@|����v�f�ĂWA�wB����ge��&Md�?����Tw��?m�/H�w�}W��5��w�S�K.u#P7u�����n�p{DL�]�lYi��aO9��ƌ���_N���p�'�	B��s��"P8ѿ~�zq���E��n�8�m������3�"F�׿�U"��r�UWe
\3�<v��U,?�����o��<Ħ8Y��P�'NU�`�9SQ�BD���/,PB�5�w����s��.�
��U�E�,/��*Dd#D��s�L�L6-�y�؞���8�d(@�
���Ϩq
��
Q�����

E� �BD3�.��b���(�;��	��$� p!q�K&�:�����
IN��s�9G�9���N���촇��'N��q�BV<�@��(\FA�S��7�r+�#���q���	XF�ʉ�+�?���"���
�!��!K���>[��Q��,"��X����1�~P��V
�c��y��?�)q&�z�.�;��X�+\3�	!�XXW`��g7v�
WQ�*�I[X3 Pp_0�č@��N�L{2Xg`�Bhу{k
��
�E�8Y��P�'�"@�M�&�èQ�D��!�YSp��kP�໅z��ZX��V�@�~֥�G�wE�^�Dx
�^C�%��`�Ef��
z�>έecA�
����@	
�"",��Q��}�0���q��H�+?������y	R]ޞ�*D(N�=�B�)��	�8.6N���T�P(��"X����vv�C�c��;"@L�/v�C�SBb��.�X�G,���f�1H&����?"��z9��#�6@<A�W�^]��1pS���իW�� 9" �
�['�C���Ҟ>P�� ��bU��>;������>D>�q�Ƈ��|B�aq@=���'X��c����.� ��	+�*����T�Y��a�(���:�O,1}e�'!H�ڊ~��!�:���"�7�}C������B$���*D(��
XS]s�5�F�z��~��U�V�
n�e�	�q|g ��3F�+D�;�S�q���Y#X�Y�p�焊S�b/A�i?b)R��{�f^{�YD��0�|����ߓ&L�?�~�o���@�����_X��K�JPiE|b��fԴ�f���ۧk6n3�'����:��S!"!b���m?/w�lޞ�5�?��a���{�ϮB����3*D��v# Lz饗�[n�E��K�A)h��Yg�%�O��-&�B�B?ȭ�(� H� 91��Dxb}OX; n`E~.R�����}x>>c�wȩ|�@v���3�uma%�h���pЏH��ڢ���1�\p�X' � �`���s�{#!!���ŅbN�q1�����	*D(��
��X+ �" �B�cq�nA�F�ud=�."�s/�\�
8P�,�XY��cMd
㕘6��g=EL�8�t�!�-��=�`i�0���`�q��w�#��#���\>#ӎ�)��2w�E\2.���^�A>�����_�|�!�1��uVx��z�U
���$��S/��ޤ�
!��wǸv|�^���]�%�����k˜���2&�1�y��
����������1�=6o�m6������e��c�^y�a�NS��3oYο�������l�ւ���cf�򍺙=����}Ǜ�UۛR�:���G���eY{� �ˆ��LB��D��ר���x Ϩi�L��=̗6O���m�Cf��&�IOS�V�e펦i��f���f����f���	�g̋
9�<ﬡ�7؝�y���ݼ�y?����??�
����ĺ�+����)���b���T��q����I�n�)�����O!�(�aӋ6Q�6������.]��"Ǐd\i�|��Yv��?��v��?m1"��A^$��h��A��	O�&v�WH���&�`Y޻c���{�7I�"��x�)��e��@8�����Ӏ��4H"�
 �+����
"��Dn�~��^�v�;����X�EM�Ђ�ԏ�>	�&����z��sϕ�k��n�M,�Q��,�p=�X�w�\��C8@`�{����b��>Sq���'�����J)��;�� �iWwB�,_."ߣ�X":`u�k)�밞���w��+����q#*�A+�ʚ]�^=��E��{��E�0~,��c�� ==]��o�yu߹�	��B�Ҟ�/"s��w����A�)1���r���Jڣn�1�B��T����J��ŗ����3I�kcz��a���c��˺Qd�f���)�1�g�]{����M��}%v�5 ��gbS@`S�|�y�>v�7�4ܴ�=�ֹK�7v���8��w�
�	��1��i�� ��t �����3��%�7I<�==�+���A>b1l۹��F�mo��C���~�k�3c�~�.��Q9O���q�A�I�ual�!q�z��8�i�4�y�T9�~�6&�iO�g�L��j�~��� ��IDAT���x�F	Z�k�j)����ޣf�ǿ�k��X��սp���u�����Y����i����?�c���m��k��_!�Tj���9V��2�
9��/v^Ұ�˦�6��B9U�P�<�{&���sć6����M=m�ѦH@D�i�h����M�M�q�&��X���k���'�M���MWٔ-�v���͏mG$�G7�Z����A�sΥ��j���~ز��	r����U�[�٭�y��3Nv9���S|��'ʹ��8��Ï}����}vj��������

E� /�vrB̄�~�|`
d��MbW�رc#�˫��'vy�.�g����h�S;N����
�7�
�!��>��O��P�'�"X�!�!�YWH���AWJ�Bky�׸�#6<����w?$;q��Px��'�:;����9�]w�֭[��rν���"�5�|�˗7LX@����#YD D@��3c�������?7vA��q�Ɖ@��/0Vb�R�r��?��
��WN�ݐ�����n��H���w5��O��?
cc~��[���A�e�p��#����)�D�@ę>}����?̀��9�S��h�	KD��C{�8T����2n�6��BD���/,PBĚM�D4(ߨ��;v����*�5ev5�M{��zD
�W���7�v�ss����AӲ�h�m�u�Φà���r��#���iC�:[R�R�>�LOӬ�(�u�3m�JS'}��ܪ���1D�@;���1/�nl^(���,DJ�	f���fܬ%��Ar�D��b��¶���Q��"j��W���M���MJ�	��c�<mA�_�R��Ш��:��.�R��l���g)z��i�viJ�q�9C��=F��&=��i���o�O�S>c�$3���oѝ��Mr�^f�MfǮ�&}�$��t�.�l��"� t��*�B}�:Ab�M�Z������xG��Ķ]{̣_ԑ9<h��Uڙnçɹ��f����R �,&Rd���#���]�k�и��m��[��6��=A���{���E�x��f��� ��jJ��E��E0>"N D��K�λ�~��O�g��8Y��L,�����rO�cK ���6�֦p`Űצl"�;)h���M
lz�/�t�M�s�M�l�`S����E"�1{�W�Yg!�Ϗ]�ű+	� (ԩSG�4�r��ꪫ�U�0�fW4(îv AaZ̎,v(���a�������O`09~�G��}��Ɨ��/*���`nΟ~lG�b*D(�"���

E|"Z!���l�q����
��…�hHmv�#D@�#<#�#J���8v�C�#x��q2�!b�A�X�����O�b��v�:�^Ș ��k&����A�!�'�� 6�}�Z¥B�b��
�8�5d=�8���_�~" 8�!���I��k�F.�0��`��xA&�� t��v@�J�1��yF8A�A��m"�0^�
��KA���Yr ��A���s��BD���	5�0�v�=+�m���|�Z�)�V�*�3��2[v���I�f��-�^�!��:��,�|s�R٦fҼ�f����%�U����2
��Q3I�v���&�3=[޴�9�,^�Q,�D8������[l=[�g5�ͤ��M�a���/%�޺�s�;UE�=c���j{!�!�_+��?�,Z�A,<&�Y&��(�����f��K�ǔ�B�ӗ���ڙ�[�����77����\g�L4�t�~cg��&=̄���
�W2k6m7k7m3Uio�,]k���n�7�&s��v��b�A�q�4k�j�U�"
�ݼC�t�m�f���`jڹ� ��&���f�v�q��i��w!�X��<�qM��	!���v�9`j� }ܽ��>y��3��!�e~@��#���
��i�Q�z���]��\�+6��>�e����m�073Ϙ���~Zg����S!�Bj���"bT���A���¿g�[�����p��k�M_�䄄�������?�l��&�wl��!���"���sDum�	���M�۔��hhӯ��]aB�vA!��{c�1ʟ~ ���.�(?�1��G~�t�S�g̚B�?B�y�����$�b~L��Ɓc��1`�@�#��b�m���ñ�N0�-�i�	��P��"k#��-X'�#�
`ͦn��g���.�p�����"o�u�_��Fa"����M�
ru�Y�����k>� ��_�~}��_�����"�UO�r>����s����T'�|��R���)"x��l6�?B�#���N|��|��`g?��eX�)�cǎǭ�X*`�A���b��|��܌9�����"(�w ��O8�!��o�N#�V����"�#� 
 �0O�x7�x��b�����	̉�^}�U�7n��`���^�"�8�HÆ
e#�B��ԍ��C�A9��I8�96o�ډ�\;�f��B���Q!">PЄ�nç�gK54��/��g�v�H�7�Z��C��*�ڰM��9K֚W+4b�ᇔ�b!��\b^��.Z�e�}�b�w*q�����	.��wj�o׆�B��c��<o�X�V>$^�Z�Ƽ��R���Ce�f�q�͌��-��l�u)D��%ꋀĊu[��j�M[w�5�[�qi�C���YEK\�C�m�U�#Z�6^Khn��`糑�ç.0%kw��r.�*��cnx�;�~���0`��M�."2�aǵ��1�H���v���%ɝ|/��O,� �O](.�p��<~R=��Au�R��"*! �\�LyӸˈ,.��L����L!�땄�[� D4�<�To��~�D�6}ƙ�&=��s�x�&Ө�p󴽶3��z�-_'��T,����!�cayX?�OgB���¿g�[�@0Xo�0���T�&,
��	1�u�p��5�:��o��g�$�.��k�i6�)�ڄ���7l�ߦslr�:��M�k��&�He+D�٦6}e����k��ab4"�x�	��\�?͚5��ٿs�w��6����G�����М�w+���B?�q�y\/a)��L��!��ڻwo�����%}´�<��mG�!��G!�]B�Ƃ#*D(�Ӊh�H�=�, q�9i}KMM"*\L�_����vc��B� �8�q�[��Q�f���4�u:��)����2���x�F��B��!����?����cG��ɇMCA���v���2l*�=�=����x�X��65a��',���(��w����Mb����&�wh#R�H���R�F���cp�%�H������D��R�J�'D0�[o�UD�)��k�%�I��a>/��R�O�}�%��?.�9s�P�qDĆ�������>��MU���A�"u���]�9\G��6���$���ɰg��O��k'�_ᖋk�g����A\�HP!"~`�(!��.{*�3��	����a�$!�!�ٍ��`g���R���	-�z�2����=��^)�T�\8��3ND
��W�5�<�@�5y#	o�}z��6�B�G�qsD�(���.�6I�Weu�t�s_��ƭ�$���-��By�\�Z���
!�N�y�g��U��
Q�6�G�R��bUS��Ǚӷ+�Q+��=F��çI;e�wk0h�ܐa�˜�\�U��f���[U�S+[������v���bUS�z�_�N,!��D�j�f� 3~�R�"A����q�v�`�N�G��A_��ؽ/�?���
��ˇO���!�����,����C�\c���W���X��������21��`�w���Ͼ�9���΄��Z{n��3���b�C�*'��_N���V��`�
�;�h�M6��޲	���
�q���&�*�'����Z�T�&��q6մ	O���m�z�����\3�5�w6!�P����|��ZD�LA D����g��ď{�t�#�
̧!�4r" �Ӄ�'L�5"��$�p焫&"�B��"~�A��ɓ;JYW	���wB�f�/��
7Ȋ��K�V��W��Q���f��B���/]3M��,B�3��^g�$<��q3������F����X"@��;�x�X���R�e�ڃ�G|@� �[�59���/��|v��/��_�U�V�>�}��Ȏe7�:e��6��p�^�~��v����@� ��i���c�A\
�f�0��
1��.��Ổ��O��O!�F�5$.}Y�z�ߋ�c�pKs��PC?��K|��]A����)�?�qA���3����	��&��5�D
ęHP!"~`�(!bƢղS�àI�Jm%��ɭ%f�x&�_��.n�p9i
�
��b�&fœ���#����R� �@�u� �q�}�t�\��~�� ���!�!㩇̸W����6�|�����;'Ht�8�۲���fЄy"4�]�V�� 6l�i��n53|�Bq/�u���潤�n#������?�M�h7P�#�`��p�؁�@��'K40�Wha��Z*�?�pe�\��
�{�`�k��:��ƻߵ1mz��R�Z�~ ����L���}޲uǹ;"��}E0K�l!�z:��	 p,]�YSs]��j&�^*���X,s�b���7���f��gD��l�Q��Y�׈�4l�|�{�����ښW��q��c\æ,�"Z��ZDx�/�x�eC<�F���N�\�d�=�6]O>�����,��y��y.�y7��+{��^���D�!b�MA��6�?����r�v�ψ%lB�ZD @��>�Eb}�
�:>�i�M�ۄ��6!L\i�}d�Wm�\�y%Oڔm|`�
�G*�~8�%��0�?�3��!���<��dX��L��Bn�;�X��B�`LIJ�5��P!B��D#D�[�ݡ�:A�����`�#�j�	�#�
�H!L���!}0
 s\[쒅��С����`
�\�-ʳ.�
�H�5�~A8�}�.� ��y��{�u�����
���1���G܆@���D݌�s�F���בj�w��>�������"�rȍ=�C��/Y�S����w�=\������*D�T�P$�F���vv������l���M���Z�Κ�Q�D>�h�5�}�}s���O�A�]>@�BڢNʆ��8�:x��Z��7V��v�yOrcs����~��8�{�?����1�S��
��k�e�����Ѝ
���3�t���el#�k�s��q7Ǒ@�*D���%D�B�Jm%�q�!S�wA�f��%jw��C�1H�*��@��޳��)^3C,�/��|Y+�,[���u��^\��=C'�7_��5����YK���K~,j
�F��!wDWl��A�#^��@H��cf��+��Y��Yk�����K ��K�•�'6/��5�C1�A��jZ�<ƹ�B���Vno>�e��'�UZ�5���m��L�۴C\ay��'�ooڶ[,
&�[.yF�Xd���+��iO�� ����+�c��{����K��~g;��H#�-�kF��~c��ȿl�fFv��/�#�D
��9�$�`i��p�e�>{L��L�xp�����8�|ײ��|�R���B/D(��O��"��O!8!���zXe�ڰ�p�M�G��&����:��3(��&�?�k.��؄�1˦�6q���1�p�U�	a�
�*��B��?�b�D�n�,��0��I���Bؠ,?���C�;~4CҼ����'���At�Dڑ>y!D�K��o�BJ����T�P(���� �&nꮾ�j���I�ڊ;�Ⰶ!���.�L��7���'�����4���¤,�~�_�{<�K�8���Ô>�&������W��`����/����h�]�XP�o��X�Qk;�d�)�R�#W ���=qS�9�AdfG-�;��a��m�+�����?���ϗ���n�<e��xh���ߗ~1W�
	f�]�\�qsA��#^�H����'s.�'���m�߹
�"	�"����f��Hu�]�߄�ձs,���P!"~PЄv��ߟ`Ÿ�a����=�压�9� �9�g��wp�������{������<t�8'铔�;:�L�=�����p@�3v�^�h8t�X�AH�69H�������༸��@�
�q�\��3��1s�I��1\#1>W6bP��0T΅��'�n����	4�����v\�n��T����e�}�4�����*D(1�Od~�ۄk�m:�&b/�.i�M�l@�@\OX4�>�`�Emb� �M�_��M�F�p� 06�x �6���V��d��6��:%~�	���-��(c���q�����Y�U#4�O�?!ف<��9�=�&n�
D
�
��9
�Cp8�5A� ~�`'-�IY�h�ˀ]��~�i�y�Ӿ&ސi�L���%K�������bv�������	���P!B��D#D|���BD�nb�p�Ee��:��l��n( ȱ���Y�"	�݈.x(�nXlj��?�<���
|��| �����‚>@�#PS/�bV��C��dPp�%�?B�m��&�|�w
����F!V�Õzp���p��CI�
�f�s��k=�G�KD�W^yE����	c=���{�qa��w�,��B�z�uμp=�w��>�v���>���y���2.�1���ט�R'��D����
���S"�A���AA"��Һ�پ;�;�3�e�6�b�R%`w�C��"F�<B��nnSc�fڄp"�2�X
�l�be��@j�(�Eu!�ʩ�M�6նi�M������a@��.6-���M�l"���6!��hS��m+4���������T�P(����XE�x@�~�z,
 �!���xKM��l���\3�������
��8H|{s�LC�#V 6���e�JY,��R���Xd 
C�#F��2!�\�rR&XD`�FP~dc}�x��� �=�	���?�c�CQ�f��gW)mC��!������8�g,��X-��_��=����@���v�b^x���Ủ&�R����u��� �8����!�Յ+,�}"�*D(
�"��`�k-���8��#�//�o\��P!"~�B�"ց%�8�9� �Y]��*T�P(b�����i�M�ڄ`�d��6a͐`��M��Pº��t �@�rׄpPզ� ������Q��E��!�%Ň~z�&�#�6e�a)lBD��p���-7�-&�B�B?�F�@(��
�򁐇<��������K���mXD" �:k��A!��XX�H��
J��X�q��!k	��>dcm�?y�d�XÝ�I$�ΑxϏl,�3@�����	Ή耵B����_,��m���D��@x�Z��#���AP��� X^�������;�#��v̈�aWQ��,.'I��K/e
X�8+C�O�q"�*D(
�"X�Y!�.Ax>`�s�;��?��N�*�qnl�
|���y
"�*D(*D(1�O���ُ�A��#k�Q>X;�#�:N�e��%�{D�pɉ �y��'��	,�I'��˟���

E� !���6E����7X D�r���Uf
#�@����&'�9���������$>��]��#��b�nH{u��BD�b�DX��j֬���<;���Z®QB��(QB,"b��;!��HXZp�H�Y�|F@��.��L�X�P��	wG��<X"P!��3|&^B�����E� �V(�#�5	+�Z�j%�.ص��p��|"J`Y�,"�� �u�;���,� b��T��?��(Hȭ����B-�!X�q�t�=;A:�55�7q���A���b^w��X�l�$�BD�@���`B��"F��o!�R���|�_@,�/��v�ѣG��t�СM����H�K���T�P(��������iڴ��rD Nd"�
�XKTk/��Cr;� p)�N~|��!\AJ}����L�"����X``Q � �<�q�`�K(Dv��^��"N@�G1!��y�'ƌ�b��@n���.��K۔�b��}�a���9�ʂ9C�J�vp��h�<@�y�N�b8уc��Y78 L߂���<����E�+��n�Zv��'�k���D����
����
ġ)R�����'N�u�5��@����ý-��Y!�Y)�˺�Hܷo_��~�{�u�c?���X��R�| A�Y��F]�C\�{���u#�d�a��3k$�i|WQ�"�>:7S-�k3���{�qR��=}r�;�Nb	a�F�b�|�)���W�0f��C��{�>c9H�|�0���p�S��>����C�fN}B�F<������7ǘo�s��*D�T�P(
&��S!B���"�[����v��{#E��3rs�$T�P(��X�D$�+��#�H|�'��`	�"��1vb�2�T"?D�!Ap{�YD~\!~@L���uAd�P�<"6��)8�8�x�z�j�N@0��q`�H�4����b�:���+��<�v\�8��C��]}�1�'?�}bn f"�9��m1?���b���b	A���W�t����P�r+D`Y��O�{�hk�2�]q�b��(�z�U�W_}%�2�b|7���X6�N��1B�8�,�Sk�es�o����w��\!�YWG�-�i��X�!�����qb��>8NH{�Y3YO���X��+9�^�_�}Ɖ�κMQ�����wBq�>��c�n�$�9@>�;�p�����&>�����"���������ґXK��l@a>DZ��s���7s�u�'��BD�@���`��
"���'2���"&�B�B?�F�8Ӏ�" 4d
�LX!�����	"��Dn�H|,;�!ű�̆���?��!�!�q���@�x���8���CG|F�@t��V
X�Q/e�p@�X�a�F����=�0�w}�
mB�C��G�����K�x�b�
�:�"0�%�\"��1����6b	��E]$�
c��|?��G��u��b�k׮"J��0FD,谎CpAT�*qa�Yƌ���!�`���0��h�<ljy�裏��7�1#��BD�@���`B��"F�T!BQ(�B�B?�'!]��f�).!�D��`B��">�[!�,�s����X7��~饗
��N}�`a���@�p3Į|@^�},Ұ2`�?���n��B�D+��C��ҍ>A��
\�a�Ay\�!�G)O~��{�y'��E���8\8a�A�Ɔ�.�sbb�0�����C�N�`�
�/���$�
d�p����5_�A<$�\�r��
��x�kA�Ƈ�����+"
7T�P(
&T�P(b��H"�*D(�x"?v]R��=��lƌ�M�8��1c4i:#i��E�͙������oMAn��
���	��X
`1�[!��X�A���B�cQ�Մ"h`E�`@�ₘD��`Dž��!�D>R��%�w��b%0�=�{������'"IJ��WGN�����a�����_,��Bbc��`�I�Sb�w�}�p�D�N����"�v�x���-���O��*D(|o��P��?�*D(
%T�P(��
�X"8��T�W�XS�!] 3x��4��/@.A1��eyi�<r]�ϟ/����1c�g�kP!"{,Z��7˖.]ǵ�	2�$���OG����)%���NW:Ź-,�>�kgM���k
r+D���믗5+, ��Y���Ŀ��o�W�z�{>�QS�X
]�t��؅�+��@���駟+b�Z��X��;vQA��X�|FLp����C��Q���6�����+���p��,"�~���q�Р��n�M�dnʔ)#�mڴ��h���%��{��%��[�����n���<�8�8��`�M�C�k\����L�.R��|f�qt]�WP!"~�B�BQ0���

E���B��PB��"~�AbB��R�T��UvZBb�����o��2JPPƚ_�=�d.5p��W`�.�$.G � � ��̸�9 ��u���X�
�!b���K�����;�+��\>�;ǎ5{f��?��{�4�g��Sdd��>���k�m� �Wv����� +:|��]��l2��8��kך��'������;�N5�{���#̎q��a?��Q���5�l9��܃6�=���d���l=�l6��>�<(�=�s��3f<�ߚ��
��g�G�
k"��l��߉��g]c��J��e�<�.�"(O}��BK�SҜ��5��"�3��v8F�~H� ���@]� �5�|��� �q�#>�g�K}2�������E���
l�ڡ��	��gl�K�Y�<b"��ϴ��	���`������L���g�pכ��/�(�5�k�?P!B�(��{E��"�T!BQ(�B�B?�F����/4@!6 N�B�D��H�" wpy�ی�B�z�d�,��+ ��
�>�U�V��ի��Z\iT�VM|�#*A�AxA�!\�T���	;'L0�+U27��ğ˒�̚�no��~}��A�Sd@�o������A]��gf�ʕ���9�k��~D�M]���_}eVV�n|��YӸ�9j�����x�"8lHM5���l<�?b����%e˚��oֶh!b��̢/���KJ��ul�fї_�y6�m�k��,`g�����t�FEv8!��� Q�8��{��S�hp��BD�@���`B��"F�T!BQ(�B�B?ȭY�h�NI�Z��n�(D����)ı�7��Z�r�iٲ�8p����=dn4(18j�(�	��pv�#ԁݞ�8�(
$;_ P&N�(�ɎO�cR��9�]�M��b��nS�̮Nv�6o�\�v��ʙ'v�:�ôA��{������!��J}ԏ����7�>� �K�R�@�!z����5��	V�?m�˕�Ӯs�Ĝ�=:ӷ9���s�F���C�����Õ	����;.Tp�����BD��N��6|�YT�����۶5Kʗ��u�z���S�,(ZԬ����3�����o��?���XU��Y� `�ZO��V��R%sȿ �w��:�&%����s"�fؐ�n���m�8x�}^���*���뼷�2{�}3��w���7|�pϜ9f�OJ�9~���}�K���޶3����&��s|�}>�����̵y"��uU��fcǎR���Pd�S"k �
g��Z~�b*D�T�P(
&T�P(b��H"�*D(��
����_�*~�!�%����	��x��p�w�N�Kv�����]z��/���7��׿�?5�8��	(
�_��o�]|QC��3�>B�S'���Q��?�ɔ/_^n��oDD��1$x�J��pG���[ć8���wv�]n���W8}��8>�!�z�)�(�����Ϥ�Q�F
!�;t� s���lC�9!�>2G@�X�]Ս7�(c$]~��">PWӦM�u�]'y��i�*�K�C'b`	A��p��B�V�q0�A���6�Ǐ���<�a�m۶�6~��7sϵ���שD�b��<-ZT��� � <a���oJWī�*Dd���-.Y�ܰA�wߊf�}V7��a&�j�^22�R`����^x�Y۪�����];3����X'��[�,)UJ��6t��Z�6G��
�G[�����"�/�"���e֓O�ȱ�I����Q�<�6a�������Yߦ�Y��,�ZT���h�1�;�Ł�k�5���~�Y�w�|9���%�i�oD
g�5�,��-���1a��Ud�S"���
�"��	"���'R�E��

E� �B�����+;�!ܯ��
�� �!�<���'�.��	��9Hj޳����Ҏ��܏?��)D����	���w���'��K/�$��=�ag~88���p,(p;� ��Ϙ#��A2�|}�'�) �E��a���aK
�-�Ǹ�{�9)��l|lC�;�'D|��w�X�b�B�����Ϛ�U���B[/�.�a���p��	A��A$!�>pݘ��0g�=Xz��D�By�Qhq�kA�	���� J`)�<#�`	By�-(�����"�Gn�v�!b��_�.��bX��7�	�G�D��*�,��WO��-L��~��ԟ��+",  �XA�#<l���ږ-��矗ϋ��V�XU��Y��"DL��.s�ރK˔ɴx;F��asϞf�'���,>�جOK�~;�`��3뢯����k�3Ϙ��K'D�
�YA!�r��OY,D&�r��oRd�S"X��Tn�����vㇵ�r)b*D�T�P(
&�NT!B���"ON��<yތ�S��?j��iƴiM��*D(1���Z����3���W]u���WL�N��8w�.ٙ�5���ݏ� 9M��e�
�DPe�AJ!0` ����Ȇ8��. �yT`m�
��K&o
�����<����,wc�������"Lt��Q>c}�e�!��CXP`Aߜ��b�P�tiF���yO0p���%K
��T�P��đ�袋D���
��p`�p���g�T�$D � Dpm�\�,J���"���{�!p�E�X� X@�a�A?\q��E
16���J�|bb������*;��=�"�
3����a;�[�kD���zB�c��5X`��jUq[��b{oa��{'�6u�$���̝+�+&���?��|s�Q#��}K��bD�ĭƮ�3{����"p����[o�~.��
��������"�k���>CdXY���.�/���+��q�}�3V(��>�ǥ�\{O�dן�vm:l�e���֭f�M7ɜ)�ǩ��չk�t9����${��F�i �8�Qa9V�.�T����PL��P��?�Q	�O���F6�1m�Ѥ)���CS��"�q�B���s��+'D 8 @\� D��"@��?�aN@e��h���"�B*Ҏz~s��:i�6��kbdH��_]�t��D}ݺu%`w�"E��b�̙Bַk�N�A�り�0n���c��5VX5`
��t�.D 2�&pBua�B�pWs��z�/ׂ��X���B���S��	�����ELb�\g��sq���qp�^y���D�%�,�y��E�,	KȲ��BD��N�`'���7��{�,��P��~YŊbq�{�t�u� ����|y3��G�-V���6���$`����ڵ�a�}��qh�f!��G�{������O%�qD��@P@�p���>�@�M��#��Ir�Xu̶�'A���%�+�sB?i��0p��5�f{������T{��^�8עsg3����>ˎ#��v����f�w�ťJI;��@;1Q�D��"D�"o��޹k)�V$6?A�#9ǂ�P�K����̺�ZA�
�"��	"���'2*!���쳬IS�'���

E�#!�����
�y�D"������w�k�E.�p9�?�A�ЙxN��b�z��B�c]�z�u��_,�:�=��9
���qώ[~(CvA��O�,�y�"�y"N�}@9���2c� @ݸ�B���!ر"���kE`~po��(��v�2�!k	�A�@2aQ�O?�T,)(C~��g<��1�˭��*�qA1k���<m��C`1X|0/����`�grA��ի'��/y�+\q���&�;���T���	���>Ӹ"�����u+	� �N��o��C�sL��{��p���������3�;d�ɽ�g��}����}���A]�s�z"��������A�����̸�[yypC��;��-[dL8o��v逝�}��?|fN8v���䕱ۺ��@<	�O�"D Z�.���֎9R��pW�v��Ncm�:�� �@�q���N�l�R���N:t������_�kI>��Ji��g�E~�S/X�f�|o���J��K��J�*%�e|F��]!�"~��:���b!�"���z��ȑ�{*��6cd��1�~1|R7�"��X�1���>[�z7�ŀ5����9ps�u�'�?P!B�(��{U��"�<!B�(�h��P�8�" �!L1Dc�iv��*!7��};���5e� ��w�r��!�?�B��?�
I�
�C{XD@�@r����0�b<���Q�ϐ清�̇@�\��	���S�����'��ڂ�a.8�8�&@��B�y�5���'��ψ7���\A�C.��0ڃcp����:��! P�@nQ>oX�@�Q"�yg,�A��e�"X-�3��u��V"�mHF�8޻��f�y&�8�"y�#�%8FY^�'�
�#;!B�8�8!�5a�5���-Db�W�S�x�|��y�Y_YC��z���:B0k�5qXw��w	m��׆u��
a��sϕ2�W�_�������CA�F�@��N�QK1�[Ƃ:�,��'�	��a�g��]u#b��54\�`-�Ϭ��s.
q�G�!��o�D݌�x���D��۸��|? bP��d.p?OP!"~�B�BQ0���

E���B������B�B�F�@  _�;=!�!g �I�n�>�|v;L)�(��iD��
	�Z�;B�sH�BX�@�]}�!�H��	�n�����@�O�"	�	K��{e�Dȭ ��
	�E�����<s�ޓ����碑y�ʄ��=�@n��',L���v���u	�Kx�n��~�q�䕾1�`����Џ�>D�
�C�E��T�x�������ЃT��2�5�➵�wMX\~��� h |�� #Z#.8��G��_p�b1����`�,�G��s�]w�(���(����}D �r��	����E@F`�u����+�B��F���2F,7����Q��b����5��3�y}�N���q���/P!"~�B�BQ0���

E���B������B�B�F�8Ӏl5j�y�����bw�_|��k��;v���	�.^�BD�P!B+�+!���U�XsA�wֵ�o�Y���"N"����zȃUE۶m��M�6��X;`�pQ��gzg�2��Q�G{ԃh��p�Wf�	X�!4��7ސv��C0����w�I`�Xb=��)��a��pJ8�%	B����0�w�yG�s�@��z�9��S�*U�|�@����

E��
Q�v�.��?��J���m��?�P�2��mR!BQh�3`�U"�G<	�w�eW>�C(��$`<5*Dd�3-D�Wly
����ZF;8!K7��sf��,!�����+\��!�D��H|�a�{"�9a���En�pG���`1@��.�,�
��@pkG>�z�|�#h��z���<�X�Ds��9s昇~83n���:7|�D=��g��|�Q?�	/h�
�X4�	��x�"j0.�*�Z7�6p%u�-��ؙ/�!~�w�!���g�g1��BD���/T!B�(�P!�����6�m;��N����<��ϻ���~����S*D(
-xT�P(b�&D(
T��y-D0א����V5�������<��	�A
	v��r�77�.r�XG�F":!�qu�z&A�������XB|���	�ŽOP`t}d�>�ڙ��)朊Y�{#v��J��9�AX$X�cǎb���#�x�=, ����#b5 j0X�v�mB����@�㮈�B�3n� �Ry&."�=�>hwN�;.��%�0A=�����M�,�����q���5��ڽ��+u��=Ap�!� �8q�{��]t��*B(A|��9`.�u�~��r�⢊>#�0���bn�H�:�:���^B�`(b*D�T�P(
&��P!"����E��m|�y?����V��r�OӇ�&~1����K*D(
-x�ڪB�B��!""��
E^B��쑝�3	aN�����B�u!'��[\�v}C�⾆��X(��b�z Rqqîk��~Җu�&D��nnv����#�+�c��#n�#��� B=�'��Ui��	�Xi�c���&�2�N�\v��n���d����eW>�~��OY���g�\�Π[� �d0sC~���	��k�n�5����"��ׯ_����:�ӕ�/�>�v��zw,Z�串ڣ�ܷ\o��{�ܑ�cXN0��w�6L�[��u�A�����W��� �}@��{�{�]/���
���	77�k�AB��b���Ƙ��i�����}Ÿ�{$0>�K�0����O��
�Ǽp�~3.��<��C�A�Dp/E9放3Vwo�*T����*D(|O��<�v��b������ME��7m�ޝ#
�"
��ÿ�T�PZ��5V��"ƑB�;p��פD;V��K^�:!U��k׮B�@Ȅ�r7�x~"	B	?��%;�"�y�'9� � ��
�������D�x��s�`c
��*DDF$!���6�}aw9D]4 �/;�!P	n�K�%�s�]HN�?zvR#�;�?�ف�.}�E b���˛|P|�s���v��������N$#�9������g7|͚5��	f�:)99Y,3L�3�sN�Hh�F�"*������<K�&�\r��ǽ
�� ��َ@�ͳ�1Hd��e˖����c̑�5} 02sݠA!�!�i���쒧nv��v�s}+�C�c
�Z�K!w@D#1G�"怛'�0���\�hփS"�ܣ��SQ��BD���/T!B�(�P!"����o��Þ�o� ����y��y��y�~�Pϻ�?�PD
�^R!BQh᯵*D(1��"��������B�n2‰���K8
A�No�U�ڂ�����]�w�� Rp����O?�TNv�;�7��_�1��pbn;�n!��}N�sH^\��5?�w�P!"{d'Dt����/W6n�}n�3�?{vVCLC����C\�r��w5�s9	�ť
�<�h�W3\�_�mr�@Hu�z|\� �A(#x8p?p��O�sȐ!"�P'}}����u�~8�ʼ��2.ƀ<���ݻKX�)�3���� �
愺XxO>\�0^���2�ʲ�`E,Fp]��q�=�H[�/�	Xk�2��9�۷�
�9k��חs�(%5�s�����~���A��;kV�A�AT	w�r"��9^d��Ҙ+�4#~��,��2ͳ퍰s?��?��k*8i�f���*D�T�P(
&T���=��a!WLN�(�ʄ=v�M]��s��B5��H�E���֪�P�8�" �p灅�"��=.Z��qv8C0�<w����wP'`�2���%�C��Jy���
�v�߉�˳���k����r���u�nڂ���6�$^$8�12��E(d&�q�ӨQ#)��ng�� ر���u�J���gv@�˛�.��R��+����"�GvB�ו뙛� �e�),�װ�AH@��}����s" �
 ��ɏh��	��y,�ȃ�5�l��y�����<{�zXU�������!�aiQ�3�1G�c��ȇh@�!ke�(��ڣn�,<�Z�"�!��q`�P�bE9B��f�a�
h��r
�{��%}�S�A�
�jp
a��	}��zXw7mr]p�&�����^�h��IӦL�iƴiƥQW\!BD�&M��J���"Fa���P@�C���
�@���.���=Va���
�i�W(����(���k�

E�#!b
��3ܦ�#!�7%����`4�8d%��!�q�kHC�o�6��"�g��]��s�w�:u�ɇ�,pM��j�c'/u��B�	q�i��@��B�;��'N��7���9�#m�vj���k�:��{�2AR����`�i����c�4�3�T��
J����Ed3��!��9�P�m���=u `�&c����
�#���0�����H�W�k��5���Jp>��>�z�`��z�X@���D��<s�)��Y���=VCX	�,��(�E}���!�����5�5��Z���=�
�u n�ֈ{��
��4�/cD\`�BDt��'<<���<�Xs ��#<��u��6XkB�;}F�O\�$��N��@_���z�\bQ��X��c�4�DD&���3����%vGӦME�_�k^$D"���}8Ӧ=�G�BQ`�y"�"��0�K��G�:������C*D(
-xT�P(b��cE�����	���� $(;�!�!� ���?|�py��s�����J�L70��@B�!0�����.��h�����R�v��1I�x9�O��I��D���KM��ͅ����c\�5\`���L����
��"��AX�"�
�e�����a2ӑ�R�9sA���AK>��1�y�/'#�v�F����������=�K���������D�z@t����b��;ĵC�-�s����*!�37d��X^`)�x�3ȳ�A\� x���9�A8D(%�V	�g�g����ԉ���"޳��~!�牘1���m��s���E<E�`�A� �$?m"
"� T ���S���%����zG^�� ���pq�ec�c�$�/���
X]
��E�"�=�3����C�ĉpBʉ�B�B��	*D(*Dd����Ի����S�y^�+Qÿ�T�PZ�صT��"���y�v�C���b!��f���:��E]$d!d%����tvC�C�A����ݽ��g�u�����X@�G>s��wg��
�O #i���.� �	�>��Q��d72�?u�w"0?	�W���ӟ��c���/&����Ό��q@�@�p�wBׁ2��R��N�,���/=#�(�����^&V�BD��/!�{�=�n�@���{�x�Y��B
��
�i�z�}M~���B~]�q��keu�P�v������ �)���m�3��}�q��q�z\>�N�����qV^��{�ʇ1�D_m �0F�q�v�3/�o
���8F����ŭ��wup��n����|'�

�"'�g^�����*DD�[�\�y/�c�)5�_������k*D(
-x�Z�B�B�V��}�C�ʕ�]�"�My�8)�na����k\'D�ݽ7�tS��������8\��_;�K;�" � �q���$�\���<�$D��2}�>VX\r�%"R82@�!D���W0�g
������ԃuB��
�2w�$����0'C�|� ,�}�ٙs	��
D \caMq��K����3	"�G~	9�{��
ƀ�Cnֽ��f����"
EN��|��4i����e���
a�?���Kb�O)��^S!BQh᯵*D(1�h���qv�B���"�"{�X����eg>;|"\<v��A�#D���2�.�|��o+Bd=�s̈́��\�sWE����M
���%��"�q\}���a?���I��g�7}t$!��q�B
vK;p�c��r��
��}��P	�5�\�~��a^p����o������l�b�đ�c���l��q�c��t@�`�q�E� (��J�`.�����"�Ǚ"�HP!B�P�88����
��}�f��fN��I��JӦN]e�C��?�1����`�W�o+
��z�b�z����,>����K�C
�I���T�PZ��uW��"���`@��\�O� �X!`AAy�9�'*�K"��o9<�,�;$;X���
���{B�DG䀸w>ѱ���>�&}���%vAr�D�͇�駟���/V�&��8�ώ����a�>�,1n��v���|"�H�9�/1�1+�������=;б�@|�����7*�����cA`Ċ��2-)�cO{Ak
�D|��ʎw"��
�X�

�"'�g����B�8ص��=��6��a���]G�e����c���Zپv%�E����M*D(
-x�Z�B�B�F���F�Rw"�9�9;�!�!��^��F�p��!��� �9���;&�c���v�S7d9}�p�<`�?������5�^ ���q��F8@�� � �n�G��b.i�+��\3��>`ɀ�
�O#
Čp>�9�,6�H>�;_����}p��­s�
*˖-��*D�Ra"��<������t�v�D�W�T�P(9�>�*D(�3���~!��a�7�q�xԾ������������������(���R"�G�1"���5�
�W_}U�,���o��$86��Xy
'D ;ր���*�I�oP!"{���O�%$��СCE��R�T��p"+!�)�[b�(�*D(��`�y"
��]{Ό�z�e6��y?
���/�P���lR!BQh�3`h��P�8�"�pw�+`�6�!p�D�g�p:�wv�[!k!V���U�pP!"{�����.�L��={���3j�(��½N�b���}F�Â�}w��U���<�G��3�=|��um�c� ?ǃ�p�h���9��>������Rx.)�A��B��3�B�B�8#�kϙ"�]�~i��ڎ����4֦��X�}�����ϮP���mR!BQh�3`�S"�G4B�Bq&�BD��k!��x����TA� P<}���7m�`�U�@�+S���hKMM5�J����Ċ�m�;�c��.ӴiSq��@�`-���/���|���.�f͚b��1hh;b��,YR,��V�*VիW�v~��G�j�*	�O��;Qqq��y�y��C���"uæG���DऎҥKK���.P5*F�

�"'�g^��BqF`מ3+D(���H"��M"�G�옆؄ =�C~%T��y-D`�@�s�� x��O@�֭[�*U�H�x\�M�:Ub�)RD��q���o���e�S���X���O!�=�{��en��V7%�Z�������n�M܋A+h��Ħ!x=��CÆ
%�
}�U����zB� H>bĺu�DX��qk���ԩ�#����_ӠA3h� 	n߷o_3p�@q��""
ENP!B�P�)صG�E���'R�E���CS��"�q:�ܠ��E�Z�	��t �5;�#U����Ί�"�G^�-��G���\�6���+�f�U�V���˂��[��C�C�#
�/_^,$7n,�
��X:�o��ԫWO��
g�5��>--M>c��Lje�h�2�D�@<��>1D��mۊ���hA_�u�&�)G�A����s.�1iԒ�T�P(9! D�5iҤ�4�6��(��&�I�E�π

E�#���m۶�_|��t�M�[n�]Α���Ç�x@\�8�CB�I�&���)z���ˎ�h0y��L4/�	aq�8u��=�#FV�]w�2d�<�ĉ������7JX�Qak��/��L�6MDb�`��+$H�=! 4����0��H�+����	�h׮����6�����O<�
�����XN!��_ЦMs���s�r�ʉ�@��[���/_�����Xo����G<�"�`ݸ�B���V�?��X��	���C��B���I�&Mg*�ˑBQ0���*D(
-xT�P(b��hG��`�֭ݒ@�!@FB�A>��B4<X�J��9�>B�C\����zH�.�ܩ v���1!�W��{���ٌ�7�7,�&"A��r$�d��M��s�r�sp���#��q5ù`�)K���ܼ�.�9��R�$��ˇo}>�.}s�Rb�Wק-[���1ElbCJ��Q�5u�${
#�0�!D��x��	 �z���B��	��.���x�!�"���a���R�Jr/�V	�I����s@�,�@��|�Ǖ.�x��5k�)*�W�1Q}��
�\Ka��xA;�����z@,8XKhM�qwNG�`�C\�J��C��B�P(
��A�Ea�

E| !b��ϸ5��:��!�;�	�
I��f��_y�BHr�CH�p@�-_�\\����k��  /�����/O{����=��!�[�l)���=�$��.��B)��7���` 3�)�
��
�Y�~�LRb�q � �`����e}�U
�,u@��_��r�~#���B`_\�@�Bڲ3���.At�A���`��K+vos��ng�O��!p�"��((�9�+7
aN�s��Kw�g�r�!�uB�5��i8����

�B�P(
��
��"��@4B��W_-�>;�o���Y���;��?��+VLv@#*���W��E��	����"֮]k.��q���~�9�Ȯlvq���K��+����fZ0�������fg4�p7��A�����Ke��Op^ܸ@���ϸ�!t!�?��װa�2�@���*�y�ni؍�{擺)�k�?���2�������<b�\s���_��W)�wϜ���D��%!"���K$��..�N�F�{��P(
�B�P�!��(�P!B��D#D@�c	�\aA��SO		�WA��v<�"��gKv�G+D`��Ϲ��%µ�^k֬Y#�q������(@@l�EL�-d�3�@���M����%�%nZ��@D�뮻��A�5ÓO>)V�U�j��x�%���	���=������O���.�L��ψ#�?�ԉ�%,0p3�"9��D����o�]��8�C�P!"��>>�{�2�X^(r"
�B�P(�3"�*D(�h�\A�;��KCnC�C�c�+ �����}
���	��$D �x�B��#�Y5w!�~@��V�YD`]�e$>�AvB��pV�tA� �o׮]��Q�*���X8 ������%�cp��u�����~,>�������o�"h�Œ�Yl���k	%ac*D�h0�'NW;g�=F"
�B�P(�3"�*D(�h�D�G}Tv���<(*@~c-����ԨQC�|����'����;%-�>�1 ��7����/�X�8�A�H���d8\�~�ê��ԅ���ŋK���@0pBqHh���D]�&M��O?-�9G��<a!����@[�k
�~��
�w�B;�� 0�c��K���1#����v	A•�%
�rE��~3�۷o/n�(�_c5��#��@R�	�xF��m��wyN����Ƀu�҂1#x>\>���}�>�ԇ����pmq|�Ν���=g<+��`=����щ�B�B�P(
�Bq��B���C��">�Ae\0Aܓz衈�'N�hZ�j����믿�I�����G�섌G���������pID�	�V�^-���,�z�-D��!�9`�Qh��>3>��Ĝ�\FF�X Џ ٺuk�R���7º��O�:{�1��L���n�1A�A�X.o���'��q�\�rbAPp�Jaс�&�zȐ!"Z (0ִ�4!f!#���*�CX�0���z��gł�����X"L�}���$%%�=�s�}�����x�0z�h�r�7�6k�Mn�:��IPyw��Œ��ņ@8�Y��G�8PA�	�_P�
����k~@��B�P(
��A�Ea�

E|�dbD@w�H�� ���y�I~,!�H��E�@\��Ǫ��{��`̽z��$�!!�,(��u�u„	f�رBΏ5*sG7(�SRR�e}�L�mƎ��h�#�@А����������a��A�+�x�����Y�;�+���'�I�l���X�5b�8uC�"�p�v�z`�E�`�Xd��
����,M���"����cƌ��܃�_�FqB#"D?�G�x���x�s�b��_�{
�
�{�{K#��#\��{�	���FA!�{�u��P�>�9R���#>�/���q����!r����a�"�Ϟk�n�>��5�:x�Xk�k��C�y�By�]�ԯ__DW��	��(�g���f�ᚱ��5��Xos���b+��2�g���>b9�f�7n��U�P(
�B�P(
T�Pv��P��"p%	!M�W�rs�}�|0q���_6mڴ���vu���2�:#���x�}0�^ve�1�>�X�����!XO����N�/��s�<|&��qu*by!Dp�!�����K�s�h�}�BPy'D@���(ܓ�\B�k��������t� �q!�5Ŵi�DH�J�n�b9��4��d}���1�.ⰶ��}�Ħq ?�1��B�D`�*�:��:+$�	���|�MiR�1������n�ڈ�P�#���XQ=��"N2N�ź	K/���a=�`@9���%���W_}U���7簺�J�Y�pM�SD�>�@�D��ԘGƎWC��#]ƒP!B�P(
�B�8C��=�BM�
cR!B��D#D@<���t��v����BQ�WB�� �!�OV�z�2]�a�0�1Hq���0��g�?7;�� ��A؍����KܢA�C�C�#>`A�N~�G��b�
SЕX�X#*W�,n�2���+�f �? �!�.���r���b.�g�as ��>�WiX} ¸c	�jՒ�A�XD! :TT,C?@x@�`?�0ό���3vޗ)S&���k����\#��3w��,��!�D�����P(
�B�P�!�B�&M�:��P�>�"
E�"�\3a�@<��y���
����‡�T�(�M�{�;1�,p]�A�M����d?""D9�VXD �J	�KX]@�-"8�� *�<����Epv�ԭ[W���j�ԍ�Y��Bpy�A]�iB�p`�����,53��%''K�.�?(�8��h�Ph��!V8!awQ��Š��3��uB�\�%}�̙#�.�R�cl�т�̭�fR(
�B�P(
���4i��	�B�P!B���B�jH~b
�}��B�#��œ�
�9�R	!�sX��/B��	,! �!�٩�!,p���d;�B��Vjj�X @��6�	k׮�p��O>���wEA@�#�.�<B"
��ap��/���\px���+&��������\Ƈ CK��X�����~bp�6���vp��+� 3;��~���+@�@�@� �k&�V#XG���k�G��H̵�#��B�B�P(
�B�P(
�"[�AY�=HBG�؝�{��X
EAD,��!�1"��!�!����si���|&4V��(�p�<��R��a1�� ʰ��B+�ψ"����\'�������ŀp�b(8@�c�:�X �V����I���=����c����ec�-�N�m�8��!4 t`�q�=�H�m�2v�+���������K�����sK�
k����G� ?Bs�P!B�P(
�B�P(
�B�-�B�����	�U�Z� �+na�˯�BK�!Bq<�:@��Xb`��eB� �*D(
�B�P(
�B�P(�E4B��e'.��w;�/^,b�}"8�n^v
�<g'.�]y���s�.�������>}��q�6���}|�0�]��hV�<rԬߵϬؾ�������ő�?����U;��
��K���w谜_���'6��Q{om��h?�\8��<lVڼ�l����:pH�9Q�n��ڴg�|�v�5[������U"b�M�+�kΉ@9���ֻ�
"
�B�P(
�B�P(�"!��:t� ��^g�/n@"^z�%qi�F>|�W�P������@>�����4j�H�a�a�=ܗ8_�+VW%W)�;wq�"m۶�>��9�&�W���L��믥}�+� �/Yo^�0�<�v����d�j�R��@tdn߅k��'���7�uc�g���1ȶ�=�N��f��c�y�:l��7U���83s}(�o$ D4���<�n�y���}߱~8|�T9G�9QJ<�/u�ov�%��G�w��7�zM2eN7m�-3�k6P!B�P!B�P(
�"�;쏟��~�!���}�K��B�P(
E�A4B�g�}f���	|���{�:!?��%Xkzz�i׮����L����R���w�q�iР���̣�>*~�*n��F	*� A�W�ҧ�ݻ��{N\3�1�\v�eԕ����z��\���/]������%?��
��3�=	��U��L��)�BnAW�흥��;���C�I��ܹջ�5;�Y�`��8d����w�����"��_�u��G�n����c����ܱ�\נofrJ�5��:���WG�L��ż�fI"�N��A�E�C��B�P(�l`��?���<�/�)�B�P(�B�h���^{M��,+V�<�쳙B�����z�}��J�*�Q�hQ��ߊ�a�|�M�v�Z��K�:u����~'_�u�)D��@����с �Ĩ:t��G$�;m*�peT��T!��}sv���g�}�SE`�
����*u4�����1
!`�q�_X���|�&+i;T�\P��XX`!�x�.sM��qg�A���U٦q�B������������;?3o���L��Y��v��#�&B�[���u�CA"�P"�LX<!f�5x�SRRb�=A�{�5�@�{�����wr��8�˧� �ǚ,�
7u����|���Tn�B�B�P(
E6�?|F�#�d�o��o�)�B�P(�B�h����_��j@hX�d�y���5B@ӦME< n�9�c�W�.��'�|b6l(e7l�`�}�]���!�!n��&��y����{�px���3��r	7M�<�Hf���Ţq�s�Eq�"������dy[�f��Y��H��
���'g��Z674�'�"�����"�<�zN���~��X�erS���{A!WS��	�����a�4+ƭ�dJ-'�O�(Z�<�2��slO��\@d#@f��:H\s��爎#G�R�|��+����k��At��I�Dʺ2N<�=�s��g���k׮Bڳ&�s�=r���� 9P��� o�3`�
�
x�\_]}�������{�H@,��ŋ˚X�D�L�s`֬Y�n0���DF��?��c�\[�+4\�9�c��C�Ef���M��X7p�>g��

�B�P(a��y�y�?|�:!b��m���������]�P(
��@#!⣏>2/��ٺu�]�fo��F�E��ѣ�����k�d���E��,q��;3)D�	�
 D�u�Y"D-"p���iZ�j%�V�\)�.� ٨s�Ν��b�s�Ӈp!b��-b�o;������G�^ֈ��c�h6H�:!��y��]�N��a��W�P����c&���9��!DX{M�v�BL�)Kd�~:MB�M�R�D�5j�|��j��캇G\�p���|�9۴i��ݻ�<�<��X8���13H�g�y�4HDGDF��pv�O�<Y�!r"��;^���g��4XE͝;��r�-�v����c�=&VR���K�.�.��qk8��1k(C;�Ǐ�u��#��ִq���zi�E}�<��/��ղeK�
���˥-�f]��$\ұ�R��o��Q��!���6��S�n]YS�%���7�,.�3�b\K��W�0���I�&殻��
T�P(
�B�`����I��+�"l�=S������N����B�P(
E�E�1".��b��7ߘ��٥9�	ai�����%�\"�BF�:u�.7v�B�A�Kr@(��7�13f�B�駟!rv;�Sȵ��~[�@�j�)�I���8�"v�?hmrA�d��ߐ�:b���l>Ќ\�񔅈1+7����M <�?�Pg��*��x�Qs%�v8N�6��d
����ҭ�O��3ó�Ud7���%��+���g�� �y�y��Ղ�!D2�lٲBҿ���Wn<�A :\u�U�F�v�h�9&vB?B%�=A�V�*$<VX�۷���
XhA�S���n�x5�'))I��O��ԨQCb�0�cmAHa�2Q���5
�K'L8��1F
��'�xB�	!��n�
a�O�>�^1/��V�G�7n,��L���3W7���"�<���ğz/"@��z5o�\�1cƘ��ˋ����+k;����kn�B�B�P(
EC<�Z��'�"��c/�;�/�P(
�BQ`���
y!��.\�m۶	�ed��$nB � � ��L�"u���"��y�]
��`w5D'�;�����Ğ�g�2�ː�����hD�`W4D(�$ĥ��"\���o4q������J��-!��H��zsf���晹w�����a�0d���w�Ң���f�������
���#��?�B���ԓ������Y��	��dɒ��B�c���3Eb�@xC��,Bt#(@\����J�y��������9!�eb%�<u�ù�4i����g-�rbΜ9�:E� ��:������\`ʕ+'�\��C܄�'�ql�/���b��=�q��
���B_E��bMBpE,A�	e���ꫯ{
�_|!��X�X˜u"X[h�/�^��7��������w�XƍP;v�Xq��z�u	P�*UD�a�w壁

�B�P(������6�y?����x�%�9����/�P(
�BQ`��Qk@����[eg0�������8s"��[�5
B���}�D�Cϱ��2�L��`��y"D��뷛[������|�s��������GP�x1c��Q��"�D+DTk�A�J'�h���*D�{���v�C�#BZ��1饗
��{#�k���f@�D���ƺ�AjApK�(A{X`ـ+7��c7?u�."	�Ė�����E�=\!D <⚉>q+}���d@� ?�d=\����n��a��pubM�8���хϔw�1u3N�:(�4O�7�a�.R��X� V`AY��y����		��
A!�;�I_\(O9�Z�j�A��}�-T�P(
�B�qa���o���|~�쏠�6}��!���ўw�_D�P(
��@#!��Ѹ:�5�wv&ChB�R�dv�*�����{�����j]̆��xK��6��.����$��J����7��
\M�/����uWP���Q?Sw�ˆ	�O�����K���&y�,s����&D@�?��BtC�#J��WFXᾇ�����-�9����n|Hx��B�#`bA��{� pS�.}����e��x衇D���?���P���n�,) �i+��ҥK��
�X)`1�8A�}�B~~��5j$b
�b�.����ɸ�&`\/A h0.�я;9�F�:`���k��X4�f!n��ƌ���E��]��/�āp�����{�X� ��_��!��6�q!, � D`Y�1���OD�%�
E�=Tn�B�B�P(
E6�?|F���6��?�P(
�BQh��s�Ψɩ�H6HKH=vc+�<"	���%"Bp�����*�9���]%�5�K!bӞ�}$?	�G���	A!"��z�~���V��c`f�_�˜N��
I
I�{��]���[�3���s���nz�x�-pb��X6�
7JA`��x��K��t�hG8 ��[�����q����Wڣ<���`��/�$�E��+}v�b-�0@��%�t�7�p t0V�a9�K)����:,2�0@\�1�������%<�5���A��0.�N^�s!��pa�(x�߸������Hw-�N]���>E"
�B�P(��

�B�P(�	
E4�N�X�u�Xp�ޖ�Ͷ}�,W�<d>�1Q�=�:�9
h��B���;�%�C�?W�bz/\㟍��qm����9S���V��׭f���X���	gβ�œ!x=��؆

�B�P(�@��B�P(
"���� �9�?t7}����z�sn�����Ӝ���q��Q�m����J������"^�e919�71"���*�I�L3{(4BVX8w�G�;_q��BD>��_zIiwy�i%���orLe���:��g{�3ޔ�i�{ɽ���DFB�E^B��^bz)�B��9�l�����E���/1���������,w�ʻm~k˽h���W!��oWۏ����^b�kl���2f����x	��>��������{[�$9�x��ɵ�b��Q��%UH�Ҷ��dP!��P]�_yeRo�F��-�`�񚭫�̕��vLE���.�s�����_�J
���J�����o���<�sNH�m%e��eR����?�ʧ\k��r���Ĵ�|5{�<�gR(��"
�B�P(T�P��"��ͯ�� ��W6ρÇ�x��s%�-M��w�1�B������u{K�'ڏ0u�-�#�O^�
/Eh�D�V��P7E����9�����
��2���Ʋ�0%���K�B0OBZM�N�������l=;��O^B���:�o6�^��Y��l+}�����Kh~�_"+�S�h��}:�<)1�m#U�W^��o�����^�͛���4{TH�Ŏo���xÑ�^��~S����'���_��rF���l�{�Ց��+��/��#y�/�Ĕ�l�9=��?�ĵH���+�۷�N��ɓ�>8�`S!�Xֺ2j��*�{+)u��MH/�=�5<�^�{m�����*d��*vH�ʶ�^LQ(�x�

�B�P(*D(�9	��5�6 ��j1��ٸ����\\��h.7x��s0$N��"��=`>�>A�S��F73c�6�t�.�H��R�OU����"�@9�Bē��K��y�>ou�"|v��o��;���	G��d9U�hq��i�d�+��{�����W������#�9	b�}������y��8�P!"i^1}k����TH�lS�'~�cHJ�)e]JL��%���?{<r#D@�'�=�UL"u&@~�/�ω��}_/)c����7TO�2a~&Kbz��<IiKl�Qv���8:��CmZd���N,
"�y-DTLM���j�3���
�>%��3�zR�S�K�H����R��Y�f�|���ٜ���0IL�����{l��OgE*f�i�=�U�����+�r�_C'"*fԐ�.ɽ��a���ȍQ6�b�G,7��6�o�}�n�귽�r�͓q%ل�V�ӟ�
��� (DشY��B�P(�*D(�9	���er��*�M��L�iK��E�z�~wM /���sW�@>���ZNYb�����������"�(ZM��@�jǞ3"D��Ќ��Ĭ�g6n�iFL](�O����d�;f�=}qT�mز��;��ڳ�?��c�>�SΠ}�}��߮�8�zC��9bdz���0��2�,^��?���m�
�ff.^mFLY�
a��I����8x��fǁx�b�V�yH(X��
�����
m��6%Gp�!��w�Č�^�V�9�"7BDR�[m]SBu�o�B>���~'Y,%n��>�i�mofHe���'��qH�H��˧��Kȸ�+^�7^�f���]�%�>d�i�%:�"u�-s�_�1���>�+�zO�B�'d<h�i*�z�����"g�\%�v� )}�}�A�W�(����R)m�����ӦC�m��]�o:�����B�bP����Cn����;C�s�WN$D$�������KHL��:��S��V���F�$;ϸ�JJ�h����
�������"�t�~�
�B�P(�*D(�'"�x��VO9�j�1��}�c톛�{���*D8|��i�����l�w�<�j��;��ۼU��c8B��m�J#�H���"�۹�i�.S�y/3i�r�<}�*S�^g!�����co ��^;���'Q��Ӻ�X��ls��!��1�ޛUh@T�k��Kי��m����u|:
�b���iQ!��ޏ��b����^h�y�5}��7hu�/���ey���)U���?n���yoS�Eo�L.މ����}q�A�>�L�����M��"_̠��u���d�Nr̕c��_�b���F{�$��������D��?Y���b��;�h���Č�^R�>/!�M�9��DBD�fgy�;@.���zSKf�{Ps���^�Z��B��&₌)���x�"j�5�7M���Ng�gC�7!"c�W����c`�	i��3����DFr�ݶC��(k��)��;��Ĵ����Wع{[\e��ɜ%�=,�$�ȽE��W��5�^IJ/��Ȋ	���*����6�+�F��_�g����o�!F)
EA����4 D����z�%</�v
�B�P(�*D(�'"��}�C�o+u4��-��é���G̖�L�`ZM]jƒJ^�N\6��aC�n��"�5�s7�0ߖH�"nn���b�/υ�e�6�*�3_��эBDr��f�e�h֒5"D@��8�Dz��e�u�1&m�DS�M_�J�f�L/�m��b��i�T�NrkӠ�P�h��|���b?�ֽƚV=ǘ�jw4�~�Ɣ�����l޾�Tl����"�:�
�Vigj�
6K�l2m����S�M0��ͻ����	�6l�u�6|\�4�4�l�׮�-�Q��z��f����Lj鶍���p3y�
so�͛�-El�Ԣ�Y�~��=f�Ih�üZ�����f��%�K��J71��H�1:��{�Tn��4�m��W	��Ā�,]��X��ݼ��~��t�.�튭e��"�7M��4#�.��@Ty+��y���7��*����&7�)�O�V}���W75�
0��1u҇��Fϑ�e�o$�0C'͗9��2Дi�ͼT��0^b�HO*D��J���OBƇ��P1mF��'"��?n�l�	��Q��̫�6/ԧ���7m/�Od��-�b�t�/3�K�|�����g�����hd�K�Z�
i{��sl�*�g��犌��J~>;��oO��ϵ!n�>���D��B!'!�D�?��s�z���Q(�‹������s4L��d�W�y�T{�B�P(�
'Dlܸ��޵K��SNG��ӹ"F��d�X���!a!�2`��p*B� ~�]G�MiVn��Ɋ3FKĊH��\v�;���[
1×m�6�Y��/uN��C�Φ�ԥ�y��]m�OX(.��d���?��#�Unn��X?�C�9m����$s�+��������Rq��*�e�����*���݆M��u;�]�IMz�XQ�a7!�W��j�m��7�4�4�$5�)C��m��Bʗo��t<�4�<\�������'K�ݏk(�'ؼ�/�ij�MY`��~�,'�ui~L$�?�Vo���Z��<�uC�g�,S�M?�{�Lq;�%÷-��^�3cz꫆f��u�n�S�m?�z�6�Z��
�K�f-�~���Q�r`L����޶
�ȇ� �?��n���ez��i���'�"���1S�0��H3���2��'��1p�XFlߵϼ�m3g�S�]o�J��|�Y�z�9�DS歔�]�n�3}���^��W���:�]�V�c��Ė�vk��%".m����*D��R�HJ�˾~"��wy	i��NYw��$D��+{��_�a�^����Ҟ��5JH�A��	��B����g��?™"3��Ϋ��N���Hn��_�C����1ĜČ�������x8�S���Y-�B\�_�99D#D�*)�C�Q;��m����^d|��HM��*
E��`����?>(@�dU��x�
�B�P(3�N}f��i+�M��ӌiӌ&M��#@n���;��'RFH��'�g��d���Z�����f.��,ٺ��f�{w�Afc�*��!!�D�;�����ӑ��/�3�+�%�G֌��!?��-;v��~�M���3]�ED���Mϑ3d���se7>;�'�]n��!ݬٸMr��ötv��1C�.pB�K������ƾG�z��5ƴ�;�|ע��֦�I�7�4�2�L]���4�Tn�ǖ#�}r�^�~�X
UZ�1M>.fue:,�����7�比X�g���ǔAf�ԅ"�X�������I}ev�v�`K���>b��s�;f�)۠��D�����w4a��7�Ӈ�+�
[wJ?ɋ�s�6 $D�>�]��|S7tOᚉ���V!oUl%V�'XClݱnj��TD��Ce~�׭방���!Qi��T�BD> ���s��<t,u�W�c�uAB�g���� ��B\/E�����|R�&�|J��G�\��W��!�n!�|�sm[�By�G�hՑ�n/!m�G ��iȱr��%ft�9N��Q	�Em���a�Bj]��Y��-�"l���2S�w��3����L�Si����n��*
������ʦ�=q"�A���-�
�B�P(q�)S��iִi HhҔ�СC� &�:lLXhnj�߼�u����8t�����sw��fі����X�k����$sC�~�f)��1�4`�Ji6�,ڲ�<m�]߰�)��ٹ?{���Ѝ&.���g�l>���x̅��GL����ƞ0��u�_��o�-�#�'%�i:�^aF�i$BĮ�S��!������_�Q73a�2�<m�*�e������j����}�N|�+֋%D��3�zb�ҵ�����8��A�!�
�*}h�u��j�e�X,[��̷u��׀����p4a��h�B��n�3p�\q-�PDJ�	�L��f���b�Q�M[�:3m�J�i�.�!�o��#�$���O�l }n�u�6y�ԇ�C
��9��a���
A���if��u�§˙v~c��%�2WKK�~�f�+��ޯ�V,=�[�5}�Dq���;߶6S��O%je�xq
5n�R�ZB�k��u��E�Eh�^�[3?��5DT��m!�w�2
��u�U��I�����^r��K�S��ʥ��Ȋp!$���/�G��������H�"�S�G�CBz�P��l!b>7�5�lz��_�gN�
�Ɩ#P�n���q��߄�O���:�?�(PJ�'��ʧ��fEBz#)K�����'�h�9��F���W��Wc�Y���g�c��
�B�L�GПm������yѫ�
�B�P(
��;z��p�In��J`��p��Q���ٱ?k0� ��@Ե����\X@��;�=�]� h�z�K]�
��Ї��6��>�=9?�`��q��O��pY9�p��L�d�� �X��\�j���l�oƊ�|������L����%&�.+oز���b�ui���e��^*BD���%��{��}M�ZL����P��A�3L���̲��Ų��6@�w:UĐ V�}V#���"���kf�H��&]F��H����MU���M+7l���3����c"}��a�ij�7G̃Î�{͏��b�RL�V}%�����s��Cc	Ҷ�Xqݴݖ)S����"X:��@�GFM[dz��!��o��@�=XO��'.��"Y�r���?�4s���1�^����:���C�V,Y�Q��zk��l���
"�Y,"��)UL�,���I�� OL"�SWf��e���XF� �C��.c�-���W!�����C�	)�m[�����6_o�y��5
�JJ�+1���҆�ƛV�K�'R�ؾ���W!����.��L{��n���P�ݕ�|q/1��q))����I��!bJ��P?RVye�\,�AvB���dt��^����^���n
V(
�B�P(
�Bqb8!B=bI��	�'P�ѣ?Ɏ�w���]E�N8�"����&�N��
V��@����,+r��|��"�Y���5SŴ$�d��c\F"@����[_�\-�h�B��3�H������P>=$$����d\�=1 �R6�e[z�9�F;����{	��RR�/���~���&O�k��?��cHH�3�8��HJŖ�h�#\�#)����P�H�|�C~�NF��Ӟ?v����f/DTh{~�i�iD�&!#��)RJL��N���S�P(
�B�P(
�"{�q�!b��ef��%�WM��/k��DO��ƅT�>c�]�)�*D��BDRFC/9�ꈩdǿ�%�";!�|�s=%'f�Swx��\-�s" �RqGN	��C��f۱e�9�)�r�����N*�,"җz���;|�ULK��L�m�}��U�}Hn�g�DdTH���3�K�x��*vx?ԇ�=^B��Ybn0�$ۦ;��������i�mj����i��\����'+D��W;�T/��+�vzeڅ�섈�-��ǦČ^E�
)IY�Mr�VRF���S(
�B�P(
�B��
'�x"�,8�x��
��s�
��,y�:�?��_����r)�d{,G!"�<�]�,N��I>ɟ��ؾϺc?'��r���#?��81"p��UBbJ�-s�KH�k碄�Y$�:!}�MGmj�O���"KJ�p�}�珩��M���K����Ķu�K�%WI�h�ŤՙWBA��^��B׾��Ɲc���]��I~GBBJ(��

�B�P(
�B�P(r"N�"D(�P!"�oB���R:	ٝ��ަ{��U�>.D0�,��F���!�9}�m�U�艑��Vhil���P1�m�!�bZi�h�(�~��W�aˆ#�`�iWx��$���J�\�Ɋ���)����"&�>4�5^�����C����-�����g#�h��!��
)���6���(DTH�:��^\T�*D(
�B�P(
�B��*D�<bM� ��}�8
��[���c!����G��v��;r���7�|����K�x%�����|a�
���"@��ǼĴ�B0�Km%�6�t��Yó����r�:��� 9�)+�sz��q-���l_f�ʤ��:f��L����f��쑐�p�.;�����ǐ�*v(%��Q��'�� ~�O,��E�ĉ�>��LN�2��EB��mk��Έ'"�%D�r)��l�1UHmk�]�6J�p!� �n\ҿ���"
�B�P(
�B�PD"N�$D@���d�l���c���mwiM�'�g.Zm��+����L�1���ƬX��|߶��9�b��m�X���דņ-;M�^�pgFM_l�8�9Ą�[v��ç��=GK��pe��U��12�����h�{��i���,y����]�K��
�2�6�g�
"��-D��BjO?�2/)�����|�!{���V�Q���l�\��s���ON������l,
��g^R�C��2 ��XrQ.�R{na���ü䴿�g��+��¶_ɯo����O$D�B	BƐ���SV�J��f��ʦ#�����ݔm*g�I�}�FyɁ �rm�B�&!��}_C�X�"�OBj�PҖ�z�W"ąp�1H��o��d"
�B�P(
���`֤I�N�2�U��Ҥ)?ӡC��ܤ"JĒ�g�AӼ�(3x�\�~�N�i��Ѧ�j��iV�ek6�w�[i߰�0Ӽ�(��1Wn0_��h�l�f�-_g������UE�8|䨙�l���J;96{�ZS�U_3q�20:,m�ڰU�
�%�7�]{��g�1n�R�����Щ�JmMϑ3�3FD����Ŷ�fv\�;3݆O�1��C��[��?�˹r
�ɸ����;μ����<_��y�.S3u��<o���3�~2�m���ev��=���{��{�v��
�w��T��2fƷk�~3�΋'h�|+�o�s�]�	!e�_�
ʐ��ݶ��[wJ?��K^C��|@~������y�Wu�{��|ɗ�v�T�8�I��I�k⸗�;��8��*ȸ��IW��^D]�"�hQj�޽���`�>�<��=�{�
����!
��3m��������KN���b��-F�w�B������M�v^��t�.��j��I�<#��s
S<��m���SD���bR^�Ǫ��kʚ��}<��,!�S��甼�Gd���@������E�W"M\�{�J��Ml��W�6C|h�Z�/�}8N��Y
�V�R7k��XU��?.%A�
�N�S3��/GZ�	�a�a�agY��ʜ?sVff���ɴݻv�5x��&!b���N�^t@4ص�D�/]#q������}`���qHed  <�N/i�8Vb�}�!ӥho��!-B�M��+��s�Ϗ�/N��1���z�����h�O����˴˽s�~ہ�c!&���X�M�1̌�+��^��I�~�l��Y�#4��c	�g��|M��|�G@�3���^k���?��;Q&g�{/-+��C�ˈ�e��>
��9��o�<�f�Ä9KdȔLټ}�?�y�Ta�k�|�Ĝ�u�͒�J\�a2[���Ѳ���8y�� ]�����l=�Gn�X�E�M�v���^c�`�}Xz�m�x/��,L�8	D�)]B�Kkե9:!b��q��pBą�v�}�8���uq����C�>?��7���{�~�%r�s��~�m�q|�����yC���N��u<lmCڥ�������A�T�S*BC�K�uQ䬎��=�8����R,;6���s4BD\�z�j:��'�N�>���w]Lʐ��u
����
��R�W�M�h
E'?���y_3"e����R/�D�8�f�����:v����" &N���o'���&�÷	��v�\B�j_o&�5ҿ]�qS�v&D�a�a�a��ded�]0�����'.\�o3��e�����1���$D���?�m�5b��^���m��;�aݖ�r�˭���>�R@ކ��T�^>��F{���l�f��q�,_�Y�o��;�Iu�y��vgQ��l�<�����m:�7�_�cK�l��@����1̬Ey>j���ou���*�~��#7�DX���v�S,A�Σ��Ƈ=GK����b3���>H��e�ÀɕB�&fH�a�R��N�Xv����Ҡ�`�`�B��p_��ܜ5>"�p�^/���^��M=�<���sz�r�����=ݤ��ܽW��7O/�v���,����Q��4��5'r%i�,��2L�M˪6b�DbB�Iࠈ���yxKI�\u��"�P�,�m�3�BBQA[�"�Rw����B�0�ǵ���1;��_�R�����
����}�p�8��|R�|�S_�L~�ń�N�P��G\�z/>�:�H�X�q��Q�į��u[|U����]L�J%\�"/2N;쳈�3/ pM\��C�/]��>��ws�
k��'r�^��DZ���U)}��RS�'/��N�/̤�{F����[���B�
�
�0�0�0��$+3s���̚5�{�C�qR��Om"�j3�	A�f�|�{�������O6�%��������S�ީ`g�|�g���.w��޿�n��:~���E���;��l��-�R	�U��4�<�G/�VN^��3F��-�c0j7DCj��zH��ٲ�`�w�b	Ae�Lٸm�"��@�"FL[Xy��O�{�#H��Z�T���	1e��ʱM�/�O��A��פ��=��$�}�=u4�o��;ɋ�Q��(�E��q�����i�X��^��}���!C�����	s���^n�����:&��}�lL�8	$�K���G�����U�����s|��A털��[���Z�b�n����F�7��Oݬc�����|cRru���A���Fݾ�cvW[��Fԑ>t�����c<�ⳉ�W�k���EmGe^$�c1)s]��ѩ�%>������Q�Aꁨ��H��k���w��E�}4H���u�cDg�9>=SJ�p?z�1ɷF�Ds�k��W=7@�c����"��s)��Q��u�u�s����>Z�*��~�ơ�.�����@ʬ��+�V���j���!Z$.�K�������x�{��&>�үCl��"W�a�a�a�+&D;	�}a�s�v��|�F��q��&!����"-Ѵ��2?w�Oq�Ai�H9�I�8�><��������Ș��>})�p��l��Q4�(�E h�n����#���Qzm���zc��{�^���Hϔ�t������Ϗ�I�i��m�}h�����t�Om�g�LA�=p/Y��>uNY��ɳ�ًWy�>DW�w*�G���&z�H�~�z!b�Εz�g,�&�_�[��@�.~�q�a>}�V�O��*u�$��-�k6�
��ϔ�s�#eA�:���i�w�<��
!"e�\Y���}d��%2(-S���חu#]���lL�8	x� �R�|��I�爆��*��~��R�ؾVH�e�ȧ/�/��B4Dć�s�)��gCoq��|��ht�����B��ԛ�[��}$��>ow	�΋�<z^m�M���=<�/�m�	G
��C�iux�#A����[�Mw@Q츤g\�Ћ.���9�(s|�M�8�?�FG	�X��:� ��s'?U�Vޒ��
�9��h���/ֺ����J\ʃ������0��;����W�\��`�C/�FI�ҿ��EZ�a�	�n�o�PRx۠�n�uO&�?���O2.���ϭ����!��a�aG+Dw�k��]3ݹ�#�B�]6˹Lv��\�gc���$��':w�����Is�/S�{A��Ama�T�D���t�7�|������KD���cB��S���]{J�e�?;G�n�&�M�6����(�&Q#����g�}�t���;vKh�I5[Z�&x���BҳVh?i����վ�2�p��1:}��AD{jGtP� 4頨�@�i�D��
d���B$�
lF`�>D'��?��?'G�� ��Ux�~k�W�6…��}:)փ��ً�|:%���Kކy(����-\;q�L���~
�G<�I��Z����	
vӆ��;~��I=[��x^�ؼ݋Ԥ eޒ5���}�5����-|�
]W�K�8~�1!�0�0è}��.6)�2�#Lz.r6L�._s3""����<��a�Q�V���ܥ��MLwnۑÞ	Ν;ù�Y�l�s����w�i��<ٹ[؎�L�jwDU��ӽӝK��\�i�ձb�:����VϽ�c~9���k��>�v�#����M�Nվ��
�cԮ�4�1&D?�I����/�g.�..��{Kd{�)O�5�?b���	���<}鏨���R=O{���'�mƠ=F���g06Ǜt�#*��A_Z�H��~��@[���4`�O
P���x�:��V��#e�m��p�;�:DC�a!#��
�\_�/|O�}2'`͸?��~��=�0�`
�拀��`�kH�^��8'"�0�0��G��?��d
F}��+�gl�DW��#-�{���]\��*L�0�0�s�B�d�obXhX��\��a�{U�-漞��p�;����@���p�x�_����Qz�K�1ϱ��;w�R�#��|��1͹��>r��})b$:wH�dd���ױ?Ź�:���?��Q�q�+3���t��gN������	G"��о�/��=s���'�x�~�D��2'D�!Ν�����:i�/
�˗����]��_W�G��`C�ͯ	��8��qլp���k�����s�����Ⱦg��bJ���Q�l���u�k���ϛ�����t��������2l_IIž���l�%�m��+�?WVV��UTh���}Z�9��l_Eiy����ߧͪ��Dۦ^��"vΛW�.ا�~z[d��d
��}Öp����D�x��(�[*vz!��4,�͘a�a�a�>!".��ń]|j��OY��}A��Z"�0�r��ܸ4�ꨭ�/8ٹ��e�z�����q�~&�ǹ=L����n����l�Fi�����Dۧ�M��ڦ�t��4m���q���t���/q��~��83<�w+�k�9�פ���i���BD=���ģ㟯}��kqҏ��s�G#Dh�o�]�z�u?C�ฎw���c���c�I�����(�U�����w�����4C/�y>��'�F�N?��v��>JE�R�I�c?�c��X����^O����F��Vۮ�v�;B\`͢ �Ӿ:D���$��y����FϱFõ���%����z��q�o7ƹ ��~��7��Cj3����}C����}7} :����z��~���~�'u�ddd|-k������9tW�:���zcz��L�#�u�-�����d�����7Q�:"'[�0��ń�0èEPp?6��nN�ń��i(�o�\x�K��?l~��a�T^dHj�bS�]|��Ņ�����}"�0�r,B�D����ot{��kOs�?zl�~�e�scyc?����]��X?��j�8�m��c+��Sz�2�3��4�FjW��m�~���YW���F�z�z}f�A������;���\"†���92V�����-\��%�v�H�B+���8�#�xt�o�[���I�V����B�BD��zo��=)�^�����|^���}���k���O��u?=C���^�u�>���X�ݨ�2���J���m�z~�~�F?����m�������Vmx��ڮ�Z"�������)'��u ��8?���9z�"�[�ru�%]���8]�ڱ���Jύ���\�G��!:��Km���F��j�]��v3��L��j��]�W��C�Id�Dž	gD$`��s2�̄�0è%PD>6����j��'ov��4�*}�Ɖ'��7���Yj��p�d��-D�'���Bw�g��O����'6!�0�0N(�"D�97mj���4�Mt�{���_����8�'L�<c�j��-Q
#8��YO�Tފ�쟧����y�����V�&��ܥ�$�*�g=�P�6Wk�6ImF�s���t���Fz���a���c��nOҾ�`�c1z��#�B��ܟ��c�ݤ���#���K3�Ys��[��6�i���8�4%����kӝ���б��*�a>��=���+�+Mͧ��K׾~�s}V��	�1�ͿԖ�1��z��^��>�xD�U?g��2J�ݪ�C���z����
:���x�ё�z���D����]���(z
�4�"�M7�gX��Ν����[h��s�n�W���i��T���R��h����)ǂ	'�L�����/��k|��H��3E����E`��Ў����ER�m��������%岷�4r�HN^�/�|�an�qgT��� U֪�_�Aʨ�"{�uY����k|�
]���3}͋�	�a�QKh�\���F������$���o/��1��?|"�X���:�q�$QU�HH�������Y[�cB�a�a�X�E���ܴ���z��4U-����}S��~7ٹ��l�w"Lu���'M�Ӝi�Q�m�V�1Z���7),D<ž^�1X��'���{�	��ﴏ�%�}���k�s�k�?З^�]�y1�*:��Y��m�o���?�u_�O�w؎4�D�A���׽��D	���G+D�:�p�M�.��`
"k�T?��1�ӎ�Q���3B�o�)�[��6�!�ۿ�y �x!b�s��^�ж��,��8��v���]�����|u�\m;Z����E��S�D���3���t�Z���%��#��q��[�ǽ�����[�}iҕ}�;!Dh�qj7�N���|�~~�<�nV�K�ܡ�P�˱bBĉcź�rO����e�4��yC���ѳ�C��'f�u���ap�7M+��w�'zI긹z?[���Þ:�#S�/�\!�y��9"=�W=��UH��
��,[�Y������î�{呸���;��z��9�E���[\&o��/Oh��ۅ�!��깞��}�����F�.����·I2(-ӯ�[m��'
"�0��-Dħ�vq�
|�C��_��Pb��qo�.�\e�H�A�}�'��"Ҝ+�cߏ�6N%U����ć��N�R���"�0��r�B���g��Qk��M�u�c�O�&h;���~�8�n%��^�Q��wTS;���z�<��jO�I�3T��>r�gҴp�w�-�(�Q���q�i�=�]���͕�[Ֆ�T;��"��O��0?��#�x��=?A�t���k�f#}E��!z�Dk�|}͌懐�3��u����A�ݠc.�>H��?:��v\��w�񹬡nSǂ:��|�F���#�P��'چȐ�u�����X��p��'�9�M�]��/��S="&��H��B[]SRjMֱ� e�~fj�o��0?�Z�ܩ�&�c>���Cm�Z��:/��!mߑ��ڟ��l�?�F�.�䞯c\��Ց�}�����߯��x1!�f���wr�/\!i�r���nR��X�n�.{Kʤ`�n�0w�,]�I�+*d��"�����߲c�^��p�L_��o��RXY�yWQ���~���$�3re��B� �M��zl�^�|���n�&[���ۀ��i�,X�N��ă�[�3�#-��n��2'g��ԉ�2e��Z���DHt:]�O�i:���J��R�s�Y�/S�/���K���\^k�WVo�&�%��F�<?W����p,c�?��E���lڶS��Iv�)����u��;�zmߵG�Z���R�9<]�j=���,i��0/҃��_i��"��|���奏C27{�AEǧf.������	&D�aF-����j���r�����z�3N0���z"j�
�s��O������%��|�?"�0�q�B�>#�e�s��8w����3�|�ܜ��ܯ�Y���!�@���;�OϿ?#ѓv��{X�k���D��#)|�O�zOp�j��W��c��p�k�+��~��
�v���8>ѹ��C���p���ږ�P���GpN�ߢ�&�1
._�/��m���ƫ���[�q.C�'�η�l�'z@��W���ܗ"�"̐V���!mK!g���E���Z��7�*HC��O�����z-�%��?�q�3ҭv���ѵ�}>KT�^�6L^�M�)�L]�'t�zMH���)&��UE�_��Q�y���T�Jt��j��_֎I�XW]w
~w������{�]G(����?���[?��#��5��b��#��u�������D]4Wk�m+#D�"jF�=�A�Q�a���V�r���S�Y�8��"Ͻ�G�O���\��g~�S��ș^����0`���;�_�oB�3`��l�9b���%q��I��ӥI��l�fy��Dy��@I;W��1��"8��欎�Nd�]�F�~^��<�����}G�c��[��G�!�h[��|�u��ܵ��a��&O��[:�"�6�.�Vn��G�G{����H���j�TI�:��Q�9���kpZ��v*�M��@��	=�A�A2j�b/F��;)2Z���v�}
:�
][����5�dҼ�~
[�N��:��t��Ӳ�5}�ϕfI�6 ��w��\⅕�{��)�s�Q�!�ce`�|��OI�_�C��&[
w�k�	�a�QK8�qK�����Q&D�d�q��&D��"�����?�m��e�k���&D�aƉ�h�}N�odz��K5�3�p��d?�t��N�G�t�����?p|�s?�g���g�=�q:�O����/�����T�C��]�m�����7�u,�V~u�|���T^�3 ��O�?=v)�|�(p��5D3\��\�@��Q[�R�i3ɹ��D�M��z�-��c_][�~fX�1��Ӝp�?�8�qAG��#Q�����'z�f��#���}PP�g�KY7�~N�e�������*Œ�Џ�O���z
�/��釵�q�d���n.A�`AB��$�K��P`������Hp����1������}�����=�c��8fL��8�u��D9x'��-�A���^��>��z
D!�k=���u�8���%e��p�4�6�טx�I/�o��J�����s#���t�v~���h|wY�b�S���/f%�r�)���r�V�΢��tqHD��H�4m�r�1l��ڼ������ Q�y���+�nC�I�AS�� ���P��@��W[{���^��OEG�ҹN�i�^j�w{��Q����t�t�S��ȒhX�[^o#��u����y2-s�������{��W
�q�Ҵ�X�
�#b�##>�sDQ�A�)�j!p��-)�u�kK�FM�E�a�a��#	�����IY"�K]\���a�`�ADŽ��BuB����%M�,���P/���΄�0�81�a�~�3틓�[���D��͘Q3�N��0ا�}o$"��|�cR1���Xb;�o�S� `r�2��?E�q���m���^��Ч^}��U?;+�;�I�D["�L�G?1�H�Q�������{'���Gj����Q�JX���GGP"E?�t)���׀�cX�Fć�GK��iҶo��9K�l��V�S3�{!�׈�Ҷ_�O��ߏB2^�A�����~Pj���#":˪��~�U���>��=FzA%��Pi?`����^#f�m�Z�΋3��b~�ۼ�5�"QN�F�۲�,_�E��{u���5ń�0è%N�H�-���S�#>�Lנ˹��qb9���x�w��'�q���߯.�q�8��:��b��_��P��g�	�a�QsL�8s�.X}od׈`BD�y���n#���Ir��m�#���#%k�Z%�<z�"-_/�t�6}'I��I>����U��V~|�a>���wo~K:�O�c���+O5��S
���k�߸�Þ�.~ �;֣ٹ���Q���:�*w��A��9���:�W>I�)�p�#�M�~�Q��:%y�?)��|��k0ଇ�'��o��O���mo��u���99�f���<�4h�@����s *d2u4�ɼ%�%q�l���THD- H�װsea��+�}�E4ԃ���~����3x���j�
r�+�}�i����셡�C�wF$
�)�|XS���}�5>rVm����=%�^t�N{u<�!��/3���Ĺ/D��
�0jN��ﵪ�xLJ��
��\����dP������a��/8�\�1���'�#	u�}�ť,��zn��O)7!�0�0j�	�ن	5���2`b��>c���6ŦG�X,Icf�4M�Fے�h�%���]�2n���)�>G�/���(�H@:'"��(.-��hO��ך����P\�bͣf,򩖆N���k���^��8w��+}�J/Fp���r��jVP��(�@��yOk�&H���>*bܬ)�~9��X�٧d9}���u"Ԥy��v�O�DJ����|��BTh�<��_V~��tU�ZY:��1s���?���޾�H�M��׃��@�e��*]��ט>��h�<��=K�{�	'C���}nfvF�4���7è9G"H���%�u�}J\�$PU�����:د�
��e�ˍɑ�h��"�$&D�aF�9�B�L�:Ĺ�t�^�0>L�8�A(h�w���Y9r�s�W��N�r8]@���h�O��y�P�"e����(��x9�B�J�w���PKQ3!�0��A��x�;u��Oy�[lғ�^�����8�T"�Hm�n�ϽU��\n�H��{��L���&?9z��-���B�]ljID��p�}b*�a�aԀ�"���K��ŋu�
6�܅샶��>+]��
բ}ܦֈ��CGd�s���ܭ�}���E��t瞜�61j�0ڹ��ҹ?���J(�Maf=~Yu)(M��Ȯq`B��o��p8���(
"N�+�(>�936#�?�ԯ1�DM9YB���5�3����s"�8��X�qj��C����.͹��������F�?��#�8@u�?�.��y.���#G��^��^��|=r�0�0���h���f9���
��Lt�"�fe:WŨ�OW�M�g��E�>W=��{�sߌ:"���c��~���'}� rꨙ��ϵ����/��L��w#�~�6$ݹ�z|����v9����^Wo�s���;���8p��G�,�v�=�9l��a�"��ѿq"�8��0U��}����i����զT��0r�0�0��hS3�3�c�4�g'�Ӝ�y�s�G�p��9z�!U?}꥙�}k�s?�
��}�s�of9�=��h3ֹ�/�;w>}�b����������>GG�"+t�����;�k8�DC�\�����W��]�h��M=b��X�\��m��=b�d�c��E���sy[�N�q?�qz`Bĩ�����_Y_�*�P:ܹ�
�*�G��h��8�ߋ	�q��߸	�a�xL�����C�U��GN{F�a�!:$h������i�0�0�Ӗ�"&8�W}N���A��G
 
R���N���}��L
9��Lw��T��~��=�E�Q���T=�a�s��M?ݾ�s�������t�s/�v�+z�1��]��L��~w��ݭ�T��=�]?{j�f:ϟD�\-�6]�yq�s��~��z�=�����B��9�>bE�@�����u��s�u�Ǎ�"jƶ�{d�ݑ��S���^X���ЋVl�=%��`�:_:G��+|���p.(�\RZ���ljb��<f�,^�ALjT�����e���N��}��Y�?��Wn��Q�7���
ϙ�Q����}~�x`=V���N0�΢bټm�d殓�y�����z��n�)���_o5>�q�s�w|�0!�0��7!�0�ϫI�t1�A.>T�bSv���g"g�S�>����mt�L�
V�a�q�s�BN{}N"u�s��}C��Nu�Iݟ��wMt�B�NV�#"*����L�ݪm�����:
Y�Lu/��#�=��9��o�Rݎ�k/�ܯ"���פp^�{Y�����G����qj�З~���K�)W��g.s'9�S�#�~���B�=zl�ڏ�'�C���5"��9���M�8�0!�f�\�'�y��d����	��.�΃�ʖ�]�k�)���/~�,�7n�9@�=2&Rhz��2z�b�Zx@��)�#�u���t�c{KJ�i�Xy��Hi�}�����kN�2\>I/I�g{a�*̑��w&����� q�,�X�Ʒپs�|�{�l޾���m��e�ҵ~�q_j���ېi�i��w��mF�}�D��d���{y�qOY�fs�l�1!�0��7!�0�O�.��Ŧ\��Bϩ=��^9c�*�Ƅ�0�0�Z�V��D�3ɹ�}~�m�����ʨB�~��G4��
zn���;W��Yw�6��z���:w���B�i<۹�j/�։�z�Mm���?�?��V�K�q�1��yD�nz���`_�m:p]uh�_j�:��k���c���w�y"�PL��y��f���b]�Y�a��9S�f.�V�e��,|œ%�q�_�x�l�L_�q�t<MF�/�:&{1`֢U�:u���Α��e���u�K��SdÖB�X�ֿ�Ϲ��3�ːi>J!}�
�6��s��Mީͦm;}��C�˺ͅ���An~���w&k7A��*o����d��,��w��bN�����OR%=k��O"'��E�8��`�oS��H�h���Ku,�{i�?M�O��ǡ=����+3���bm�N�6�&�k����5j'[t���cd��l��5�,���g�y��y�^���WtZ�u��˃��J�"(�}����!]u�:XS����I�3�8ǂ	�q��߸	�ag"�cB�a�ag-G+D�T�n���}�YO�¹�l�~���z�=�p��f=�v�$�Hw��}]�?�ǺUA���uzl(BDd���MSK�m��j^�P{X�y!��I:V�n��C��7�'�*��<=OG[��1�$ʂ>|j&���I�+��O�°S_�25S4��Hm�<�k��Q3>��;G��K��7�K��2(m�؟8w���C�˪�mr�m�`�n��4�G���/���MΔ	s���MC�kx���[*4�"'eJv�Fi�a�� �t!�O�ך��՛�ɝu���	=���n�^���R��w���&o���w��AZ�&�ƭ;|;�����I�2r�~���rW�Ҧ�$/FT'D�����3��S���w�o�2A�{?�Z��[䞷;Jʸ9^i��d-_'?���|�s�,^ w�f/h�6��ě��{��~S�/���?�DN^�o��(�E��C��ro��2zFv����-;�w��:g���ˣ�=|�����S;��q�1�q�%u�Y�aǎ���a�q&�0&D�a�q�r,B�� ��$�f�R��F���D���p.M���1q��3�$}^j��.� �����I?��~���f��95�竞�z��1���3��墳�mSt�b�w�j�F��s
�����|�s��>~�����:�C��_��O���8���n��OL��k�z��}�1����u��J����zЧڏ�&�5+?�?�Q�1!�fP�xؔ�cX��H_��Ҳr�]��GE<�^�$��])D�ٴ�9�6J�n#|�"x��>��~�����`����7��N(�>�bx��HI_�R�j��_��q�X���J�o�Y,_�S<�tr��Ҽ�^� ���='{�1.�i"�]��L��,r$���孶�OR���zS3�K���<J��Y�W��9R�;�>�fJ�S�eS5���"*�)0�i�������4Uq��y���|�:F���A��2xr�A�ɛ����2$y�l�=�O�Q"D;�J�(cgf�k��&�����}�������>���)>��h1!�0��7!�0�LD`L�0�0��X�"&:�l�s9���sl�sI��5ù����t��K}�:�E��n7'"B��O��Fp���?���Ν�mz�~+�a"���z�y��-�����M��\�����R?��~���B%z��s�[��4�k�6���ڗ&�Ňn�OO����9�i�����z|�~�����k��ݥ�?�>������h�g�4����C�瘎C兏�}
"D�$����H�9>5)�	H�d�F��4����h|w/����^c�y�x���'}}

^S����6��E
A�s�d殕u��'�C��C���a�$�I�:\���������P����#������4QD|��c�ʪ
[��?��6��a�d��{�bu�6٨�[�}L_�·	R31��K���c#P��ޣu�˼pS�.���+�4K�k��c����ȉAi�|��F��2t�0)C�O̐}�c�t�:�`!��>ce��,/2�,Y��S6!D�r�m}T���XP���„�8v�o܄�0�3}�1!�0�0���c"`�s�w��q�o䐛��Og;����}%r��VHw��#�*L��~�h1��o�>i�s�����z���{�>_]L[��r�Qӏ��=����9�c��^�CΓBI����\��Y�"�r�M�9"Th��0V�OG_���u�i���@�4S�U��\�:�5�{�#�u����6j&D���Wz4��w�#��o/뱁i�>�R��3����iN�"R-5O'O5�)���)�>I�N��]{����d�Ҵ�X�����xA�tI�az�q_��M����QBĶ]E�%ʀh��߽�ď� ���Ih�a��L_$S2��h"-p�SкӠ�2jƢ�U�6���%�}��o��ʼn�Ҽ�(�M��$�!�!`Նy�d�����8TFL_(��&����8b�ܵrG�2|�Blk�kNʩ�h���}����
��4H�@n�s��I�_�:$ʒU}M�{��k����j3��29SJ�"@>"��ѿq"�0�D�Ƅ�0�0�Z�U�0��"jNq��g6o��&=)�v�)�=�%R�k���Wx�6m���J���U��_����p�������G<�7E��f��bm�mG���(쌓�v��mR#��/�8�>�9�h�_Â�9F���Q	�^Z�v��m(��*-��7/��Q{�>���鎈�X�r��c߾}��h8�I
�T�]5����vr�y�?m���}U���#Qڞ���`��:cb|Du�0��%��#ʄ״Bה���{��Sj!��A?G˩"�o���ՆfΟ?���󶬌�����ȟ�Q��&D�a��Lw�|��P}�٭�{�3_��iO��Ms���o�����"�
�0�0N[L�0�6L�0�j%L�R�X�^�A��������S)D,^�����/\(9���}������Q����^�O�ѿq"�0�D����W�9��n����9U��}�0~=�j����X�a�a�i�	�ن	�q�8�B����[̟�q�MRRRbf����ݻ"��5E�D��7!�0�0�0�8�0!�8�0!�0N���}۶���QVVfB�a�a�a�a�a�m�Q;	�%TT}���	�`���G�NL�0�VL�0�0�Ӂ��_v����Z�������0�0N'H�8'b�Q�1!�fP0yF�
�3r�����;S�x�M25s�/r@1�!��"�^h(.�I�J��S$c�Z��*z�f�6�$y�/�<}�
i�2Q�d��������6E�)l����;a�a�6P�o_E�j6��+���Jh�Y�~k�"
�S(z��Œ<fv�Z�M1�^#f��EyR��˺��PzK��s
Ŭ[�N�E�O'L�0�VL�0�0���9.69�Ŧ�u�S�Z�
�v���io�aF
8!��[j_�{a��vmx���v��c�}!�M?�����&�yZ�Z�N��j'[����O[�Ʉ����p��m�O��1R�:�W�����'��O| �rV�v���a���}�|���+-S&Hl���m�t���Y�����֩$q�,Y�n�t8Ez�!�v��yK���H|wٶ�HFL_(M����EN~�_�_ [��t��).�u��hQ��B�O̐�#gJ�=2{q�t2]�o)��K�%���&%e��-z�\�yċh�f.�v��&ˣq�eA�����s�l�������u����q/,����S:�*u[���z�%e�r��}�}�ϕ�=%�S׏5G�9�0!�8[1!�0�0j;D:�&�s��}ՊX|h�k�rc�
�0�0j�1
��uQ�-"\�6T��~�8�q@uUk��I���ćju�j��›�������j����Q�	�gվ�"jB�;�FȔ�e���+�����2�5b���4$�����~*+�m��{����t��K�Hf�Z/B��"+0�(�r�(���~�Q>��H���	�q�4�2\,[��L��D^k�W�K�s��t��(���s��i��X/o��ō13�����ً{��$e��<h��>Ë&���}!F��V9���z��#4l?�(��y�^H�@�_�j�?GT����o����:�,�t�N��E�
m�<g,\��aqgȔ~}OL�0�VL�0�0��N�*s�.6����Q�5.ao��a�QC�A���?���mU��N�A=B��wR)��6R�&�[ծP�����x���0^���i���Z�����8p!���D(�OKL��8�_o�O^���x�'y�	s�A=FT�ؙ�>��?J�̥ke�e>"�H��lߵGn��l޶3rDd������l�f�O��=� �;��~�p�޸MF�X��"&�:
��i�坮�evv��D$�4p�4M'����s�Ȼ=FɊ�[d��y��dI�Z�
��'K�V�}����2�7~��n��TT��w�.���\�Ȳ��$i�,i�a�L��T�n�.[
w�����5O��[F�\�!F�"~i��t=�>�=F�t!�Z����^�0)�GW��F�"L�0�VL�0�0���ABDj��5��1�0�$pB�����E�z�h>Q{_-��o�s�h��ܧv���!R�E���zj�ݥ�P��D*|?r���Sj��_U�����hd?g�=j��o�=��+��'��6F
g�3j�I����D��Ԉ�ZU��j���?��5 2�N��i}�Z��j��5̅vD���l��N��s�<��،��C�j��|o/����>�haM��v�Z�+����n����Zb����{#J���-N�T��>X�Wվ�V":�{�ڛjA�.����}�R#�	����ADĻ�G�����.�;�l�E����eJF�O��A��>‚/~���k}z��{�����HO ������K@D�
;����&̓�b�ɫ�R��Z�ry�E?i�w���3r���ز}�w�7O/O7��E����bu-:
���d��CA��v�&��u�I|�a�F��x�z��$I=˷%"��� �Ss��A'_#��H"8�|�$#����鍖�dU~8
i�&�]���À�~{����
��(�w����z��?t�?��R"L�0j;&D�QK9�5��Ť�r�)]\�.o1ɳ]\(��K�n��a��a�a���AZ%""��8~M
�s��g��j=�~�����T5~����[m�ZO5�55��6Q
'v���Aj�j�jO���$5���V5=T�Z�c"��W#Jp�#@ xV[�F�)ߌ�5��Lm��p�=8�����5#��bqd�ڃj8��V�Q?Y�j�Y��\q��pf�	j1��Q�&"p�#D��m�}�?�~��Vj�[g�ij?V�{١6[
!Ag�Z5�}��cj�?��	�?֌5AT�jm�n�Ԛ�!~�V�|U1��%��b�3�6� �c���	5!"��p_���
�5��#�K�13����H��Bsi�n�/,���I��4�
��G�����f�����~G_��>t�lڶ�z��P �����?�>	+-�u��3�k��0r�"?����I�i���z�I�g�{=G��yKV{'��
[�5
�
�lK�E�ı�{d8R2��;�@6���}Dl����L%D��w�E
z�f;ٰ�P�n��E���ʓ���i��O��qs��K��Ƃ��i��4�Է �uX�rCd�ڍ	�ي	�a�*� R�W�
�O��b�ru���HkèD�)�q�@���l�ť<��N�B��a�Q+9�B��j8�I���X-K������p���G��|���8�q�S{�7�y;}�??ꛫ񀜪�p�9�U�M�ujs��}��߀pAd�|��jDhp�!����ËH��Θ/�!n�|G� =�ijs�.VCA��Zw5��sA4����F
��_�
���j5��1�@�@$!��B�߮V��8Df0w��p�37�c1W��z�8���3��,Ha�|���D1�f1j�9�/�'�C�@��
� 0�7��"�K�p��]!J�PL��s���v�e@��#�Y��G�L/çfy�<�rWo��}�d�\y��HyO���yۮH��çe�Z����&���)�ɨ�E�h3�~���3>��L�Vh�8�ס�I��@z�֩}�R�ò�[��@t�Q~�%e>u�'�㤃~�~j�L�8w��{&b��K�,\�^�����
Ua`(��zQsbܬ�A��!�:6E��"A`ٲ}��\�E>�{a}9��h��-�O��z\�a�ё�j7&Dg+&D�Q��M��Ņ�BY.>9�ŧtsq)�u�O�Ϲ��r��$�8��bձ��\|���d��a�aԐ(DܯF�g�p~#6�x��Nԋ�(!��A	O�� OS�m}�M�7�q��p����i����8�q�GC"HA��Q��A�/zN��
�ZMԀ>Wp4�~�Ή�(MdF��x@�"4�������j��b,��=�N|�a<�w��C
�!��铈�h!��GD_�������6�B
�"�T@4@\a����R�b�Q�h���Bc�0J�5���[���N�@_%�/�	�[�h:��Q3H�Dz%�[w�S)!8��/-+��{�<i�� �����k�FX�i�o
5p��H��=>]b��=%>*�,��b��a#�������c�D"� ��"�d.�6�%��#*���C0�Y����ECT�	��zc��k���Kj� m�oܶ��'H��=�fj��ߞ�&Dg+&D�Qkx���]\Rr�o5.��bR.w��	Rݞ�%���%�u��1"y���;�-fg(�%Dħ��ި3�0�88!�h�ު���?P��Ԉ�vVT"p~BD���~��A�E D�A$�D;��� }i��k����@���S+(V�
5��G��k�v�� �ZtD (�?s#�P�ʉ�J�8���g�v�P���Am�b��]4�AT�ƹ�XA���"��{FB(���X��X�w�D-�HBbC�H D �5��C�bQu�*���@�D���7!"Bm"N%�e���_)�&H1�{�i�N5;w��S�E_�fL�0�VL�0��@J���ް_5e��ۭ�zwν�|����}�bCA*\�8C��a�qJ9!�?a���pN�
�DP��FD>��h��P��u�؏~ӟ7�IC8�)�Ĺ@�h����7詵�X@�k�Uk7�ej
8�)�\���<�o���sG=yj06)�p��U�����^V��Q�����B�ZP���k�(��!��c�tI��
jC!����*�0W"��@�Al��F-
ڒB��I>�f�4P�!��L�)�X�#XjT�}�]#�p=�7��%5�7cP��h������+՘3���֏H��bB�a�:L�0�VL�0��z�R\�}x��&}�Ŧt��h�9�0�`L�0�0�S�1�a�[��[�|@af�Mހ��2)�plW1�sDSD;�yK��GA����=��������7�
(�}�Zb
��x�F� z�"�g�›��Aah��Ԥ�"p��C�B$�Q7!����pg�H����(]�y�F5�0��������U�'+�3�	Bc�7k�p@d	��%�s�� J"��&uT�#�5և��j�9q���-��Ԉ���Xo�#�Oq� �P���Z8k��5g�U���"��aB�q�bB�a����naa!��5Jz�^�#��h��5{�1�=�P]T�a�!�a�a��cL̈́����O�9N��h��&�z>��-��̹�}�G�P5eQU��Gz�����U�3Ǐ�D���o����#z;�V�p<z�l#H���!�q�n_�����sc;�G�6І�A]ĥߩ!P 4T'D�1������&D�n(�}V݅�Ԓ�WQ9b�LL�0�VL�0�v�]L�("�:L�0�0�S�qԈ�"H
�Ao�ݐN��D�P�����>K�9%�Q3�K�d��33[���ŦS�Α�}5s��ʗ��˾��޵�$��ho��ޢ�/�}$�Űm�o�޴m�iW��6`B�q�bB�a��	�M�~y�0�0���p�R��� �M�s
��~�0�0�r��fk��٨5 J�A�oR՚1&DԌ��E�X�r{�v�_���߲C��!���I�K��Á3?�v���Q�WV�o�����GNV�����H���H��3"{av�
�Ȯ=Ň\��(P�q��o�!����}zo[w�s���r�y�͘a���aF�!.����5��kDĦ�9cg*	_p��[��P�����bS���I��Ʀ��aF
9AB��=7"���[����-�JYy8�!��;vK|�a�̻}d��/$��Z)�6K��ťe�~K�|�g���O>�=Fv�)���Ҡ� ��0D��Ɉ��v�n#dź-��E,['��s�حS'z1`œ�ʹ�).���-/6
I��R�DzV���NC�^�Ҿ�dY���ő;굗���W
���ȝo����^?2}�?7q��ձ�:�%����Yr�sͤY�8�>t���?�s���Ӳ$��?�9٫d֢<y��(y��D���JsDs:�KK������O��GEq��4�"è5�&?��Cާ������ߡ4J��ť�E|��]l�?"g��a�M���ťv��RZ����6�0�� !��	��P(J���P���r��j`�&D���#z�=)�uh�"���N������r/t2]�䅈��Ӥm�I�~s��Ѳ����+�'̓�mJ���v�v�OLW��X�;��}�Dz�0g���m��))�G�˔��|$B�@D"B�ASeÖBy�D��`�4�>B���"�;�FȐ�䓤��*eb$��_�^m-�f�x�1��|❞^����i�~��ӹ�ڼ����ǹ�6�l�f���Z^k�*�t��ӥa��>U�����6{��8@m"����\�9s�efJyԵ[�MII��O�֭�;#C*�>MX���R�l�T��9r�)ݼYַh!e[��gcB�a������Rr�C�>�f�Q�b�28�:�+.&��@�&�n��ӥj�9�0�0�8~N�q�Zw�o��c�B���7}��'Ԩ9Aj�A'5r�ք�j�7O�����w��qB0!���,�+#�-����J�48�q���qH�NY 	]GȌ�+�~ہ^���v������n��2bZ������[�Z��^L����#m!m^����K��eܬy��H<9SJ��)����I�8�Z���#d : Nl,��S3�?ϏEdD�åf����v�+��������(�c�H�a3|�����ܵ�X������L^�(Y�Fϖ��9}���!��Z��f!�4?_���Ȓ���;��<#E���O?-9���O��O�e/� ūVE�ʦV�d�M7Ɏ�Sk�P�z�N����c��~'{��#G�����0jr��I���
�"C|r��MIw�)�\|j
�J".��5J�$r�a�a�a�N�A����}6��}��D�j'*"��Z���qC��Û�"MX�G��qB0!�!UQu�`K�n�x�O�t�-oI�	�dޒ5ީO1�v�&�{=F�
�<���Ym�4z��c�]�p\w��iͦm��0~�I�:\
w��5�d���q�l�~k1�Þ�%3w����7;[��eJކ/�0&5"�����C��+�i��Μ����~��L[�B�m�.�6o�� 8��$��/��i�2�>I9�h�z�\��G}��24���j��B�7�,Kn�UvN�&%k�Hq^�l��]v͜��x!���ɀH��
dYY��p<��%����M���P����{��ȑ��h�B"�"èU<�����7\ljA��P�|:��4���z���5�0�0N,� D�p�i�:�5T#�J�^5��DFP���ߨ�0�5~�]p���.Sá�����iw���w��}j��T��5P#�k4��y�D5�h��{�C82���z�=�Ɯ�s<�Ӿ�Z�cT��u�:���F���X�ԞQ��r�w�!jĨ!�0��y5���7Sm���������o�s%���j�q��c\��}��U�/����_��~/|_ϩ�W{L����_Ԛ�5U��0���|X+Rk��Ԙ#�(�+j�K�;��5
Y�RL��;w��Q�|��m;��f)>J��]�L�Ҳ}R���v!Ͼ�Gz��#+��_��,P_G?�ŌE+#GE._'�'fx!��
��Y+|!i@4@@ ��1Ë�PB x���k6n��zJ�S��i�XAQ��$Y��֋.��e��?��M��Ӱ�ٸm�O/E�jO����۾�s�����uX��l��
�u���+E���#�����q��Cɾ�zYӸq��H�m�Y���v�lIL���Rٓ��#,�~�,��O>�}�wˊ7ސ%z,G�-�~���){��e��/=Lʣ�c�H��˺֭e�-�H�M�3G@�K֯��W^�B��)߳G�.Y"��Nf]p�,��Y۬�!�E���E���,��^�=�o�g�"�����^�7��1!�0�Z�OӔ��Ņf����b�����P�r��.��_�a�a�q�9!�&��j�!��q~�ڣj3�pb�og����8�p|_�6O����Yj/��t�6]
�>}���N���l�T�!���@�.5�ܽ՚���_���;p�GC_k"�-Ԗ�!v���x���>��[j���V����_�V55�"��j�"��af�Z�"͋j��'�7ۤ^B�A���=
WC �U���X��5�Qa���^���VO�j�g����������Ɯ]H��W�!5��A_l�=!
MRC�h�F�!N�<����J�㡈q��C�h���½>�F��)ń�S��!P^Q�S)��
f��}U��)TT3USOqm�|�?m�m�9����Fj��~��>(o���WIqN�-X�?	`�+���~W�����n-�_,ڷ�O��-����;�ͽ{˖�dYt����gO)�ϗ-II�ߩ�,��FY��ʾ]��`��ҫ�,y����?�>s�ȑ�P�ۻ|�/��:Ƣ;����\u�O��YPw"��keu��u��&��H�ƍ�W��d\v�l�{𩞪���ڷ��o�L
���:�:O�B�q|�a�a���3�k�?������o�A�k�a�ag�(D 6P�x�}�l�����j8�qn�v~5��#Ո�޲�!���#�m5D�����3!�
��jD?�5���������x(pZ���j������c�h���q�>p����с�!�m��#��'�0L-N
���jw�1�E["
�!f���N{�h�=�Ԡ�[�֩!� Dp]u�#����ȳ-�E��D��wj��X���#
���
�A��>*{A�91�j�� d � bQ,��Z�w�(�S�	�qꨍB��Rɺ�zɭS���]�B����2�_t�5R0l�?���s���k}�h Z`�Jya�oKꦂ!C|���<"+_|ыP8e�,���>�T�W�����M���BĢ�n�)���g��~���3=ݧ�Z�sa�ς�g}����o_�?)�f|�K>Jbk�~^�(��&���r_�z�ܹ�E�������4!�81!�0�8"��>����g����<L�L��"�~^M��0�0����ވ	A�_��X��L
!"pX��Nj�'Rq�=QW��D�+uU��q^)|x�����8�y;��9Ⱟ
bi��;���p��AdNv}���>�7�8N$@4̕���(�45"?!��A�(D��˽r�#�4N̑}�!Za�\5�"N0o�%j̟���1�:p�#$ANA��"����'�D�lV�]�_��*��Ԙ/���H	"@H�ĺ�FD?�}^�� ��DtG j�2L�0�SG���ؿ_rzH2����[*Y�J�.[��;w�����?~V֫v�o�,K�O��^��ēO���"m���|��/)�ג�i�;��R�(�=���U+���/��_��o�)�Rf���k��Z��K���>���>�m�"n���B��=&˞yFr}4,D̛gB�qbB�a�Q-�?X�?�w�9�Jh������>�se�#���;�l
�0�0N� D�H��!�v= @�������4o�R�A
���K�pD����"xS?pXB�w�8�_S�яC�:p���#?^�Du�L�(
�g,�|7p�W".T#%�!��f)B�
�&B����!0g�D"҄u��%"X��-D���G"�6�'d���DD�.S۩��
�%�E��
�!��S����y�����S�	�qꨭ5"���/��5�6n\�H�����w��s�yF�D��BĝwJ���D�m�v^x(-�F�&�!@d^}uet��̔�W\!;�O�L�t8!��PY7�(˟|��%�cGY߼��:�<���#Ҫz6t�,����9y++�c"Dd�t�aŌE7�,�6��	���5!�81!�0è�s&��0-�?�>Ԕ�9��c��J?��0=�n���a�a�-� D�S���#@�o��'2�L�2 "�!�K�7�'��
>)`�0A��1Ni���2�"H��A?����[��"�}�Q�L���8�IS��x�31�8b
�v�BXؠF�ŕ�w"/�!b XD�X5��(�����F=�kծV#-�c����"G
��yP��kp�#T�O�
D�3(
M-����q�s=��ڒΉh�%7W-HEz%��#�7R`���'�Q�~}�w@J.�g�Iwź���}����g�c�hN)&DԌ����B�}ƹI��EŕŠ�
]oٶK����{K��ۍ�$m�R�Z�K�����牂�ۼ}ס�&��Il)�-�t�Ԡ�UY�~�l��Cp�S[��"�S���Ke}��m�(�ԧ����}z#X�䓒s��~Vԭ+o�ͧ0���]�x�O�T�p�l1�{���̯~UV6h �ǎ�]3gJŞ=�u�
�P
�"ԾF�����}ʦh�L�s�ž�D49�?.�7]��gOY����]DS�n��v�;�����s.�8Q��OR�������(���_�]�g���?��i����V�fgK�����e���qxL�0�0A`��օ��Gh����W����%iν��ۢ���c��g�a�qZs�5"H]TO�TF8���8�q0�(
%��q��C�hR�P��c�3�TI�% B�(ޜ�G8����Nl��D\�އ~)������IDAT�Lz��"�����Dܡ�|)|�Z����p�i�H@Ak��6�3�fj��<+>�]��4T̗�db3���Z�\�G �:�z�i�p�3_��#��~H�Dak}ѩ��!���N�,�zD��sa�G7���]#r�������4]�C[jH f���}1?�%�/�Fh����)ń���kO�|�{�t8E���Jqi��L���GKL�!2t���]+ssVKIY�<�^I=[�2��[mH�	s?�b��Oס�e�1�O�ޒ2�3r��ޫ��Nv�	��J��q2b���ޙMm"�"�;u��O<!���I�7o.%���hZߪ�߆MII��iS�M݈�;����$��֕]s�
yu�x�b�k��H���/L�ܧ����_�k>���e��bM�&�ԋ ��.��}͈�m`ǔ)���eٳ��
�Q�+�uY۬��>���w��]���⥗d}�֒�sF$a=Vԫ'�:.�Z���~�L��L�0�0A��+��#���J}��M�J&�)=-VT�'o��a�a����ә4F8�q2� (�d�G~�R�8�'{4\�q��@x`;�Y�6�PAD��&"�QuBDpM@�>/(���s��So��Vc�y"��"��;���vs"z���Xk�3�y}bǪ~���yj�}�cW�S�y�
����໥-F��>�۝RL�82D:L��Tf.���m;�䥦!����x�m_&u>J�u���^�vT�b�;~���tPD��������E�~��L�۰UV��,�g.�k�4��鋤y�xy��^2'g���65K����N~D�ً�d���:^�*��>Bs���J�2r�u����ķeN���JiY��=��O"2��ϱ���x���:���#����C4"
c�cE1I�1g�Fy��>Ү�$���ˀI�u͓�K��i�b�����̤6��;wzg;�A�s�":��
�D�m���K�B��U^�1�铂�X����h�b��C"jh��tX��òcڴj�n��K֬�,�'�a�]+������m�跙sܯ�充������c�1!�0�8}��=�Pa几:w�m��~5A�a�a�i�1D �T�����~R!AJ"R4I�4?��(��_��O�K�\���aBđ��`�\�P���we�����lݱ[��1R�W��/7K�u[
�M�I�^���{�L�۲�,]��_C���s�6���i�G�{��l1lZ����X��os���8�3���f�c%q�,���I3[�n�&���ƷY�i�|�4N:�&݆L���x����=G�[�H���R�o���I��0��k�]�q��?�_�'�@�x�I/�Q�W�Kӹ$�S����N����sn�8N�$m�M�)�^i�*Y�������(��n��C��5�4p�d�m�f:�S���?�1�L����l �SE��Q;1!�0�8����>��p��!�����[����jUߊ3�0�8�8!���[�U��?�0���cBđ���^h.��m��ޯ
BD�n#d֢<y�qO�Y�� �\�V^o��ťe^ R����Bh�4�G)�-�ɐ)����H
wb�I��p4B�S���\n~���t)/7K�5��y�������"=��K��/ |�]���j?g�4O�^�8�Dž�|}�͕��Cu���@:������#<�]ҳV�m Z�]�����J�)�y!�5��zc���#����+DT|�g�J��k󄎵D�x�bB�q�bB�a�q����>0�ȩ���W�ܠ�>��P#��0�0��"�0!��PdyS�N_�:���y���^-cg��
;�+���z[��%Ү����])D4M�# ��b�25ӧg"���m;��ewq���h�w�'�]���8_F뱜U�����G3 XPP�_/��~���8�%s�ZY�~�<а����0g�����e��%{��MD+��jk��rݒ�J1CDģ�{��'�bd��������m�}���k����T���Oո�p��*"�s@�!�c��,ٷ�B�j�ˋ%g*&Dg+&D�a���q��?�M
(<=w�>���&͹O�F����a�q�cB�q�aBD�(�Q$����D �҃1]%��@�$���9ZV��ꯩ���ń�NC%e����>�LGTx4�����D�~�|TÇ�FK�ASe�ީ�l�fI�:ܟc���֩epZ��װz�6y�q~Ҽ�^� �	5H�A����1,�G%,�� ���""H
EDm+����E+�6�߼]���?�ωR��Z���}�iIS��2_��&�뚑�{h���J_䅈>L��k�)��DL�0�VL�0�0A`�<�{Ӈ�֑S�$8��4�T+��^�_?;FN'���.&�#��&z�Ii�%�����N�`�ag&Dg&DԌҲ}�|��QT��0?w�w�#R�X�R&g���@����u��@�ؼ}�����]�S$qA�A���.��`���%��l�f=(M1�yK}���e�j>0��)��0A�)����2-s�L�\���8������Z���(�Y��d�╲Sף�"�������ۘY�^�A� �kC�Ȫ�m�<)�8v�bB�q�bB�a�q��F��[�s�#�;?rڣ9���j�F��S�9m�h�z���'g����P��5No�R�4��O�a�
�0�0��$D��u������q�0!�f��p���D��ުoC�t���>�΢��F�����k6n�g��#��i�G�}.���g*&Dg+&D�a�0ݹ�?�#�""���?L���7�T�D���\`���7ӹ�F�0N	_p��W���^t�K���C[]|r�~fy�KY��BE�|lʫ�
�0�8N�A��A�#��nTㅀ/���j�Ծ��kj�P��ڵj���x�����v"@3�mj�Վ�)�0��)��S�;�ީ�B�nj��^O&ש�Ծ�>'L�0NDo�p&�'��,DT���LٷkW�~����'+K��%;�ӥl��t�~)Y�^v�����Pm��+׶�VT��9s|;�(*�=��R0p�N�(�:�ʿ��سG�,Y"[��c�Ji~�|�o_��R�}��9S
u��+V��r8O���s��� rT�,)�=��ˎ	�Pm��[�n]��yaB�a�q�y���;͹���>ʊ��&Oͧc��
�C�ڂ�F
!�!.yde�C��4��{�����
�bS�vq��.6�b�a�a��1�S뤖�6Lm�Z����$�K��|[-Fm�ZO���j�� N����j��0N�R�����c��E��Sj�)'�?��#����:��QC$�	N"���?���1cB�a�:j��k�ɺ�:/@�����s뭲䡇$��dEݺR�s��կ/YW_-9>(K�V���Y�TJ֮�9]$;&O����>��n�eO?-Kx��F�D�mc��R=��?���7����~*e:�.9w�%˟|R\q�l�z��q�y-��ٮ��]�L^u�,��F��~W>��l92r��0!�0�Z�9.&�2���kz�[�����^��1N&�s��s��y������>m3E��fD�R�D�(t�O��S0�.�)��㺄/��>rq�_E��a�q���]�+Ծ���QjuՂ��j�$��g�Y��jW�����l5",ک
T���w�^W#:�j��h7����DV|S�������<x�d��?P����yEC?�W5"5.S��Ƽ�"5�
��F����z X�����W�O����j�Q%<1�#}7̝{���ժ���`N�?�L�B�@.�":"zܟ��ĵ��j�#c��Q��h����9�#D��օ������7�8�wuB1!�0N�Y��o�N�p��B(ۼYr��^��{�edH٦M�w�b��/�˓�w�!��t�F����G+*3��/H����?ʮ��}$וn��#*Aaon��-[d�̙�ફdc�^�ܖ~�$��e��y���ƍe��WJ)sY�BV֭+��:I��K��!�Oأ�̼�)6,<7�"/��"è���Cj��S2\lr8�L8���<��y�=�@��8Y��Q��G�>�4���iΕG����W��O�D��GlR����O�Q<9j�a�I�8kD�&2"Z��U��FdHT#�!���ԞV�Rm��*�!jDG�WM{�C��X�?�B8����9i���e�E�������V5}����F��1F-� "Q�c��P���5Ĉ.j�1�,#Ԙ+�		���:��v�"�E�=W�Š�+��E8��7��hHq��P��ݫv40����T[�F
N��j�p����#���Y7�XX7��6Qm�Z�m�h�Ej��:娱F�-��w�Z��-������>�qz���L�n��;�������Hپ
_�zo�S�b��u���@��x�����ˤ����6K}Tr���"�ڏ?�����^9a׼y����g�T\���e����2�ni���E����Qc��wK~�n>=Ӓ���/������l�Q�KK���`�y�U�
��
�5>L�0���R����Pw�~	���'W����	�kU�8<�E�4=��Z����0	]���}���Ŋ9�aF
9N!�7�q�#��G��.�Q���o�w0��Z��v=�j�ټ}��M5�
D���H����q���D4�Lf��#�8�q�W}����q�S���8�q�#��zA�`
Ԉ�@H�|���̏�D��Ԁ�Uij��w�!tp�v�@$Ł���f�'��sרmR���>VCH�J[5������(�O��-5�ا��XD Z�!#C���f|'8�Y�>��B���SC���(�DĔ��Uc'�yτ���#�b��ʢ��S0z��v��yL�������c�^��(O����
�q���[*srV���}���cdъ��z�����!�_�'���k��-z�|_���)%�e�碯� �����ྃ{
`-�>�~��F\�2x�,Y�Q._/KV���M��t�ɣg���E�}0V���yD��k�����w��;�d�u���B��9����o��;�\}��x��� Dl=Z������e����7���+*d�m�ɲ_�mr�Mƅ�H	�֫:v͞��ݑ��\{��NH��@��9����9"R�eKX�������?�hR4��J��8����DŽ�0j�otq�y�a����H�C�^�ؤ^z<����[�3�[�|�ťl��c�����!����W*tX\r��M�ǯa�a5�8����բߖ�M|�8���xt=����C��\5���"x[�7�qZm���"5�&��H�C4c�b�6�A����)��]���j8�%��xH-���ǭ~/,��|G(�@,�S�(@�����Q�ߦ�|��'B��Qx�V��%~���3H�XA0a�
��C�}�?�9]�}5@L!ڃg1^	"Y��"�j�@��X���i�0�:�����T^'"j����ɘ�ez�
��	=9#W��Αu�����s��e��<��PV������ʮ=����kd�•2vV����N���ĹKd�/�[��e�ñ�dœ%~�9٫%g�Fy����cx��,*��e�p������9}�,Y�/��$w�&�3s��[/ez,�}�\�6:}��?����%ky���{d�-2w�j���Ȑ)d��_���SJ�2?�M�vʤyKe��	k�����f�Z65K��<X�	s�j�R����5=k�_�eڂ�Xtts����T��Z�ג�Y���J��Ͳ�`��֢�<�a�?�a�d�3r��ӵe��o��M���:�y����L"C��E�;���*������Y�+��o`��9�̱������*D�Z%��=W�O�(E���K.��q�"g��>�Ю�d��o�*.N�4i"�:H��>}Ҝ�Ƨl
(^�VVׯ/ٿ��lh��)�Hٔ}�]��w�b�^l��.�u?�k�\|�A�CuB��;W
��\���WY��S����aB�a��s\��C.>u����$e���x�7������l�fϰ�pB�›�a�aԀc"p:���CU��cj8��s�ӆ7����i�pz�&
�$DPӠ8���5TÑ�Bz�舌h�b���>��G�&�!D�2
'z՗��!"�'XP���ODR�Z	!"W�Ȁ��DO�>�kշ��@�ƥjh �p��k �D�H���F��z�B�(�wE�g�!�1�3�9E-���Pc��Ch	���a.̏4K|W��"�~�[��{��K�X�]j�#9)�Q3��,�{��.��IҨY�}�i�2�;�;�*�~�*����I���>c�F]�c���%e��@�.�^����hy��(��8q�$��%�t!��ؙ���=�5DF����d���s$�H��y��3�M�I2p�|?��5��u��o;Pz�؍:��D4DY�v�ł�z-��A��^�rVKG�c��r�Me��?ֻ�GJʸ9�2v�,\�NZ�=G���Ҡ� Y�b���)�T�^�}�tyE׆>6m�)-C�%y�li�m�t2M��Α��c��Ú <��ӯ��)R��$?'����ū�V�䅏��hж�$y�Y���)o����ڱ��t
XӞ��兏�eܬ��Ha�����\����4E�ρҡ�d��0ċ)�M��S;=v��m�s4�U��:l�̸�)Y�ާ\Z����ΩS#g@����"y
��h(v=�'?�=9�!Q�?�D���w������^-9��#˞}�GQ,��Y��k�5%J��eί~%;�M�P�QRD�\q���0>?L�0����Ň�y�jL�v����}����L�/�?����E�QR��		_p	��t���p�}���S��a�a'�c"(�㸓���D���}����0 *P���J@X@�R,i��=��J-"�4 cR7!��`^�X�_-H�S�	�8���p������!Ec3k�3��P���ἧX7BN{���L`��\ � n�ʊ9Rςz8⣡O�!�<p�u!Hy�\(HM�#֖�ED�0��h�(���Y�h����wը�@?|A�*�S�[�#���Q��!D����#��5(b��Aj&��?ǁ{D��{"�U��`����	5���c;�%��>�}}��
�y���^����������+��0�G2���'O$��o��m�*O��K���(w��(�$�����x�;�8ꩃ@�O$������D	�޼���h�e�﫼|�R��}P�����DZD��mx����~,��u[����d��N���Er��o�#T|�s���S�.�欖��^7�}��bH������:�u[�{���{}8��|�g��m�_���f,\�����OD� ��6��+�zc��5!��"-B����?�C�B��i2`b�4O/�����:
�=%��q���ט�Ha����?�5Z�l��G�7��+�o.������s��#[w�s�'�v�bc%����X�n�,��_e��(�t��۽[�~{��C�TG���\"����l���EE ِ�ב")��%�?.˞{Χw�f]Ӧ�s�
^��F1G"/�u��0u�X��{����"�+�dg˾�;#g�S�	�a�:�N���
Mtq��]|�S���?�Ŧ���	���YBlʻ^`�C\J��у�KibB�a�a�8�A���|����[�sԂ7�>�
8����M
%j �&m�ԃ
���R5���A D�
�8���e�Q���xC�8����S��}�L��P N,QC����b5��@�(����c���9O�!������[�A�"D�
�>�!"T�{�C���j�/DT f��Bl�Yh�E��1���WD{�Sj�AB��q(
Mt���{`����!�;�!���{!R!��M��!��}�'�7̑b��k�\Q��Gև��Z%j������O&D��5j?ؿ�/5
�H	�뭎>j���cd��
^�x8��w�J��o�{!❞�mG�/��(�|�fy�Y��ضs�O�D��&�Gz'���U�T��ޱ���x��e�O$���ѳ���Ȉ�k�\[��"DuA�5�d��,y�y_~�<i�:ѧ!���v���ا�z��(ٵ�ķ�.C�.ü� �'�0���TN
��F�aN9y�A���|�f�%e�"���˓Mz�Щ|_�˳��s�8h��Ѫ��+c��c�d-_/�������Ș�پ�
ԍ �Ғ՛䃞��:u�.�%�B��{=�cP��W�N�B��Ǝ����}N+!�}�u�	�������E2��ɺ�*Y�2����
�`ڲEf~���y啾��҇��m���yo���a���ʲ矗%w�)�]���jF��__ҿ�Y��^�X����NEE>]S�e�ɢn�:�:�-}��>0V����{�L������?/� �l��]�5�6��w���-\(Y���޽#�0N&D�Q+��}��M^]�[
�a+\\��T�]���
�8�M�V-��B\�uW/�>*" 6�a�y"�0������3i��X����;�qPD �Y��@�8�y+�(R���憐���qD@��~0���8cQ|��b5������9����ُ��V�鎃�B�1�H���j,ܢ��n~DALW���DA ��b
�1HI�����'�1x��{d�"A-�c4|/�u���w�:G��H9�q�'�,�)��
֕1��]H�ĽuA4I�l��
�|"A�������'�τ��A
���C�����J~�N�^	�8�k�!N��&j�T@�'��v�}F��"�
/����ä~���e�T_ǀ>xK��GDe@�@���2#k�<�A�c�E�x?6�}��@P��<ܧH"���f�:_P�u߉2s�K���bӐ$��>§J��xB/�'R�i��~L�V�}��d��R&��	RU�J�(m��Ic3w�f��/(,�#1����m�������:� �U�y>ڃ�Io��E�h��'?���ҽ�>�sG$@�!i����kQt0E����BD�!�dP�|i��O�'�SQ�w�K׊u��y!����ב� ���g�Q�!��h��$y�����:H᮰U�Z)D����=d����#a
�L�5�����}*��;eKR��o���V�d��q^��6j�N���e7ʦ.]|��| {-��z��9k�6�m{���X�
D/ 0��9����@6u��C4�o�N����kJ֮����r{�;���Uz]a��o�\�W��1N&D�Q����O�qq��.>��ť��..��{�
��q�S/�]l���O)�ej��D]���&��bSf�a�a'�c"�i�H�DG��{"�:��)N�]�Y5�N�D@�����A���		�a�aBD��~K���%���o�#N����� �[\�k@,]��`Ɖ���u�[w�"ͻ��ȣ�=�5�F��3�7o�)����
t��GH �7�n�f>r�68�x���ĹK}j�U
|��\Yy�/�DmDCTi�H�Dj)�YO-R)�<�!e�p�j�!MS�^���B�æe�v��al�vcl�&��Zp��cX����ҫDmL_��_OQ�i��}
&Rc!z���#��Z�X��ϓq�?k�3O��("Nr����1}��G��x`�󗮉Dn����:kE}	�F����ꨭ���dcB�a���{��b������ƥ��$R��Yqɍ\|r����,.��Ŧ��0�0�p��"
�
0�")�5A���BT)�H�D�g�)T�":��t�z�[A$�	���ϟ��R�^	�8�1!�8[1!�0�ӆ؞?v��c��5>��ń�s.*;�a����UW���\\r��KY����DLR��u
���#(�0è'H�0>?pғ��~,%&D|��2hמb���8�1!�8[1!�0�ӊ��6��Ce�Q�ڀ'�E �0�0�8����y����9z�0*1!�0N&Dg+&D�Q�H��k��	�s1)ϸ�{^�B��4��^GC�>uq�]�D�t7�0�0N<�����W{T��LJ�bҁc�4GV�,�(V]$�t�Z�6�	�q�0!�8[1!�0�Z�	_v����Ё�3ц�R�bCo�:]���0�0�0N� D�@z��7�ީ��jo�
T{E�|���D�yxӽ�F������h�Z���i��j/�7��"5��@�	���ݜv�a��3Q�ئ�gggKiii�a�	�a�:��ťT�;H��MY��B�]��\B��
�0�0��sB�AjD�J>z��W
��j!���=�~ϹzjԪ"h���\����D�"�81�y�Nm��iyaBD�ٿ���IE�ȑ0�e����>��l�g��Ю�l��c���쐺�v�~�
����}�쫨�v4�����1��l�Xj����a���<��F�,����jժȑ�i߾����RTT$[�l��+W���
{���|)//�9���ٺu�!sسg�,]�T֭[9rr�����%//ϏU\\9f߾}�v�Z��86L�0���@�/�������\|�J��gװϷ�?;���0�0�8y�q��;j��ƫ5S{J�n�/���p�Ǩ��}?��jP`������>+uR��j��^U���3'�G:<8�YB�mj��֩uQ�R�>�՘�Mj�������I�KԺ�
S��Z�>��Vj�s�@� ����	j�]����[W�Ԭ-���Ԧ��Q"��6@m���9��M���P���L��^j���z5�a�?�|E��fm�Cj�=)�ګ�Vc=ꫝV��&D��L�J� O��[�,%e岳h���&�6�.m�N�
[w�=G�s�'�ܜU�i�Ny�y�<�NO8i�%�O͒>L�nC�KQq��M��~��SHYyX,@$H5S�ѱ�z��$��#+�m��z��'zʲ5����I��q�r���\zO�%�6�n�kL�!�mg������偆]�ːiR��MȐ�um�M�"N�U��:u�\t�E�bŊȑ0.����J~�ɷ��miРA�����J��Pq�e�ɷ��-��w�㷇����:u��}�{Ҹq�ȕX�~��򗿔��[�ߪ?���r饗�w��]����G=i���w�}���o~#ݻw���~Ȑ!~
��>��lڴɟ3>"�0�0�0#��"�ˀ�~�����p��X
*p��Z-_MC�7Ԉf����j��y��"�l5�.�nQ���I
��F�,���}!�<?!��ys
u'���M
?����H�#~��$��j���w�!F�ᔿS
g=Ñ�!��V��z2�k�Hy�8�!�45��R�5D������X�{�nPcl�sMՈ`����s��j�O��j����������]�F$�*��jL���j�'>냸�hr�`BD�()+���7������Hڼ�25s�$t!��dN�*Y�|�w�O��̋�&f��O5��ʋMC2vV�	���,���N�6l��]{*�(�/��/*�'��,\�A�g���z�ܜղ���3j�"�X�F��Q6�N�d�<ٮ}�Zk/���f�t2MVm,��붓�H���dF�J���M�8)�V!b����]�,Y9a੧��"��ٳ%99����9s���~�;��`�/X�7���=�3��>�/�P~���Ȉ����~[�;�<��?�!����xzz��}�]��i���%b":��c��M�s8\$F���I�~�|TG۶m�O����gĖ���Z�Ν+S�L�_�����#��H�3�qxL�0�0�0�0�(�!5o��f}�@z�Qjש��>�z��DD�8�p�g����|���j���p柧v8p�Q{���P���8Z!����6j�őOd�̉>�G�����D"��_����{A�HW"5��j5D�`��O�D�Dχ�6�aADB	���\�Ո��Z  �z��H������
��_"��1&��#}2�<5D %W�b��ո������Q3v�)���3%i�,/L��D���ّ"KVm��z����%��h�w�#0�b��9Ҥ���"Ft��(6H��7n�7Z��}#.l�>���&�4N�Ի�}D<�A�d-_'��
��U��"�%����k|�7Z���L_$�v�E��QƉ��
&L�s�=�R���k孷ޒݻwG�G?"�c�=�YYY��2�}^r�%�f͚J!����/�\>��#�8O4Dݺu��o�s�����[�~�i/*��mڴ��'V�t�1c�t��M6n��?_{�5���RO���ȭ��*������u�y���Ν;�-���
�o�5�� ���2�DŽ�0��_��o�s?��3%�a�aƱ<�	�<U���)�|��
DG�n�گԀH�=�#p�#"9���jGJ� ������C�����Bm(~D Ī}���g�s� ���v��MD�@{"X�Gǿ��Ԣ~
B���p��>��D�D�/���j�D#�0D�J�
�A[
J遀D��Gi��yp�k��@"��s�+�	�.V#M�Ֆ���i�	5��H�4K������=d�l�8g�$t.�k6�����>i�H��`î^���t����鐳*_���B��n����(��;�N���6K���`1r�"_#b�e�:u��-)�}#D���Xfg������]^�H=KF�/�+��H6o��S4u6�GW�v'1A�ĹK�_/��6��@RPx��8~N7!�k׮�?���D$D��@��Q�F�}�8��'?�?�Чa����套^�"�l@hݺ�\|�ŕuZ�h!7�p�>\���z?�?���G����@��>��ܹ�c�ȉaÆ���3FF���\)*�(�A$"C�:u��Bڨ@�@(��0�q�馛����XԐ0�DŽ�0��'�����Ӝ[��3X�6{�i��0�0�:�A���E�� E� ��8���@Di���j��OTC�l��P�98ڃ�h�
DV�Nz@��3��?Z!����𦧪�Ӏ�"�/�!Z��n�5�{�/�u��!z�(�*sf�5!&9�F��I	#��X-�p`}J���B0"4�� �����W�D��>�d���]�K�AT�~��z)�V�����AdC�ı�i��v������y�x_���f�vI=K�����.�]'�7�'�5�+����"��/�'Γ��[�6|͉�r�<R#���V�|M�����ǰt/`J�/%�e�Mz�ry�E_��\/V�X�B^i�*��<cu�����]���-�����qsd��Bi�:�!ԡ@��0`�䮶�'��M� a���N��C/��;��I��h�"�v顇�Q����㞈�@�@$�����ߧ@"��tL8����*S3Uq���G��h��/��?F��#F���
̽:H/E����K�|�I���E��:�	jU�s�=�8�>m�4�5�,=��1!�0�8.�W��3(���#�
�0�0N[�A���Nk
*���L�ޚ�P

A����I8�q���""H�C��pƓ~(p�G�#����8�I��V��� ��"@$AG�ꄈg��Q��:��c!���DZNʤՀTI�G]փHFO�!� po�UהBլ!�G
ф����ԈJ�"?��Hڧ@���GQ4��%H%���5D��A�%�Ո$A\`�G��"�~�uf�'�1R3��5D	�$��b�+H�T�1!�v�3�j�Am���3K�.�eݦ��,i���md�̱�e�ny��(_G�8��nBD
o���|���)�(�����#-�25S^^����͛����/Hii����{>ʀ����z����O8����RAQ�g�l�2_�a�ر>
�+����/
�o�^~�_ȝw���YD��J�������'�xB^~�e�D����?��
J(����ȕ��`B�a�q\�a�aƙ�1�ӵ�� E�p�{ơ��q�c�c��N8�)b�p�c?�&��8ԔRBB�w��HGX�o�]�3�7�)�DD�[�8�H+�B[��#��?��cjW�B�B�Ad����{�)�<H�D�$��U�f繆4IAt�rO�"D0>�A��`7��Mm���X3	���WX�O�c�O�{�8Q!�B{�B�UAM
&�C^R��
B��A�(�g�E��-Sk1!��a���w�<_"y�)���8V(��6/��6N-�U���7��M��@< b!p��}�j�`4��p���.�@J����?r�m�"DP��TF7�x�3
�\�.VM��G}��iӦ�L�S�^=y���}q���Xߞ4L|�.���}1����+�@���$8G��5�u-��L�K�R*".�ۑjP��a�a&D�a�q�r�BDU����A�"�-{ް���;��:p�'8���Ap�8��)��T����p�x8�b���t$�	1�X��0!���i�Oq���U��4i�|�+_�>��iժ��|4۽z��)���@�M�z�>��jD��	��{���ŊA�yG}BB�<��3ީ�@�¯~�+/J�L4�5�\S)dp�b��>��OEQ�_|�G,T�TL��f� �TO]�t���+����?�W)��A�%"HA�����ݻ���:�}��L�:�����#FUL�0�0�"�0�8S����@z ޖ���p$p�#^Q�;�-�B��3��������,D�o��)�i�3u��X���k����y�_^2����[�2�/��S"D5��[o��K|"H���$�=��/�ܸqc�viÆ
>�!99��TGD�ǑOT퉴@� :a�СҳgOiD@P�:HqD�	�#:������駟��%H�T5"�܈���m�H����=���;�x�b�'"	bQ��@�QA_�#��
��f͚y�*�&̏tTF��a�a&D�a�q�RC!HT��F��4��03;��T	8�q�G�
���$�T@8`?�p}F_Xu�����}.��}mt����~p.��6��8v�sF"�0���߹/Nr��@�~~��\G�=���~`B��@Bҏ\B�?{�K�������3�a�a� N�a���cM�d�1u+j��(D+���_��˛�gϞ�E�w��}.���heAA���3�yB�7yM���g<������#�h1!�0è�~�}5͹��a&+"4D���E�}�6-�	'��/����8U��%W�F�/GN�a�q�8��
A�F��N��A1�K����j��{��b��
n+�я�.�{��(���8���ϋgϞ���&��}n�x��ߦ����?���D�0��ń�0�ZҜ�N�#�Tf��������(�	'��z��ņ�V
Xl�
W���"-�0�8�����T;��}�\��E�|�����>�F����jc�4>/�~q��~ֵ��.��K�2�H���^T;����K�&�W�!�0�X�MnB�Q�1!�0�8���}}�s��E�4��~{���vp<�L�8���bC�Ñ)]|h��O-��Q��"m�0�8��3�Qj8�k�l�-�ϻBD��~�9�����1B��j<��Rp��xh��8���"�5�f�(v}�x��h2!�0No�MnB�Q�1!�0�8�	�k�s�"4�wDN���P�/�c��&D�L��}���bS����8�Բ2:"&���8�7��0è�Q
8���W�Y��o�H-6r�3��X���9�������9�����P���k���ժK�DʢW�h�N
�6o�W
A���j�պ�]��?j��%��P��E�hpnߠ�5���Ծ�w��
�����"2��d>��
T#b��U���x���!j����:��'y�q�c	j�w�^��`�_W��v���)�o5�=�1j����}��;5�
��5�����Nm��D�/���D3�]
胱Q�
Q�Ԓո_��f��j��ڪq_��ݨ�|g��I�W��/��wƺ�I���>jתbkI����0!�0No"��k,DPhy�޽RXX(�����
&�ڵ�={��c�p
�7o�,[�l��q��Ot��P�/�U�Y�F


NH��:�5Jy�iݺ�E�&D�Q���и�K�9���q,��
q�ۤ��6��9�$��	'���\lh��C(q�I�]���?���������a�q�8J!�8��Ej1j8�qwR��w�崏��R
�5�j���9O
a�Y�9j��+�P۫V5�Nh���O8�qz�#��@
1�8��jP�[
g;�q�g�ᜏ�4S8ݟQ��t5��|nW�i�ܸ?�w������c2Ǫ0�ej7����ju��W���k5ė�j8�6[����ՎT�>"}#���F
q�u5}�N~�ZX3ā��*XW�@�},Pc�c�P#��w�z#0q�BQ��qO�j��U#z�9<�Fd�kJ�ŽE�1.�"cꣷ���X������qaB�a���\�CV#!g���@^�u���$''��q?n�8����%//��f�Νr���5�\#7�|��t�M2`���٣'??_Ə��5�$==]6n��)�]�n]�ӧ��ϓAvv���'?�&M��СC��w5�aF��A�����L"N1i�C(".x�~����:_��jgB����6_q1��.>T��B�\����^���D=���M��%�g���0�8Cj&�xa�h�
y�8�qj�����[�?U�q�Jm����>J����r�s�t���FL����8�p��yj8�q�3V�o�3���!�4R��v<t��?�8滫�v>)���<툸@�`<��DJp�(	���Ո����8���v��>�!̟���F��'�<�	jG�փ��@�{���-B���UC�!j�sAj#Dơ"�D��M[�C�f�m)�.�{`^�9UC�ڡv���;j�x̑��GD���A1�j�������.WC����1!�0No"��k$D�Z�J�qy��'�/��%p�������9r�
6ȅ^(;v�9s�x"#v���پ}�lݺ�G}ѷo_����?�k�>�d"48���u8�9G�C4���r��w�H���b�~�ҥ�o�����`,�;؏�}�=]������'?��O�=se�M�6$J��'cO���	�a�jL��|H���>�?"N!��?s�)i^t�K���Ε��H�U���r����ql�aF
9!G6��@D��q�Z5R�4U�Ɏ3���q�7S�i���8�q ����O��@\���$�y����\��-D�w��>o��=�CD��hH}D* DR#�`Gp '�>*V�c�������4��%��FBx�:Wc~��x��"�?�D6��G�{`"�?"�"X� G�(�X�椏��^��:!�>��X+"xF�o�h	��y��*̃�D!�"6"���
�D�`�Ղ�	����$�Ä�8��7yM��;vȒ%Kd������� !�y�F��'��9�_��W���O�6ͷ'��믗A�y�ii�-��@��رc����GT�B!�&����}����ɏx���$͚5���O��N/v����g�.�����R�N!ѪU+�0a�o+-[���^{�Gs�i�F233���n���O?@����_��?Vbb�����s3gΔ��_�}M���߿�,Z�H�{�9��Z�;)���?�з�֭[��3"è՘�VE��hB����I����u�I�=�v�..���)�\��#�(0�0�(9F!� "pX�'
���H׃S�4C8���� �9�8��7�/�3'D�����~��<��A:(ި'zhD�ª›�8���`����S-"�@���4�9!zPˡ*D�N����XG"Hw�8�8�p
 Ҥ*���r�
� �"K���B�@�N
��์�I̋�YO"Z��1��
j��bMH�8_�
�+QD� ��7�8^�
̅k��qܘa�7�&��H��g�>D��Ν;{�~�h�������N$�o�#0$''�Hj&��׿�+VȤI���?��,\��;��͛�
Z�h!���o���>i����QO��-��">��w����x�Ȃ�cʔ)>UT�dٲe^dA��ڵ�o�0���~�׽��=�\��o����Gr�E�6]3��ƍ���3f��ӟ�$�G��\/ �{$"b�ܹ~�/�$�q~���IZZ����/��b�ݻ�O�t�`B�a�">��YD\�4�Mv��[�uDT;"N�&}S��;����]l�Q��r���}��bB�#�@���ɤX�a�a5�����x�G�]j?T�.�ݎ���~p�S81�:U#"'D�v'H��s�~x�Z�\�m�h!�(�(�
A�tD�	G�l�4G4�q��5Pc�8ڙ7�s"$pz ( Dp�M5�#=��՞P�
BB��e���<q:LU�.���HEm�m#"���Bs�����Q#D༧�}S˃g)�As_\G�(�W��E!D�6��`��q"�^X��7�DO rp1�: Dd�w@M֖��C�A�?RAA D�"O��:nL�0�ӛ��	�"RSS���j����}�{r�W�(�[o�էg"]�˗/���,/25A�N���k�4F8�I��DZ T Z��o~�;��ׯ/�<�L�)��h�@0�D�=z��W^y����+~�>~�_��`�ʕr�%�xAA�h
"&����K�7o~H�	�b �p��PDB� j<������{q�g?���o�ޟ;�0!�0�Z�	�������f��:歮J�mz|mT;"N
���G�ؔ�..��%t9�{2�0��9!2�p��<��E�)���D)�@�8�����@��x~"��<P�Q!xӟ�	���ध�A�)�UC������f"x����Ԭ��ǩW�<H˄聳=�%�{�
}"8�*���0'��tD�7��3��^����G:Q�%��X���s��θw�1�uX?"�?�U�Sr8�q��V�
�Q P;��+��Adu8p�p���x���=j|�||���b�懨@���/H����8B�j�@� B	���M��!�'|���}�D
� ��qaB�a��D~��t!�:!���G�^��Q��>����/�6D����K�p ��=�H]t�e���K@q���G���^zɧ["�R DP�j���D�Q�FU+DP��H�ܥ�^Zy��3��S��(D��^|�E/�Q52�
�o"�TP+��PDG�����6L�0�VcB���t�q�1y�AҜ+V�7ӹo!H�G�|np>b&D�$��TW���.��"W�a�q������N*#������& z���z>��p�GS]_U�q�ő��\��W����;𪪬
�)���S����ł
X(	"�"���""�@B�$`AQ���JM�06@BH�� HD{�q,�����x	��@H��y�s�=g������
ğ�'�t.~m���'�<
cW��������ߝ�8�x��ׅ�u�g�o�
�����n!!B���O^�By�Æ
sg�u���{��\
`x'�C�n��#��J�C���I �¦M��#��O6/
 D!���XB��ԩ��ݻ�N����0eʔ��jժ���T{�9< B�� Dމv4��Q'� ��Bd@�!pMӦM�����3�<c�*"�e	���G�1�!�G���}����p.�H�(
R3�� -��Q�q����#w(=3��V'��(%�
B!�({ D��Fx�L�	�Y�<;�	B�����
�D"�B�D`?��Y�o�뭷���wK8��޸qc+�'O6��D��>}��("��\s�{��wM�8�C�7�r.���_4!dȐ!�ѡC�<@�@� Y4!���W� ��N3�
@� 4	�o
Ɗ���	�Y�A���K���� ����t�EY�맟~ڄ� ��,X�Uѐ!�(�H��w�|5_��?f~�a_@y;+�&��/b�%D�4��6JM�"�E=&�`Gzf4�?��^J��-�X;�B����Qѐ!�
�'/����C���̀�{���1�_q�n���?��ѦMK<��LX���.3஻�:��f͚��#�~��@n�@��z�*�.�_���B|3f��r�NAുhP�^=�/
�>s�L;ϼh_f̘a��^@�y����3s�s�N�:��:))�B6����
^˗/�PR��믷$�@�+x�T4$D!�4"�.�~��5�3Ӳ�h�/�S���?6sf��5}Y᏿"�u�rQ�{e���Qjz��(B<�H��'���Pҿ���G�B!��b
��!�PL!T�6�AB��7%!D��%`P����)��9�1
%�gC��Ȼ����:	�u:(��m��z����V��@[xz�ڋw�k���?V�!�(�H���F��a�/-����YQ�0u[2�hF�a�?�7�%�w�v�/yRҫ�@�(-�m�e��;����UV75=y��B!�(�"HM�f�.�����?tɽ@>'��d�$���_��H�b��4���$g&da���S$D!�4"�B!�ަB�žd�r�}*�}�˿���!�_:�Rח|��K|rh!�	B�ߔ��g�*�.~QrH�B�i$D!�B��M1��:���ew�$"$�ї�<����Ŀ�e�/�}9�!���!�oJS����!�(�H�B!�{��"j��/�}�˗��_��2�G���"B~-n��P_N�%՗+}����1ʗu��C�=�t�1�z�/@�4_� ��,��g�3ǯ�/m|yܗ|�-��K'_��_���׾�~_���/��J�a$D�Sօ�4�+���%�H
]PΆ�i7����!D�&yğ���|y%J�x"�ێ��!�BQz����B@���|��/��/ɾ`��D��x��e�/�@���.����;����}!7�+� ��}�!b�/}|���Ɨk|a��BN	�a��8�F_IV�˜���b�/
}�����y_��B�O�r�/�QQ�!�MY"�.]���d�%ɖ-[�#�<�6n�;R2��z�رnƌ%.rT$D!�B!�qQ��sO�t_Bh�k}���� �N���f_��O?��1ŗ�}A�xۗ�/��e��F�}yƗ?�B3!��@�X�	��e�/]}�ޗ^�P�_��2�ڢ
��O�1՗|���ݾ��K_I˃���ϑ!�MY"&N��N?�t��Ď�����{��g�����^s�k�v���ؑ��\7�p�4h����bG�&�f�r��ٱOe	B!�B!DE"��@�hB/��rDd�B�%����/�r�}��x!��\o��h�����F���p@����<&�s��Bx'Ƴ�����X��"	!���B!R�q�/�|ėl_��bL���9"�ؿٛBDA!�
S��p�i����c���/�����˗�/���B�?"Z�l��A����U�V.)))��l !B!�B!��c7<"��_�G�%r.L������/�D�ƾ��%���Bě��/n�eWBDHV��	a�1�bBDu_����р:�!b�/�qBJ�1�G�_��q��˂���z��y����m?FB��7%!D ����G}�]p��k�qo����Y�=��=z�jժ�g�$ddd��5k�s�=׌��֭���|�5j��U��kҤ��ի�;�s܇~O=���޽{�W�^|�Ek�<���yw��[?�9g�k����KHH0 �g�>��s�K.q�w���G��/�l�ʕ+M@��n�ͽ���nŊ6�իW[r?8м7�̙3]���]bb������lBč7���~"�G(ڥ�޽{[B8=���.==ݥ�����>۵k�έ_��z�'�w�a���ۻU�V��;�*U��~���Z@h�>�߰aìBCu����^��	��q��������lM�"�B!�B�8v#GD%_ct�/�i"��f8ӗ���p�/s|�ї�P����fZ�K"hs�����Y_̈́ѿ�/�\B ��B_�G���&_���#$�&l�%��@���|����|Atx���X�R��\x��'�6_�@� �5c�)"�ؿ)	!��~�;3�O�0�]q��r���?~�����z3�c4'WFs����jw�M7��#����j��|Нx���G}��^ÇwիW7#5� �'M�d��W^y�u��ٝy���&���f����nc�[���_�p�{�w\ժU]�>}ܴi�ܵ�^k}�7n���z�-w��继�~�r@}��f��gL��۷�By/X�1c�X;g�q����[���w�]�`Ø�t�b��"Ajj�=z�;�CLH`����} <��g֞v233M|9��M�:t���4�s�E�z��)S��7�|3�Z�	B!�B!D�!D�1��AC|
_�2@�����|	�"�Ath�˟|��/��:�_�<,�v8������$�Fl �5&
O
�.1�s}����Mu}	 t2B
"��b��ؚ��`�@�ն��#"�ؿ)	!b����#�t[�n������̸݂�@�f�;G��뮻�<B���ӧ�1}Æ
�[n��xm�#�<0�0�c4�H�ѾiӦ&X^�;0�LJC
pl�ȑ&�����v��5j�G�z�VC~Ϟ=�/�K�i�&�_|a��y�f׺ukN�7"�UW]esBĐ!CL�9��L8  0�6��B	�	�"���w��4h`�
6�qP�r��&V��<x<0�<f�@l��l�(ܿ�z��$4�e		B!�B!D�!D��a����"������3����c��W��ψ���خ��3G|`��g�k�~��!�oJB�`��J��p7nt���oͻ>���{��ah'l���`�Gb�v�jǁ�O�1��%Aؤ�A� lR��}<xMԩS�@!�����7�0�D��UB�@�}�����7F�ƍM�@<iԨ��C>��6�B�~�8�����' ����PP\���Ã�8/� ��G�z�tb�ɍ�g����o�q3o��@�9餓�<`�'��"�B!�B�8�@�b�FB��7%%D��]���P?���1�B��F�A/v�7o�<O� w"B�
`�G��H}�]wYN�O>�$vvxD�#ag�ǣ�0L�d�3�3�#F�N8�ƒ���v��8������MXa섡�_?́K���<��Gu��b%�Gb
bI"�j���D�Q��N���څ D0�ķY�!�B�eZ�:0JM?5JˬRh�~z�n�cW
!�b����E��RE���o��ʀ�.1⃂�O���	m����anW��C��]�jCeߔ�Q��TJB� �AdI�	D �Fc��N��	�?;�C~�!T�|!�\�bB� ��)��b�"rssݱ�k� W�̛7�;�+�?����_{�59D��`�'�{���Gb��}�]�n �QVV�{��'m�ř��ӟ��@��v�0O�D�B�Cx)����N;�ր:�� W	��� ��J?����eѬY�<!�� @k��<R��cY�l��ϼHd
�k<"���B���k׺��w饗�����!�B�e:�;)J�\��
-)�E]G����qa�e���B!J	�?�Q����JE/������B�cb��XBl�+c|GHKK3�<�,@4��=�w�x$ `�ǀ�qv�#$���C<!��{�pA�r.`X�0OB�m�Z"D���Q/D�x!��G����~ح_���#^*�v	�ĸCxO�W|�%�N��\C�lDƇ�(A>3F�I�$�8��gD�(/�l�b���sϙ��axO�����(h���)�|�r�/!s�εz����fͲ�̝q36����1(��m$DQ���[O�M�b�������
�KZƖ�˸�cW�j%垜�!g@��W�	!��������1;���k#�]����^NN���w|\�)��y��淫w��U�X�ǦG��ڳ�6T�z�
B�^K�`'?�}0�㹀A�9`@&Q����l��ّ��B;!3�>0�S�}��zh3��� �u�~���m���;�:��r��B�x0��'���.c	mpB	��	�ZX���߮	�y�6xO���@��X�׊5
b0�~8O����Ac_"!B��G����V���h�s�DuB����˨G�_���a�+a�2���2n}�1ㄼs=�5��8r��F��'&�ޗ�!gcbr���;�N	!���������E'��]���Q�&f��Q���b	Æ
sժU+� /v�<3���;�o!�ԩSM,ٗH���q�MsKH��V�9%&�LJH�s�?��mg��7���K���������Q��/v�\P����o�sHBrn�Ď�[�����!�{		�?�"v	�	�ؽ.���|v݋���x/���!D�!b����|[+9'�F�٧Tj6��%��o)�BD�����J��r;'$嬊��=�$D!��KH��ɖ�[H�(H��X��u��!J	B�?���j��ib��G��Ͼ����.�د(�BD�����r��q]��<��=�("�B�-$D�dK��-$D�?$DT,b�ZB��k�+^�!D�cgB%�C����l���;�V��U����l�<��(5�[��9���#j���bW
QA(GB���9�?�&$�L�s"	B!�"��%D�"�"*�{-!b/C&�/̙3�E�Z�n����5�}Y�矷��ɱCB��]	� H$v�y;�C�5�rkG���|��m�QJ�{fc-���u��ؕBTʇ�Ď�i	s>*���"!B!��BB�OvL�X���3�-^<[e�e�%s�-]�Βŋ�[���<7k�{OM[�vU�yq��s_Z���6T�n�ߦ�j~���4��,D9�{]ք�w�yǽ����>�) <��S�f͚nժU��EgѢEn޼y���~p?������'�|b��2$�f�$�.*"�(E�خt��]Br:�:&�ľ�ۘ3���U;�����Q���Ʈ����
Ƕ�������479�c�F�	B!��/��d���-Y�T���J�^���ǽ�b�[�r��J�*��Ҷ�&LX{��rLq�v������ᅬq& |���<��۸q�����Fx�`��`ӦMV�:���ǻ��3�cX'�׆p>��g��؇~���y�fk��i�~C�+��7�|����$��o�]�A��[oYٲe���qvS�yƋ$�fL��5|��5���wߵ�����c��c`lgm8ƚ�z뭮E�v���\�u�>��֭[�Z������-���[�~�#���0&ր��3�g�̟�8p�����/
"�(�+	Is��������[����6�(m��m6��ף���PRB�u�C!�z��3�rz�J�]����]A��	B!�K�,�p�����@����o�bz">��#3:��T��i�"M��9�h��
k׮umڴq����}�`|��ѣG���s�۷w�[�vIII��^3c9;�������w�5׸.]����A����7n��{����x�
�Cz����ҥK݆
\˖--�ϵ�^�}�Y3�O�:յk�εj��u��ɭY�Ʈ�<��u�]������[�O<�˘�W\q����;����>�n��fw����z*	&M������C=dװ��3�/X������Č)S��7�t�kҤ��1c�[�~���94k��
6̄�U�\ٝx�v�̙3�4Ȍ����O?m}5o���a���Ϸ��1��x�vn֬Y6��@x�>0��M��܃�2|�p����o��֫[�n&X0O��3�JNN�>��"����AIL�1�}�ZIs��4�^�֓kv� !��0+�N��
��oDɊ��3����i��؏���N/�T�C΀�䜥	ɹ��(�$t���1���������Jae��`��N!*�<��	��O���߈J�*��g��e��N��~\�����U��=z�g����>�B+!N`p~��̻�4l��~�a��|�BU�^��	v�cP?��\FF����0ˆ��sڴinٲe�W������K�3�<c�%K���N;ͮ���1�w�F���S�^=����fϞ�Ǝk~D�����j׮m�2��'�c�=��bx?��SMh��
�eeeYU�Tq={�4#<��9�׻woo�ƍ�-��b�|�I�1��y�w�Yg��˗�0�ڱ���׿�ʕ+M�	Bc������+���M5j�0a���w��V��{��Wm���?��mۺ�ӧ�hr�E�x
a�	�������<y�����3��y�&���x��Fcƌq������_�B���z�g�W+��q��|���쎂Ϋ���R�C�M��v�X������NL�si�����."�=/Fѩ��hqV�������Q��|yӗ��HY���Q5y��k%��k�����iIL�&!9�3��J��._c��!**A������FT�W�^�����?�n�����]�CaBlb�}���$��{���b�Ǜ���Ow+V��۩��}��x`v�c�^��x���3!�.��;"~��_�G���w�a�n�����!I��=�\�O
�x[0F��B1OD@8���M��ZD��g����"^��xϚԯ_�D�0�XY��:���r-BGX/Ƈ���>}��H�K��
D��?��5�B�)��b^
���0F��9N8��~�}�%��:��k׮V���DxJp=s�plw����,�qи�����ZXis��_�=���/:����oJbR����$$�P�C�G	I9��g�E�϶Y�"�S���!�ܗ�<�wUp�E�]*J�2*D��h⯪��~hbǜ��l-聢���������J���ߩ"DE�'!�#*�p�Gy��o��˙��%Y5^���3�3iv�k�3;�)�1�#D`p�ӄ�!�!�"7�A^� D��7���y:t��>�`װaü~��ol�0O����1v��x��_"��UW]e���k��� �y
B�<��H/Dཀp�Ik�3ƺu��3!��!������W���7!⨣���g�*U*�(�:1w�ø~��ߛ��`��!C��9`{"D,^��
�������
���Օ�x^EE�|���9�&&厫�~�)�:M�m�7D		���Q�������Ć/��h�}޿��ù����W�&DiQք�F����uJH�Y��PQQQQQQQ�WEB���H��X�{]\!C8;�	
�+B����LàL������
�1�s
���w!���g���:���Ah&r:�`��x��0R���g>��0�#~�9�ka�V�Z���>�ທ^zɌ����67�¼�5B:�{D \ D �0G���<b�z�j��>��{<
��M� ��%�\b���$�xe B���F�'�@� ���E|��0g<B
����~�-�f @k�W	�B�	r]�5F@����R�C�5�s��>�����!f�,$D�^���|&y��5�~��1#���?�˗[���C��f�	QZ�u`�2��(-3)J�l�v@��^�Vr�i	�s�L蘳�$r@���������T�!*:"*V�^W��*����5�3���	�T��`Ȑ!�#�5�Ž~�$PfW=,\�����P���!�z�	��@� p=B�a�'�B~�:I��"@a�>����׿��B?�f�K��n3��ʙg�i�x�ao	�E8'�7��|
����̓!$��C��w���<Xg`,$�f�h��FD���y0���:N�0����S��Q��߶k�e�����#GZ��I��C=Ԅ��$�I���L���{��C�(�q�&�H�PQQ)�b9$:�lLL�U�Cv�RKj-!b�0/�N��/x��ʊ��O����(���(��ω��c�E9��֋~S+975!9weBG	*******e�H�	�p�KB���Q���C<�|��{��e�8�A��c;�y�H��}��>��~� tFq�0�#�����Dٌ��D�xQ�"�$u�Џ�g��]�]�a�>��>x�\$�f
��|�!^y��1�މ�ѬcAl!�5�����An
�!�H|M�
ɹ��3������Ȃ8�kH\��B�kB^�6�!�s�ܹ�KOO7��pU�����Y���:�.��
a��Ν;���1�J�PQQ�ӂ Q+i�;���<q~���bfʒCBľ�?��+w�Nm��(���{�Ɋ����b�D9�F���j7����)�********��H�	�p�KB�(�|�]��A��Ϯ�8��P@4ADA�A8(kH�PQQ��쏵�����u^�<Y�H��7��{W�̊��c��cv��ec��E9+�'�BQ���c:�M옻�?���A���������/��QёQ�
�ZBD��!0y�d���h�
�A�����3xu�'�.KH�PQQ�ݒ���CBҜ�j&ϙZ�cN��9�t��o�E�ef];���YQ�&���N��҉�%�,�[/:�f���$v��?!9gy������������."DEGBD�*�k	Eg�֭nѢE*�PE��=��AB������9$&�f�H�}M��i��!K	���|���ة�Eu|�-��?Ί�)��϶��-fX�}n�sS:�
��]$D������U��"DYGB���JQJb��Oj%厫�!��j��3;�>"�
s��J�qeD�T����YQt��(��:���:$vZT`Nj4�W�6稄�s�J�0���=-�ɹ�;�PQQQQQQQ)��S��4�F�!**A��ɜ�yA���U�����7�O6練^^�EY"0H���,�1��}ɢ�ߏy��W�W+�j$=��Sb���WQQ�7%!i����"!9{ZBR�5��]�̸�h��Q����zL8$vT�6��~�/�𐏕/fE�1��ƴ(�gV�W�_�I��%m_�[B��C�r�KH�6�Cfw�u�5+�B�K�ߦ-���B��}��S�������t����o�z�>���}���o��!����߶~?�l[����ٝ�u_�Yc�.��������7��Ï�ֈ1�������kA|��忛7��́�>��֏�����ڛ��?���ccM������o�?|���c̃{[��އ���E&l��,D9�{=;���>���%/]�xKQ�r�p�
�K�{�o���С�[�v�}�?����|�ϝ:ur�G���;cӦM��s�gώ)y����L{�mBĢo�.X�7�-2�;~1��(J�B�.�i�a��Z:��vR��̮�4�v�YQ�x9�~�I�y9X�%�����Xm�z�9��<mj�:քq��%��wFBR����+�?t�Z$D!�����O�,D���w��1c�ƞ=ݛ�;���1��W�ֹ5�ڹo6n���3h���ݧ��1=���x�m��n���69�m����)��;��E�ܫu뚸Q�ݲŭ���m��ǽշ��l���
E�q�z��ܿ��ԥ�{����^�ݺսu����ދ�	3.[��v�dbD��9n���m��x���mۺ/W����;|��+nSZ�[�`�$����n�ȑ�=�z��)�y�M����n�m���0���x7������M��H��X�O^,!bΜ9�W�^��B�׍����&�B��ϕ
��3g�9���;�F<�8�8��ݬY�bGJS��Ͽ1��.�"�(G���4罄䜧jv�Ӹr���9\����_�ExЇ�?�9!����Qtf�Z!
�n�5�N�0�ZbR��Is_硳;EB�B!����HBF�7Z�r���'3g�O��q�efڎ�Orrܚ�mݧ���5kbW8���K/�/�-����X���/��V���/X���ʕ&D|:w������s݆���eK�ټy�
��Yx��Œ%���Æ��͚�/_{�}�~��!���)nYb����!L����jc����������|�u�3c0�7�ýy���3��ӧ�X�q��}y��~ޟfe��}�	Ϛe�F��|�b��ڵ&� p|��&�|�g��q~�묺��e�&��f�p�Z�p_._n��]�}e_��1O���=��{D<>_��F4`̬kȽ��!?��;��V-�fkz�[��d׬n�ڭ��Ѿ�I�4!������>�=ۭj�����@BDł{]\!b���n�ԩf���C��Ϸc>��{�'��o�>�m!<��rx�yR<���>�s+��vƍg��رc�������ݩG�g�7��3��u��P�k����o�g��w���|�r�3{�С��G�~^���s�9�իW�=��cnM�9Μ�7x�`��/�y���A��9O������2�r.�u�ֹ����G�0S�!;;۽쟽��ߒ�ގ�mH����'BD���s���}E�6{1�(�L����C���(z��}Aş���c��9Qt�S�jQDNj��W��rON쐛��<wK��hWEB�B!���[�HB��?��h��ă���6�-=�<���[ܲ����o��Ć޽݆n���u�O?m�7�ww��=׭l��}�j�{�gO�����&M���z��X;��Ga���ߩ�[s��n��[���5-Z�u�ڙ�}]��n�9縵mڸ�͛��F<o���6�����x�����f�ܚ֭ݺ�]M xǷ�j͚n2�b�ȑv~}R�[���'F`�G��x�y��6����kW]u�{󮻬��&Ntk�����gN>��{k�@"���k�X��_���|��y��葖���������j�pk;tp�5r�z�D�̓�վ���_�޸�Z���ܗ_l���L�A8ِ��V�{��ꫭ�dB���_V4n���!�[����y�h�4��u�?�^���7�h�7�j�]�fo !�b��.�1d�w�g�����]�*Ü�������]@��W^y�ծ]�-]��
0�t�A.��o�����)�o��xN��σ���!11�u��ю�J����jղ0O���rʔ)&B���7�0�p�	6&�����z�,mժ��!\s�'�<��g�"��0�뮻ε�ϴ�szĈf ���w�6 ���os��������?3�;�8��/_�.����?�c]��}"�ԯ_ߝy普aÆ�&�'$DQ��!�Vǜ�:�N� iNB�3�kB����6+���?j��k�����{�@��
�"VU�ݦF����0����ߓ�&���H�B!DQ��*D���OݪotϜi��umۺU\��y�A���V�|��1L/��B����n˘1����{���ܦ�}����Mni�K�}ް�-o�v��a���z��/��J����f�^^�����<`��ff�%ժY]v�3�%��V�z��Ə�6^����Zz�I�U?&��L�l�"�06<�}�%��|?�;��o�8�@���%1F<	^�Rŭ���m������~�M��R%�Xy�u�U�5�O�<t��2j��8'�->�,�J�:~�	�g�o�'��~���V���xƌؑm��;v�[V�����/��II浲�C�`��\��B#��]��Ip��++�=A�����ĥW_m�}<m�{��c̳!���%�z��;�5�]z�}`"�����C�6��_�ބ	n�A����������@BDł{]\!�SN9ń��=�X󊀌�w���xT�Zս��c�G$��=�\ xN`x�=�#\$�gF��	�G�&�*��b��-z�yBBc$�^	xk������3� , Tp�B�&����5��Z�I�&&L�q Z <0�n�w�{�E~��[���>\phSl��!��	��:)燚�s�h?���eB���y�1$�N쐳�?��W��KB�B!�Jv�Bal'�dB���ov�cl�8+�B���͏q��#L�<�h�@`���kW3��.������,�֩�^���5�_o�o}�Qk{�����	���B
-�Z���"���?���g-����ֹ�w���y�a��������8y^��2�!-ͽݯ���</W�l��f���?F�̷��zu3���"�~BP!�"��6m�ƻ�5�����6x�qc���/[}`��6�PT���7�1��u�;aӽ�ڽ
b�'��nm��v=�ᙸ7x!��x�s=(~����Yr�ynC��n�w�/�/��gI�R��B"TB�����Bޏa��S�9��~��X�qҷAܫ�6�������$��Q�F�1=䋘<y����-�z��G � ��(����@�ؙ�5�E�[c����*H�@��M�iѢ�{��L����Co��d�5�xxf�\�{>����͛M��<�Bw�\��+lL�W�����	���z�k�m��~���^�|;"!B���΄ćZI9�%v�y�zrn�Xu!�(Tn���r�&t�韐��|LJ��!�B��"�	��!9�v�b	C1�z̠\���1h#J ��Q�ܷo��ٴɼ*
؝O�e�'0���¢E�S��.
�uG0��v�ef�'_��ѣݷ�o!�#��-�<bB�*u������`|��]��,p+��6���D�j�1�.��PG�1�c�g�xD vć(����;����{�׫W[~�M�����Y3��	����Q��^ޟ8��S�up�;���#?h�pR��Ђ�A8��~n1��B`@xYt�Yf��S�5�cB@���*Ul�X��Z1_�c��;�2�_|�{k���p�ux�n]��w�U���eB�Yz�&D���	��ֱc-L�vo !�b��.i!��CE"�x!��s���6��k���w5�3�0!"==�B=�(�����O2c?��裏�όy��94Ȍ��3�܀�p�v����Ӂy!D\�
@8'�����Q�F�F�����Y��&�g��O?m�� lU���#!B��GABDB��;d����sM���UB��G����>�rB��)xH�=�$D!���d%Gď?��V�vov��V�liFbr|�y��_׽��?x�9�q�N��Vw���C���Xլ�y|�q�{�&	�1�^���X�;BN���?x������>Fn8sle���|&��	MD������ia0��q��M��}{3��!����հ��ݛ�;��
�N�2|��`�#d�!�{?/�"X����j���]�?�m��֌����7A�y�_�֞$و$��
�I���گ�����s�k�
<Wx��{AN�
�0 � �0o��ux�|����B{浰u��YZ��Zw�mv��U��/�W}�5~N��@��	��Z�}Yױ�����xL����D.
��	B~m�6"j�|��@BDł{]\!�|�T����� !���u��1c>���" 4����_�=��or2��0P�zux���Z�jyB�_��Ô�H2�u$��3g�[�d��{��'m�p�a�Y�$�&?��j ��^�l"�6�#���n�5���^kc'�5bK"B� D J\|���ֈ��6��-���D�#"�(���r>��1w\��+	��v�~�f���2���ܨ����Δ;Nj4�W5:��ZI�$v�ZB�B!�Jv�Uc�f�;��1V�?�C0�#&�����!��w�.ay0*�nx��W���}�}����2o��Ѿ��_�Xh�ϴ�X�7~<6�>`y$�G�1租�<����V�Ϭ�x�9�����ys��p
y!���g��_�<G8g���������v�+}�Gh�1P8o�A��{n�Y+���w ,�*M��ǩk���������K^���������W�{����Aݸ�K	�uq���z�U�\ٌ�x8`hB��IŒ�…M`�#���w�my"W�b�
M�g!�RRR�駟n�$t��e˖Y��#�8’L�>E�9�/��=x!����O�wꩧZ}ƎB��?�Ɔ�‘Gi�	ل`ѠAW�R%w�Yg��¼y���L!���(;�G�e���h#��e��_숄!��"9gZ���\�iz��S
Q�u�_���Q��.JM_�|�bg�5<�jt�}z�B!�.�.�!*��Zu�U������{U�H��Xp��+D�5��o�{<6lؐ�Q���1��[��} a��MᵀX�9��ϋ-r����/��`�GŮ���ׯwӦM�k�D�c���1L�>���!��-X�����'?yAq^�WrT�������q��u
��#!B��G�֓S�}����B�rE"�B!v�l	"��k�H��Xp��+DQ�H�B!�'$D!�BJ��Q��Q��^K�e	B!���!�B�Bɖ!*8"*�k	��#!B!�؟�!�BQ(ٻ!DXȞ~ȋ��{����X({
��C��B�9��O�v��)a���ϻ:_Z���C<�������ZB�(�H�B�i:��[�6��m6��ף�;#DEB�B!D�dQ����/�…�]w�e�I�ģ7�p��I::y��byU$''[��҆D�a�$�5j������@B֝	
�[�l�֬Y;�{��ҥK]߾}]�~�ܜ9sL�	�>;;��s�=�O�>���>KƂ@�
b��n���e	�"D�{����:DE�g�~�i�� �~��G�=���!D��ۘ#���K$D�!�BQ(�E"0v����ݻ���:�-_�܎c�:��̰=k�,w��7�������z�-��'���ׯ7�>``�����|��<#Y�f���O?m﹞v�>���n˖-�m"���v8�v�Zk�p��:�"������]ǎ��o�m�:�`N�E�{���+WZ,a��A�K�
��9r,>#t��ͽ��k��C�샗�%�\�V�Xa�0<r}0��>�}lڴi;Q�1^v�enܸqnذa�������;��t�UW�+�V藵}s��7c�1������`e=�y��y�f;�q�F׹sg�>�����[���3���U�vj`ݛH��Xp��!��d�6mܼy�bG���	ϳ���>���<�RSSM��"�e	B�CB�B!D�dA�����R�jU�ꫯ��8w��ڮ�ٳg��n�͌��۵k�:t�`��)�t�bi��͛77Y�-ܘ1c�~��׻g�}�D�=z�^�z����z�j�?>��ڵ�k۶�4h���5��x0ڌ;�����g�y��K�x�t�M2C~�Z����oF�W^y��'%%�0�0�t�A�}��n�ܹ�e�ЀB]��n����|��������;�y�cl����� P�A�n�����owӧO�q�m�?ui:u�d�0�#�p%��z��3��b��
D���D3P�ga���СC��p?h��-[f�Ϙ��ŢE��:�~�W����/��N:��֖��oև�d�'��b_#!�b���_��D��s<���g̘a��M�|���&M2QQ�_H�B�i$D�	B!���]D�
��*U�l'D`,�@�:w�q�kԨ��1��x�&.`|Gh`���7��K/��3g��u���x�a4�Ў������>���g�y��w�y�kҤ��0��������(�`@)��}��S�ڎ�뮻�<F��˟k0�c���4����Y�n�:3����k�����x!`T�S���1�q���9���7��io��@ػwo�͌1���̝s�-%��^�z�6��
"@|.
�G����N8���On�1b�A��x1ԨQ�D���l"c�1f����7m������\�~}[�Gy�<#Z�je�#*sd^���/71�9�_x��k$DT,��%!D �\9rd��p��XX��\����g �i~�x���m�?�>rrr��*�~�ܢ/��7�x�~���N>�dӖ��e�A� \�\���n��x]�`����w�?���/�"�e	B�CB�B!D�d�F�ꂄ���v���؝�7���τ����<2��8�k!#<�Fp<,0|#`H=z��	���ĉ͘�5��r���f��CB�"`d� B�6��j׮�x�	�=̮~�qxo`$lذ�yZ��%Kܿ��o3(2G��H��n��C!�@���0fv8��0��s�9�U�\ٌ�|��ƍ�<"Z�v@�2d���
��:a1b�	.&�a�w&LpժU�q����(��kp7��������c)cc,�-�����>k����vn�K$DT,���"���5�o��(�I��<C�>�l{^p�����D�{���~�GX�$�3|�@�D�����~��N���_<��t�ۋ�� �z���G���ի��˳o'DVDT�ݳ�:˼-��X���-�������!D�FB���!�BQ(�E"0�#�~���ib�c\È��[��r�C�3`�;o��ώ`vгs����ư��__c��˂�����c�i��8p���]��1�]}��fT���eB'a,�o�0�!� `�G��]�Cq��rc��Gm�s�DFha��/��b6P0��'����-��8��R�J�q��aDx�8ɚ�9�'	sy��Gm
����1����I�Q�?����a�9�N5����	���9����f���)S�X�'���SO=esD�+�{���1t��y����̉{\ǎm�C|�s#-���}�������B�E~G|���r�)���8F~�BɈx��=�v�iV��xw�q����Aȏ�x>���Y��O��5k�X�������*�������3��ϱSO=՞C����	�<oy���l"�
"�e	B�CB�B!D�dQ� l^��%4���6FfB� "~�#3��_|�E�����ш�D���ɀ1�o�����Q�]���E����?�q�48�፜�8�@�a�"��^�pO.�
’`�0�Q�)�l����"��œ1�O�!O��+@�̇�`4��%�����@C[��%X�C��a�����+I�;95(Ó�A�9^q�v�c�;��1�z�W��`�)�ǚ���c��냵A�<���6���s	;���FQ�%�p_�7�PD�}�������B�u~�����g�Y�s��;!�C?�σ„�c�9Ƅ��!���y���wD~[�/D\t�Ev��k��'����1���YČIBľAB��L#!��05�~�9!+�*O��������!�B�B�.��.v��ٽ�a���#ǰ�1c=lDu�1�bl�}`�FР=e��؅'�iC7j�����a�h���c�����!�:��A�1�|�o�m�������h���	�q�>�2ڣ]��y�2�aL\Kۼ�>� p�yR�k��/֛��9���3��e�:1G^��1h����:�xY{^1���Q�vi�6?N���=�YG�q�can|ox��8�8Ys�`�6"Q����Q��^G��;�`H�"</�v |�1���<:�!����-�A��y睷�A��v����-�bE"�8�C���
�1�
<8.!b�!!BQ��Q6�E?���<�c�ӹQ$�����?D=�'J�֗�Q��~;#�B!b��W��#"?�gg��B�K/�t���x �̙3�đ}������8B�-<0��ŋ먣�2o���7 �"b�
	B1�5�s���?܄�!�%E�:���򗿸��t�F��C̣O�<�M �!D��7��pt�~��ą^hc@�8���+�9 t���rI��@�&!b�!!BQ��Q6�E�Ȋ��<�C�E��N!�BQ�����1kO�T��(	؍��F�2��H��Xp�����7$�'T���V�j��x���\�HLLt���=[	�Dj��!Ē'��s\C{xA`��M��C��x[6���7�7D��w��$��<�^L��z@�@D!L���#��}E;/���	B�2������!�B�?�^�c!bw�hF(���BŅ„-A��#�R�5î�y�%DT,���"�DX#<���@�'�x9�W<H���/^l�C{<�B�;�+��q~���� �?�|�w�7Q��g�Ñ���O<s�%ž1n>3n��4�'oE��2'��I��7H�B�i$D�
$D!�B��	��j�B�:��{
�rId����A8���$�"!�I�)��E�4h��'?�H=|���I�M�)B�k�!���$�o���B.)o���9����T7����B���"*���
Ņgi�j�,_�!!BQ��Q6�!�B!�'�߫�
a�/	L�a>���Kb��\uȐ!f<'_��F�mB�F�j7i���d����O��(�Z�r��{��,&lI�N�,�
FC��-Z����$�3fL�g{v��%
BJ�R�<��C&��C�ې� �^���%��
$DT,��Z����O�ȳP�O$D!�4"�"�B!���{�P!�����ѿ׷o_K��g�B�S�?���0lc�OKK��$�ڵ�	���3ch�m$''[,u��bЧ-��:u�v�mr�9�B��u$H ۸qc R:v�h���!����m��{��"``X't
aN�F�6~�6~�x;ƚ\}���>0G�`�wIg��>p�@��`��sA,�|VV��=��t�M&���1�F�֭M�q��ԩc�W�K;�C�dܸq�m�ݖ����M�6�.��O�>�N��ͷK>���;�����aÆ�믿��q���ݬY3[�	&���L[3<C�oĤ�>A�������6�x����.p�qqo�}_Z!b$DT,��Z��0$D!�4���<J�X��������7�!�B!�'�߫�
�"Ǡ={�l�#^�R%3t'%%�����sݻw7�3IP�#2h�PC~�n�,|u��i��K.qO=�T�0�����3gδ@�B�u��$~}�G�xM�"��|F ��Q�~�����/�N<�4Ɔ�<�;�V'�+�x��ߠA��uc�+Wv��I���L�4����^w�y��ŹiӦY�Z��d���*��ͳ��$��<��	�` }' � �
a�C�&U�R����֜uóA�aÆnʔ)v��="���$�%&=���}�F�L� �B��?nsf,�5��w��	��&�w�…6���:|O"�<�Lkϖ+�������Ei !�b���!�:"�B��!�B�?�^-��1�2��1<c@�(]�vm	n��fK�z����xB0������N�#<0L��c6�U18c�ƋC6B�{�g�1�c�"�>c�<�!fo�7�x��Χ���1�3�x/
��a�?s	�,"W"/0&���	6l0�=���;��{��abM�y]w�u&.uMx����'�	c�O愘�\1�xP ��q�!b�С�~xT�1�'b�t���گ[�����@�g���6G�D�E�@h�P�^=w����=d
8��b"�(̟���X;�"77����oɣ�>j�����l�4"*�k	��#!B!D�H�B!������"إ�nyD�!,`��X��2���?�pG���Q�����Տ������x8`|�Á>���
q#>}�h'$r��70�#F�#���{�c|�.���.p+W���U�V5���@�����{�	x!P���၈`N�ǜ/���;�
�xr`���~�g�YO`�xn���U<�x@Ta�u�B@Xam"����9N��Bᬀ{�w��N�Ha��jB����{�g��b-Xk��8���Q
�rw�x��&c"�9sD� ��ξ��EBDł{-!B�u$D!�(	B!�b��Z$!a�0CK�,1#7d���`Lj͎�?��f����>k��'ᇨ�QC8�w< ��{�!>�4;��@	�����'d���h�C��`�=�� @�$���P��F~��z�v�	b��9�<`^xC`�GP9��l=�f:묳,�m�șv0��	������ d��B댘A�� |�����ի[�%D捡��x �)�X�
�*"M�@A��~2�c�=ք���>��><C�8��
����駟n�să�{�H�\��`yE\a�\�g֎0P��`��3�z�	x] ��}8�S,�xi!!�b��.	!��6b(���y�Px_%\W҄��T��N��+
�u��E���waWH�BQ("�B!���{�P!�;�ٝ��C1�0���`�3�0����Kf�'�P�v8��C؝`,C �1�b<�S"�D|8�
����@{�"��"�80�S���C�$�C�`̡-�
�\�cΣF����a��y"�6��1F�Cۈ�aC�;���}�A��sb�?��e��S�s�=�dL�c���#�)c����\���Dֆ��	�W�Xa�r������kC����㥁�}�q򉵧-�	љ{�)-$DT,���"�m�m�`HH3I~�<�}"0����s
�u~�biI��O,�3%�g��D�e
�kܗx�z_���،(����0	B!v��!�B�?�^-T�(��Y@�=�?��hC�-�'4$.�;�%DT,���"��"�;@�
�c)��xR!r�!����y1��E�7B��Z�����)����/��%WIΏ�۾�o><�!���H�BQ("�B!���{u�"�6�SC5;�)��B��!�eJ	�uq�¯O#�g�qF^B���x~��裏6��-^Q���o]VV����G^`x����xHq
}����û"x�ፁ��I�}�~K���/_nc��Û)����ax~ �:o�����ۃ��������/�N�81�Zαv̇c�c
�+k$���7�n��ҍ>~XB��v�i�螹�~���Z�q����<��z�+�g��0o/<�ȹ�ˌ3,b9n�	B!
EB�B!�؟���B�%������$�U����s�1c>`�&�;�\�C���ߖ7~��ߙ��_r�n�?9[0�c��P���0�V�9a��!�T0|.
c�!�bb	�h�F
�LC(A$ ��qȳ�+I�����+U�duH���.���8�!�"s%4ysX�ۇ1����5�j�r'�|��Z�����?��u����O=�'�gF��?���۩S'˽C~���8�8	WG�rU�V�r��̍{�����ׯo�&�>c�����#�t5j԰\;��a�ɹ�s�0]{��!��"!b�{�Q�c����D��6vtGzO�M��~����B!�����W�X�`�)���>a�l<�U�!����1��9v�r� b�c|;Z�1��!I�%�!�ݫ���b|a��9��a7��v�v�2�]�[�I��s��"*��"x6F����j�a�^�i���ݕW^ij����A���;/�6d�B�}r>��k�|
�ٍ�q��T�R��	��<�iC>�E������7����Û��1r�Ԯ]�	��"0��s<;i�� v�Ȟg+�)�։g:��QGe�"ƍ���yϳo���N�=,�=��k���}�;��yq��5kִ0U|F�A���",�2W���aРA�V�ƌ`�^�!��`�\7�C�-�����$D!�(	���̇�^�]���}�3�u�����{�uQZ�V�gƠ�!�B�
��{u��;$9�S�l�b�S��	���[o���ЅA
0�c�c�/�xvز�c4v��}W<��#��U~�����5�=�����!�)F�݁p+}����Ĭ�Lj��RlCBDł{]Bf��0nܸ�g�:�v�A����1\�d�w�q���w�{���/
B�CH%���m�Z�^�z���0M�B�������ٽ�����_���Tw�w�s�:�x����gB,(H0幋!�Y�f�/)�17rh�5aܷ�r��P�زeKw�}��g��믿ޒ��b���bm��<[��9��B � �po�����>^0_D��7h�5e]�DA��'$��@����D��zp�v��!��P$D�CR2[D)���Ĉ�ʭ����.�_��18JK����׻4vF!��B�^-T����nW<0����#F�01~0Zal��N��.QTp0ޱ�0 �_~�]o�È�gF/b!�6a?�-���b���O(\�Bh��A��"&+�u	�q�c͚5y;Xy�\zz��0������/�����cǎ�yb øHrB�0��ۗ�1�!��L�����k�z�ݵ� f��9�\�QmΜ9v-1��
��Y{v���eq�򆄈���$��
x6�}�ݶ{>~��J
9��f͚e� �rC���n��"P8�@��B<<c{Էo߼��y�� D�;�q�\6l�y�A�s��P<{�O��`���x!�� !�m��̃��(^`�ى��g�΄�m@@���u��8yE�.L��ٌpA?x����u�X1�x�"��9��3�<��'�"QyӦMcG�=w���[B�B�����}H�̓���7b��E]ǜ;��G�f���θ5Q���;#�BQ!��*D��=�B��w�M7�c;x1�a��C�Wٝ�a�W焻 m�K1"��eiA��Ð����0da��~�޽m�������#���@h��Ř۴ic�/���#�q/.�����@��C�̗ݽ��_�~6��2v���3����A�K�.��#�U�w���1�1>D>���]Ҍ��E�$9�r1���"��qb�C�`���l5���6$DT,���"x6����e~Y�I�%D�c�9��ɒ0���لA#;�,B�x#�	�����N�:�l�I_�yVb@'G���, ѹ�k�AK8��)������z���UPh&�˘�k���%x^�&mt���Dd�����3�
7�`b2�L�:���M�aԧ^X� L�C�h��̋z�ɿ9<��=���q�FN��{����o�a�fhA ��M;C�-A�G�'��.�KB�B�REB�>$yğ��񣣴�MhHK�;�=3�E)_Y��􁱣B!���j�BF�)�0�7h��Ç�:�0��{0���v*��q�����5�pFx Z J` �؃�0��A�x��e<x$ ��CR~���NV v�UW]eƶ�;�!0<-��P��u�X���0�0�a���0��v�0��c��c���"���b���G,rց��&<;���5;�1��y�v�X�� N�#�'$DT,���"��x�&6P0�����;�1�<��C�9�!�C<�~˄4�3F{�%</,�>�h3�ވg!�`?���:
�[��<_��?�=[I�����v�a6�"/����0P�xAീh�x��x�yB;�O
�<�ϳ���Dؐ����7a�q#��,�H�*Dn�ʿ!����pI�A�
x��PL�ۂ�ܮ];�y��g?�Y^�kD��3��#�+��7"'�x�	)�������ͺ��o�~�+�G!��!�����}LJz�(5�C"R�͏Z>��3�H���"����8��,�B�
��{�P!��ջw�n^�Ad�ІA��Dgx(��1����
�7��]��Mv��C{�2ŠB�^�Ǹ��%��#<���`@d�2`�³1�!;��A�ccb��ًA��CD��@�_�`��8�g��F�(Ę��x����F��0�zb�=�_�8�a�D�����fM0��聡���A!!�'$DT,���"xv�D�$O
!�0��{��x�gu1���D�ex�����o!�B�xY�|C���Y���(���B8�`� `�����B` :��#���vA�F 3'�y����'^<�y��
��V�9�9��ᔺ�)�	m�>
��ǘy�3W�e���#�\t���h��1!�vx�s_C���p?Yg�^B�ź�ƒ�q�	"�BJ�(������(Z�_7�2wj�>vZ�6=Ɲ���lbCjƇ���3�޿�R2�Ǽ%�E=�;!�BQa�.����?^]؉O�V�Z����S�N�ݳ���J�5�~��q�����F�
��k0��u�n�_|�:�V�o��-��`��b���D��q�z�"�g�F'<���E�"��POr�x��@������a�
�g�,��6����pIxc0�A��q�ݾ���O>�<-��j�s;��x�a�"X�}`<c��A����B;�y�h��^�k���"*���
;���������
��#�A�� r�U$D!����l������u��؉�.�:�ö���Ď���Q�7_���(:>vX�
�'�L���f~����HᏥd|�K��w�_�q!�B�
LvsD`\Cl`�>�?1�c�g.�r��������0�c�Cx�;L	_�nW� %>|�t���C�k L	��8����Uvc��XO�	<4
�#�Ws`|���e,����9��^v��@�l��"�0.D��F/^��q 0&��C��)�^�I]BJ�C?a�2��/aT��7J�7����'�9;|Yv��9�b�3��^y�TT$DT,�ץ%D�,ApDĐ,�-+W��gw�
�.���ߤ���!D����_D�m�>��C���)vf{Z;����e~�m��/D�'5�y�:��q�����W;���g�7D�(-��B!���dA��8�x! .��q��LJ��.BA�t�#9�0��|�x���k9����kB�<縆�;#�%~|a.��v���g�g�-[���b�B�ԣpM����^��p<���P������~x�q�m��c�s�؆�������~k��(���𜌿�/�[�`�"�e��E)��Fi�_�]�gƂ���_��D��zeN���=�}u�<#vF�rL��GEi�c�Ú�Gz���C��z�c���O�zg�=V[!��B�]D!B^�Z*(���?�Q��^��!DI!!BQ��:��(-c�6!bܷQόsbg~���*Qj�Z��#}^�h�"ш�@�_D=2��/~j�QJz�����;���:JK�3�����B!��l	��#!�b��.kB���b
L�O/�?.>$Qq�(Nn��0>���(=$D!�F�1J�x�l��[S�����ϣ�����Z�����BTz�m��#"�G�#�h„�1����S�!�B��"DGBDł{]ք¨���0�"4ۧ�~��შO���.�̵j�������BБ@����A���{.vV�"�e�㮎R2��&D�}%���3QԢ��Qj��1��ݨ�8�L�v�~��ۺM���P�2Q"%cA�<�ϱZB!��l	��#!�b��.kB^$�NjC����-���o��Q44ڵkg�빶���$�oذ�{��'-�Ő!C,!�(=$D!��G�e���֚�5�9�ؙ(j=�QJ�&;� �{�obg�� ����%%���Y!�B��.�A(�OFv�b,{��W�}<$C�.%$d.��R^an�CH^[Rsݴi�{�wb���0��SQX�t�[�z���)^a�ʕn���~o"!�b��.	!�g!��_~9/d�}F���v��y6p��7ov�ڧ>�?��;��6	�4r�Hw�9�X|��|�M�G@�ظq��~<�W�Ze�B��$�u�@���K�.Ή���Q��s�̱�7n�z�)�'�|��o���т�G}��\�߂��׻�3g�7�x���ZQ8�	B��E�G=�GF)�E���D)�}�B�#J�1���gƕvL�
E����gq"�Q��Ubg�B!�'�B�$I�۷w�_��0l͚5�]z�f������m۶�[�n21� 0Ha���
�t�w�1�\I�l�ڵ��[Xw��AX*m0r^u�UnѢEf�$��W^i�I�7o��[��F�&"*���
��>"R�
�%�\b"��)S��Z�j�/�о�u��q�
��YBB�KII�60��{�С��<3|�A�U��>�`�?z�hw��W�Ν;�=+��.k7^��9�������O6��Z���MLD��/��~{��׿\�����_�N?�t{��;�<��6�3��N;��>!DT�R�`�ի�Z�h᮸�
�O.��6��I�&�Cqg�y��w�#!BQ&�yU�6��m���_������,ꑞi�״�EQ��'�jQ�H�pP���&J����ۢ���B!���"D�ߩS���W^�0 5j�p/��R��68O�����p�n�:3���<����x��.}`�[�l��b�#b��޳6�5��[������1�mݺ�͞=�v�rcuh���;�e�0��~�=�5�df�/c��ʲ��!T�G~�+�
�
��0�R�}�6m\�޽m�3���_�]��k��0�����n��vk������1f�����M��/���k�c0e\�s�Yg���γ�#!}��}sϘ;kv3��hXc>/\��֏�㈇�1�2��s纁��;��o�w{	�uq��{��U�\ٞ��6mꮹ�{F]{�&b��7q�gX}�E�w�	�����-��b�+����{�=��@��Y��%33ӝ{���g�}�=�X7`�k#�}͚5s����zxծ];�7�A�x6 D��7�q7�|���<�?x����kvݸq���+�ƤI��wꩧZN�ȸx6�\@��}�!Ԍ3ƞ	<���(	B�2I�Q�����޿�%O8<JM�4J%7o��۰?�j!�B!�Od14S0xa�b����3;h1���ه~؄�`oٲ�� &~9�`xKNN���0�'&&�9b��X���p�
�]ѩS'�i|�EY�vO�0���1�s�v����}��g;�1��c�������{���׫W/3�[��:�x~����A�v��ӭn߾}mWq~'Ev/Sc8���i0�!��x�v,Əo�jݺ�'YC��^f\�v�С�?��a�=�A����;��c�����T{�-�.e�7�P�>}�0�=a�Xǻ���t�M�7�K��c<�#� �t���vic��NFF���xX�%s��>FL�	q��DBDł{]!A/�N8�~<�����1�� n��7�uիWw=z�s��t뭷�s��JxVo!��.��~{<����?��*?�<7����g&�"�|d|<c�!����p�GX���#��h�#F�؀�@�<cy��g�	�{���zQ8"�e��E)�ń�o��c���7Ǽ!>��2Z[!�B!��O�n&���cR�`W>��x0��QoO�F�2!/
v��5���]���q�Q�9��B��M����~ڌY��{e�0��;m	�����0�!v�+�1q�c B��H�=FEv/&���<	EB�X��8��VA;{����8�`\��Θ7l�`B"��PG=�
좎7��@=�0�a�D @,��F����u`
鋝�x��~@�p`6��	�9 � 8 U�Z��	�a�x+�>�NovY�^�g�1����{�.i%vA�&�1��0�`�%�L<�/D ��eo"!�b��.��o�O�<�x� �E� �!��L	BbB�A8#�B����s�g" �ς�A�@<�<��|湁������jb���y6�D����ıc�Z=�G��Ɯ�)��b�!�
�9ȼE�H�B�Y�e��Mx�їIQό�95cy�3��X-!�B!�؞�"
E08���fd`��0'��x0�a�����F9�W�7!9�2 �F:o�1̱�c<�造����D�"t����g�<v*#��%��0�@l`L�B^�G@o�c"E~����9�� �(��0�#� 0��i�
�
�"!�:}a�D���Y7�@�0�8	���R�J�6�o����(���ɍ��G��:<:��a�8�xn���N�>�l��t�bk��1��
D��;��a7u���f
�&"*���f�7���w:�|���!���K"�n�|�7�o�K��\��$~눁��'�M~�����rM���qA�k0��@|�مG��x�s�MxF�AX(DDD��M��
x��.ϕ�Ç牙<׀�1��k�3��
)�np��y.���ĎH�B�Y*; �1n����d���|&ꭐ�B!�B���]!���0c��P�v���NZv��|��
����y���Ȇ�
�Fq�V� x3�#c�:�D���P�80��c0�a��8�u�G�!�s�0��;�:;�L0�1'^,0ԓ��?wv�2��MX$�#���q�x��^@`�m�%�}��0?���ԬY��)�%�I�'h�5$���Ϝ0bb�"��g��
!���O<a�/ODrG >p�X#� ���<x��Ƙɽ������v0�뮻ξ#k֬�6�s�����&�1沖�n��M$DT,���"���8�o����S�џ0s|��"�3�[��<��;���Pd�O�9Cr~���B:��O;{V�B�9�o�zxY�s���~ڴi&<}��ya�x�!���x��s��?��!�vy6"�������a	�É�X��+�?�xU��(	B�2MJf�턈Ԍo-O�B!�B��"�N(�n�1����T~��܈�ٙ��cx&��1�c�'�!�0ha�Ɛ��>� �	�>v	���M������C_x`�G`��p�G�n�0�a�cw3F��'N4����O.	v	c D@AP`���/D`d�M<�/�c#$�ːG�$�I�!�F�>�N`\O?��A�8���B��Ѐ���5�/�!��#�1�2O�����]��
!Q�&�ú�]A]�Ǹ����{�g��3;��؈�qa��{ú�˜�=�3�hú�M$DT,���"�=|_�
"���O�/<��X�γ��+B*��M��s�W~;��3"��xV�}���t�R�:~��ل����qC�G<9�y�y���8�H�P��&vi���)�r�K��?�y�q���"V�x�G��C.���	B�2M�qgG����&Dd���?~t�B!�B�Hv����1a���!饗^�]���+�z�`�B`���{�s`d��������v�����K}����3�r=���q;�!�ݾ��>1���|f.�{ڢ�qC>�f\�C^1�q�װ�}�Z�?���X�1v�1&����Ɓ�1�3�ǵi�{�
�>s-Ű6��0���x
��xi#+!��X�����E��X7�`^�����~0p�B鏵`�)|ƀ��D�?{	�uI�o��{����1~s�:C��w�T� B]
�F�X���aw��Ϟ^~ψ���x���#!BQ�i=�(5��Q�S�t{lԻ��cg�B!�bG�w3Yu<�%��ނ8�{�$'�ۂ�V����N���q��`�4�6"*��"
��4����p-�����BY�g!xB�مg�("�B!�BQ��.�!Dy@BDł{���!�	B!�B!�(Wd���\�P�4dǞ��Z��T��
�R�6�HxM(�҄�G���3D�H��Xp�%D����!�B!�B�+�wS��x?r�H+�	5��`LoӦ��ꫯbGv�FXr>�w�a	X��V!n�ҥKcG�r+��+�}"	5��I]h�|E%��_�Q��^K�e	B!�B!�(Wd��7��I<��C�	����^�1�bX	
����sp
^�����
��9�n|"i�ϟ?ߵm�֭]��>�[�Ό���[x`��
����1c��馛܂bG�v��Ǐh7����7�|�[�z�v��8�r���WX��K�P?�89�8����;��[#^I�m�s��s�Ų�}A��P񫴑Q��^K�e	B!�B!�(WdA��=w�\KZܬY3נA7l�0�,hժ���_�x��{��宸�
׹sg��[o��-[��.]�����kHPL�_s�5fT_�re����ot&Lp�ׯ���I�;�k���5i�Ľ����^s�ڵ��U�Tq���yb��={�#�<�5j���ݻw7a�t=z�p�7v͛7w�:���G�O>��d3�n��eggo'̛7ώ7l���~��f<�6m��sLHH����m���m�+�K�,���M�=z��1k���5bl����g�-�/���g�_����D�����tM�6u�f�2ψ�6�"`���_��k�����u�]g����r��;��m��̙�n��k�{�}z��'m�Y�{��ծ]۝r�)����s��o��b>�$iii��`�^|���"*�k	��#!B!�B!���"�ƍg;�#��Ǝ�.��B3�#H�k~�ĉ�f͚&,[�̽����2��͛�|?�\r�[�h�	
��z�[�f��1�c�Fx�xΎ�+VX(#���۷7�cÆ
��x��p>11������G8�9s�����>_z�f$g�?}�Z�ʌ鴍���϶�L�<ٌ�/��{��GM WE�:���w��:!��꫶.��p�<&M���֭�'D0��˗�¸t�6%%��D��nݺ���$7|�p3�s�n�j���̏��8�[��>קO*��0�s�=׽���NO�J�*�}�>�B���!�W�x�e���w�N�c��o��>v���֌�^t�Ev�N����2�'�x"�~�m$DT,��"DYGB�B�?�}\�(%�(u��K��Q�	��j!�BTh�� D�ŀ��+^�1h��]�?���Ǐo��SN;�43�xp
�Gy��!b�c=��!~ص��sϙa9m�S�N��ؕ���x�4�=��� : 2 c@@����Ϛ��3��3_�9j�(�4h�	�a���8�*�k�=B
�$���c"##�ƍ7b�!wx<NE�g}��0�3f</����.�+���V�j"sDP>���ɹ����	O���O֑{�z �po�����`^x� b !�p
"
�!OXw�	bo���!�:"�B	��?�asSV����
�W�Q�ӢT��G��(%�ۨ�xW`I��uW/v�B!D���Z��Q�<Fq�a�&L�y����!
�Q��0d# !����K����z�"����ac�'\��O?m����N2!�PJA��K�8F���d8�>	0�"�s��|�!d<��S&D �!�y!j�	C<��0�����@p�g�	�E�S�L1�
�<?x�A��^xc F`�'�!t��1kJh,�Ah��(�{�YgY[F���+sc�l�1�=`�x����X�$�%�F�`��'a�4��`�xD0/�3���Y�g����\y���6U�$D���ZB�(�H�B�S�2��E�׭<��(�ڿ���94v�(
M�E���`���]���/���2?߾d,�Z�
!�B�
���Hɪ1����&" ~���_lFe���Ў��V�Zfx�@_�F
�h��a��~�
�	I#V�E�.z�����N.�0�J����	)��F@0js���ӷ3lވ�ԩSnj���2�H�H�A�8���0�#`0G������	�q��s�q[�l1�� b�^����a���$����l~�YK<X{�]�-�Z3Ƈ���.�+�q��'x1�@>BN�jƌ&��"X'��C�k1�裏6��D�u��rjĈ&�X{�B!��!�^�s�ф�d����<ߥ}�����zWB��o�RTT�eA��!�bfD��C��/��UɊ����ѱKEI/D���&J��;#�B!
���Z$!�C�$��ЏQC7;����x`����p
����%D��xB`��M
�q=�p<���1��۟�!Gu�hO{�=�r}�r@��y·�q�9R��b�0��E��'�y�'m�<̉��P�.\\�:�g��8�ƄX
�x$�UB]�/ƛ����g��{֖��w����
c����G��HF����gLan�
	�uABĒj,]�p͒E�~\�d�SQ������ɮ��h���q	BQ�E?��\�E[x���'��$�:ğ����!FL���5!J	B!�������BDYa�ք",��}�G�<7h�#e	�uABĊ��dɒ�K-�t���UT�uY�dI�ŋ�v~K��!���(���O�!���(�63��E���E���:_���bM��DB�B!�n�.��`�=�"̑(���W^e	���w"�(/�︄!�(��?`N���x���"엱���(�uV�
u����Dр�iQ��������O%sc���<V[!����>�/���G%ᄊ"XP�pLyW�^E�btϟ@[ִ������E��"D���%D!J���ݢ������ƕ��Q����j���?��eN��Nm��C��/�Q'+�~��%I��k�ۡ�d|���E��B!��B�>-���݉�Ϯwă`$&�2����ԩ���͵�$�&95��d
�����#��`0��B#������1�S�w�޻#�gЧO�w�֭����O��ͳ���˅%Z�BF͝;׮3fL�L�`h'A5�ޛ�o���'�[�]	Q���q	B���k��1QZ��\))���.cjĮ%��&�|\i;�s��zVm�fEQ��Vy"J��B3e~��X�_������ V[!����6-T� ��C=�jq�1ꓤ��Ƅ��a�'�1a�H
M�h�c��',	3bFnD�x>y�D��x8�B�f��ŋ�Xy�����6mjuh���v�~��'Yr׮]ݨQ��5�\c�2d�	���[oY�k�G3v������]�l��'O6a�aÆ&�P��[nqS�L�]�mX��7Z�(`�)3f�0A�?~��1S���!�u8N;���'��W8����ƜG�VC����G���q�6i�>srrܝw�i�6��3'���
�r��c �M�n�	��5ڥ�����u�7
�c}+c�a,s��q�k׶c{�����ZB�(�︄!D�/D�f|�d�����K��wE���B�4YQ4�|(��E�S���]��Y�I�(%�"�#B!��0�ߦ�
��^z��Z��<x���nɡ1�c��7ܽ���RRR̃��	'��n��F�����m���	L0�ٳ��9����.��hHOOw�۷7Cwc|bb��ӦM3�y�&MܠA�ܒ%K\ǎ��+���=�����ܷ�~��1ts-�x�}�Y׭[7]0�cH�P~�u׹W^y�>�%�Ft�-�D����ԩSm�hg֬Yn���&�p�kC�
ll5�a���m][���Cjj�]�'��`���w����<���Gu�ڵsݻw�{�PC{@}ĝ�_~�ڠ}���I'�d����F��E��|rr��3b�w뭷�#v 0ڤ R�6������ec֒{H�DÆ
��27��z�p�ڵVQ���i��ժU+�ʞ!!�b���!�3�;.!BQ��i��G)��bg�����>�Q�4vj;(|ݭ�Qh�RDB�B!�n�>-�Gg
��1�c����0FqB/�c>Fh<!����mF�+������~��Q~����ꫯ���t�b�����3�m��`�ѣG�F��1v�#�`L�OD��o��63f3^�Ǝ����?Fy���ٹ��u�]ۍ���l����駟6�y�`<�1��7�U�^�D�g��Y/<0ȯX�„
�-�"A\a�xN4n��ęI�&�.��"�@�W����� ��� ��?~���vx�B�V�L�ڣ?��^�zp즛n2��{���{Jh�5j���{��U�ΝM@9�SL|�<��c/�����x�����_�-�'֒z�p�A����a��F�Y���Lc�{n��=CBDł{-!B�g�w\B�����Ɋ��y�Ǖ�SyL��_�z��s���ѣdե��!�B���}Z��1�c�F<8�����.|v�/[��<n��0`# .��x�
����	4�u�J�̨�F����3�0?�_x�;���0�_|��f�a8���1�?��#�_�~�y_��5�#90� 
0�3O�����Nj#9BD�=���
������.)��W���+Ѽys
�8�1>F�/����	/��M<\@�a���zቀ��(A�)DƇP��	B�UW]e���T�!�4vQ��`�xEp�i�r�ʮu�֮~���^�^���#6 n B0�D�#�dzO�?�G`�8H��X�O.!B�[�w\B����A��9���������XmQ�?`N��c�?h��E�zGQ^2d�dE�PǗ/��Kc�EI����q<�u�Q���]!�BQ���I��c#8��1���<�0,������gG=m��xD̜9���:!`�G$@�`�=��&N�h;��	MDh��ˆNn�p8B�:������>�m�0\#> p������@Bl�Lx8`����\�ؘ��0fD��#G�p�9��1�B)᥁��h��cC�`x5��X?BO1W��N_���.�@�1�s����g�y�<8�`�0G֊{Ȝ
�w�%�\b��}#�����0xLԭ[�D�eH�]�N[k�͜�-�p��r`��k�$�|X7ւ{Ŝt�� �k�p�w�q2'��S$DT,����"D���%D!J�x!��Dթ�D��c�Ei��ݜ(�_�AO�%��ԗ�����\w��"��J��(�U�	Q���(()��E������"!�B����۴HB��_~����Ah%����`�;�1<�\�	�ݏ�{D�<�^ff��9G���$w�(�n��3�|�c�@�8A}
�s����Q��B
��G�k<#0�#4��P@�0g��1�3�k��rD0f
�u�7� >�.F��}���\@p���$��;��
�s�p�b|�<���z�X�P�q�"��"@۶mm,xe�.x^p
!����s���8BBី�q1n��u�5�O@@Ah�.)�=B��5£�㌃�D<�W�c}��X�Yk!֚5"$k�ب��'Hq�Q��^K����!�(y
"�?�R�o�5eo-M�1�gE�J�c��O|�pLqǗ͊�cb����g�K��d~U�"!B!�"�7j������X������P��Nx���1#4�G�:x p��߶��1Zs-n�P�����(~�e��-[��A=���� :�&`���
�<%h�6٭O8$��$h3�����\����g���� H0G�ˀ\	��X�u�-�xp��Kx�q�:Q?̓{�1��0�s��� ���H�ў�!,��`�ܫ����<��8�/�p_�W�� ��>��X7��B	�dNx��`�ԥ?�G�u��u$��s�k���6�/��{�y�-�9�X?�Y$DT,b�/�!�-�;.!BQ��)_E)�Cw�@�{��b�EiA&��?�1�
��
„/��G���Di�{⯢.���,��e��L!���V-��7��~W���c��"!!�B:�%@���x`�/J{�]��8��{�ݴK���u�, t������m�gW}3��[�9J
����g��T��=ڨ #��4�Žt�(�ocW�I��EBD�"��s	����"�%O��d���Qt�����f�/�|Y�?��EuFEс��B!�B�	�ߪ�%D�xM��=��x�m_R`�/��A�R����m쌰�/��@�*��;ECBDł{-!B�g�w\B���!�B!�(�E"�w����x
JjΈ(�;*�=�xo�ׅ�I�}"���|�ceo !�b���!�3�;.!BQ�H�B!�B��"�Iܼ'���v��ٖ�4�}r1��H�aO 14ɑ�1�H$c&��0ܓπ���D>Ǐ�<|f�O<�D�a��j wy�r ��� �#Ź�B��c��$�&)x��PY�����iӦm��4�Q��^K����!�(y�"���KQ�Ƿ+����N�]!�B!�?�]!c>	�1��.\۾}{K*\`�3f���ʊ�I��v�j��=�$Տ?���}�QרQ#׭[7
0֓��q����[o�B����\{��a	�I�|�E�A>�V�Z� �ē��k9'mF��7o��ׯo�@�X�|��9[?�6�[n��Ƙ_p@|�ϒ?�
�Hrr�vI�K	�/_dE�J��XfG�&��"�%J��k�+��en���M�]!�B!�?�]D!�K�.fܟ4i��1X�����W_�:}��1X�!�q�s����֭[����7�0��ۀd�$�ƫ��_{�57n�83��}�g>/�"}��c:^���{�2f͚e���k�y�v��@['�t��!�4�Ö-[�B&1��իۜ�т�/��Rk�_�~�=ѦM��!�9�>��,�c�=f�k����>;�s����rS�=���p���񙾧L�bb��a��?m�u����M7�dBH�B`|�G�[�b�����a���s�ٽ�?���ŋm-I:Nal̓���Ǐ�k9ǘi��\C��&���u��q���=ABD����OTT*B�E�c_{!�(z���f���';)���.��B!�B���.�������o��vw�UW���~�B
5h��`<�ԩ�{��]�:u�c�3E�ʕ-�аa��e�]�RSS]�5\FF��۶m��:w�l�xд���g�y��5m����g1���0FժUsݻw�~�ɏw�{J�v�l����;�9����Z���q�g��_�֭�}ƋB��7�|����{]JJ��,��䮻�3�w�y��gĉ�?���~(�ڧ�����L�k|z��e���;�Ӽ2��"���_o�X�bQ�>}\�޽�>��3�W_}�yn���bCBB�����
Z;?��+��sϵ�Qxf\{��g�q��vB�a|�/�{�	J�B"	se,*�|GXC�+�����%�=A�)m$D!�B!�B!D)R!�8!�0�cd�0a��1����鞘�h��1N;�43�?���f ǠN�#ݴq�WZ�C�q-[���W\q��8q��1Hc��.�1p0d#�?o��F�2C7;�?�x;�ڵkۘ0��p�
&�ă���~h�|\��b�ժU�Ɖ��g����c�\�g�����z�%�`�Gk��C=d�
4�(�5����# �q@)r: ��/!�?^�?xn9?Xh�1�w�}��%�\b�+�W�R�<=�'����k�:���#`X?�S��@9���C��	S�x�: �p�;����yD!�B!�B!D9��BFr����q��[�ƈ�1F�?��@�>|�� ���x`��,]�����M8#B@�����yC<F�����Qb�…�SN1C<����
؅��?��g�y��c>�k�8���O��1O�+<���& �9p��w���m����x�
��>b�"
����S�v(��<�
��x`<8O���A���'�Al`΄�"$��_l���;}���߄@�+����Z��	c]�9!�p?[�h�z��i��0X<;�ྱ��;\�؂x�}�ѬY3;N;�OD�Q�!�B!�B!�(E� �;��-O� ��	�t�G�H�1��=�ޙ9s����l�2w�'Z�ev���A�BQ�nݺf�g�<���v�S�^=3�c�ǘO�%��G!�h����2�9�'9N?�t3�s��(�1�cPG܈䨣��q�0B��ǻ!Q�<��xW  � �!��k�	_�`�z"��y �0� �c<!��ȏ�B���	����w|��#��#q����;�f͚n�ƍv
b�� ��7�FGy���<"*U�dB��k�`�
��6�1r�븯�s��� 46��"��Go���b�"�B!�B!��P!�<�a���ɭ���3ay�QO�bv�#�q��v�'؉��#>jD�������M���ဧB��1���U<��]��Ů}�G3V�s��i��B0 �����C<x	�E�����`��B@x`�̕c��@�5�������a��"���;�	��u���G��������3�P3��s���x��{$��"�ꊹ"*4�DBE1.D�	�#x� ` R���7�'\�Ё7u�;o
�^d��`]�� 2QX?�d<H"��&M�� � ��
$D!�B!�B!D)R!"�ߝ���+�n���m�+
��x��`$���{??�'$����`�nja?���<;h�D�เx@x+�����|�O���5�����r�y癐Q���UD��PMa�́�.
��K{	B!�B!�BQ��QQزe�yY�7��)�9B���O��!��90��6�d(Mc=�xf0��`x-�BH)<����!�B!�B!�(E$D윢��/
	E5vV//JŁ9��A}</J{l���!�B!�B!�(E�#D���|E%ޘN!�Qq�x,��`O`�"PQ!94�

3���6�BD �5��ýធ��0T�3���� �p�zP����!�ǪU��^IB�m<D�orU�`���s�����7o^��7	B!�B!�BQ�G��3g��ݻw�S�`��HN�b��/��%-.(�BQ���wH^]TH��a���A�>�(v�'0�q�;�wBd 95�HިQ#K�}�]wYq�KNN��!�6k��q�V��IP�1v�XK"��|{��ɓ�5�\��
rc\p�n͚5���m۶uW^y��%�,̏q�$"�B!�B!��)��zݺun�ڵnҤI�+�0��ӧ�A�\�Zǐ���c�1~O�2�=�����7�t�7vw�}��I����l��y�1/���X���Z���y4h�222l��%K�o�ٴ�������y��Lۡ�a�#�;\�������o����כ��租~�����/�{��'-���银� \�8���3_֍����]hA��϶�x,X�5kf}������c,x@0_�|�r;��C�=��+�����]{�X�s�=�mܸ����x/
օ�ʘ)�D֕��܃��w��E�M�6�cD)�`-&L�`c;���ɼZ�je� %��!�B!�B!�(E�"D`DNMMuW_}��oҤ��1^�|�ͶS��
��]���III�W�^�C��K�.f(�Q���00ҏ5ʌߧ�~��ѣ���ӧ��%%%Ŏ5o���x�;����/w]t�ye`�G̘9s��	0��v�m�@�}��nȐ!�2��n0#����*�`\\�1�96�u��͌�x	���ȑ&�����x C; �4l��u����1�{��V��0C>Fv�y�}���5k���\&���:S���mN��=�!PQ�s��A��<��#�o��q@�a�{�1����.��
0�
4��#�&�e����>�nX������4�	O�"�1'�
"�I.��R[�xX��a��Ś!�����c|�J	B!�B!�BQ�E��،a933���1��;;�!0Ts��������s��5c3Fw�=���n�С�c��c����x��c;��1t�V�|	�	m! "�O<a�^�� `ǰ�H�裏����#�<b���@ҿ�;�Yg�e"����SOu�7o��pxB j`Lǣ��γ�xԭ[�BS1Gֈ9�'a��~�a�<���2�O�K.��<9~0�3�*U�� D�-����~�_����x= �0n�>F�m��������MPB�<(�E�gx�����P����5��9����1c�X��a��
<,�R�Jy���GI"!B!�B!�B!J����ԩ�y`�5k�	�1�s�|�A3�#�7�v���4^\� �����U�Z=�<�uϮy��٥���1c��	>�a{0�BFkƀ!
�(��x0�S��>��s�=���>�	xn�����̙>�?F|�h�<00��q@D�]�^=���
07B������o��#c>�a|�yD�N��z�=�x���+k֓���@pA���̋�!DP�kBۀh�'c%�����=`���l��!
e�C3�.����o�m���A���_�F[���+I$D!�B!�B!D)R!0^�Zb�<�q0���a#2"C�Z����gv�c�F��="j�ф"����	��'� ��x��c`�ʕ���Ո��AOn���DK��1��̋�J�� ��BJa�G��ȏ�@H'�F�[cӦM�˟�!:�'"�Y�.;`�ڴic�ፁG�I�:u,t�bh��1��ѱcG20�cp�O��A!N�`�����Yn���8`ܴ�#P�6���/�'��b	ג�Q���0&��i!P0���0�	�`�Y+ċ � R��5X��BV�C(+.�$�^'0|�!d ��$"�B!�B!��)��19b��1@cpg�<`G�`w?����;w6�3l
����4ႨO�hBFl�c�BB�y �(��1�`L��4���A[�G›��'N�q�~'0�#N`Lg<��"�2�)�@��N�a�g����~$�FT F{��z�	��?ɠY/��<F~��3N���:֊�`�',��Źx�h�y��X� Ok@�&�\`�gnx0nrZ��fxF0ƈ�Q�re��>x)��c�vh��K�+�Z�	�qq���=AHa��/�xOh�v� ��_�H�B!�B!�B�R��Bh��1���{v��}����:��9�1����9v���3F�N8��0��y�|��N�#xLp�c��o�@��I=��ׇc��1���.�pC8�i���g-8��x��¸y�^�b�ڠO�_���ׅ5�.����k<�'��
�S���H˜Y�@{xf�'�ů-mS�~�Z�����A���xh��h������\�{��w�7��y7���V'�!��0�EB�B!�B!�B�"E"0��I@X��	a�#Į~�a�;���S��L%"�x: $�&�w�C� ��8Q�H�B!�����9QtȌ(:ڗ�fEё��/�en�_��B!����b�@�$(j;%�gEBB�B!�د�E����}�ˌ�Q4gV��˸��E�̈�?�.B!�b��n-1!�]��� �CX�=��N("��#��!�PIB� B�A���A@�� �лᄏ�X�C"B3��J�.���(�a�^{�5K�����-�kN�?��;GB�B!��o�E��������2;����j�R!�B!����"���-�OA���{�?''�]v�e�'�p}��1}ICRm_�ϿPT�g@�kB����ot-[��d��裏�q�N����$�<y��$�&)8��&�s~g�̙�F���T(IDATӦM-�4���֛6m���!!B!�B��E�Ί�,_~��
_����(z'��vB��.B!�b��>-��Ѐa�א`�yؕ��[o�+c>��������3�x��������)еkW:xO;�
JH�<�@ؼys�81�q���;���
$jFHa�\�5$n��d(h����
7�`�t�R�\q�y��Yg�e� Ѽys����[�n�&$���'̇�U�R�D�x.\�֮]k��i��fk���S���Z�]#!B!�B��?ZeE�����gG�5�����Z_����¿�~V�l
!�B����)Yuzz���[��W_�j׮���w�a;����J��3Ϙa��k��v��u����;�-[���w�y��b�֭�UW]e���~�F�\�J�̘�O>�ʈ#l�?FxB�?c�U���={��x`�OLL�v�ۮ];��Gt �1�]{�n���w�{�6q��o6���{�H�6m��5�{�}���_�9 b���#N����n̘1�^�z&� TԩS���yꩧ\�~�ܨQ�L�@p	bB�-\����}qA��'�4Oڤ߾}���#G�	/b�H�B!�e�aQt@Vu�	
�u����Q�(��(Z��b��B!���Q"�eߪU+ہ�d�3³�ժUnŊf<�ԩ��/��ۙ��ڮ~�0�#���& T�V��x\|��楀p���s��իo�)���={�~b<�!"_ą^��x�
w�}��h�1~�ʕ��W_5Q��
64c?]t���
�3c?~�CD��Klx7T�\��`��=��y'���61#�a�:�yT�
��a�ƍ���8!�h���d"$�C=d��ԩS݄	�>�CJJ�KJJ���
�<`�gjj��G�!C��Z�F��!�BQ�E��E݃���o�E���6fE��p>+�:�!�B����*D�p�m��=z���43tcT�(�xйsg+			f '���?lF���ߵo��B!$ډz$c�;b͚5n���&r Z�S!h!�1�G� )4y<0��o��@�1 ��O?��y��L@�g�\��,�s!��Ɓ8����2��1�_��<=��*�/6�֨nݺ�� ��&�+���|�>��C[�֭�����7/�b��@��#!B!�B��?Z�����:+�n�E����(�6v�ϗ�EB!�B��ߨ�
���'dQFF��'M��4h`�����x2`8G����8�Ft<"$��z��Xhܸ��C�'�xa��@�xD�A($B<a�Ǜ�E�q"D�}�D�`���H~M$�1���w�N#��رcͳ"?xW06�C� ��%�	��/��f>��U:t��O����(�u�O�q���`�0�=c�#!B!�B�̊��gGќ����f�
_,?�������L!�B�}���P!���1�c�'�Œ3̛�$�M�4�0K�L»�pE�Ǎg}r:��\	��h֬��?�yDr��pE�t��s�9���C���^�@���s�ٵxf0NB1]~���{��/�N0��EP�F
Մ(0e��ĸMH.M���?�
^�O��	�X�Y㙀�B�	�x���)�	��	��g<CX#ƃ���@��xXK��X[�5�d�ECB�B!��/�E�gE��1�����/���knN%�.B!��L�N-T� $��`���?����<�'�#>����
�Š�k��g�",���ѣ-�3�z���	�K;�M���D��xE��X�^�>��9+��@�P��h�3^<�v 7�A͚5m��  0�u����#�	�B�>�mڴ��K_��~���h�ƉW"�"�hH�B!�e�Uώ��|��?^�D�|�:hVMɊ�I��c�}��(:�E��c�	!�BQ&(��q�v���{��4����0F��Gq@� $c�۷��R�/ dgg�`�0P���ښ�!p<���	b�H�B!�e�Q��G��Õ�E��1?��E�ED��UB!��L�-T�<��@	�%
��	�De�<(���!xj���wIQ֜�Bߢ�H�B!�e�iQ��(����Q��(zƿ��2'�r����%B!�B��*DQ^�!�B!�<��WYQ�av,4Ӯ���m�_�\!�B�}���TB���H�B!��s��̬(Z����G_>�E���s,_�ė�c�
!�B�O��Y� �@|�$����O�CBi�UV��B���o�xH��]�Ab�]�z"vya!U�9q߸��o�u'�Sq�g�#|�/
9Av�}*
|�H���$D!�B�2��Q�{�G�Ȭ(��?^��[���/����n;+��s.���].�B!�>�mZ��z���.--�%%%���~��dee��-[�j�F�ѣG�nݺ�Ν;�1c���K�)))n͚5n�ܹ.55Ռ�a>Æ
�13�+VlgDg^3g�t={�t=z�$�e57EQ���ܦM��E��}��g�իW�޽{�
6�g��߿��8qb��h�ڵv]<�;�X�r�}���|ƌv/n��;^T��|��'6�^zi��	B!���3;���~���r�����NG���_��gE��P�_�I�cU�B!��g��O"0<c(Ƹ�����k��fF�jժ��?�x�կ_�����ӧ��;�=��&F���J`?`D%�9޳K���n�~��7ߜwm<��1b�[�d�����]ǎ��Ᏹ��k�u999n��ŮA�n�ҥ��۠��Ձ�<?��a.a�|c�5i���^����<s�}^����r뭷Z{$�^�lY�X�y��xP?^�a�S�Lqw�yg�X^x�w�I'��ݻ� .�>��K{|�����~���]���݋/�h��歷�ro����4i��[��g�\��p����.�v��������>�	B!���3+�z���?�;1�~;��3���Q�>ԙE��N!�B�O��)4�a��츿��ݫ��jǛ6m�
d�6N8�7o޼������%�\bF�|�� �-�믛�I�&�E�nΜ9f@ǠެY3�Tx��GݕW^i��8��k�E�-�����!���ns�^�3��+���#$�q,@�W]u�����c�=f���"Fs^��аaC�`�W׮]]�z��=���233M�袋l�uڴi6ߚ5k�Z�jY��;:tpW_}�����$''�p����SOY�܋Q�F�!���v�v����������+�{���~�…�n�_~�;��s��8O�<�}F�`��;v"�alx�0&<e222�����U��X���  �0a�{�gL�`�XS�\h���`}i�5�>2�o��u���|�v���&��Ș���!�BQ�EW��C|Y�E�D�E�x]��������=�!v�B!����i��B�`8'�QءN�%������``OHH0q��s�7o6#���m|�ƍ�θq�L`�5k�����m�������Ǜ1��1DU� �G�Ny��#G�t�s��ǷC��=y�dw�g�0V<C�qw饗ڸ�F�~�DBU�^���[�Z˗/���\C.��mۚȐ!&�0'����E�!���>����4���:��蓶�Zaȿ뮻,±�k��}��@BX�ʕ+�`<
�8a��BbbbBc�#�1�|��6Oְu�����o"	�b�"h���C=db�sd|�ǧN�j"s>������כ8t�y��q�3나�߃bWH�B!�e������l������c��/���Fѯc�!�B�O��I������v�#@�>}\�V��=`�?��-�u���ٝ�h��C2�C9����o�eу6c:�1�E�@l�PN��N��6֭[g���x<`@Ǡ�k�0S�O;�43�3_�N\��&�P�4�cg�����m��xƏ���vֲ]�v���{��֋]��>BР�������͉~1���B�	 �	!��C�:u,��ۄ� ��{9 D����'�4o�SN9żR?c ����po��9�e>�C�e<yD�v�O/Į�_~پoD���EA��� �X���cW��H�B!�e��Q��YQt�(�~)����fEы�}�iQ��إB!�B�s�ߨE�AH#v�c���<v�X;�Acz�:�1�s݇~h�w��Ib�1�1�zv���l�bFz�P�\�
�'�9'0�#D`<��Q��X0�_s�5f���������X�H���=�Q8	����u�(̏PR�X�N�x; D`�}"�`�g���>�+D�!��Z��	s�/�B?q�J�*�&���,�;�D	�rπ�=�#�/�@\!W�GLx7 �������<5���5d�C��{N>	�֍�J�c�Xh;���w�z!m��A�D!����Q�,�sa��:�,d���灱qo�!�B!�%���s���v(3��Ң(: >o�B!�e��a;;�1�c���>'�R<��&�8����:�(3�c�F�=�+`P�{��A�� :�<� ��r��/H� T9jԨacoӦ���"ȓ�W��������_���1�c�'W�gm��?�a�0��=��ʺ1Ə؂A;��!N�K�u Q����/
��>k̺�����*U2O
�����BDċ���g���|q��X���fBP"R<��b��	q%�\"�c�z`�x5 j�b�1�!��5E�AAh@��[�PP|B��� J!�p��'��"�B!�B!��)�����`�%L!��n�x0Vc,&�HT�@O{v��.���F	���`T�H������|�}�q퐳�>�Ǩ�V3g<(�w�3O���!�1�3��'mੀ������yr0'�!��s�!����}F�����Y�x;}R�>}Q���X_�#*0�07�: ��e�g�"�����s
ǘ� �
�\ �.y(�y^Ywă��$�I�?c��N�sϩG��x8�|X���?�!\�FA��ΐ!�B!�B!��HQ�����]�b���N���TK�ͮ��]��@>[�t��{�q�z�2O�x0���!>��� �s�� � B �ċ8�!!B!�B!�B!J���ߛ��FrĀիW���{<$�������*�8���KG�^D�J�Kـ(���*��T�ݥ%ٙ�\��ޛ!ٝ�$�K�$�Kv���HW@@�(EZ����y'�����M�~|>3��	��<sޣ���J3t�sl�͠Y�fA�X��(�E"*h^�€DT�,�HD@
4��
%����x�-T]Zg~�#��=�G�#�c|PAMD�r��ԩS��Z���N�%s]���?�_��?�'N�o��Vq̓I�&�E�{����x�iѦk6ր�PAID<��
6� ���{�������w��=�\�Q����o���)����O㻂�Ζ�Z�k?��c�1cFHB�u�Y�'�x"l?�S��~x_��ٳ��S�>�1�R�������~<��S�c�9f��@���,��Ϋ������&">��������tP�׀�>�쓿�Kb��]w�5�M7��6�7.|�,
%.2�L~��v��|��W\�����|�A(S�g�y&�G���M�����B�c��ѡNB���/���W���B;���7���w�}�.� �-���\s�f�m�oii	I����<0_]]�i���_�o���UW]5?v�ذ?����ʏ3&���O�_{���v�)?~��PGQWW�cԨQaƈ��s�=�q�R{�����Z�t����}/?a„�8��s�qu�Q�i6����G�U�?����)������_���9*1��������~��po���0�A����k�{��^a��vX�7�k�����<�����~�����?����C����:y��p�J�������½���{����E�Lߵ}��7$�z����Mߝ�B"*�?��9s愁n�"x��� �fD����Kip��[o
I�����?���N(�G}4Fq���w�y'_UU��_�766��t
�+��>��߇vɾE	
�Ϝ93�9��^z�0X��z% �%
�k��]}��7�|3�i�����l�MH$4x~��g�w�e�0~�w������z%4>eʔ08�w=�꥗^ʯ��*�/�0����z�k��6$j��~JZh���g���˧��|[[[x���?��O�'�tR8�
7�0ꩧ�y䑐0��N���;.\
�+�k��/���zH�ަ�n������|%�m�~�^�{���D�mkoou4�E�|G��бl��Va�J(ɡ������wE� ]_%|���_�9rd����
7��u�4�9�|���}��/~�ojj�?���a��'�#��_�qPA�ID(���d%4��$��� ��K)i��p=�I34���s
�+1�Aj}�/ᕘ���dЯ�5[A���c�.�袐������g�qFh�~��Hh��ߕ ����^��W�;�3$�p�/�5h��q�1�w�y�f�R��>�D�O���^���ҕ`�@��շf�h��fx(���Z[���.�V����L���K��ױ�qPJDh`_���l6$�ѵ֌	��!�f(���G�z���E�O?��0�C3QD���k�d��4J��z�>)�{�D��O�D�C��U�)%"t�����_!y�$Fsss�>hV��Y}+JDh����a��U�*t�tJl��5D34tm�T�u��\��DTP�ӟ�/�50�G�:a^I�c�=6$Ji&�~Q��h
�k�_��W�Jjh`?y\�~}�Ak=�g���$4sA�����kP\34P���h?�5TW�i�_�;�sx�_�k�ZI
\k[�� ���~i�u=%<4#@TOI�B�ƿꪫ�@�=��f�$��Ќ
%A>���>��$"�������Q�Eе�����������׀�f�X�h&��Hf�h���
J숎E�Y�ՠ��A�f:~��=���J8���f~h&��G��E	�������?���_��Y��P[�S�vѬ]�?�ս�9kߚm�c}�B2K�^�@	�_=�I���B"*�?�
(�L	�jP2@����+��2�,������f������|
<k�^��JR(��Aj%%�KmӀ���Z'�|r�[�ӥ���,
�Ь�M6�$�k [	
����ɠ�i&�%�̈P"A�奴ց���֬
��|������Za��w�y�Œ
�k��S�Έ�uSBD	%r��z�Џ�0:]%A�X"%"t�JB��	�1�c�5�~5x�dE�M��Ҭ��3"�D���/z��k�sV?JR�t�z�f�|�;�	�+� :��n�-����D�o��$JV���/�f<(A��h��ڷ�ZCB3m�.�8�wD31t�t�J�h6Υ�^�#J��qQ��DTP�TG�X���9�`���4A�
-Ȭc
���׺�Ohp^��V?�ջ��n��P@+y�Y��|WJ>h�^��W[�W�C�O�� :&�Ѐ��=Y�Y��D�J���WBC�,���~��#�tLZ�A�=�HǓ�f��L� I��f�z�h�^�w�U�J��o��'4#C�
tm�G�U3
�M�R� �O�Vǥ���J��zԑL*W��_��j�zD��:�6}��	'��A���WbH�"�{�k��R����]ɪ�(i�k�$�fP�{��>�<�GǠ���D"*h���R�ֳ�1�GLi����/��X#%�"%"�()%NJٴ "4/��
?�E>�f$h�fh&�P�W"B�%4��t����yID�-��~��lx��Vqs7�͖�e�-�����f`�"�E�y-fc�Gk���XT�1[���^�~�7��lt,��۔Di$"0��6۾��Ø`P"�	�~��A��r^���:{����|�����"�D��6�/��ݓ$<�x���A��WZ͞M�x��n6[&�}J"�4�FD�Y]�dh5���Xx��ڞ��ϧ�"`��OID`�F"��uD�ً��U�j��l��c��竓2��q��Z����oTX����AI�V�[�>���f��{��N���gm�1+4����Di$"�@Ș-�b6��콘l�:��c��o�3n៏�����F%�E�,0���[K��h��l��\���_n3�Vl�w�wj1��O�y�i�X��L�D�fw$I��w���m�%�<~�f��X��oԐ�xp�����y�X�����_{�KΊ�,���x=@���=>���=���}!V�;�[5$"��֏�0�=}��5��v<�#�[Tն�q��֭b3�G�fG�߀��7C׭f+����?b�F��3^6<V��[�D� "��!����zf�|(��f�M�Lb�oU��DĂ�D83���?b�㘒h6{��,���
�����^%1�HD,xHD`��1[������$��7��e���jHDĢ$"�@�i���![���vL3["C���:����Ča��0q��_��v�W���?oYz��r}�'�����YC[�l���i��\�,�x4����l��WJ��H5�H ��Z͎j)Y��_�,�HD���������x���r$"TT��rw�5xLS����m��B�D��k5[QkB(��Rq3�E�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"T�P1$"@Ő�C"|.;�i߶������z�j�.Q�L��Ci��m{���cj�>��Y�~�V��,,�F�n��Ț���%*#k:�1���,,��=}ɪꎓ�j;>)�8�Y�YUM��mƴ�wv;T߻��ڎ��%3Fֶ��CM�1f�aq�`�7j�#�t�;�����"�ƴ=�����ǽ�E�5wm7����z|R�$¼��4���и;�(Y?3m������T"bDM��~�2qw`Q�}�]��n��\"a^bdM��#���#�,��UU�_\.�0/QU�~��խ+�}�E����\e䘎��%>OTU��W5�m?�zXa`�VU�vJUuۧ�	�71��c�w�n�Z�,�FԶo\U�d���@bdM�[U5GZ&�X�,궪��t՘�Ӫj�?)�`�O��c��~|�j�[���cڷ��i{R	�r���bDuۧ;��ut�`���?}���.Y�q�DC_1bL���z�r�;��v�n�rdu���%z��9;�v�(vPF�u����&z���m-돚�D����jg}u���%��Ț���}��9@�j�՟E�U����֭�����w[�n�ƈ����%Jcd��FT�j�F}!6��ڣ�/�Cu��U���K@(�l���Yیi_#6��۶Y�x�$�bdm��U5�ǘ��&�4j�#�t�;��cN�DDUuۓk���|�
00U5wm7����nI�ڎOFԶ�4V��3Ӗ1��ʮ���c����𛗉�>��c�ްjL�G�$DM��U5��b�y2�����$1���m�u�X0o��őc:^Y����1m���a��APU�vJUm���=���M�cۚ��v��{g�d��K~��ᭋ���t��T�׬n�&V߰y���o[�ԯڨi_��z7n�*6n���?�eW
��V�s�g/m�ik���IkX&�X,�����o�;m���w�w|�ˡM�+ǭ��uq�
�7����t쥳���eײ��/�Υv]��O�>��%s�2a�����K�m��%�3�/��M}�&=s��a�{�ے>{�KV�m��Q��`uٝ-�x��rwX:�����ǭ>{���2���q��
l�s'y�V�c��(��M�5PޛT��8n���d��oǒ�e�ִT����qk�2�W����4������k��}
4~{�kTf	���
���^�d����%}�?�M�{�>�
{�7N��ܖa�(i���*�o< n��0�c'���=�3\+�L\�:ͯWs��(�'�6�E�f��[*����>�	M��Q������
?��/��غ3ͨ��꧛��L���=���Y��~��V�����T�B��Y��j�ȏ�Xڳ̔M,��cᘲ�ĭ��d���?���45n5?i���|�>�H�2�����]���^��b�\���w�ߑ���&?�1!wR�V�{�2Ms������X�,���N�BRM��6�'�z�a{��-�׹��/�����	W-gu�B�A�JF�5��w�̴e-s��6>��Mh��0����ҍ�Z*W���~�?��=���p,<�c�z3���Lf	�o�Ə��"�xP��k���ܣ[��G<%�
�k����v�x�O�~lK����W�i7K5\^�g��nu�Q|SO�=��.{N<�O,��_��gJ\�e_
m�r�Y��n���=�tk��)��f�z�R}�h���v��nK;ӯ��s��t��8�}��*����(��osQ�M��0(ߛ�LD�D�����,3�08ߛ�׌��G��?>��΋5z��Z��)�S�A�D����c���Cy]�̸�g�Svuӹ��n��q����DD}��Jg���s���¢Խ���T|�P��X2W%���� �y6~�n|?�$H�N�sWC5����)��1���f�񌍿�˱Vy���hX߯�=�~��
��7u��}He��w(A"P��r?�Tca�C]��Xһ���>���F3��T"B���?�﷼�}f����e[mlӚ��e�DDf⊖��cף�r�~�i��rx��c�X���LDd&.��/���>�{�S,�N��L:7��Ӕ ({�
V��2�o�Ȏ��j,�]&�E�#��'��B�*����tB���uX��uö��}
۲����Ua[9C1������R����B�!=ecK5���rW�� �f"B������~<S.�[�KO9��Oӫ6�q߸��D���auK��*7>��mԨ/X:{fh�He�%�HDh��^�z��1_n��_2l7i?����=�,?,l�j�%"�Yݤ_z��9�o�段Q7�#��=`��1U����\���B����2��,�xg�>4�g�.N�&"RM��c,=�'�BD3ҍ���M�ŭ���և_����[*������-�{�< n5��-�����ܟ¾�j�%
��c����[R���޲	����_�LDH��P'����~�Υ{��>fl�QN]�&"&4��:�l�M�ʏ��
�PJ]��h�08��:n�TñV�~خl""�
?{��!��y�}��s{{��W~�}�%"����U�B�S6�[�eW�R8֦+�z����*��P"�PGI�3���R�����~��ǽs�:W�DDoq�e._&�,��]�����r���I5oZTYm+����@��^��_�_ҧs��
	�t�5n�l(%"����eO�s���Q^�$kw�5=c㚾�vV�D�y��=Y�7�N�7w����V��m($��l���':����y\�H5m�X����_s�o�[�'�;)$B���qk�`'"�{?��r�$�J�Z�p,�z�b�\C)1~�~��>n�L�.
�M�Z�頸��J$"$�X[��}��g�ǭ���)w*;!n���KC��\h&`!7��/Y}�Mq����oJ4�
��q���%�_�������n��Kz�$.RM�؉�
�ָ��%�W��<{�>�L4�9�n�>�?��#�x?.K��s�r�~-^u�7y����JD�]�U�F�,�gl��
?�����RW��W�~������`��U�A���-3q�Xһ�ԯ��;�q>�4��^T(�=��Z	�T��8x}����J�j6~ʆV�`(�o���+W�=�DD}n��z����w���]U*��Q}�
�nگ��-k'\���+$�R�3b��HD�Fe����x��~�������m�/���ֹ��t��x�t�]�L^5��W���N��4w�0K��&�
�cKe�c<��H7=���M���K��h�$"�X����ur3����#�tSΣ�w}��bsU*����!s|�Z]v;�7�mu�O���Cc��HD:I7���@v��0�ޛکKۄ썡~]�#�k�v,�.����s
׹�����("�M5~�qj�Z�W}����#~lˇm=E]á^����������
�DD}�᡼��U?��ʞGu
����/ԯkz�?��#�*��0;ycK7�Ng�k������gmܤ�g�@'�_�곿5-�����lKOZ�FMӂ�si���ԕ�~Jka�9���r���;��o�ߔ,h]7yw=]�p���#��S7�z��:�O���c��+�lu��B��ɾ���37�h���u"&dgYʏ!Q���.t>e��;��"u����qM=�yU��,�%��)��T""\˦�ñ�Ͼf�L��9꒕b��:-V�ti��[}�O�B�~�w��aFAӃ�Œ�v5=�H�&ҹ�,�}�8�ξ�{Lf�X��0�]�{����mS����ل�)��� u�]dl[0!{D��?-հC��;�#�ɽ�i�s"�![6����W)��DD*ҿf�s���ލo<����Ɉ�k:'J�}����Q^��ȬT�e򮥧�],���{���uV�7������-��b��w-�.��׬��B�"{�M��#T���.wh�`~!4���O{?*��m�gw�'�Tx,Q��.?��ǭ���N�}�~i�L\*lO�6�v�B�6v�wB�AOD�N��?��?n�݉�g���O����v,�t"�87��SH�$��z�������}�MoQ�m�����(��ZxP�^�kz�_?��܍V�t��o���t��8�����Y�L�><j�+�z~|v]��^�Z�!�˾^���tcmH�S���n�v٨2�-���؏U	���$�	W-g��#�ωa�=E:{��^���f\v%�v���f�E�R�0e��i���?��<s (߸I�Y}�Χ�鷖�k9�0�4���-6!ws8�ޤ�VΥq�ezXۣ��8��=t��>���/Z6��W}�V�8���~�u���
�~i�Au
Dk _�dH��G���
�c�r�Y]��n�j�>�W���g9�Q��:�$���G�'Ӻx�oO�u���c�fFO�GO�\<.?��P_j7*�dL�Ga�~����>u�ۿ�t��u
F���^_�Y��k
XD�N]���s=��T�K箵�+W����NA7�[��0��"i��Wf��o�������y��v��-��̖�i��V����/_C�b�s���Z����㣻��I���6�����b��6{�~���l�M�1[:VT�,�MZ���}/1��f��������Ѥ$�P-f��wq�XmPx�{���x�O��W���
��o{��_�f��XP	-fGx|��q���:k���9�omf����;�߻Wf��·��?����b�y�}��񦇾�ݾ�
/��㗱	0~�v�hT���p��z��2��lt��<������s<Jp���x��S��]�G�Vb��,�oy�ϖ�k��[��{5;���������fX��6���+��E��n���fW��
Kbo�>Q�^�mR�߿�n�Ì�b�/�W��9:���8|��b���lm�ٻq�x�1�l�X������@ӽ�	q30$"�C�Dę����,�lvp�٣����]�ٗb�>y���0�o�g��P��!�~�o_��H{�e��V�Ǯ�z�����?�Lb��v���c�a��K��˘n�����m�>}��Z`9V��Cf+�_���ؼ�����c�y�l	�gM�G�I���=f_�U*J3�=�O�U�{��yN�������\�|wb�㱓��V���I��{$�S��96w��j7[)~��S�#?���F�o7�-���7�+A�ߓ��z[y#��:�wԷ}ѿs{����?�
tB�>�o����>��>�e}�N��<6��l��h�ԗ���sg��`�� �|_׵���Ӷ��p}���"]g�{�x��Ǫ�x��}�ѣ��hĝ~<�:���_���?�:�M�;���4[���}��_��o����l�������i_��V�fM����}����+��|ix��=v�M��>6��;��yo���q��c���'z�^C��b%-�M��}��e��x��k��i���WVh�7
�z?�y;-��G
����?y<�qx_�5/��~�w��q�Z�M�V/��c~���뎽
�k����m��o�k��񺇮��tdl2O|�{_ْ}��Ͽ�X*V0�#��c�����$��~��L���V��,�����y��<�m~뱞�>������2}��蟯��{l�#��^�Z���ם�̶�t��K�Sߟ����`���{��JH���������M�����п�g��~�������8�z��ʱz���yY��Q۷���}�ϯ���O�y�W�k�߯߉ѯ��K뷘U���W�ޯ��Z8X��}�2��o�
�3��υ����i73�v�:�W�W�8����C�q��c�n��eV�m���x�k�u�جWP�����yh�i^g��l�4�}ͣ����s�v߷�I5=]���_�k����}���3��C�dJ���Q^��$P)o;��/�F���wdi�v�Ģ����co�sW����U�~����a��ؼ,�gS����x�����S�O]�K�݋w�};6�Q�l�6����_����}�~���uc�y�	%m������}�;��c��׻��^��:���^�=����uP9�ʊ3)�m��{t�'z�����d@�c/��/�5k��6�~��y����~u�������
{l�w3�0B�v���ql���fC����P&6���x(�zH���~��m)�|��?�2�6cb��נ��mJ�x���]��y��yh�F���f�G�����_��q'����^�܏�{͎(.`�Ǧ�����5^O���$mb$��ׯۏ�M�_{=BJ��/p_5+e�fz(y���ە~���r
�g�e������������X���9��^g3�߫��,��޿��,�d��'^���$�x�z�Ti���[JjGR�����^��^'SR_����UɌyh�ԇ~��ͮ�O��/WR�tv��Q"���$�Ay��y3�DD�Yui}�;bQY^_�A��������j�X��z�6�0��i�F,�F϶�zz�Lؿ��7�QF��g=�I����n�c0�4���ӯ���~D�,���h��J��Q5#cq�-��꼟��s��X\���+�������-��y���i/�B�����X>ϼ����0���g��m��Qŷ}��<�Y�y7�/��<��_�}���`>F�[�5�˾Bx���M~>�^l�+oW�DD��~m�X�?����i�����˚^���H�??�1����~K��B��qm�]t��Ky��^�8�ķ]��@���+������<�f���,&"J�I�:/;�_O�>�>vL�q�k�=�sKl�럪��~�u�����>ό��K�{����'y$�/5���
Է�������sq �+=�>�����uL���&�^6����wMDx{
T�:�l�X�W��m�䘮�EE��j~^+�sZ,*����0�}?��<^���T/���k������P���7}?;Ǣ"?��Q����cQ��^�q<1�̄�����.|�e�Ih����ڮ����V<��u��ߦdž��?����$��wMDh�Ϧ�-�����K��
�$w��S���1(��߶��G3�J�����އf����[uqi{�"C��IDUZ�?������_�̛��9�?oY^G���T�k�s��E7U=���l��Ǣ���%��f�}9�U&�_�����紁�)>7ߏ��Six�*�S�3J���ؼ�
�m��H�|�c����b"�_��}l��'~�V����wr=Zf��֣���Ѥ�ǜX�#��oKD�_�e}�x��Q:H_�>n�z�.��u����_�N���k����k�ut�����N��;��i����}���C�_����?΍�����:u�}�;�jI��cQY�g�DĀ+�}���FD����-�u:=>��������^�G�g��Ŵ�o_��H��ez4��Z,96-�k"�C������ߧ�m��W��f��P�]O���W�>|���J}5M�‰ŝx�������'^�ߚ�Hh���cW?���5$���m�w��x�r�޿#q��?��E~�ӓ:
���z'�G�35c'y���?���bq'^�i�.���_�M��t�G�?=�6�w}4S�� �A"X0(�u�H�;K뷘����t��̒�s��[������i�>�ǎ��n�n�s����$���[�}n�k"�uxI[
��e�/�K��W�y7~;�}<������+�z��^�f�y|+v1O����7���M������㡼�|ID$�1[گ���B��1h��+c����|KD��;�:�޶��/�W"·k��D�/{JDx�c�z
?�ǢN�&"�ݣ������r�"b@���m�~q���k�|�X���f�z��%�_�>R���š����?c�x�fD\�S���»1>�m7{���� ��&"��n%m5P;ѷ�;�^g�g����:kz�$���<��jJ�(
����ͦ�-��'Jhx��%�����w�쀲�ɽއ}�>�z�5!:F?��������%���W���u�XT��*5#",��|��6�E��<�LDxg����'������b�^�oI��X�I[�aϔ���L�X܍�%,"���Т�^7�u��}���k�J7Ϙ-�&&�=�F�N��s�m�}���Z|�mf��Z��s���e�U�Zv`��AHD�[�V��X�h�w'���>��8(���f�/�~�3�X��k�~,.Ҁ�_��#��8��E=�z�=�糸�ؒc�̚n����<��~ޯ�H}����1�D���͖�Ł���$u��_��q�/뚈x�?���[�V�m���u�o��X܍��4�K�=u�糗�����}L�Eey��HD�!�JD�4�����&��^�'�k_���u¯�=�3{��t_|��Aa�C�����
/�W�� $"V�6�Ez=޻�l�X��x�SJ��f��\�����-}��g���Ƣ"�vdr��8�Ģy��'"����n��1qS'~�_��.����?�me�=Hx�#��
�S,
|[Ʒ}ZZg���irB,�s��/�����=>���;%"��s�����o�=%�:J:���� ^��`�=�m�S1)5Ie%���Ⲽ�`$"�]�8m�f<�������Z}ȣ8C	������L��[J��m��q�f+��h6�C�>+	p^lZ����JׇУ���m���q�豋m���D��*^�LoW�)��;�c�o_W��VH�l硤Ls�G��:;z��_�����o�\3��kq�����kb�A���t\�2�_��k�����%�Ǟ�y��G�&F%�xR��1i��U3e�X�Q��^�%��^(7㣔����.��>��{�]�h+�oh""�+��#<.�~�����ڞ�r/�:#"��5=��Ǣ=�l��JTܤY��n&�-�u�(��9�����c?ҷ5%e1^����]����9�}إ�'}�fG��|X_�
��Q.�kx�5�M�a�^�W�%��9���c?o��=��9�E��ش,��E��Ҿʅ��@�-��ެǙ�o����%���^���?����c}���׻��tZ��zK���d�����{������b2���}�>����`v��;�^t�OO�g��
�~y�N�Fw
������&"���xt�����^�գ�!��uJD��rɎ���al�#�����:��!����Ʀ=�:���Y�)>�4���m�m��=[���4��K�ڨAƙf������~��Ti�eb��rlV�����)>Z��uߦ�/4�$<��~�}�~��w��J�p"B���v#��M�gI_����8+�:�y�:�����~�o�6;,64~��}���Q\��kx��<F�0�Jl�+�k|�>=�by?�c}_/w�W1�L����Ǿ�e�i���/�s��ޮ�����K����s1	�:#b�o���s1|Jrl׏�4]���ď�d[I���m���Yʏ���O��e�߾]i���w��=��]�ND�����u�z��/�j�����s��?�4��_���m���f���
�'���=~�G?ipU��Q�|cf�}�낽]y�K�n�K���1m>�lu�~�]s�/�U���r���u4p��=������4X��|�?�^�}]���v=Ee:�ؤOJp�qm�}��׫����j�~���[�GШ_�+�z�Ƹ�f?�+��0?�u���{�?���]��:��׬���j���:��j��u%��.�|�o?Џ��I�����7�_o�>ڼ�K<v׿�����ݗbӲ��N�owf����=4�G�����c�j\�W^�룙f���v�cR��^��_��^x��^wD�W��c���W�D߇��Y{����$v����&߅�o5[-
���x_z\���y���=(���0t2Ȫ��_ztK���K�|:�l�X	�}�x��-1/�CX�4�mP2Ȫ�Z�zM�����e�̾�e���y�N��C���Ph5{�d�=�����zf�ٕ-%�{-��|�G-�D"��f����^*l-�fo{���bS`� C��m6;��앒A�$��m6��7�������ӝ�}g級�����w~�G��k6�g�z�%�Ap��rw�}=c�X�yJ�6�d��q�<�n����f�}+n@�?��&C4�9IEND�B`��$$If���!vh5��5�
5�n5��#v�#v
#vn#v�:V�l��V
t �0�������������������'6,�5��5�
5�n5��/��/�
���B�4�4�
la����$$If���!vh5��5�
5�n5��#v�#v
#vn#v�:V�l�0V
t �0�������������������'6,�5��5�
5�n5��/����B�4�4�
la����$$If���!vh5��5�
5�n5��#v�#v
#vn#v�:V�l��V
t �0�������������������'6,�5��5�
5�n5��/����B�4�4�
la����$$If���!vh5��5�
5�n5��#v�#v
#vn#v�:V�l��V
t �0�������������������'6,�5��5�
5�n5��/����4�4�
la����$$If���!vh5��5�
5�n5��#v�#v
#vn#v�:V�l��V
t �0�������������������'6,�5��5�
5�n5��/����B�4�4�
la����$$If���!vh5��5�
5�n5��#v�#v
#vn#v�:V�l��V
t �0�������������������'6,�5��5�
5�n5��/����4�4�
la���n���������666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>666666666666666666666666666�6666666666�666666666666hH66666666666666660666660000000000000000000000000000000000000000006p02���� 0@P`p������2(�� 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p��8X�V~$CJOJPJQJ^J_HmH	sH	tH	~�~�QNormal5$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9D]�^�a$!CJZ�h_HaJmH	sH	tH	DA�DDefault Paragraph FontNi�N	0Table Normal4�
l4�a�X��X	�I�0Balloon Text$d��a$CJOJQJ^JaJT��T�I�0Balloon Text CharCJOJQJZ�^JaJ���DD�Grid Table Light7:V�0������������������d��:":c;�0Header$
�H�$a$8��18c;�0Header Char
Z�^J: B:c;�0Footer$
�H�$a$8��Q8c;�0Footer Char
Z�^J*��a*X"C0A4
B*CJph!J�rJ�� List Paragraph$��^��a$m$B��B�� List Paragraph CharPJ+j����	8:<?��4`�:$'�\��"�y��L�4&q
����N��~���n�����?��&�	_�����"�X��:����	3	PX	Hf	�	��	��	�1
�m
|
��
��
`V���h��G
bf
$�
 5�u��z$Ʈj��$RFb�f��j$/�G�y�~��>p?P`��V5����n���C�Z�k�q�z0������������H�x�z���L��lxRJU�Y�\�] ^0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~����������������������������2��P���c
B�ؼ�k�n����j0U�UjW�W0Y�Y�Z�[�\�]�] ^������������������������� -�)A�FT|u � !C4o46�?@�@�I�I0ReJe8f�n�njo������؄��C�������՞��L�_�ת}�����|���>������������7�G�������`�����M�|�����%�2��4�A�(�T�j����'
�
y�q�&'�'a8�8�9�>�>�?�U�U�V
l^l=m
~S~�~=�L�l�:�G��5�I����
�l�H�S�N������2�R����������H�L�e����Z���������t�����������r��������{�!�!�"[<�<@=�V�VXWdZrZm[G_m_P`actcwc�m�m�p�\���ӥ��n���/���W�j���W�q�G�����R�.�<���c�y�������BPdD"9;����&�&�'�3�3�3=/=>H)H�H�P�P�QU*U-U3XGX�X�d�d�eCi[i�iCm[m�nRuau�u��܁a���	����̞��˪Ƭų��ռ�������������S�������o���\�����i�Q�j�Q�����*XksA
Q
�
�6�'!($)63E3n4�<�<�=nI|I9J�U�U�V�[�[�\�ef�f�r�rBs�y�y�z~!~�������v���������ԣ'�<�&�y���#���
�ٵ��ӿ5�����(�����8�)�I�K�������D�e������.�����=�>e��	�	
��@��� e+|+l-�2�2�3919:,CICD-MJM�N�W�W�X�abb�e�e�f p=p�q�z�z`{����y���7�����%�(���Ѧ�װ������
�ܴh�i�����^�k�^��6����
������O�s��2��-�-�.�J�JwK�a�a�b�l�l�m�w�w�xۂ�����ɌQ��#�-������Z�s����թ����2��^���!�J�������������������L������,�-�0���Oq���#�#�#r-�-.�6�6J7PCjC�C�e�e�fKjgj�jKnMn�s�s�s*u=y[yrz�~�~�������)�>�ŽX�m�\���ţ[�p�Ǯ]�r�ֹk���*�������a���'�������,�W����������"�d�����y�����jy
�
�
HcU����eg5�56�>
??0B<B�BZGyG�HPMoM�M�Y�Yk[gFg�h@rfr�srv�v�vc|�|�}�4��;�R��������Ƭ߬����طE�[�q��(�>�}������������-�<���
���(�5���	�	\		"	8		%	C	�	�#	�#	�%	b)	z)	�-	�8	�8	�9	�D	
E	�E	�P	�P	�Q	JZ	hZ	[[	�f	�f	ng	�r	�r	s	R~	g~	�~	8�	M�	Ɋ	�	�	��	�	��	9�	w�	��	z�	��	͹	,�	j�	�	��	1�	F�	�	R�	g�	.�	l�	��	��	�	 �	��	�

�
�
�
�
�
�
N
�$
�$
�%
�0
�0
p1
�<
�<
r=
�H
�H
�I
�T
�T
wU
�`
�`
_a
�i
�i
�j
�u
�u
bw
-~
I~
Y
$�
@�
�
�
�
Ŏ
��
��
�
��
��
ʱ
��
��
]�
n��,x��	A[�i$�$+Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q�Q���Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q�Q���Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q�Q���Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q�Q���Q�Q���Q�Q���Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q�Q���Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��Q��*,+!����_Hlk34384704_Hlk19199905_Hlk19199940_Hlk19199674_Hlk49768296_Hlk51397477��xM�Y�gy�
�$+V��MZ�g8�
�$+�
R�ާ���������Ne)�$�^����������{λ������������J�P���������'9J����������\Z-,�Z����������P"������������Q�*�����������t4~+�N����������(7/Q�[�i���������:2�_Ԛn+���������+E%rB�����������������^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.h����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.h���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H��h����^�`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H��h����^�`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H��h����^�`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�Hoh�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.
�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�p�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�@�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�����^�`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H" 
�P�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H" �����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�p�L�^�p`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�@���^�@`���Z�^J�h�H.h����^�`���Z�^J�h�H.h���L�^��`�L�Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�����^��`���Z�^J�h�H.h�P�L�^�P`�L�Z�^J�h�H.Ne)�{�Q�*+E%r'9t4~+��:2�_�P"�
R(7/Q\Z-��������������������������������������������������<	
��__Grammarly_42____i__Grammarly_42___14H4sIAAAAAAAEAKtWckksSQxILCpxzi/NK1GyMqwFAAEhoTITAAAATH4sIAAAAAAAEAKtWcslP9kxRslIyNDYyMjczMTM3NDQyMjQ1MjZU0lEKTi0uzszPAykwtKwFAFoMGKwtAAAA+	g��Times New RomanTimes New Roman3&��Arial?5�	�Courier New5�Symbol;�WingdingsA��Cambria MathG&��CalibriCalibriC&��Calibri LightE&�	�Segoe UIArial@"���h�ۈ�,���}��9�	���xx�d2�����$P�Tm2!xx���ownerowner��Unknown��������������/a�q�IPU�t�?oq�*	Eu`1�6s�
@"	s�\�Q�6d`�P"R#"$k%�'�S*�h*�,�;-gB.fQ.Wm.M0$61711z3�5D5';7`8�8#9�=
@�n@mBX"C�qCDD�aDE�mG�?H~qH@GJ�MK�L�)M�0PJQ<hQSFR�[S]IUz~W�6[�}[7]�e]X@^^E_�a�Db>\de�/e�Ne�,grQi/jWsk�|ke
m�&m�Tm7Ep1rNgrwLt�_u�x�
z�Czo]{�u|�(~�2�%���6x�A4�3���gu��R��S����1��X���%��V�ou�c;�x
�H��Q�1t�~�&	�9K����/M�t�U�+���e��F������Q��8��!�k��7��v��M�@N��f�9��j�[�[3�=�{?��J���,Q��3�`o��<��?�
�+��d��<��4��"�D�Z��!��K��<��b�i4��/��I�ng����&�*��I��l�]n�oF�X��<�Y8��F��j�0+�4��A��M��!`	�� ^AWN20.6	,j>�>��*=�������xx����x����8�d(���Bf�������� 4� $AE��G>�B�����������G����$ApE
H� R�?����@�BH0�@<�?H� � � � �G�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�BStatus of the Lean Startup Methodology (2020): From Theoretical Foundations to Practice Experience and Current Academic Discussions. 
John M. York, PharmD, MBA1,2  
1Institute of the Global Entrepreneur and Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego (San Diego, CA) 
2Cranfield School of Management (Cranfield, UK)














Corresponding Author:  
John M. York, Pharm.D., MBA
1111 Bailey Dr.
Paso Robles, CA 93446
805-238-2485 (o), 949-203-6115 (f)
J1york@eng.UCSD.edu
Words: 10339 Figures: 7, Tables 1
Abstract
The LS method, an extremely popular methodology designed to help ventures navigate uncertainty and improve their odds of success, embraces a hypothesis-driven process for developing successful new enterprises by identifying and validating scalable products and business models. This paper seeks to address relevant questions such as (1) what is the current state of understanding of LS concerning its foundations; (2) what empiric literature describes the recent experience with LS; (3) what does the literature reflect regarding the impact of LS outcomes and performance; and (4) what can we learn from the current academic contributions regarding LS and areas to explore further. This review identifies multiple antecedents and theoretical concepts, along with a review of the scientific evidence that solidifies the underlying foundation for this methodology. While anecdotal experience pervades much of the early experience with LS, academics and practitioners provide a mix of empiric experiences in the past decade. Such contributions highlight a variety of practitioner experiences, offer insights from use in the educational setting, raise issues around the methodology and its use, and set forth boundary conditions for the use of the methodology. Furthermore, studies find mixed results concerning the influence of LS on performance and business outcomes, with only one study that emphasizes the importance of a rigorous approach standing out as significant. The current academic conversation provides diverse perspectives and opinions, ranging from a severe review of the identification of multiple avenues to explore and opportunities to bridge the existing divide between academics and scholars concerning LS. The discussion leads to many further management questions to explore concerning the setting, sector, startup stage, rigor, training, impact, and measurement of outcomes. To this end, these areas indicate both academic and practical questions do exist, and more work needs undertaking to solidify the understanding of the methodology s foundations and its practical impact on new ventures.
Key Words
Business model
Disciplined entrepreneurship
Discovery driven planning
Hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship
Innovation approaches
Iteration
Lean canvas
Lean startup
Pivot
Probe and learn
Scientific-driven entrepreneurship
1.0 Introduction
The lean startup is a concept developed by Eris Ries through his blog and bestselling book, "The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses" ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ries, 2011). It describes a hypothesis-driven process for developing successful new products and businesses. 
Its purpose is to help ventures navigate uncertainty and improve their odds of success rapidly and efficiently (Ries, 2011). This methodology embraces a hypothesis-driven process for developing successful new enterprises by identifying and validating scalable products and business models. LS consists of several essential practices, including entrepreneurial vision, hypotheses generation, experiments using a minimum viable product (MVP), and learning that de/validates the original assumptions and drives action (iterate, pivot, pursue, or exit) (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Case","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"812-095","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship: The lean startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=453795a7-dbdf-4314-81f9-86b842fcb41d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)","manualFormatting":"Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Eisenmann et al., 2013). Individuals utilize this specific methodology, along with customer discovery ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0989200507","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"publisher":"K & S Ranch","title":"The Four Steps to the Epiphany","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=62a71879-ae5a-49ab-b151-564a5807e35c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2005) and a business model (or lean) canvas ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.17705/1CAIS.01601","ISSN":"15293181","abstract":"This paper aims to clarify the concept of business models, its usages, and its roles in the Information Systems domain. A review of the literature shows a broad diversity of understandings, usages, and places in the firm. The paper identifies the terminology or ontology used to describe a business model, and compares this terminology with previous work. Then the general usages, roles and potential of the concept are outlined. Finally, the connection between the business model concept and Information Systems is described in the form of eight propositions to be analyzed in future work.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Osterwalder","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pigneur","given":"Yves","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tucci","given":"Christopher L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"title":"Clarifying Business Models: Origins, Present, and Future of the Concept","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3da9246-84dd-4044-bc0f-d1cacc735f58"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Osterwalder, Pigneur and Tucci, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Osterwalder, Pigneur and Tucci, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Osterwalder, Pigneur and Tucci, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Maurya, 2012; Osterwalder, Pigneur and Tucci, 2005). To this end, some scholars group these together, labeling them as LS activities (LSAs) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship. Copyright � 2015 SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","publisher":"Portugal, SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Lda.","publisher-place":"Barcelona, Spain. April 27 - 30, 2015","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"paper-conference","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2abcaf05-d6c0-430d-ac57-a71910af3667"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020","2"]]},"page":"564-586","title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal","volume":"66"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2020; Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Camuffo et al., 2019; Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2020; Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2020; Ghezzi et al., 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019; Ghezzi et al., 2015).  
This methodology enjoys a tremendous following. Tech startups in Silicon Valley, entrepreneurial ventures throughout the world, schools of business, accelerators, and government programs (e.g., National Science Foundation Innovation CORPS"!) utilize LSAs as part of their entrepreneurship and commercialization training programs (Blank, 2013; Bortolini et al., 2018; Eisenmann et al., 2013; Ghezzi, 2018; Mansoori, 2016ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/SEJ-02-2018-0013","ISSN":"17508533","abstract":"Purpose This paper aims to explore an adaptation of the National Science Foundation Innovation Corps (I-CorpsTM) program, which uses the Lean Startup methodology to help STEM scientists commercialize their research. The adaptation, known as I-Corps for Social Impact (I-Corps SI), extends the for-profit canonical model to include mixed revenue and non-profit business models, to help researchers generate social impact. Design/methodology/approach A research team of policy and non-profit experts observed and adapted a canonical I-Corps process, then interviewed academics who are scaling and sustaining socially impactful solutions from their research, including past I-Corps participants, to validate research team learning. Findings The paper describes limitations of the I-Corps model and modifications required to enhance social impact. Practical implications While the field of social entrepreneurship has grown rapidly over the past few decades, social scientists have lagged behind in translating evidence-based research into solutions that can be scaled and sustained to achieve social impact. The paper presents an evidence-based case for a pedagogical tool to close this gap. Originality/value A focus on validated learning and business model development supports a paradigm shift within the social sciences, which can help spur greater social innovation from evidence-based research.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Semcow","given":"Kathryn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morrison","given":"Jenny Knowles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Social Enterprise Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"248-267","title":"Lean Startup for social impact: Refining the National Science Foundation s Innovation Corps model to spur social science innovation","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=00c058fa-1327-4ef2-a97f-81cba15237df"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Semcow and Morrison, 2018)","manualFormatting":"; Semcow and Morrison, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Semcow and Morrison, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Semcow and Morrison, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}; Semcow and Morrison, 2018). Corporations (e.g., Dropbox, General Electric, Intuit, and Proctor & Gamble) employ LS (Blank, 2013; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","manualFormatting":"Frederiksen and Brem, 2017","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Lashinsky, 2018). LS meetups globally engage 20,000 regular participants (Roush, 2011). 
This paper aims to offer an extensive review of the methodology. This discussion seeks to address several relevant questions: (1) what is the current state of understanding of LS concerning its foundations; (2) what empiric literature describes the recent experience with LS; (3) what does the literature reflect regarding the impact on outcomes and performance; and (4) what can we learn from the current academic contributions regarding the approach and areas to explore further. 
The flow of this paper takes on the following organization. It starts with identifying the roots of LS in lean manufacturing and several other antecedent product development practices, such as probe and learn, discovery-driven planning, and disciplined entrepreneurship. The discussion then segues to explaining the core components of this scientific approach to entrepreneurship and extends into practices and tools that practitioners and scholars intertwine with its build-measure-learn approach. It then delves into the theoretical foundations involving multiple concepts and examines the scientific support for the concept. Then, the discussion provides an exploration of empiric studies, boundaries, and studies evaluating the impact of the methodology on performance and success. Finally, it closes with highlights from recent literature contributions, which capture some of the existing issues and opportunities that are part of the current academic discussion. 
2.0 Antecedents to Lean Startup
LS draws on several antecedent practices to provide the base to its methodology. Most notable is the concept of lean manufacturing. Also, product development practices, including that of probe and learn, discovery-driven planning, and disciplined entrepreneurship, provide elements that set the basis for experimentation and customer discovery activities used as part of the LS methodology.  
2.1 Roots in Lean Manufacturing
This pragmatic approach emanates from the Toyota Production System and lean manufacturing philosophies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e777e182-4809-4955-9dea-a882d3700ac8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"0915299143","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ohno","given":"Taiichi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"publisher":"crc Press","title":"Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74281def-f859-4aea-8d52-892ff645027d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation by James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones was published in 1996 by Simon & Schuster, New York. This book follows a previous highly successful book by Womack, Jones and Roos entitled The Machine That Changed the World. Both books address the revolution in manufacturing represented by the Toyota Production System of the Toyota Corporation of Japan. This type of manufacturing system is called a  lean system  and is contrasted throughout the book with the traditional  mass production  system of manufacturing epitomized by batch-and-queue methods","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Womack","given":"James","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jones","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Lean Thinking","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"title":"Lean Thinking Intro and Chapter 1","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cc4464b3-a34e-423d-bc6d-4d00038825fe"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"ISSN":"1532-9194","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Krafcik","given":"John F","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"page":"41","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","title":"Triumph of the lean production system","type":"article-journal","volume":"30"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f9221d27-ce6d-44e8-b832-d09bf68782a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Krafcik, 1988; Ohno, 1988; Womack and Jones, 2003)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Krafcik, 1988; Ohno, 1988; Womack and Jones, 2003)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Krafcik, 1988; Ohno, 1988; Womack and Jones, 2003)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018; Krafcik, 1988; Ohno, 1988; Womack and Jones, 2003). It draws on the core principals, methodology, and tools of the lean framework. From lean manufacturing, it is about identifying the value stream, creating value and flow, producing only what the customer pulls, and pursuing perfection ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018). The most notable commonalities involve feedback-based learning through experimentation, rapid iteration, small batches, short cycles, and a minimum viable product to improve processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019; Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018; Eisenmann et al., 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018). 
Thus, the lean startup s value proposition centers on the speed of product and business model development and the minimization of wasteful activities through experimentation and validated learning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013). This methodology allows entrepreneurs to develop their ideas efficiently by resolving ambiguities and identifying scalable products and business models. The goal is for firms to achieve product/market fit (P/MF). This concept defined as the right product for the market with demonstrated early-adopter demand and attractive market potential or a good market with a product that can satisfy the space, in a rapid, efficient, and cost-effective manner ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0984999302 9780984999309","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank S","given":"Dorf R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The startup Owners Manual","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"publisher":"K&S Ranch, Inc.,","publisher-place":"Pescadero, Calif.","title":"The startup owner's manual. Vol. 1 : the step-by-step guide for building a great company","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1cb1e42b-6940-4a5a-9a3e-c8359236a4fc"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/marc-andreessen-product-market-fit-startups-marc-andreessen.","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019","2","18"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andreessen","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Linkedin","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"On product/market fit for startups.","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9be7243e-f6c4-443b-bcc3-40b54aeb9966"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Andreessen, 2015; Blank S, 2012; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Andreessen, 2015; Blank S, 2012; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Andreessen, 2015; Blank S, 2012; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Andreessen, 2015; Blank and Dorf, 2010; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013). To this end, the lean startup focuses on shortening the cycle to develop products and business models. It employs a scientific method by using hypothesis-driven experimentation, iterative product releases, validated learning, and customer feedback ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"CB Insights","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"CB Insights.","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"No Title14.","title":"The Top 20 Reasons Startups Fail.","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d1b2355a-cd21-4d03-94fb-7aebf879f5e7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(CB Insights, 2018; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(CB Insights, 2018; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(CB Insights, 2018; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(CB Insights, 2018; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). Such efforts aim to mitigate uncertainty that entrepreneurs face and prevent the development of products that customers do not want. 
2.2 Roots in Product Development Practices: Probe and Learn, Discovery-driven Planning, and Disciplined Entrepreneurship
Part of the experimentation process is that of product development. One particularly relevant product development process, which is similar to and predates the lean startup, is the  probe and learn  process ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"00081256","abstract":"Companies that compete effectively over the long run in technology intensive fields exhibit an ability for both continuous innovations and discontinuous innovations. The latter, which lead to the creation of entirely new businesses and product lines, pose a unique set of challenges for management. They typically require a long, investment-intensive process, marked by pervasive uncertainty, unpleasant surprises, and no guarantee of success. Conventional approaches to new product development, while appropriate for continuous innovation, are inappropriate and sometimes even detrimental when applied to the more discontinuous regime of innovations. Detailed case studies are presented of 4 discontinuous innovations - CAT scanners, optical fibers, cellular phones, and NutraSweet - which explore the process of developing discontinuous innovations. The ways in which these innovations are fundamentally different from the conventional process of incremental innovation are demonstrated.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lynn","given":"Gary S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morone","given":"Joseph G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paulson","given":"Albert S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"California Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"language":"English","note":"Name - Motorola Inc; General Electric Co; G D Searle &amp; Co; Corning Inc\n\nCopyright - Copyright University of California, Walter A. Haas School of Business Spring 1996\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-25\n\nCODEN - CMNRAK\n\nSubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - US","page":"8","publisher-place":"Berkeley","title":"Marketing and discontinuous innovation: The probe and learn process","type":"article-journal","volume":"38"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f61ec401-e805-4dcc-b10d-fb8dcb95d453"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lynn, Morone and Paulson, 1996)","manualFormatting":"(Lynn, Morone, and Paulson, 1996","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lynn, Morone and Paulson, 1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lynn, Morone and Paulson, 1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Lynn et al., 1996).  Probe and learn  relies on feedback to reinforce actions that lead to success and avoid those that lead to failure ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"00081256","abstract":"Companies that compete effectively over the long run in technology intensive fields exhibit an ability for both continuous innovations and discontinuous innovations. The latter, which lead to the creation of entirely new businesses and product lines, pose a unique set of challenges for management. They typically require a long, investment-intensive process, marked by pervasive uncertainty, unpleasant surprises, and no guarantee of success. Conventional approaches to new product development, while appropriate for continuous innovation, are inappropriate and sometimes even detrimental when applied to the more discontinuous regime of innovations. Detailed case studies are presented of 4 discontinuous innovations - CAT scanners, optical fibers, cellular phones, and NutraSweet - which explore the process of developing discontinuous innovations. The ways in which these innovations are fundamentally different from the conventional process of incremental innovation are demonstrated.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lynn","given":"Gary S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morone","given":"Joseph G","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paulson","given":"Albert S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"California Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"language":"English","note":"Name - Motorola Inc; General Electric Co; G D Searle &amp; Co; Corning Inc\n\nCopyright - Copyright University of California, Walter A. Haas School of Business Spring 1996\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-25\n\nCODEN - CMNRAK\n\nSubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - US","page":"8","publisher-place":"Berkeley","title":"Marketing and discontinuous innovation: The probe and learn process","type":"article-journal","volume":"38"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f61ec401-e805-4dcc-b10d-fb8dcb95d453"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lynn, Morone and Paulson, 1996)","manualFormatting":"(Lynn, Morone, and Paulson, 1996","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lynn, Morone and Paulson, 1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lynn, Morone and Paulson, 1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Lynn et al., 1996ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00006-3","ISBN":"9780080448947","abstract":"This paper reviews the literature on organizational learning. Organizational learning is viewed as routine-based, history-dependent, and target-oriented. Organizations are seen as learning by encoding inferences from history into routines that guide behavior. Within this perspective on organizational learn? ing, topics covered include how organizations learn from direct experience, how organizations learn from the experience of others, and how organizations develop conceptual frameworks or paradigms for interpreting that experience. The section on organizational memory discusses how organizations encode, store, and retrieve the lessons of history despite the turnover of personnel and the passage of time. Organizational learning is further complicated by the ecological structure of the simultaneously adapting behavior of other orga? nizations, and by an endogenously changing environment. The final section discusses the limitations as well as the possibilities of organizational learning as a form of intelligence.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levitt","given":"Barbara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"March","given":"James G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ann. Rev. Sociol.","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"14","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"page":"319-40","title":"Organizational learning","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e1911827-4407-4c16-8655-f2a137e280fe"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Levitt and March, 1988)","manualFormatting":"; Levitt and March, 1988)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Levitt and March, 1988)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Levitt and March, 1988)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}; Levitt and March, 1988). 
Discovery-driven planning, initially published in The Harvard Business Review, offers a similar look to exploration and learning that preceded the lean startup and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11277-008-9486-1","ISBN":"0929-6212\\nlft, Netherlands","ISSN":"09296212","PMID":"18271321","abstract":"The concept of discovery driven planning was first published in 19951. The set of ideas it represents are based on our observations that as managers face situations of uncertainty and complexity, conventional means of planning and control are not only unhelpful, but ... ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mcgrath","given":"Rita Gunther","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Macmillan","given":"Ian C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"44-54","title":"Discovery Driven Planning : Turning Conventional Planning on its Head","type":"article-journal","volume":"73"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1b045398-c5a1-4f51-8968-230c9fd8c1b7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995). This technique centers around planning in areas of significant uncertainty. It promotes the practice of adapting the plan as the firm obtains new information from the market, its partners, its competition, or within the company ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11277-008-9486-1","ISBN":"0929-6212\\nlft, Netherlands","ISSN":"09296212","PMID":"18271321","abstract":"The concept of discovery driven planning was first published in 19951. The set of ideas it represents are based on our observations that as managers face situations of uncertainty and complexity, conventional means of planning and control are not only unhelpful, but ... ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mcgrath","given":"Rita Gunther","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Macmillan","given":"Ian C","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"44-54","title":"Discovery Driven Planning : Turning Conventional Planning on its Head","type":"article-journal","volume":"73"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1b045398-c5a1-4f51-8968-230c9fd8c1b7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mcgrath and Macmillan, 1995). Further, the firm s achievement of milestones prompts the release of project funds. Furthermore, a more recent Long Range Planning piece by these scholars tie this process into business model development and the experimentation process involved with entrepreneurship ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"00246301","abstract":"The business model concept offers strategists a fresh way to consider their options in uncertain, fast-moving and unpredictable environments. In contrast to conventional assumptions, recognizing that more new business models are both feasible and actionable than ever before is creating unprecedented opportunities for today's organizations. However, unlike conventional strategies that emphasize analysis, strategies that aim to discover and exploit new models must engage in significant experimentation and learning - a 'discovery driven,' rather than analytical approach. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrath","given":"Rita Gunther","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2/3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Pergamon Press Inc. Apr-Jun 2010\n\nLast updated - 2014-05-16\n\nCODEN - LRPJA4","page":"247","publisher":"Pergamon Press Inc.","publisher-place":"London","title":"Business Models: A Discovery Driven Approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2ddfb26e-d14f-4486-a686-0e76ac677b27"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrath, 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrath, 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrath, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(McGrath, 2010). To this end, Steve Blank credits this approach as a foundational concept for customer discovery and the lean startup ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard business review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"63-72","title":"Why the lean start-up changes everything","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=07031a80-1400-4b8c-9953-3173c9112a0d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2013).
Furthermore, the concept of disciplined entrepreneurship, published in Sloan Management Review, touches on similar concepts ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"15329194","abstract":"Although the pursuit of opportunity promises outsized rewards to entrepreneurs and established enterprises, it also entails great uncertainty. The critical task of entrepreneurship lies in effectively managing the uncertainty inherent in trying something new. Over the past five years, systematic research was conducted into how entrepreneurs manage the inevitable risks while pursuing opportunities. A synthesis of the research revealed that discipline - and its byproduct, the successful management of uncertainty - comes through the adoption of an iterative experimentation model. In this three-step process, an entrepreneur first formulates a working hypothesis about an opportunity, then assembles the resources to test the hypothesis, and finally designs and runs real-world experiments. The model provides insights into some of the most daunting questions entrepreneurs face - including how to screen an opportunity, how much money to raise, when to make key hires and how to use limited resources most efficiently.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sull","given":"Donald N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright � Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. All rights reserved.\n\nDocument feature - references\n\nLast updated - 2017-11-07\n\nCODEN - SMRVAO","page":"71-77","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"Disciplined Entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal","volume":"46"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5619ca88-3b5d-46a0-8335-10af31e4d595"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Sull, 2004). This London Business School researcher builds his concepts from case research and grounded theory drawn from multiple disciplines and, in particular, the work of Karl Popper ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"15329194","abstract":"Although the pursuit of opportunity promises outsized rewards to entrepreneurs and established enterprises, it also entails great uncertainty. The critical task of entrepreneurship lies in effectively managing the uncertainty inherent in trying something new. Over the past five years, systematic research was conducted into how entrepreneurs manage the inevitable risks while pursuing opportunities. A synthesis of the research revealed that discipline - and its byproduct, the successful management of uncertainty - comes through the adoption of an iterative experimentation model. In this three-step process, an entrepreneur first formulates a working hypothesis about an opportunity, then assembles the resources to test the hypothesis, and finally designs and runs real-world experiments. The model provides insights into some of the most daunting questions entrepreneurs face - including how to screen an opportunity, how much money to raise, when to make key hires and how to use limited resources most efficiently.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sull","given":"Donald N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright � Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. All rights reserved.\n\nDocument feature - references\n\nLast updated - 2017-11-07\n\nCODEN - SMRVAO","page":"71-77","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"Disciplined Entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal","volume":"46"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5619ca88-3b5d-46a0-8335-10af31e4d595"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Sull, 2004). He highlights the critical challenge of managing uncertainty inherent with the entrepreneurial experience ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"15329194","abstract":"Although the pursuit of opportunity promises outsized rewards to entrepreneurs and established enterprises, it also entails great uncertainty. The critical task of entrepreneurship lies in effectively managing the uncertainty inherent in trying something new. Over the past five years, systematic research was conducted into how entrepreneurs manage the inevitable risks while pursuing opportunities. A synthesis of the research revealed that discipline - and its byproduct, the successful management of uncertainty - comes through the adoption of an iterative experimentation model. In this three-step process, an entrepreneur first formulates a working hypothesis about an opportunity, then assembles the resources to test the hypothesis, and finally designs and runs real-world experiments. The model provides insights into some of the most daunting questions entrepreneurs face - including how to screen an opportunity, how much money to raise, when to make key hires and how to use limited resources most efficiently.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sull","given":"Donald N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright � Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. All rights reserved.\n\nDocument feature - references\n\nLast updated - 2017-11-07\n\nCODEN - SMRVAO","page":"71-77","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"Disciplined Entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal","volume":"46"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5619ca88-3b5d-46a0-8335-10af31e4d595"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Sull, 2004). He emphasizes similar learning concepts that lay the foundation for the lean startup, particularly related to the formulation of hypotheses, running staged experiments, and iteration (reflective of learning) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"15329194","abstract":"Although the pursuit of opportunity promises outsized rewards to entrepreneurs and established enterprises, it also entails great uncertainty. The critical task of entrepreneurship lies in effectively managing the uncertainty inherent in trying something new. Over the past five years, systematic research was conducted into how entrepreneurs manage the inevitable risks while pursuing opportunities. A synthesis of the research revealed that discipline - and its byproduct, the successful management of uncertainty - comes through the adoption of an iterative experimentation model. In this three-step process, an entrepreneur first formulates a working hypothesis about an opportunity, then assembles the resources to test the hypothesis, and finally designs and runs real-world experiments. The model provides insights into some of the most daunting questions entrepreneurs face - including how to screen an opportunity, how much money to raise, when to make key hires and how to use limited resources most efficiently.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sull","given":"Donald N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright � Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. All rights reserved.\n\nDocument feature - references\n\nLast updated - 2017-11-07\n\nCODEN - SMRVAO","page":"71-77","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"Disciplined Entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal","volume":"46"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5619ca88-3b5d-46a0-8335-10af31e4d595"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Sull, 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Sull, 2004).
3.0 Core Principles and Activities
Five principles define the lean startup: (1) entrepreneurs are ubiquitous; (2) entrepreneurship is management; (3) learning is validated; (4) build-measure-learn; and (5) innovation accounting ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Ries, 2011, pp. 8,9)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ries, 2011, pp. 8,9). These principles underlie the essential activities involves with this methodology ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018; Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018; Eisenmann et al., 2013; Ries, 2011). 
3.1 Entrepreneurial Vision
Initiating this process is a clear entrepreneurial vision for the problem on which the business focus ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011). This phase involves ideation, which comprises the creative efforts in generating ideas and the business the entrepreneur wishes to address, such as used in design thinking ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.13140/2.1.1834.4647","ISBN":"9780615664538","abstract":"This article analyzes two different strategies that both aim at creating innovative design or business concepts based on a user-centered approach: design thinking and lean startup. Both approaches involve customers, potential users, or other stakeholders into their development process. Although there are significant differences in both strategies, there are also several similarities in methodology and process design. This article compares process models for lean startup and design thinking and highlights the specific differences and similarities, based on a structured literature review. As a result specific modifications of both strategies are suggested. This article contributes to a better understanding of both design thinking and lean startup, and it may help to improve either of the two strategies to foster innovative concepts.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mueller","given":"Roland M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thoring","given":"Katja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of 2012 International Design Management Research Conference","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"January 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"151-161","title":"Design Thinking Vs Lean Startup: A Comparison of Two Userdriven Innovation Strategies","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bba46d23-f0b0-42e8-ac68-650ad748d23f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mueller and Thoring, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mueller and Thoring, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mueller and Thoring, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mueller and Thoring, 2012). Interestingly, while the lean startup does not explicitly define this phase, the vision remains essential to the starting process ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011).  
3.2 Vision to Falsifiable Hypotheses 
The next phase involves the translation of the vision to several falsifiable hypotheses. This concept underlies the scientific process to guide entrepreneurial decision-making using the Popperian approach ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.4324/9780203994627","ISBN":"0203994620","abstract":"Described by the philosopher A.J. Ayer as a work of  great originality and power , this book revolutionized contemporary thinking on science and knowledge. Ideas such as the now legendary doctrine of  falsificationism  electrified the scientific community, influencing even working scientists, as well as post-war philosophy. This astonishing work ranks alongside The Open Society and Its Enemies as one of Popper s most enduring books and contains insights and arguments that demand to be read to this day.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Popper","given":"Karl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The Logic of Scientific Discovery","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"title":"The logic of scientific discovery","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=039ec77f-8b8e-4325-a79f-21c88340c7fd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Popper, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Popper, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Popper, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Popper, 2005). This effort requires the entrepreneur to identify the underlying assumptions towards a business vision. This aspiration includes a business model, which represents an integrated array of choices that defines the firm's customers, value propositions, and activities to generate, deliver, and capture the envisioned worth ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","abstract":"Firms that follow a hypothesis-driven approach to evaluating entrepreneurial opportunity are called \"lean startups.\" Entrepreneurs in these startups translate their vision into falsifiable business model hypotheses, then test the hypotheses using a series of \"minimum viable products,\" each of which represents the smallest set of features/activities needed to rigorously validate a concept. Based on test feedback, entrepreneurs must then decide whether to persevere with their business model, \"pivot\" by changing some model elements, or abandon the startup. This note describes, step-by-step, how to follow the hypothesis-driven approach when evaluating entrepreneurial opportunity; explains how the approach mitigates cognitive biases that otherwise can contribute to poor decisions; and considers conditions that are best suited for lean startup methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business School Background Note 812-095","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=270746b5-ce22-4a6c-b0fa-421da54dce4b"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003","ISSN":"00246301","abstract":"Whenever a business enterprise is established, it either explicitly or implicitly employs a particular business model that describes the design or architecture of the value creation, delivery, and capture mechanisms it employs. The essence of a business model is in defining the manner by which the enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those payments to profit. It thus reflects management's hypothesis about what customers want, how they want it, and how the enterprise can organize to best meet those needs, get paid for doing so, and make a profit. The purpose of this article is to understand the significance of business models and explore their connections with business strategy, innovation management, and economic theory. � 2009.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teece","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"172-194","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Business models, business strategy and innovation","type":"article-journal","volume":"43"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8631ce7e-0756-44fe-9e72-4773cc5d3508"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004","ISBN":"9788578110796","ISSN":"1098-6596","PMID":"25246403","abstract":"Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein"protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-�-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD d" 2.0 � for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21% with default Glide SP settings to 58% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Osterwalder","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pigneur","given":"Yves","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"title":"Business model generation","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=21400c70-be9b-49ed-9a9f-843b135f6c6d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2013; Teece, 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2013; Teece, 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2013; Teece, 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2013; Teece, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2013; Teece, 2010). From these assumptions, the entrepreneur will develop falsifiable hypotheses around the business model. 
3.3 Experimentation ( Build-Measure-Learn )
Following the initial development of hypotheses is the experimentation stage ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kerr","given":"William R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nanda","given":"Ramana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rhodes-kropf","given":"Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kerr","given":"William R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nanda","given":"Ramana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-4","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"25-48","title":"Entrepreneurship as Experimentation1 Although fundamental importance of entrepreneurship has been gener it has the","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4ad19529-4dff-4ca3-b8fe-baea096a6afe"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Kerr et al., 2017; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2013; Kerr et al., 2017; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Kerr et al., 2017; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Kerr et al., 2017; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann et al., 2013; Kerr et al., 2017; Ries, 2011). Ries (2011) fashions the lean startup as a scientific approach using the testing of these hypotheses to provide for validated learning to guide decisions (Figure 1). This phase centers on the "build-measure-learn" cycle ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ries, 2011), which draws similarities to the plan-do-check-act ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Deming","given":"W.E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]},"publisher":"MIT Press","publisher-place":"Boston, MA.","title":"Out of the Crisis","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f2910465-575c-4637-b953-0219a4eeabeb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Deming, 1986)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Deming, 1986)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Deming, 1986)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Deming, 1986) and observe-orient-decide-act ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"www.ausairpower.net/JRB/poc.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","1","18"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boyd","given":"J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]},"title":"Patterns of conflict","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=63e910fb-815d-413f-8141-df8cb9b65d19"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boyd, 1986)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boyd, 1986)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boyd, 1986)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Boyd, 1986) cycles. 
Essential to this experimentation process is the release of a minimum viable product or MVP (Figure 2). This MVP enables the firm to launch sooner and reach early evangelists to get initial input of the product (Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013). Ries defines it as the product version that can drive a "build-measure-learn" cycle turn with the most minimal effort and development time but requires extra work for one to measure its impact ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Ries, 2011, P. 77)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ries, 2011, P. 77). Also, the MVP should contain a  bare-bones  set of features and capabilities to measure its traction in the market ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.22215/timreview535","ISSN":"1927-0321","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are often faced with limited resources in their quest to commercialize new technology. This article presents the model of a lean startup, which can be applied to an organization regardless of its size or environment. It also emphasizes the conditions of ex- treme uncertainty under which the commercialization of new technology is carried out. The lean startup philosophy advocates efficient use of resources by introducing a minim- um viable product to the market as soon as possible in order to test its value and the entre- preneur s growth projections. This testing is done by running experiments that examine the metrics relevant to three distinct types of the growth. These experiments bring about accelerated learning to help reduce the uncertainty that accompanies commercialization projects, thereby bringing the resulting new technology to market faster.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rancic Moogk","given":"Dobrila","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technology Innovation Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012","3","1"]]},"page":"23-26","title":"Minimum Viable Product and the Importance of Experimentation in Technology Startups","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ace6fe20-2646-4b96-91d0-f02c0161a286"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rancic Moogk, 2012)","manualFormatting":"(Rancic Moogk, 2012, P. 24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rancic Moogk, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rancic Moogk, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Rancic Moogk, 2012, P. 24). Finally, it allows the firm to trial its riskiest assumptions and shortening the feedback time ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ng","given":"Grace","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Forbes","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Five Pitfalls of Running Lean Startup Experiments.","type":"article-magazine"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a73331f9-8ae7-44b1-9988-318e93cac08f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ng, no date)","manualFormatting":"(Ng, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ng, no date)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ng, no date)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ng, 2015). 
Also tied in with experimentation is the practice of customer discovery, which this section discusses later. In this case, customer discovery involves the use of interviews to gather data to confirm or refute hypotheses around the product, but more significantly around the business model assumptions. 
3.4 Measurement
Innovation accounting is the outcome of experimentation. Having a metric-based evaluation with actionable metrics helps to measure progress and, more importantly, to validate learning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=44920897-3160-4a5e-a8ff-86c4159e43ef"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8e0ad82f-3e06-4148-bc6a-b71d2afabd4b"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013a; Felin et al., 2019; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013a; Felin et al., 2019; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013a; Felin et al., 2019; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B. (2013).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media.","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=11f1a5fe-413c-4f5c-ad69-ed354580e293"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"Croll & Yoskovitz, 2013; Maurya, 2012; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Croll and Yoskovitz, 2013; Felin et al., 2019; Ries, 2011). Startups test their hypotheses and use quantitative metrics to evaluate progress. Examples include thresholds (e.g., a Kickstarter target), web landing page engagement (e.g., click-through rates, sign-ups), A/B tests (comparison of two versions of a product or communication), and MVP responses (e.g., willingness to pay). To be meaningful, the results from these experiments require a threshold metric to achieve (i.e., 50 percent of interviewees will prefer a subscription model or the viral coefficient for messaging will be 0.5). 

3.5 Learning: 
The lean startup is about learning and validating hypotheses so startups can efficiently make  go forward  or  fail fast  decisions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ries, 2011). To this objective, the final phase involves learning from these experiments, which Ries calls validated learning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ries, 2011). This effort includes confirming or ruling out various hypotheses. Based on these test s results, the entrepreneur has several options- pivoting, iteration, escalation, or giving up ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018). The ultimate goal from their learning effort is to achieve P/MF ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0989200507","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"publisher":"K & S Ranch","title":"The Four Steps to the Epiphany","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=62a71879-ae5a-49ab-b151-564a5807e35c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2005; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2005; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2005; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2005; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2005; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018).
The most notable are iterations and pivots in the product s design and the firm s business model ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013). In particular, the actions of iteration reflect that of Kaizen (continuous improvement with new processes to achieve an end) and pivoting that of Kaikaku (substantial changes to existing processes) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"007554332X","abstract":"Other notes: cited by Liker J., ed. Becoming lean: Inside stories of US manufacturers, Productivity Press, Portland, Oregon, 1998.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Imai","given":"Masaaki","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Becoming lean Inside stories of US manufacturers","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]},"title":"Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a655f5d8-ef94-4c4f-9a3a-187c7aae794d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.1332646","abstract":"Considering today's increasing speed of change, radical and innovative improvement - Kaikaku, is a necessity parallel to continuous incremental improvement - Kaizen, especially for SME's in order to attain the competitive edge needed to be profitable. During 2011, a qualitative single case study with the objective of realizing a kaikaku in production has been conducted. The case study was run as a one year project using a collaborative approach including both researchers and company representatives. The case study was conducted with the purpose of gaining further knowledge about kaikaku realization as well as its implications. The empirical results provide insights about the great productivity results achieved by applying a specific kaikaku realization approach. However, it also sheds light on the difficulty and contradiction of combining innovation management and production system development.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"G�svaer","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Axelson","given":"Jens","non-dropping-particle":"von","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Kaikaku : Radical improvement in production","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f0f2520d-c472-427d-a813-75fe0aa868cd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(G�svaer and von Axelson, 2012; Imai, 1986)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(G�svaer and von Axelson, 2012; Imai, 1986)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(G�svaer and von Axelson, 2012; Imai, 1986)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(G�svaer and von Axelson, 2012; Imai, 1986). Further, such actions reflect single- and double-loop learning processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The work of Chris Argyris (1923 ) has influenced thinking about the relationship of people and organizations, organizational learning and action research. contents: introduction "  life "  theories of action: theory in use and espoused theory "  single loop and double loop learning "  model I and model II "  organizational learning "  conclusion "  further reading and references "  links "  cite Chris Argyris has made a significant contribution to the development of our appreciation of organizational learning, and, almost in passing, deepened our understanding of experiential learning. On this page we examine the significance of the models he developed with Donald Sch�n of single  loop and double loop learning, and how these translate into contrasting models of organizational learning systems. Life","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argyris","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schon","given":"Donald","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reading, MA: Addision Wesley","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1978"]]},"title":"Organizational learning: A theory of action approach","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=20c80fd5-1248-4c9f-85cf-af53f15991f4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1978)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1978)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1978)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Argyris and Schon, 1978). Due to such actions, scholars also characterize lean startup as an adaptive strategy ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.2571777","abstract":"To assess the impact of suggesting different approaches to the strategic process to early-stage\\r\\nentrepreneurs, we examine their before-and-after performance in a randomized field experiment. Contrary\\r\\nto the finding that entrepreneurs should be adaptive and open to changing their business model and\\r\\nstrategic direction frequently, we find that instructing entrepreneurs to have a strong, persistent vision for\\r\\ntheir startup often results in better performance in the early stages. However, we find that having more\\r\\ndiverse social ties can mitigate the disadvantage of the adaptive approach at the beginning of the venture.\\r\\nFurther, we find that while the planning approach works in the very early stage, a two-year follow-up\\r\\nsurvey indicates the adaptive approach yields better outcomes in terms of revenues and fundraising.\\r\\nHowever, the adaptive approach with a diverse mentor tie continues to yield better outcomes in the\\r\\nfollow-up survey, suggesting that the advantage of coupling adaptive approach with diverse social ties\\r\\ncontinues to persist. The results show that the formulation of a strategic approach benefits from\\r\\nconsideration of the interaction with social network ties.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Charles E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wu","given":"Lynn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-42","title":"Entrepreneurial Adaptation and Social Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on a MOOC Platform","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=20198722-0761-4892-8871-b3bb67eec4ad"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eesley and Wu, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eesley and Wu, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Eesley and Wu, 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018; Eesley and Wu, 2015). Iterations require minor changes to the MVP or business model. Pivoting involves a more substantial course correction from the initial hypothesis and MVP to new ones around the product, strategy, and engine of growth. Customer interviews provide qualitative data and hypothesis testing supplies quantitative data to inform these decisions.  
Being able to learn during this process is essential to ensure that the startup does not scale up prematurely due to a false positive ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Case","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"812-095","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship: The lean startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=453795a7-dbdf-4314-81f9-86b842fcb41d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)","manualFormatting":"(Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eisenmann et al., 2013). Data from the Startup Genome indicates that such startup efforts fall short of those firms that spend the time to identify the appropriate fit of product and business model to the market opportunity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berman","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Chuck","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Startup Genome Report 01","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a19c6ef-f7f9-40a9-9a71-dcf009c5cb81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011).
4.0 Intertwined Activities with the Lean Startup
Academicians and startups employ Ries s lean startup in combination with Blank s customer discovery and Osterwalder and Pigneur s business model canvas (Figure ) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e777e182-4809-4955-9dea-a882d3700ac8"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8301c96f-cedf-40a0-800b-12bc4b2e6311"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018). Others will use a variation of the business model canvas created by Maurya, called the lean canvas (Figure) (Maurya, 2012). Accordingly, they refer to customer discovery and the lean startup as the  lean startup approaches  ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71446759-97f6-4f32-b3c4-7e3b908b604e"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"May 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b65bed6-82bd-460f-9a2a-9e2bbcb80fef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2013; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi et al., 2015a; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2013; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018). They combine these approaches with business model development (a topic the business model section will cover in more detail) when discussing or evaluating the lean startup ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71446759-97f6-4f32-b3c4-7e3b908b604e"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"May 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b65bed6-82bd-460f-9a2a-9e2bbcb80fef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2013; Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi et al., 2015a; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2013; Ghezzi et al., 2015). 
Thus, it is critical to characterize customer discovery (Figure 3), a cornerstone activity that draws from Steve Blank s original work ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"1119690358","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","title":"The four steps to the epiphany: successful strategies for products that win","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a2e72c44-e269-41ec-9459-a2f6580d39ab"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2005). This process involves a search in which the entrepreneur focuses on identifying the customer, one s needs, P/MF, and a repeatable revenue model. Blank emphasizes that customer discovery is as important as product development and should start early ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorf","given":"Bob","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"First Principles... In www. steveblank. com. Retrieved from http://steveblank. com/2010/01/25/whats-a-startup-first-principles","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"THE STARTUP","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=64df3333-8efe-462a-8ec1-e217a19d4187"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank and Dorf, 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Blank and Dorf, 2010; Blank, 2013).)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank and Dorf, 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank and Dorf, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank and Dorf, 2010; Blank, 2013).). He explains that this process involves direct conversations with customers by  getting out of the building  ( GOOB ) to understand their issues and to test hypotheses around the problem or  job-to-do  and the business model ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"1119690358","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","title":"The four steps to the epiphany: successful strategies for products that win","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a2e72c44-e269-41ec-9459-a2f6580d39ab"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2020)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2005, 2013","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2005, 2013; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"00178012","abstract":"Firms have never known more about their customers, but their innovation processes remain hit-or-miss. Why? According to Christensen and his coauthors, product developers focus too much on building customer profiles and looking for correlations in data. To create offerings that people truly want to buy, firms instead need to home in on the job the customer is trying to get done. Some jobs are little (pass the time); some are big (find a more fulfilling career). When we buy a product, we essentially  hire  it to help us do a job. If it does the job well, we ll hire it again. If it does a crummy job, we  fire  it and look for something else to solve the problem. Jobs are multifaceted. They re never simply about function; they have powerful social and emotional dimensions. And the circumstances in which customers try to do them are more critical than any buyer characteristics. Consider the experiences of condo developers targeting retirees who wanted to downsize their homes. Sales were weak until the developers realized their business was not construction but transitioning lives. Instead of adding more features to the condos, they created services assisting buyers with the move and with their decisions about what to keep and to discard. Sales took off. The key to successful innovation is identifying jobs that are poorly performed in customers  lives and then designing products, experiences, and processes around those jobs","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Christensen","given":"Clayton M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hall","given":"Taddy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillon","given":"Karen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Duncan","given":"David S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"title":"Know your customers??? \"jobs to be done\"","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=955191fe-f763-40bf-aa16-195cb24835c7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Christensen et al., 2016)","manualFormatting":"Christensen et al., 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Christensen et al., 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Christensen et al., 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Christensen et al., 2016). The entrepreneur s job is to get inside the customer s head to discover and validate (or refute) the problem and guesses around the business model. Then, it is to determine whether the hypothesized solution might work. This activity ties in with Ries s  build-measure-learn  cycle as the entrepreneur, via a significant number of interviews, can gather a signal that supports or refutes one s hypotheses. With such data, the startup can build and validate an MVP and a scalable business model. 
5.0 Underlying Theoretical Foundations
Due to its genesis from practitioner experience and non-peer review literature, entrepreneurial scholars raise concerns regarding the underlying foundations for the lean startup ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose: The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach: A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings: The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value: This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4167d9a8-fd79-40e5-abcf-18a5f7306cd5"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=629f17f8-4fb7-44d7-b33e-4a1fb5de725e"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8e0ad82f-3e06-4148-bc6a-b71d2afabd4b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b; Felin et al., 2019; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019; Felin et al., 2019; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018 )","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b; Felin et al., 2019; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019; Felin et al., 2019; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018; Felin et al., 2019; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","manualFormatting":"Frederiksen and Brem, 2017","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018 ). Several do examine established theories and constructs, and scientific literature to situate the methodology ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose: The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach: A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings: The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value: This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4167d9a8-fd79-40e5-abcf-18a5f7306cd5"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=629f17f8-4fb7-44d7-b33e-4a1fb5de725e"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018; Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018). Among these, some provide empiric support (Bortolini et al., 2018; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Ghezzi, 2018; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11187-017-9978-z","ISSN":"0921-898X","abstract":"The lean startup model emerging from the Silicon Valley recently has become worldwide practice. In this model, search and execution are the two primary activities conducted by entrepreneurial firms. Search activities focus on learning and discovery, such as exploring new customer and market segments, while execution activities focus on implementing well-defined plans and scaling up. Effectuation and causation are two different cognitive approaches an entrepreneur might use to conduct strategic moves. We argue that entrepreneurial effectuation cognition is associated with more search behaviors and that entrepreneurial causation cognition is associated with more execution behaviors. We test these hypotheses in a survey of 160 firms and find evidence in support of our arguments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yang","given":"Xiaoming","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sun","given":"Sunny Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Xiangyang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small Business Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019","3","4"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Small Business Economics is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.\n\nLast updated - 2019-03-05","page":"667-679","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"Department of Marketing and Entrepreneurship, College of Business Administration, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA ; Department of Marketing, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation, Robert J. Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts L","title":"Search and execution: examining the entrepreneurial cognitions behind the lean startup model","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3b27fc38-0d23-4879-b454-375f29e223ab"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019a)","manualFormatting":"Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Yang et al., 2019).
Multiple academic theories provide a foundation for LS (Figure). Notable are the concepts of effectuation, bricolage, creation, organizational learning, dynamic capabilities, and real options.  
5.1 Effectuation 
Effectuation is a theory developed by Sarasvathy (Sarasvathy, 2001; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3905/jpe.2005.605370","ISSN":"1096-5572","abstract":"Entrepreneurship has traditionally been studied either as a set of psychological characteristics or as a residual of environmental structures such as social networks. In line with more recent process views, the authors propose the study of entrepreneurship as a form of expertise a set of skills, models, and processes that can be acquired with time and deliberate practice. This article delineates the domain of entrepreneurial expertise and demarcates the role of deliberate practice within it, demonstrates the efficacy of effectuation as a theory about entrepreneurial expertise, and develops testable propositions about effectual action in the development of entrepreneurial expertise and firm growth.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Read","given":"Stuart","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sarasvathy","given":"Saras D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The Journal of Private Equity","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"45-62","title":"Knowing What to Do and Doing What You Know","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=26dbb958-154e-4ff4-94de-2cb9cc5f2ae2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Read and Sarasvathy, 2005)","manualFormatting":"Read and Sarasvathy, 2005","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Read and Sarasvathy, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Read and Sarasvathy, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Read and Sarasvathy, 2005). It represents the inverse of causal logic, a goal-driven approach that uses means to reach the set objective and reflects the future as only a continuation of the past (or that of certainty) (Sarasvathy, 2001; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11187-017-9978-z","ISSN":"0921-898X","abstract":"� 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The lean startup model emerging from the Silicon Valley recently has become worldwide practice. In this model, search and execution are the two primary activities conducted by entrepreneurial firms. Search activities focus on learning and discovery, such as exploring new customer and market segments, while execution activities focus on implementing well-defined plans and scaling up. Effectuation and causation are two different cognitive approaches an entrepreneur might use to conduct strategic moves. We argue that entrepreneurial effectuation cognition is associated with more search behaviors and that entrepreneurial causation cognition is associated with more execution behaviors. We test these hypotheses in a survey of 160 firms and find evidence in support of our arguments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yang","given":"Xiaoming","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sun","given":"Sunny Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Xiangyang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small Business Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019","3","4"]]},"page":"667-679","publisher":"Small Business Economics","title":"Search and execution: examining the entrepreneurial cognitions behind the lean startup model","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=33adacd8-abc0-414d-b6ef-bcb69607a574"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019b)","manualFormatting":"Yang, Sun, and Zhao, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Yang et al., 2019). In contrast, effectuation suggests that entrepreneurs engage in uncertain and dynamic environments with many unknowns, including which customers will buy the product Sarasvathy, 2001; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00537.x","ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"This study provides a critical examination of how different theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research translate into individual behavior, and whether such behavior is evident in the creation and development of new ventures. Using an alternative templates research methodology, the behaviors underlying the theories of effectuation, causation, and bricolage are evaluated to see whether such behaviors are observable in case study data describing the early development of six new ventures. The analysis highlights behavioral similarities and differences between the various theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research, providing insight into how these perspectives contrast and complement one another, and how they could be integrated in future research. � 2012 Baylor University.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Greg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1019-1051","title":"Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a39b1048-0b23-4896-a592-e2931211a18f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","manualFormatting":"Fisher, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Fisher, 2012). They will shape the outcomes of their futures rather than being a consequence of the past ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b65bed6-82bd-460f-9a2a-9e2bbcb80fef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi et al., 2015). It is means driven, without a set goal Sarasvathy, 2001; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00537.x","ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"This study provides a critical examination of how different theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research translate into individual behavior, and whether such behavior is evident in the creation and development of new ventures. Using an alternative templates research methodology, the behaviors underlying the theories of effectuation, causation, and bricolage are evaluated to see whether such behaviors are observable in case study data describing the early development of six new ventures. The analysis highlights behavioral similarities and differences between the various theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research, providing insight into how these perspectives contrast and complement one another, and how they could be integrated in future research. � 2012 Baylor University.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Greg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1019-1051","title":"Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a39b1048-0b23-4896-a592-e2931211a18f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","manualFormatting":"Fisher, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Fisher, 2012). Effectuation rests on four core principles that contrast causation: (1) affordable loss versus expected returns; (2) strategic alliances or partnerships versus competitive analysis; (2) exploiting contingencies versus that of preexisting knowledge; and (4) controlling an unpredictable future versus attempting to predict one that is (Sarasvathy 2001, Yang et al. 2018; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00537.x","ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"This study provides a critical examination of how different theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research translate into individual behavior, and whether such behavior is evident in the creation and development of new ventures. Using an alternative templates research methodology, the behaviors underlying the theories of effectuation, causation, and bricolage are evaluated to see whether such behaviors are observable in case study data describing the early development of six new ventures. The analysis highlights behavioral similarities and differences between the various theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research, providing insight into how these perspectives contrast and complement one another, and how they could be integrated in future research. � 2012 Baylor University.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Greg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1019-1051","title":"Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a39b1048-0b23-4896-a592-e2931211a18f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","manualFormatting":"Fisher, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Fisher, 2012). Furthermore, effectuation is associated with  search  activities ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11187-017-9978-z","ISSN":"15730913","abstract":"� 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The lean startup model emerging from the Silicon Valley recently has become worldwide practice. In this model, search and execution are the two primary activities conducted by entrepreneurial firms. Search activities focus on learning and discovery, such as exploring new customer and market segments, while execution activities focus on implementing well-defined plans and scaling up. Effectuation and causation are two different cognitive approaches an entrepreneur might use to conduct strategic moves. We argue that entrepreneurial effectuation cognition is associated with more search behaviors and that entrepreneurial causation cognition is associated with more execution behaviors. We test these hypotheses in a survey of 160 firms and find evidence in support of our arguments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yang","given":"Xiaoming","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sun","given":"Sunny Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Xiangyang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small Business Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"667-679","title":"Search and execution: examining the entrepreneurial cognitions behind the lean startup model","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5d3d7601-3b5e-41aa-9094-2daf6cdf0054"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)","manualFormatting":"(Yang, Sun, and Zhao, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Yang et al., 2019). 
This concept embodies both theory to explain past performance, and a methodology, similar to the scientific method, to apply so entrepreneurs can  fail more effectively,  use fewer resources, and gain experience quickly ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nilsen","given":"Gaute Terland","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ramm","given":"Nicolay Arguillere","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: A success factor? A quantitative study of how the use of the Lean Startup framework affects the success of Norwegian high-tech startups.","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cef43cfd-3b8b-4672-94ee-8a7e6a9d92b1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.effectuation.org/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","1","30"]]},"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"title":"Society for Effectual Action","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2af93e2a-f362-4972-a2e5-86e5d9aa3d9d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Anon., 2000)","manualFormatting":"Society for Effectual Action, 2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Anon., 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Anon., 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Society for Effectual Action, 2000). 
Concerning the lean startup, effectuation supports the practices of experimentation to test hypotheses around the business model and the MVP through feedback loops, and then to validate learning via iteration and pivoting ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=629f17f8-4fb7-44d7-b33e-4a1fb5de725e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). It also describes how entrepreneurs will draw on available resources and partnerships (the means) to deliver on a value proposition. 
Both a historical review of the literature ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose: The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach: A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings: The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value: This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4167d9a8-fd79-40e5-abcf-18a5f7306cd5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018) and an evaluation of the supportive scientific literature ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017) highlight strong antecedents to lean startup rooted in effectuation theory. Evidence from a mixed-methods study involving 227 Milanese digital startups provides significant support for this theoretical underpinning ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=629f17f8-4fb7-44d7-b33e-4a1fb5de725e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). Further data involving 160 Chinese startups indicate that firms up to seven years of age that engage in  search  activities exhibit higher profitability ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11187-017-9978-z","ISSN":"15730913","abstract":"� 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The lean startup model emerging from the Silicon Valley recently has become worldwide practice. In this model, search and execution are the two primary activities conducted by entrepreneurial firms. Search activities focus on learning and discovery, such as exploring new customer and market segments, while execution activities focus on implementing well-defined plans and scaling up. Effectuation and causation are two different cognitive approaches an entrepreneur might use to conduct strategic moves. We argue that entrepreneurial effectuation cognition is associated with more search behaviors and that entrepreneurial causation cognition is associated with more execution behaviors. We test these hypotheses in a survey of 160 firms and find evidence in support of our arguments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yang","given":"Xiaoming","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sun","given":"Sunny Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Xiangyang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small Business Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"667-679","title":"Search and execution: examining the entrepreneurial cognitions behind the lean startup model","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5d3d7601-3b5e-41aa-9094-2daf6cdf0054"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)","manualFormatting":"(Yang, Sun, and Zhao, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Yang et al., 2019). 
5.2 Bricolage 
Bricolage is a theory that Baker and Nelson brought forth into entrepreneurship and built on the original concept that anthropologist L�vi-Strauss introduced in the 1960s ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"Reed E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"329-366","title":"from Nothing : Resource","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=83356def-7901-43c1-9903-5516782465c6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Baker and Nelson, 2005; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levi-Strauss","given":"Claude","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1966"]]},"publisher":"University of Chicago Press.","publisher-place":"Chicago","title":"The savage mind.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7fae5399-43b4-4021-8fe3-8de48e3e453c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Levi-Strauss, 1966)","manualFormatting":"Levi-Strauss, 1966)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Levi-Strauss, 1966)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Levi-Strauss, 1966)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Levi-Strauss, 1966). Bricolage describes the behavior and organizational processes of resource-constrained firms, such as startups, in creatively using their limited resources ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"Reed E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"329-366","title":"from Nothing : Resource","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=83356def-7901-43c1-9903-5516782465c6"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/jpim.12091","ISSN":"15405885","abstract":"Evidence suggests that both nascent and young firms (henceforth: \"new firms\") - despite typically being small and resource-constrained - are sometimes able to innovate effectively. Such firms are seldom able to invest in lengthy and expensive development processes, which suggests that they may frequently rely instead on other pathways to generate innovativeness within the firm. In this paper, we develop and test arguments that \"bricolage,\" defined as making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities, provides an important pathway to achieve innovation for new resource-constrained firms. Through bricolage, resource-constrained firms engage in the processes of \"recombination\" that are core to creating innovative outcomes. Based on a large longitudinal dataset, our results suggest that variations in the degree to which firms engage in bricolage behaviors can provide a broadly applicable explanation of innovativeness under resource constraints by new firms. We find no general support for our competing hypothesis that the positive effects may level off or even turn negative at high levels of bricolage. � 2013 Product Development & Management Association.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Senyard","given":"Julienne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Steffens","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davidsson","given":"Per","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"title":"Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9eb36e18-0870-4081-ade9-881eece4e9b0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005; Senyard et al., 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005; Senyard et al., 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005; Senyard et al., 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Baker and Nelson, 2005; Senyard et al., 2014). It comprises three essential elements: (1)  making do  to implying a bias to actively engaging a problem; (2) relying on utilizing current resources  at hand,  including both internal and external resources; and (3) the  combination of the resources for new purposes  ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"Reed E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"329-366","title":"from Nothing : Resource","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=83356def-7901-43c1-9903-5516782465c6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Baker and Nelson, 2005). It is this creative approach to new problems and opportunities at hand to create value and establish or grow a company ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"Reed E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"329-366","title":"from Nothing : Resource","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=83356def-7901-43c1-9903-5516782465c6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)","manualFormatting":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Baker and Nelson, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Baker and Nelson, 2005). The actions of a  bricoleur  or handyman differ from that of an engineer. The  bricoleur  would pull from available materials within one s workshop to create a solution such as a table from blocks of wood, poles, and left-over paint; in contrast, the engineer would build a design and order out specific materials ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00537.x","ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"This study provides a critical examination of how different theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research translate into individual behavior, and whether such behavior is evident in the creation and development of new ventures. Using an alternative templates research methodology, the behaviors underlying the theories of effectuation, causation, and bricolage are evaluated to see whether such behaviors are observable in case study data describing the early development of six new ventures. The analysis highlights behavioral similarities and differences between the various theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research, providing insight into how these perspectives contrast and complement one another, and how they could be integrated in future research. � 2012 Baylor University.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fisher","given":"Greg","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1019-1051","title":"Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a39b1048-0b23-4896-a592-e2931211a18f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fisher, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Fisher, 2012).
In many ways, bricolage shares common ties with effectuation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=629f17f8-4fb7-44d7-b33e-4a1fb5de725e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). This concept recognizes that many startups are resource-constrained and, hence, need to  make do  with present means, capabilities, and relationships. Further, it involves the entrepreneur being aware of possibilities and seeking solutions by using or recombining such available resources (innovation). 
Concerning bricolage and lean startup, this behavior supports the use of an MVP, the availing of current internal and external resources (e.g., partners) to develop a business model, and bias to action in conducting of experiments ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=629f17f8-4fb7-44d7-b33e-4a1fb5de725e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/jpim.12091","ISSN":"15405885","abstract":"Evidence suggests that both nascent and young firms (henceforth: \"new firms\") - despite typically being small and resource-constrained - are sometimes able to innovate effectively. Such firms are seldom able to invest in lengthy and expensive development processes, which suggests that they may frequently rely instead on other pathways to generate innovativeness within the firm. In this paper, we develop and test arguments that \"bricolage,\" defined as making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities, provides an important pathway to achieve innovation for new resource-constrained firms. Through bricolage, resource-constrained firms engage in the processes of \"recombination\" that are core to creating innovative outcomes. Based on a large longitudinal dataset, our results suggest that variations in the degree to which firms engage in bricolage behaviors can provide a broadly applicable explanation of innovativeness under resource constraints by new firms. We find no general support for our competing hypothesis that the positive effects may level off or even turn negative at high levels of bricolage. � 2013 Product Development & Management Association.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Senyard","given":"Julienne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Steffens","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davidsson","given":"Per","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"title":"Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9eb36e18-0870-4081-ade9-881eece4e9b0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Senyard et al., 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Senyard et al., 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Senyard et al., 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018; Senyard et al., 2014). Longitudinal research involving 81 Australian startups suggests significant ties between bricolage practices and innovativeness ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/jpim.12091","ISSN":"15405885","abstract":"Evidence suggests that both nascent and young firms (henceforth: \"new firms\") - despite typically being small and resource-constrained - are sometimes able to innovate effectively. Such firms are seldom able to invest in lengthy and expensive development processes, which suggests that they may frequently rely instead on other pathways to generate innovativeness within the firm. In this paper, we develop and test arguments that \"bricolage,\" defined as making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities, provides an important pathway to achieve innovation for new resource-constrained firms. Through bricolage, resource-constrained firms engage in the processes of \"recombination\" that are core to creating innovative outcomes. Based on a large longitudinal dataset, our results suggest that variations in the degree to which firms engage in bricolage behaviors can provide a broadly applicable explanation of innovativeness under resource constraints by new firms. We find no general support for our competing hypothesis that the positive effects may level off or even turn negative at high levels of bricolage. � 2013 Product Development & Management Association.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Senyard","given":"Julienne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Baker","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Steffens","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davidsson","given":"Per","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"title":"Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9eb36e18-0870-4081-ade9-881eece4e9b0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Senyard et al., 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Senyard et al., 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Senyard et al., 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Senyard et al., 2014). Furthermore, a historical review of the literature ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose: The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach: A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings: The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value: This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4167d9a8-fd79-40e5-abcf-18a5f7306cd5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018) identifies antecedents in the bricolage literature. Finally, evidence from the mixed-methods study of the Milanese digital startups offers empiric support concerning bricolage (Ghezzi, 2018).
5.3 Creation Theory
Creation theory, or the enactment approach, specifies that opportunities do not just exist as objective, independent phenomena, but instead are constructs created by the actions, reactions, and enactment of the entrepreneur s efforts to develop a value proposition in an uncertain environment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/orsc.1110.0727","ISSN":"10477039","abstract":"Research on opportunities has received significant attention in entrepreneurship in the last decade. However, recently the focus has shifted from opportunities themselves to the processes that form and exploit them. This paper traces the history of opportunity origins and draws upon the implications of opportunity types to suggest associated entrepreneurial processes. This paper then suggests future research and applications based on processes used to form and exploit opportunities. � 2013 INFORMS.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alvarez","given":"Sharon A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barney","given":"Jay B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anderson","given":"Philip","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Organization Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"301-317","title":"Forming and exploiting opportunities: The implications of discovery and creation processes for entrepreneurial and organizational research","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=905d644a-7b79-42b5-b0d5-4aabb30b053b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Alvarez, Barney and Anderson, 2013)","manualFormatting":"(Alvarez, Barney, and Anderson, 2013; ","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez, Barney and Anderson, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez, Barney and Anderson, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Alvarez, Barney, and Anderson, 2013; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"In this article, we drew upon insights from two rather disparate streams of literature - entrepreneurship and organizational learning - to develop an informed understanding of the phenomenon of entrepreneurial opportunities. We examined the nature of entrepreneurial opportunities from two contrasting views- - Schumpeterian and Kirznerian - and delved into their ontological roots. By applying the 41 organizational learning framework to entrepreneurial opportunities, we were able to not only resolve the apparently conflicting explanations of opportunities arising out of the contrasting ontological positions but also to achieve a level of pragmatic synthesis between them. In highlighting the article's contributions to theory and practice, we suggest that just as research on entrepreneurial opportunities benefits from applying organizational learning theory, so is organizational learning informed by research arising within the field of entrepreneurship studies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dutta","given":"Dev K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crossan","given":"Mary M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Blackwell Publishing Jul 2005\n\nDocument feature - graphs; references\n\nLast updated - 2011-10-04","page":"425-449","publisher":"SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC.","publisher-place":"Waco","title":"The Nature of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Understanding the Process Using the 41 Organizational Learning Framework: ET&P ET&P","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8a28164b-d9f3-4442-8135-024f985f0286"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dutta and Crossan, 2005)","manualFormatting":"Dutta and Crossan, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dutta and Crossan, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dutta and Crossan, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Dutta and Crossan, 2005). It contrasts that of discovery theory, which implies that entrepreneurial opportunities are omnipresent and exist independently of the entrepreneur (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_10","ISBN":"9783540485421","abstract":"This paper examines the relationship between resource-based theory and entrepreneurship and develops insights that advance the boundaries of resource-based theory and begin to address important questions in entrepreneurship. We extend the boundaries of resource-based theory to include the cognitive ability of individual entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have individual-specific resources that facilitate the recognition of new opportunities and the assembling of resources for the venture. By focusing on resources, from opportunity recognition to the ability to organize these resources into a firm and then to the creation of heterogeneous outputs through the firm that are superior to the market, we help identify issues that begin to address the distinctive domain of entrepreneurship. � 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alvarez","given":"Sharon A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Busenitz","given":"Lowell W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"title":"The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1e03a3cc-2af4-4116-b57d-586dc3626040"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)","manualFormatting":"Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For a field of social science to have usefulness, it must have a conceptual framework that explains and predicts a set of empirical phenomena not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked such a conceptual framework. Rather than explaining and predicting a unique set of empirical phenomena, entre-preneurship has become a broad label under which a hodgepodge of research is housed. What appears to constitute entrepreneurship research today is some aspect of the setting (e.g. small businesses or new firms), rather than a unique conceptual domain. As a result, many people have had trouble identifying the distinctive contribution of the field to the broader domain of business studies, undermining the field's legitimacy. Researchers in other fields ask why entrepreneurship research is necessary if it does not explain or predict empirical phenomena beyond what is known from work in other fields. Moreover, the lack of a conceptual framework has precluded the development of an understanding of many important phenomena not adequately explained by other fields. One example of this problem is the focus in the entrepreneurship literature on the relative performance of individuals or firms in the context of small or new businesses. Since strategic management scholars examine the differences in and sustainability of relative performance between competitive firms, this approach is not unique (Venkataraman, 1997). Moreover, the approach does not provide an adequate test of entrepreneurship, since entrepreneurship is concerned with the discovery and exploitation of profitable opportunities. A performance advantage * Originally published in Academy of Management Review, 2000, 25(1): 217-226. Reprinted by permission of Academy of Management Review via the Copyright Clearance Center. To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. over other firms is not a sufficient measure of entrepreneurial performance, because a performance advantage may be insufficient to compensate for the opportunity cost & ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shane","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Venkataraman","given":"Sankaran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"title":"The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field Definition of Entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7398eea7-dcf7-4e26-8f01-ea4448087858"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)","manualFormatting":"; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). These prospects are waiting to be discovered and exploited by the entrepreneur, who has a unique talent to recognize and pursue these opportunities before others (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_10","ISBN":"9783540485421","abstract":"This paper examines the relationship between resource-based theory and entrepreneurship and develops insights that advance the boundaries of resource-based theory and begin to address important questions in entrepreneurship. We extend the boundaries of resource-based theory to include the cognitive ability of individual entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have individual-specific resources that facilitate the recognition of new opportunities and the assembling of resources for the venture. By focusing on resources, from opportunity recognition to the ability to organize these resources into a firm and then to the creation of heterogeneous outputs through the firm that are superior to the market, we help identify issues that begin to address the distinctive domain of entrepreneurship. � 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alvarez","given":"Sharon A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Busenitz","given":"Lowell W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"title":"The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1e03a3cc-2af4-4116-b57d-586dc3626040"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)","manualFormatting":"Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For a field of social science to have usefulness, it must have a conceptual framework that explains and predicts a set of empirical phenomena not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked such a conceptual framework. Rather than explaining and predicting a unique set of empirical phenomena, entre-preneurship has become a broad label under which a hodgepodge of research is housed. What appears to constitute entrepreneurship research today is some aspect of the setting (e.g. small businesses or new firms), rather than a unique conceptual domain. As a result, many people have had trouble identifying the distinctive contribution of the field to the broader domain of business studies, undermining the field's legitimacy. Researchers in other fields ask why entrepreneurship research is necessary if it does not explain or predict empirical phenomena beyond what is known from work in other fields. Moreover, the lack of a conceptual framework has precluded the development of an understanding of many important phenomena not adequately explained by other fields. One example of this problem is the focus in the entrepreneurship literature on the relative performance of individuals or firms in the context of small or new businesses. Since strategic management scholars examine the differences in and sustainability of relative performance between competitive firms, this approach is not unique (Venkataraman, 1997). Moreover, the approach does not provide an adequate test of entrepreneurship, since entrepreneurship is concerned with the discovery and exploitation of profitable opportunities. A performance advantage * Originally published in Academy of Management Review, 2000, 25(1): 217-226. Reprinted by permission of Academy of Management Review via the Copyright Clearance Center. To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. over other firms is not a sufficient measure of entrepreneurial performance, because a performance advantage may be insufficient to compensate for the opportunity cost & ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shane","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Venkataraman","given":"Sankaran","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"title":"The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field Definition of Entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7398eea7-dcf7-4e26-8f01-ea4448087858"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)","manualFormatting":"; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000; Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shane and Venkataraman, 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}; Shane and Venkataraman, 2000; Ghezzi et al., 2015). In ways, the  poverty of stimulus  argument raised by some scholars plays into the discovery perspective that inherent difference lies with the entrepreneur s inherent capabilities ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1017/S1744137410000214","ISSN":"17441374","abstract":"In this paper we discuss the origins and emergence of organizational routines and capabilities. We first argue that there are theoretical and endogeneity-related concerns associated with the key antecedents and mechanisms specified by the extant routines and capabilities literature. Specifically, we explicate the behaviorist and empiricist foundations of the organizational routines and capabilities literature and the extant emphasis placed on experience, repetition, and observation as the key antecedents and mechanisms of routines and capabilities. Based on this discussion we highlight several, endogeneity-related concerns, namely: (1) the problem of origins and causation, (2) the problem of extremes, (3) the problem of intentionality, (4) the problem of new knowledge, and (5) the problem of the environment. We introduce the poverty of stimulus argument and discuss how an internalist or rationalist, choice-based approach can provide a more fruitful (though preliminary) foundation for understanding organizational behavior and capabilities. Copyright � The JOIE Foundation 2010.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foss","given":"Nicolai J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Institutional Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"231-256","title":"The endogenous origins of experience, routines, and organizational capabilities: The poverty of stimulus","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b386ca5c-28a5-45b2-bb39-4ef522a02364"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin and Foss, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin and Foss, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin and Foss, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin and Foss, 2011).
The perspective on creation emanates from an interpretive or social constructionist view of reality, in contrast to that of a positive or realist approach (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"In this article, we drew upon insights from two rather disparate streams of literature - entrepreneurship and organizational learning - to develop an informed understanding of the phenomenon of entrepreneurial opportunities. We examined the nature of entrepreneurial opportunities from two contrasting views- - Schumpeterian and Kirznerian - and delved into their ontological roots. By applying the 41 organizational learning framework to entrepreneurial opportunities, we were able to not only resolve the apparently conflicting explanations of opportunities arising out of the contrasting ontological positions but also to achieve a level of pragmatic synthesis between them. In highlighting the article's contributions to theory and practice, we suggest that just as research on entrepreneurial opportunities benefits from applying organizational learning theory, so is organizational learning informed by research arising within the field of entrepreneurship studies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dutta","given":"Dev K","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crossan","given":"Mary M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Blackwell Publishing Jul 2005\n\nDocument feature - graphs; references\n\nLast updated - 2011-10-04","page":"425-449","publisher":"SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC.","publisher-place":"Waco","title":"The Nature of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Understanding the Process Using the 41 Organizational Learning Framework: ET&P ET&P","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8a28164b-d9f3-4442-8135-024f985f0286"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dutta and Crossan, 2005)","manualFormatting":"Dutta and Crossan, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dutta and Crossan, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dutta and Crossan, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Dutta and Crossan, 2005). Creation fits with the Schumpeterian economic view that it is the entrepreneur who facilitates change and  shocks  the equilibrium of the present system during periods of ambiguity, transformation, and technological advancement ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schumpeter","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1934"]]},"publisher":"Harvard University Press.","publisher-place":"Cambridge, MA","title":"Theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=09534a88-f551-4575-9e1c-f8b5404aa79b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Schumpeter, 1934). This view sees opportunities emerging via creative destruction ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schumpeter","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1934"]]},"publisher":"Harvard University Press.","publisher-place":"Cambridge, MA","title":"Theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=09534a88-f551-4575-9e1c-f8b5404aa79b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Schumpeter, 1934). This view sees a broad base of entrepreneurial actions including (1) new products or services; (2) enhance quantities; (3) new production methods; (4) new markets; (5) new supply chains and sources of raw materials and intermediate products;  and (5) new organization forms ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schumpeter","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1934"]]},"publisher":"Harvard University Press.","publisher-place":"Cambridge, MA","title":"Theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=09534a88-f551-4575-9e1c-f8b5404aa79b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Schumpeter, 1934)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Schumpeter, 1934). In contrast, discovery fits with more of a Kirznerian view (or the Austrian School) of economics, in which it is the alertness, imagination, and interpretation by the entrepreneur concerning information and knowledge gaps in the market leading to opportunities ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"00220515","abstract":"The author is deeply grateful to Mario Rizzo, Peter Boettke, and Yaw Nyarko, for extensive and helpful comments on an earlier draft. Further helpful comments were provided by Joseph T. Salerno, and by other members of the Austrian Economics Colloquium at New York University. Several anonymous referees provided many additional valuable suggestions. The author is grateful to the Sarah Scaife Foundation for research support.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kirzner","given":"Israel M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Economic Literature","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"title":"Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1cb2fa76-2f2f-439e-bff2-4247c1daa16d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kirzner, 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kirzner, 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kirzner, 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Kirzner, 1997).
Creation involves an iterative, inductive, and incremental process, such as seen with effectuation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_10","ISBN":"9783540485421","abstract":"This paper examines the relationship between resource-based theory and entrepreneurship and develops insights that advance the boundaries of resource-based theory and begin to address important questions in entrepreneurship. We extend the boundaries of resource-based theory to include the cognitive ability of individual entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have individual-specific resources that facilitate the recognition of new opportunities and the assembling of resources for the venture. By focusing on resources, from opportunity recognition to the ability to organize these resources into a firm and then to the creation of heterogeneous outputs through the firm that are superior to the market, we help identify issues that begin to address the distinctive domain of entrepreneurship. � 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alvarez","given":"Sharon A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Busenitz","given":"Lowell W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"title":"The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1e03a3cc-2af4-4116-b57d-586dc3626040"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)","manualFormatting":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Alvarez and Busenitz, 2007ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b65bed6-82bd-460f-9a2a-9e2bbcb80fef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","manualFormatting":"; Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}; Ghezzi et al., 2015; Ghezzi, 2018). Entrepreneurs act and observe how consumers and marketplaces respond. These activities contrast those with discovery, which engages data collection and analysis, along with a business plan, to aid decisions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"May 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b65bed6-82bd-460f-9a2a-9e2bbcb80fef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi et al., 2015; Ghezzi, 2018). Hence, the lean startup practices of experimentation, iteration, and pivoting with an MVP and a business model embody creation. One again, research from Milan provides evidence that supports that opportunity creation underlies the lean startup methodology ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e777e182-4809-4955-9dea-a882d3700ac8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). 
5.4 Organizational Learning 
Organizational learning is a broad area. However, several aspects of organizational learning are noteworthy. Two leading academics characterize it with a definition, with which many agree: a change in an organizations  knowledge as a result of experience acquired ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"03637425","abstract":"There is no theory or model of organizational learning that has achieved widespread acceptance. An attempt is made to clarify some issues involved with organizational learning in order to construct a theory. The distinction between organizational learning and organizational adaptation is clarified; it is shown that change does not necessarily indicate learning. Learning occurs on different levels, each having a different impact on the strategic management of the firm. A survey of relevant literature suggests that the distinction between unreflective action taking and in-depth understanding has been observed; 7 of the 15 works reviewed refer to versions of both behavioral and cognitive development. However, considerable inconsistency exists in what is being observed and how it is being measured. Learning requires experimentation, unlearning of past methods, and the encouragement of multiple perspectives and debate. Guiding this process is an essential part of the executive function.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fiol","given":"C Marlene","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lyles","given":"Marjorie A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1985","10"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Academy of Management Oct 1985\n\nLast updated - 2018-10-08","page":"803","publisher":"Academy of Management","publisher-place":"Briarcliff Manor","title":"Organizational Learning","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6e1b195b-cf2b-4dde-8978-3df42101e18c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fiol and Lyles, 1985)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fiol and Lyles, 1985)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fiol and Lyles, 1985)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Fiol and Lyles, 1985). Another leading academic puts an additional perspective on the concept by citing it as occurring when any of an organization s units acquires knowledge that the unit recognizes as potentially useful to the organization ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/orsc.2.1.88","ISSN":"1047-7039","abstract":"This paper differs from previous examinations of organizational learning in that it is broader in scope and more evaluative of the literatures. Four constructs related to organizational learning (knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation, and organizational memory) are articulated, and the literatures related to each are described and critiqued.\\r\\nThe literature on knowledge acquisition is voluminous and multi-faceted, and so the knowledge acquisition construct is portrayed here as consisting of five subconstructs or subprocesses: (1) drawing on knowledge available at the organization's birth, (2) learning from experience, (3) learning by observing other organizations, (4) grafting on to itself components that possess knowledge needed but not possessed by the organization, and (5) noticing or searching for information about the organization's environment and performance. Examination of the related literatures indicates that much has been learned about learning from experience, but also that there is a lack of cumulative work and a lack of integration of work from different research groups. Similarly, much has been learned about organizational search, but there is a lack of conceptual work, and there is a lack of both cumulative, work and syntheses with which to create a more mature literature. Congenital learning, vicarious learning, and grafting are information acquisition subprocesses about which relatively little\\r\\n has been learned.\\r\\nThe literature concerning information distribution is rich and mature, but an aspect of information distribution that is central to an organization's benefitting from its learning, namely how units that possess information and units that need this information can find each other quickly and with a high likelihood, is unexplored. Information interpretation, as an organizational process, rather than an individual process, requires empirical work for further advancement. Organizational memory is much in need of systematic investigation, particularly by those whose special concerns are improving organizational learning and decision making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huber","given":"George P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Organization Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]},"page":"88-115","title":"Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eab30db4-47b1-4276-ac48-971cfe811c6e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Huber, 1991). He also highlights four major construct or process areas involved" (1) knowledge acquisition, (2) information distribution, (3) information interpretation, and (4) organizational memory ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/orsc.2.1.88","ISSN":"1047-7039","abstract":"This paper differs from previous examinations of organizational learning in that it is broader in scope and more evaluative of the literatures. Four constructs related to organizational learning (knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation, and organizational memory) are articulated, and the literatures related to each are described and critiqued.\\r\\nThe literature on knowledge acquisition is voluminous and multi-faceted, and so the knowledge acquisition construct is portrayed here as consisting of five subconstructs or subprocesses: (1) drawing on knowledge available at the organization's birth, (2) learning from experience, (3) learning by observing other organizations, (4) grafting on to itself components that possess knowledge needed but not possessed by the organization, and (5) noticing or searching for information about the organization's environment and performance. Examination of the related literatures indicates that much has been learned about learning from experience, but also that there is a lack of cumulative work and a lack of integration of work from different research groups. Similarly, much has been learned about organizational search, but there is a lack of conceptual work, and there is a lack of both cumulative, work and syntheses with which to create a more mature literature. Congenital learning, vicarious learning, and grafting are information acquisition subprocesses about which relatively little\\r\\n has been learned.\\r\\nThe literature concerning information distribution is rich and mature, but an aspect of information distribution that is central to an organization's benefitting from its learning, namely how units that possess information and units that need this information can find each other quickly and with a high likelihood, is unexplored. Information interpretation, as an organizational process, rather than an individual process, requires empirical work for further advancement. Organizational memory is much in need of systematic investigation, particularly by those whose special concerns are improving organizational learning and decision making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huber","given":"George P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Organization Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]},"page":"88-115","title":"Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eab30db4-47b1-4276-ac48-971cfe811c6e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Huber, 1991). Another leading academic describes organizational learning involving the subprocesses of (1) creation, (2) retention, and (3) transference of knowledge ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1350507611408217","ISSN":"13505076","abstract":"The article provides a brief overview of past research on organizational learning. Current research themes are identified, including taking a fine-grained approach to characterizing organizational experience, understanding the role of the organizational context in organizational learning, and analyzing processes and outcomes of knowledge creation, retention and transfer. The article concludes with a discussion of future research that is likely to advance our understanding of organizational learning. � The Author(s) 2011.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argote","given":"Linda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Learning","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Organizational learning research: Past, present and future","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2028e1eb-6a76-45a6-bcfb-137a813a1a00"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Argote, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Argote, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Argote, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Argote, 2011). Similarly, this area considers process improvement and the expansion into new spaces through the development of new knowledge and understandings, along with the identification and correcting misalignments ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"10422587","abstract":"Firms engage in entrepreneurship to increase performance through both strategic renewal and the creation of new venture opportunities. Organizational learning (OL) has become an effective avenue for strategic renewal. But what of creating venture opportunities - can OL enhance the process of recognizing and pursuing new ventures? This article argues that OL can strengthen a firm's ability to recognize opportunities and help equip them to effectively pursue new ventures. First, we identify three approaches to OL - behavioral, cognitive, and action. Then, we introduce a creativity-based model of opportunity recognition (OpR) that includes two phasesdiscovery and formation. Next, we show how each of the three types of learning is linked to the two phases of OpR. We suggest propositions that support our claim that OL enhances OpR and offer examples of firms that have used these organizational-learning approaches to more effectively recognize and pursue venture opportunities. These insights have important implications for entrepreneurial firms seeking to advance the venture-creation process. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lumpkin","given":"G T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lichtenstein","given":"Benyamin Bergmann","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Blackwell Publishing Jul 2005\n\nDocument feature - references; diagrams; tables\n\nLast updated - 2019-10-04","page":"451-472","publisher":"SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC.","publisher-place":"Waco","title":"The Role of Organizational Learning in the Opportunity-Recognition Process: ET&P ET&P","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e62cf48f-db9a-4684-865e-3527e854c0d4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lumpkin and Lichtenstein, 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lumpkin and Lichtenstein, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lumpkin and Lichtenstein, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Lumpkin and Lichtenstein, 2005). Such activities exist within the lean startup process.  
Within the knowledge acquisition process is the subprocess of experience; experimentation, an essential lean startup activity, is a subcomponent. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/orsc.2.1.88","ISSN":"1047-7039","abstract":"This paper differs from previous examinations of organizational learning in that it is broader in scope and more evaluative of the literatures. Four constructs related to organizational learning (knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation, and organizational memory) are articulated, and the literatures related to each are described and critiqued.\\r\\nThe literature on knowledge acquisition is voluminous and multi-faceted, and so the knowledge acquisition construct is portrayed here as consisting of five subconstructs or subprocesses: (1) drawing on knowledge available at the organization's birth, (2) learning from experience, (3) learning by observing other organizations, (4) grafting on to itself components that possess knowledge needed but not possessed by the organization, and (5) noticing or searching for information about the organization's environment and performance. Examination of the related literatures indicates that much has been learned about learning from experience, but also that there is a lack of cumulative work and a lack of integration of work from different research groups. Similarly, much has been learned about organizational search, but there is a lack of conceptual work, and there is a lack of both cumulative, work and syntheses with which to create a more mature literature. Congenital learning, vicarious learning, and grafting are information acquisition subprocesses about which relatively little\\r\\n has been learned.\\r\\nThe literature concerning information distribution is rich and mature, but an aspect of information distribution that is central to an organization's benefitting from its learning, namely how units that possess information and units that need this information can find each other quickly and with a high likelihood, is unexplored. Information interpretation, as an organizational process, rather than an individual process, requires empirical work for further advancement. Organizational memory is much in need of systematic investigation, particularly by those whose special concerns are improving organizational learning and decision making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huber","given":"George P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Organization Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]},"page":"88-115","title":"Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eab30db4-47b1-4276-ac48-971cfe811c6e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Huber, 1991)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Huber, 1991). These pieces fit within the exploration portion of the dynamic that firms struggle with as they balance the creation (explore) and exploit opportunities ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"95-112","title":"The Myopia of Learning Author ( s ): Daniel A . Levinthal and James G . March Source : Strategic Management Journal , Vol . 14 , Special Issue : Organizations , Decision Making and Strategy ( Winter , 1993 ), pp . 95-112 Published by : Wiley Stable URL : ","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e6432cf8-fe73-499a-a27f-2a62eb24e56b"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Available at SSRN 3174799","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Situating the construct of lean startup: Adjacent'conversations' and possible future directions","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d566a313-af23-4779-8a78-0b40ee659eb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018a; Levinthal, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018a; Levinthal, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018; Levinthal, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}( Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018; Levinthal, 1991). 
Several other contributions to the organizational learning space relate to the learn startup organizational learning involves theory-of-action (espoused theory) and theory-in-use (real actions) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0875892302","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argyris","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schon","given":"Donald A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]},"publisher":"Jossey-bass","title":"Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7cd96e40-3aa0-4b6b-bfd8-8404e4d7db78"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1974)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1974)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1974)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Argyris and Schon, 1974). Connected to this work are  single-loop ( error detection and correction  process in which the firm does not need to change an overarching governing variable(s) and  double-loop  (correction requires the firm to reevaluate and address the governing variables) (Argyris, 1990). Such ties into feedback used in the lean process and allows for realignment when set activities miss aspirations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For about eight years now, a group of us at McGill Univer-sity's Faculty of Management has been researching the process of strategy formation. Defining a strategy as a pattern in a stream of decisions, our central theme has been the contrast between \"deliberate\" strategies, that is, patterns intended before being realized, and \"emergent\" strategies, patterns realized despite or in the absence of intentions. Emergent strategies are rather common in organizations, or, more to the point, almost all strategies seem to be in some part at least, emergent. To quote that expression so popular on posters these days, \"Life is a journey, not a destination.\" In this article 1 will describe my journey into research, to step back from the stream of decisions concerning my own research since I began a doctoral dissertation in 1966, and to discuss the patterns-the themes or strategies-that appear. In retrospect, some seem more deliberate to me, others more emergent, but in general they appear to represent a blending of the two. The point I wish to make is that these themes form their own strategy of research, one that I would like to contrast with a more conventional strategy of research that seems to have dominated our field. A word on the data base. I have been involved in three major research projects these past 13 years (and since three do not a sharp pattern make, the title refers to an emerging rather than an emergent strategy). First was my doctoral dissertation, a study of the work of five managers through structured observation (Mintzberg, 1973). Essentially, I watched what each did for a week, and recorded it systematically in terms of who they worked with, when, where, for how long, and for what purpose. These data were used to induce a set of characteristics and of roles of managerial work. Second, over the course of some years, teams of MBA students were sent out to study local organizations ; one assignment was to take a single strategic decision on and to describe the steps the organization had gone through from the very first stimulus to the authorization of the final choice. From these reports, we selected the 25 most complete and inferred a structure of the \"unstruc-tured\" decision process (Mintzberg, Raisinghani, and Theoret, 1976). Our third project, mentioned in the opening of this paper, involves the study of organizational strategies through the tracing of patterns in streams of decisions over periods of 30 or more years. This is a large project,& ","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mintzberg","given":"Henry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"AAdminisrative Science Quarterly","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1979"]]},"title":"An Emerging Strategy of &quot;Direct&quot; Research","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=be6b604e-09dc-40b0-9f3e-858a6a1e94fe"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mintzberg, 1979)","manualFormatting":"Mintzberg, 1979)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mintzberg, 1979)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mintzberg, 1979)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Mintzberg, 1979). Finally, there is the 4i s process framework (intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalize) that includes  feed-forward  and  feedback  mechanisms to routinize learning from the individual to the group to the organization to facilitate strategic renewal ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"03637425","abstract":"Although interest in organizational learning has grown dramatically in recent years, a general theory of organizational learning has remained elusive. Renewal of the overall enterprise as the underlying phenomenon of interest and organization learning is identified as a principal means to this end. With this perspective, a framework for the process of organizational learning is developed, presenting organizational learning as 4 processes - intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalizing - linking the individual, group, and organizational levels.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crossan","given":"Mary M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lane","given":"Henry W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"White","given":"Roderick E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Academy of Management Jul 1999\n\nLast updated - 2018-10-09\n\nSubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - US","page":"522-537","publisher":"Academy of Management","publisher-place":"Briarcliff Manor","title":"An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4d76a38-6dbd-409f-b040-622bef1bb20f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Crossan, Lane and White, 1999)","manualFormatting":"(Crossan, Lane, and White, 1999)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Crossan, Lane and White, 1999)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Crossan, Lane and White, 1999)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Crossan et al., 1999). Finally, the lean startup principles, methods, and practices highly overlap with that of the Learning School of Strategy, as both use experimentation, adaptation, learning, incrementalism, continuous change, and emerging strategy in managing projects in complicated and ambiguous situations ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"00251747","abstract":"Purpose: The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach: A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings: The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value: This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4167d9a8-fd79-40e5-abcf-18a5f7306cd5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018).
5.5 Dynamic Capabilities 
Dynamic capabilities describe the ability of a firm to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competencies (e.g., resources, skills, capabilities, and strategies) to address a rapidly-changing environment and to provide for competitive advantage ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0143-2095","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teece","given":"David J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pisano","given":"Gary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuen","given":"Amy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Strategic management journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"509-533","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","title":"Dynamic capabilities and strategic management","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9889aa55-2b11-4cf8-a5bc-954c4ca11fb6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Teece et al., 1997). As part of corporate strategy to explain how firms can pursue a sustainable competitive advantage, these attributes arose as a response to the inability of the resource-based view of a firm to address rapidly-changing surroundings ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0143-2095","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teece","given":"David J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pisano","given":"Gary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shuen","given":"Amy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Strategic management journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"509-533","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","title":"Dynamic capabilities and strategic management","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9889aa55-2b11-4cf8-a5bc-954c4ca11fb6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Teece et al., 1997). These abilities can guide the entrepreneur, who collects, interprets, and absorbs new information, and then reconfigures resources and strategies to improve the probability of success. Dynamic capabilities combined with a strategy together influence the development of a defensible business model, as a firm progresses from sensing opportunities to seizing a construct to transforming the organization ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.007","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Business models, dynamic capabilities, and strategy are interdependent. The strength of a firm's dynamic capabilities help shape its proficiency at business model design. Through its effect on organization design, a business model influences the firm's dynamic capabilities and places bounds on the feasibility of particular strategies. While these relationships are understood at a theoretical level, there is a need for future empirical work to flesh out the details. In particular, studies that provide a better understanding of business model innovation, implementation, and change will also shed light on important aspects of dynamic capabilities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teece","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"40-49","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Business models and dynamic capabilities","type":"article-journal","volume":"51"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4c6f9c80-a6cb-4542-baed-ed9744d5dc71"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Teece, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Teece, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Teece, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Teece, 2018).
In many ways, one can consider organizational learning a part of a firm s dynamic capabilities. Notably, it allows the firm to develop set routines that translate to renewal and aid competitive advantage ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01080.x","ISSN":"00222380","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Teece","given":"David J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Management Studies","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"1395-1401","title":"Dynamic Capabilities: Routines versus Entrepreneurial Action","type":"article-journal","volume":"49"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ccd46d9d-3d08-41b0-8c6a-b8e350a4e4ab"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISSN":"03637425","abstract":"Although interest in organizational learning has grown dramatically in recent years, a general theory of organizational learning has remained elusive. Renewal of the overall enterprise as the underlying phenomenon of interest and organization learning is identified as a principal means to this end. With this perspective, a framework for the process of organizational learning is developed, presenting organizational learning as 4 processes - intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalizing - linking the individual, group, and organizational levels.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Crossan","given":"Mary M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lane","given":"Henry W","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"White","given":"Roderick E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Academy of Management Jul 1999\n\nLast updated - 2018-10-09\n\nSubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - US","page":"522-537","publisher":"Academy of Management","publisher-place":"Briarcliff Manor","title":"An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution","type":"article-journal","volume":"24"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4d76a38-6dbd-409f-b040-622bef1bb20f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Crossan, Lane and White, 1999; Teece, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Crossan, Lane and White, 1999; Teece, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Crossan, Lane and White, 1999; Teece, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Crossan et al., 1999; Teece, 2012).
The lean startup practices of experimentation, feedback, and validated learning actions (e.g., iteration, pivoting, pursuing, and giving up) related to a firm s product and its business model reflect this underpinning. Work conducted in a clean-tech accelerator using an online lean startup-related tool reflects the underlying support of this theory ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5465/ambpp.2015.11415abstract","ISSN":"0065-0668","abstract":"Entrepreneurs often conduct experiments and interactions with potential customers to advance early concepts for a business venture to improve its likelihood of commercial success. Both approaches figure prominently in the currently popular Lean Startup Method, which has been designed as a deliberate process to overcome the founders' confirmation bias. We empirically analyze survey and performance data of 248 teams in an annual accelerator program where entrepreneurs apply technologies to global social and environmental problems. We find that customer interaction conducted by itself increases venture performance, perhaps by improving the selection criteria for modifying the initial concept beyond the founders' biases. On the other hand, experimentation alone has no significant direct effect on venture performance. When these two activities are conducted together, venture performance shows diminished improvement; experimentation dampens the positive impact of customer interaction. Instead of complementarity between these two activities as predicted by the Lean Startup Method, we find evidence that they are substitutes. It is possible that the solicitation and incorporation of customer feedback through both of these activities exhibits an inverted U effect where too many interactions distract entrepreneurs from more fruitful activities. This conclusion questions the efficacy of concurrently employing multiple Lean activities. Additional research is invited to develop more reliable scales of customer interaction and experimentation and to specify conditions and the mechanisms by which they impact business start-up performance.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lyytinen","given":"Kalle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gemmell","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","1"]]},"page":"11415","title":"How Customer Interaction and Experimentation Advance New Venture Concepts in a Cleantech Accelerat","type":"article-journal","volume":"2015"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=27f5f4a8-ce63-433c-bda6-5c4bff020db7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd, Lyytinen and Gemmell, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Ladd, Lyytinen, and Gemmell, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, Lyytinen and Gemmell, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, Lyytinen and Gemmell, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd et al., 2015). This research illustrates how experimentation to validate business models can lead to emergent and repeatable learning routines ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5465/ambpp.2015.11415abstract","ISSN":"0065-0668","abstract":"Entrepreneurs often conduct experiments and interactions with potential customers to advance early concepts for a business venture to improve its likelihood of commercial success. Both approaches figure prominently in the currently popular Lean Startup Method, which has been designed as a deliberate process to overcome the founders' confirmation bias. We empirically analyze survey and performance data of 248 teams in an annual accelerator program where entrepreneurs apply technologies to global social and environmental problems. We find that customer interaction conducted by itself increases venture performance, perhaps by improving the selection criteria for modifying the initial concept beyond the founders' biases. On the other hand, experimentation alone has no significant direct effect on venture performance. When these two activities are conducted together, venture performance shows diminished improvement; experimentation dampens the positive impact of customer interaction. Instead of complementarity between these two activities as predicted by the Lean Startup Method, we find evidence that they are substitutes. It is possible that the solicitation and incorporation of customer feedback through both of these activities exhibits an inverted U effect where too many interactions distract entrepreneurs from more fruitful activities. This conclusion questions the efficacy of concurrently employing multiple Lean activities. Additional research is invited to develop more reliable scales of customer interaction and experimentation and to specify conditions and the mechanisms by which they impact business start-up performance.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lyytinen","given":"Kalle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gemmell","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","1"]]},"page":"11415","title":"How Customer Interaction and Experimentation Advance New Venture Concepts in a Cleantech Accelerat","type":"article-journal","volume":"2015"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=27f5f4a8-ce63-433c-bda6-5c4bff020db7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd, Lyytinen and Gemmell, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Ladd, Lyytinen, and Gemmell, 2015","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, Lyytinen and Gemmell, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, Lyytinen and Gemmell, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd et al., 2015). 
5.6 Real Options 
This theory describes an approach to investments when the future is uncertain due to dynamic economic, technological,�or market conditions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Available at SSRN 3174799","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Situating the construct of lean startup: Adjacent'conversations' and possible future directions","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d566a313-af23-4779-8a78-0b40ee659eb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018a)","manualFormatting":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018;ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5465/AMR.1997.9711022113","ISSN":"03637425","abstract":"In this article I extend real options theory to technology positioning projects and specify how the relationship between boundary conditions and uncertainty influences the value of a technology option, as well as the appropriate timing of its exercise. I also take a strategic perspective on uncertainty itself, concluding that option value can be amplified by investments to shift boundaries, ideally in ways that are idiosyncratic to the firm.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrath","given":"Rita Gunther","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"title":"A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c673ce61-cacd-4eca-9f4c-1065e77cc225"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5465/AMR.2004.11851720","ISSN":"03637425","abstract":"Four characterizations of options exist: (1) as a component of total firm value, (2) as specific projects, (3) as choices, and (4) as a heuristic for strategic investment. Option value exists when two conditions apply: future choices and potential for proprietary access to outcomes. Narrower boundary conditions are inconsistent with theory and incomplete for application. The option lens has promise for its power to shed economic insight into behavioral processes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrath","given":"Rita Gunther","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ferrier","given":"Walter J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mendelow","given":"Aubrey L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"title":"Real options as engines of choice and heterogeneity","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0c23cb7f-14f1-4e01-aa16-856cd5ec7e71"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrath, 1997; McGrath, Ferrier and Mendelow, 2004)","manualFormatting":" McGrath, 1997; McGrath, Ferrier, and Mendelow, 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrath, 1997; McGrath, Ferrier and Mendelow, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrath, 1997; McGrath, Ferrier and Mendelow, 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} McGrath, 1997; McGrath, Ferrier, and Mendelow, 2004). They entail investing initially into an endeavor that will provide access to a future opportunity, but it is not dependent on follow-on information ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Available at SSRN 3174799","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"Situating the construct of lean startup: Adjacent'conversations' and possible future directions","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d566a313-af23-4779-8a78-0b40ee659eb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018). Originally coined in 1977, the term  real options  as  real  as they reflect projects with some tangible asset (e.g., real estate, machinery, inventory) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/0304-405X(77)90015-0","ISSN":"0304405X","abstract":"Many corporate assets, particularly growth opportunities, can be viewed as call options. The value of such 'real options' depends on discretionary future investment by the firm. Issuing risky debt reduces the present market value of a firm holding real options by inducing a suboptimal investment strategy or by forcing the firm and its creditors to bear the costs of avoiding the suboptimal strategy. The paper predicts that corporate borrowing is inversely related to the proportion of market value accounted for by real options. It also rationalizes other aspects of corporate borrowing behavior, for example the practice of matching maturities of assets and debt liabilities. � 1977.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Myers","given":"Stewart C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Financial Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]},"title":"Determinants of corporate borrowing","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=91c199ba-df9f-48e2-abe4-27244a7bd487"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Myers, 1977)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Myers, 1977)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Myers, 1977)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Myers, 1977). They are not options that investors use concerning stocks or other financial instruments ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/smj.2593","ISSN":"10970266","abstract":"Research summary: This article provides a review of real options theory (ROT) in strategic management research. We review the fundamentals of ROT and provide a taxonomy of this research. By synthesizing and critiquing research on real options, we identify a number of important challenges as well as opportunities for ROT if it is to enhance its impact on strategic management and potentially develop into a theoretical pillar in the field. We examine how ROT can inform the key tensions that managers face between commitment versus flexibility as well as between competition versus cooperation, and we show how it can uniquely address the fundamental issues in strategy. We conclude with suggestions on future research directions that could enhance and unify the thus-far distinct main approaches to real options research. Managerial summary: Real options theory (ROT) applies the heuristics and valuation models originally designed for financial securities to the domain of corporate investment decisions (e.g., joint ventures [JVs], foreign direct investment, research and development [R&D], etc.) and strategic decision making under uncertainty. This article provides a synthesis of this body of research in strategic management and related disciplines. We suggest how ROT can address fundamental issues of strategy, including the dilemmas managers face between commitment versus flexibility as well as between competition versus cooperation. We discuss how three distinct approaches to real options analysis can complement each other, and we identify some of the main challenges and opportunities for ROT to become a theoretical pillar in strategy. Copyright � 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trigeorgis","given":"Lenos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reuer","given":"Jeffrey J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Strategic Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"title":"Real options theory in strategic management","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=091a5385-c8fc-49c4-b4bf-903b36517ee2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017). Real options are the choices that a manager or entrepreneur has around a project. They usually involve a bi-model, go/no-go choice to exercise, or abandon ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5465/AMR.2004.11851715","ISSN":"03637425","abstract":"We argue that the greater the extent to which choice sets evolve as a consequence of firms' exploration activities, the less structured the firms' abandonment decisions become and, in turn, the less distinguishable a real option is from more generic notions of path dependence - a sequential stream of investment in and of itself does not constitute a real option. While organizational adaptations can extend the applicability of real options, they impose tradeoffs that may lead to the underutilization of discoveries made in the course of exploration.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adner","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal, Daniel A.","given":"2004","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"title":"Adner, Ron Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f022e178-b16a-476d-bf69-5467bc6f25c1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Adner and Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Adner and Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Adner and Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Adner and Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004). Real options involve the right, not a commitment, to engage a business initiative that requires capital investment ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The topic of real options applies the option valuation techniques to capital budgeting exercises in which a project is coupled with a put or call option. For example, the firm may have the option to abandon a project during its life. This amounts to a put option on the remaining cash flows associated with the project. Ignoring the value of these real options (as in standard discounted cash flow techniques) can lead to incorrect investment evaluation decisions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harvey","given":"Campbell R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Options","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"title":"Identifying real options","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=163a8006-d957-416e-a9ff-85937c93344c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harvey, 1999)","manualFormatting":"(Harvey, 1999","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harvey, 1999)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harvey, 1999)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harvey, 1999). These include one of the five core options to (1) defer or stage, (2) grow, (3) alter scale, (4) switch, or (5) abandon/exit (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/smj.2593","ISSN":"10970266","abstract":"Research summary: This article provides a review of real options theory (ROT) in strategic management research. We review the fundamentals of ROT and provide a taxonomy of this research. By synthesizing and critiquing research on real options, we identify a number of important challenges as well as opportunities for ROT if it is to enhance its impact on strategic management and potentially develop into a theoretical pillar in the field. We examine how ROT can inform the key tensions that managers face between commitment versus flexibility as well as between competition versus cooperation, and we show how it can uniquely address the fundamental issues in strategy. We conclude with suggestions on future research directions that could enhance and unify the thus-far distinct main approaches to real options research. Managerial summary: Real options theory (ROT) applies the heuristics and valuation models originally designed for financial securities to the domain of corporate investment decisions (e.g., joint ventures [JVs], foreign direct investment, research and development [R&D], etc.) and strategic decision making under uncertainty. This article provides a synthesis of this body of research in strategic management and related disciplines. We suggest how ROT can address fundamental issues of strategy, including the dilemmas managers face between commitment versus flexibility as well as between competition versus cooperation. We discuss how three distinct approaches to real options analysis can complement each other, and we identify some of the main challenges and opportunities for ROT to become a theoretical pillar in strategy. Copyright � 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trigeorgis","given":"Lenos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reuer","given":"Jeffrey J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Strategic Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"title":"Real options theory in strategic management","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=091a5385-c8fc-49c4-b4bf-903b36517ee2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)","manualFormatting":"Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Trigeorgis and Reuer, 2017). Real options do consider the factor of time. 
Scholars propose that the running of experiments in using lean startup as a real option ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019). The design and conduct of a good experiment using the scientific method can provide valuable insights and direction to the next course of action related to the product and business model. Through such activities, entrepreneurs can influence outcomes and avoid the problems associated with uncertainty ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019). Thus, through experimentation, these options are not dependent on time but rather on the entrepreneur s actions to mitigate risk associated with uncertainties involved with starting a new venture. With this new information gained from experimentation, the entrepreneur then can decide to pursue the next course of action, such as an iteration, pivot, move forward, or abandonment action. However, other scholars do not necessarily agree with this view concerning lean startup as a real option ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018). This perspective is due to the multiplicity of options, the ability to run multiple experiments to provide many simultaneous bets, and the ability to iterate or pivot ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}( Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018).  
6.0 Scientific Literature Supporting Lean Activities
Finally, a scientific review of the antecedent scientific literature provides further support to the foundation of the lean startup and Ries  claims ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). Overall, they find support in the literature for all practices. However, these scholars highlight gaps and places in which the underlying publication base could be more substantial ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). 
These scholars delineate evidence specific to five essential pieces with lean: (1) user and customer involvement in product or business development; (2) iterative new product development; (3) effectual thinking; (4) experimentation in new product development; and (5) early prototyping (i.e., MVP) for proof-of-business ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). Based on their subjective review and grading, these authors rate the evidence for customer involvement as very strong and discuss support from the open-innovation literature ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","manualFormatting":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=347a63b3-ed9e-4e98-8926-04d227d0604c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West, 2006)","manualFormatting":"Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West, 2006)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West, 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West, 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West, 2006).
For iterative new product development and effectual thinking, they rate the evidence as strong. The authors note the role of effectual logic and highlight that while the path with effectuation takes longer, it does lead to a higher probability of success ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","manualFormatting":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). For experimentation and early prototyping, they feel the evidence is not as substantive; they give a medium rating here for these activities. Interestingly, they do note with experimentation that with incremental hypothesized solutions, one can fail inexpensively and, thereby, gain more attempts at finding the match between product and customer ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). However, they add that the solution space might not be all-encompassing because of the incremental nature of the process ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal is a copyright of Springer, 2017.\n\nDocument feature - References; Tables\n\nLast updated - 2017-02-15","page":"169-189","publisher":"Springer Nature B.V.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d8c59521-0058-4df9-9cd3-3b8d09f792a7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017).
7.0 Empiric Experience with Lean Startup
Being a practitioner-driven methodology, various authors document the experience with lean startup through examples within non-empiric sources. Such include books (ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B. (2013).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media.","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=11f1a5fe-413c-4f5c-ad69-ed354580e293"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"Croll & Yoskovitz, 2013; Maurya, 2012; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Croll and Yoskovitz, 2013; Maurya, 2012; Ries, 2011), non-peer review reports ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","publisher":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d7599a2c-dadb-4f81-80d0-9998fee590cc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b)","manualFormatting":"(","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"This is an addition to the Startup Genome Report covering premature scaling based on data from 3200+ high growth technology startups. The Startup Genome Report is a 67 page analysis that was coauthored by researchers from UC Berkeley & Stanford. Other contributors include Steve Blank, the Sandbox Network, and 10 accelerators from around the globe. Your can download it at http://blog.startupcompass.co The goal of this mini-report is to describe our insights about premature scaling, which we have identified as a major reason high growth technology startups fail. If you are a startup and you would like to test whether your startup is scaling prematurely, you sign up for our online web application, the Startup Genome Compass, at http://startupcompass.co. It is specifically designed to help startups reduce their chances of failure by benchmarking them to analyze whether they are scaling prematurely.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marmer","given":"Max","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Herrmann","given":"Bjoern Lasse","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dogrultan","given":"Ertan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berman","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Charles E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Genome","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-52","title":"Startup Genome Report Extra on Premature Scaling","type":"report","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bf0cf531-e1d4-4911-bff0-a91110442c4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Marmer et al., 2011)","manualFormatting":"Marmer et al., 2011","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Marmer et al., 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Marmer et al., 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Marmer et al., 2011; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.21300/19.4.2018.773","ISSN":"1949-8241","abstract":"In 2012, the National Science Foundation (NSF) took ambitious steps to revisit how they invest in academic innovation and entrepreneurship. Rather than increasing financial investments in technology development, it created NSF I-Corps&#8482;, an innovation education program and nationwide innovation network for NSF-funded faculty and trainees. Since its launch, NSF I-Corps has trained over 3,000 researchers and has been adopted by nine federal agencies. This paper provides a brief history of government investment in academic innovation, including the conceptualization of the I-Corps program, as well as its goals, growth, and influence on other agencies. The primary data for the paper includes interviews from 13 key individuals involved in the launch of the program and publicly available program data. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and opportunities as I-Corps-related programs look to scale and sustain their efforts going forward. This paper offers government, university administrators, and faculty insight into alternative methods of promoting academic innovation and explores future research areas for entrepreneurial ecosystems and education.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nnakwe","given":"Chinonye C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooch","given":"Nisha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang-Saad","given":"Aileen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technology & Innovation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6","10"]]},"page":"773-786","title":" Investing in Academic Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Moving Beyond Research Funding through the NSF I-CORPS "! Program ","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ebd3bf45-7f80-4f31-aba0-37f6901b3c7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nnakwe, Cooch and Huang-Saad, 2018)","manualFormatting":"Nnakwe et al., 2018; ","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nnakwe, Cooch and Huang-Saad, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nnakwe, Cooch and Huang-Saad, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Nnakwe et al., 2018; VentureWell, 2019), and non-peer business magazine articles ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","abstract":"Firms that follow a hypothesis-driven approach to evaluating entrepreneurial opportunity are called \"lean startups.\" Entrepreneurs in these startups translate their vision into falsifiable business model hypotheses, then test the hypotheses using a series of \"minimum viable products,\" each of which represents the smallest set of features/activities needed to rigorously validate a concept. Based on test feedback, entrepreneurs must then decide whether to persevere with their business model, \"pivot\" by changing some model elements, or abandon the startup. This note describes, step-by-step, how to follow the hypothesis-driven approach when evaluating entrepreneurial opportunity; explains how the approach mitigates cognitive biases that otherwise can contribute to poor decisions; and considers conditions that are best suited for lean startup methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business School Background Note 812-095","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=270746b5-ce22-4a6c-b0fa-421da54dce4b"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard business review","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"63-72","title":"Why the lean start-up changes everything","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=07031a80-1400-4b8c-9953-3173c9112a0d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2013a; Eisenmann et al., 2011","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2011; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Power","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"January 2013","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"3-7","title":"How GE Applies Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dba5ef70-62b8-4b2c-b70d-1e029001a478"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Power, 2014)","manualFormatting":"Power, 2014","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Power, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Power, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Power, 2014).   
Within the literature exists a mix of empiric studies. Such published papers or theses use a diversity of methods, including action research, case studies, interviews, literature evaluation, and surveys ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"-In times of general business uncertainty, when the companies face challenges upon which their further existence depends, one of the reactions of the management board is influencing the processes which lead to a relatively quick decrease of expenses and general rationalization of the company's business. The method, or what many refer to as a management philosophy, which is recommended to be used in crisis periods, is the lean method. Having in mind the extremely volatile business environment, lean startup approach has raised to surface recently since it takes the basic principles from the lean production. Although it was primarily developed for technical domain, the lean startup approach to management is flexible, and can therefore be applied in every industry. It uses the experimental way of approaching the innovation cycle, as well as a continuously evaluated process of learning about the organization with the goal of rigorous and measurable validation of the development hypotheses for the new products and services. The lean startup approach tires to systematically and very precisely lead the entrepreneur in discovering the valuable parts of a business vision, and in rejecting the parts which are not realistically founded. This paper analyses the Croatian startup companies by using a customized questionnaire. Besides an overview of the companies' founding profiles, financing sources, the development phases of startup companies, business areas and metrics used by startup companies, as well as information sources, the research showed that the Croatian startup scene is familiar with the principles of lean startup methodology and it is successfully implementing it in business.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lalic","given":"Maja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Calopa","given":"Marina Klacmer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Horvat","given":"Jelena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tem Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"200","title":"Lean Startup in Croatia-Does the Croatian Startup Scene Develop Effective Enterprises?","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bd32caf8-d6b5-4b22-aaac-5531879fcd72"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"The rapid growth of Indonesia population has caused the increasing demand in transportation service. It is known that 90% of Indonesian population is utilizing land transports, and one of them is bus. It is also known that the competition of bus companies in Indonesia is getting intense and has resulted in many companies to close their business because of no longer capable of racing the competition. PO Gajah Mungkur Sejahtera is the land transport service company of AKAP (Antar Kota Antar Propinsi - Inter-City, Inter-Provinece) Bus which struggle to survive and win the business competition. This research is focusing on a business development feasibility in form of tourism bus using Lean Startup and Business Model Generation. Based on the research result, the value proposition is the flexible tourism bus facility or based on request. Next, the business model is mapped into 9 blocks and business feasibility study was conducted based on the business model, which was reviewed from the market aspect, marketing aspect, technological and operational aspect, resources management and partner aspect, and financial aspect. From the result of feasibility study, it can be known whether or not the tourism bus business is feasible to do.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dewobroto","given":"Wisnu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Siagian","given":"Julisa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issue":"April","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"80-89","title":"Business Model Generation and Lean Startup Method as the basis for Business Development Feasibility Study ( Case study of PO . Gajah Mungkur Sejahtera )","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3d7a5454-6e94-4a09-8248-3490b89b67d5"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3182/20130911-3-BR-3021.00054","ISBN":"9783902823502","ISSN":"14746670","abstract":"The main objective of this research was to present the hypothesis of using Lean Startup in the healthcare segment as a way of improving the process of creation and development of new products and services in the industry. We performed a literature review on Startup, Lean, Lean Healthcare and Lean Startup. The research was characterized as exploratory, bringing a case of using the Lean Startup by the U.S. government. � IFAC.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Silva","given":"Sandra E P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Calado","given":"R. D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Silva","given":"Messias B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nascimento","given":"M. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline)","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"PART 1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"number-of-pages":"295-299","publisher":"IFAC","title":"Lean startup applied in healthcare: A viable methodology for continuous improvement in the development of new products and services","type":"book","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=db13dd7c-6688-4a2c-91f0-4c0e3f6f5790"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Racolta Paina, N., Andries","given":"A.M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecoforum Journal,","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"title":"Identifying entrepreneurship readiness for the application of the Lean Startup practices in the service industry   Case study Romania.","type":"article-journal","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8a1dc066-982e-445c-b943-30045e20653b"]},{"id":"ITEM-6","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/sageke.2002.20.nw68","ISBN":"1449305172","ISSN":"1539-6150","PMID":"25246403","abstract":"Lean Startup approach. How to find a problem worth solving, how to find early customers, ideal time to raise funding, test pricing, decide what goes in to release 1.0, how to build what customers want, maximize for speed, learning and focus, what is product market fit, how to iterate PMF.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maurya","given":"Ash","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of Aging Knowledge Environment","id":"ITEM-6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Running Lean: Iterate from Plan A to a Plan That Works","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=922e32fa-f2af-4028-93e9-efc739e37b77"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016; Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012; Maurya, 2012; Racolta Paina, N., Andries, 2017; Ries, 2011; Silva et al., 2013)","manualFormatting":"(Blomberg, 2012; Dewobroto and Siagian 2016; Gustafsson and Qvillberg, 2012; Jur�en, 2014; Lalic et al., 2012; Mansoori, 2016; Nirwan & Dhewanto, 2015; Racolta Paina & Andries, 2017; Rao, 2014; Silva et al., 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016; Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012; Maurya, 2012; Racolta Paina, N., Andries, 2017; Ries, 2011; Silva et al., 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016; Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012; Maurya, 2012; Racolta Paina, N., Andries, 2017; Ries, 2011; Silva et al., 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blomberg","given":"Aleksander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Copenhagen Business School Master thesis: The Lean Startup Approach   and its applicability outside Silicon Valley","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a8491d8b-707f-46c6-b535-b704d2b54140"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blomberg, no date)","manualFormatting":"(Blomberg, ","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blomberg, no date)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blomberg, no date)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blomberg, 2012; Dewobroto and Siagian 2016; Gustafsson and Qvillberg, 2012; Jur�en, 2014; Lalic et al., 2012; Mansoori, 2016; Nirwan & Dhewanto, 2015; Racolta Paina & Andries, 2017; Rao, 2014; Silva et al., 2013). 
Some studies document awareness and usage in different settings. Croatian researchers report from a survey of 23 startups that while most firms are familiar with the methodology and implement most practices, they do not change their business model (i.e., pivoting) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"-In times of general business uncertainty, when the companies face challenges upon which their further existence depends, one of the reactions of the management board is influencing the processes which lead to a relatively quick decrease of expenses and general rationalization of the company's business. The method, or what many refer to as a management philosophy, which is recommended to be used in crisis periods, is the lean method. Having in mind the extremely volatile business environment, lean startup approach has raised to surface recently since it takes the basic principles from the lean production. Although it was primarily developed for technical domain, the lean startup approach to management is flexible, and can therefore be applied in every industry. It uses the experimental way of approaching the innovation cycle, as well as a continuously evaluated process of learning about the organization with the goal of rigorous and measurable validation of the development hypotheses for the new products and services. The lean startup approach tires to systematically and very precisely lead the entrepreneur in discovering the valuable parts of a business vision, and in rejecting the parts which are not realistically founded. This paper analyses the Croatian startup companies by using a customized questionnaire. Besides an overview of the companies' founding profiles, financing sources, the development phases of startup companies, business areas and metrics used by startup companies, as well as information sources, the research showed that the Croatian startup scene is familiar with the principles of lean startup methodology and it is successfully implementing it in business.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lalic","given":"Maja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Calopa","given":"Marina Klacmer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Horvat","given":"Jelena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tem Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"200","title":"Lean Startup in Croatia-Does the Croatian Startup Scene Develop Effective Enterprises?","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bd32caf8-d6b5-4b22-aaac-5531879fcd72"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012). Indonesian scholars share a case experience using lean startup and the business model canvas that provides inconclusive results concerning the feasibility of a tourism bus venture ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The rapid growth of Indonesia population has caused the increasing demand in transportation service. It is known that 90% of Indonesian population is utilizing land transports, and one of them is bus. It is also known that the competition of bus companies in Indonesia is getting intense and has resulted in many companies to close their business because of no longer capable of racing the competition. PO Gajah Mungkur Sejahtera is the land transport service company of AKAP (Antar Kota Antar Propinsi - Inter-City, Inter-Provinece) Bus which struggle to survive and win the business competition. This research is focusing on a business development feasibility in form of tourism bus using Lean Startup and Business Model Generation. Based on the research result, the value proposition is the flexible tourism bus facility or based on request. Next, the business model is mapped into 9 blocks and business feasibility study was conducted based on the business model, which was reviewed from the market aspect, marketing aspect, technological and operational aspect, resources management and partner aspect, and financial aspect. From the result of feasibility study, it can be known whether or not the tourism bus business is feasible to do.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dewobroto","given":"Wisnu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Siagian","given":"Julisa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"April","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"80-89","title":"Business Model Generation and Lean Startup Method as the basis for Business Development Feasibility Study ( Case study of PO . Gajah Mungkur Sejahtera )","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3d7a5454-6e94-4a09-8248-3490b89b67d5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Dewobroto and Siagian, 2016). Another Swedish investigator reports mixed findings, including the methodology not applicable in the project s early stage, and conditions to enable success from 53 interviews of individuals developing a self-managed post-stroke rehabilitation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jur�en","given":"Katarina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"title":"The lean healthcare entrepreneur: Is the lean startup methodology applicablewhen facing a helthcare challenge?","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71a385af-434c-4f95-9a25-d44412bfb5a3"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Jur�en, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Jur�en, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Jur�en, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Jur�en, 2014). From 13 qualitative interviews, Romanian academics find that most entrepreneurs embrace more traditional and exploitive approaches, those open to the methodology tended to have more experience and education, and lean, if used, would best fit in the information technology space ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"2344-2174","abstract":"The Lean Startup approach revealed around 2011 came as a novelty in the field of entrepreneurial management. The abbreviated version of the principles that mold the entire concept, states that instead of spending years developing a product towards perfection, a product that in the end might not even be desired by the market, the entrepreneurs should use their time more productively in understanding what clients really want. They should shape their product during the development cycle so that it would satisfy the final consumer. Based on the interviews taken for this research, the conclusion is that private company owners and managers face great challenges but also important opportunities to develop their business and change the economic life of a nation towards sustainable growth. Even though not entirely understood and still looked upon with distrust, Lean Startup is seen as an interesting methodology by Romanian entrepreneurs in the service sector who responded to this study. When promoted by keen adapters, it will go on as a valid business methodology that can lead to eliminating waste and lower the failure rate even though, now, the more trusted approach is the traditional one where the customers are met at the end of the process, after the products or services have been delivered.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorina Racola-Paina","given":"Nicoleta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andrie","given":"Andreea Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorina","given":"Nicoleta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paina","given":"Racola","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecoforum","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"number-of-pages":"0-0","title":"Identifying Entrepreneurship Readiness for the Application of the Lean Startup Practices in the Service Industry   Case Study Romania","type":"report","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3dc27fcd-4bbb-3bad-ae0c-40264d2ee08f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017). 
6.1 Lean Startup and Learning
Some research offers fascinating insights into the entrepreneurial learning process. Through 22 semi-structured interviews with 11 founding teams, a Swedish researcher explores how teams acquire, understand, internalize, and operationalize the instructions with the lean startup within the auspices of a prescriptive accelerator ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.13140/RG.2.1.3294.9361","abstract":"It has been widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship should indeed be seen as a complex and emergent process. However, we suggest that to make sense of these complex entrepreneurial processes, it is important to complement the process perspective with an explicitly normative perspective that focuses on the micro-foundations, i.e. the mechanisms  that explain the events of an entrepreneurial journey  (Selden and Fletcher 2015: 603; cf. Neck and Green 2011; Venkataraman et al. 2012). In line with the recent interest in entrepreneurship as a prescriptive method, among both practitioners (Ries 2011; Furr and Alstom 2011; Blank and Dorf 2012) and academics (McGrath and MacMillan 1995; Fiet 2007; Sarasvathy 2001), we focus our attention on entrepreneurial methods, defined as coherent sets of principles of thought and action that guide entrepreneurial action and interaction and thereby the entrepreneurial process (cf. Neck and Green 2011). In particular, this paper focuses on the lean startup methodology (Ries, 2011) due to its explicit prescriptive ambitions in combination with its widespread popularity among incubators, accelerators and as part of entrepreneurship educations. Besides exploring the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial processes, an investigation of how such prescriptive entrepreneurial methods are enacted in real life situations will begin to provide some much needed academic evaluation of this popular phenomenon.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"16","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"18","title":"How the Lean Startup Methodology Affects Entrepreneurs and their Organizations: The Case of a Swedish Startup Accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0e1f9798-12ca-4cdb-8088-ab6588e1a083"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/IJEBR-06-2016-0195","ISSN":"1355-2554","abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the instructions of the lean startup methodology influence entrepreneurs. It explores what happens when such instructions are enacted by entrepreneurs in the context of a  prescriptive accelerator . The goal is to shine a light onto the mechanisms by which these instructions are acquired and then utilised by entrepreneurs and to outline in some detail the implications of adhering to the lean startup methodology.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs an in-depth phenomenological semi-structured interview design. Two rounds of interviews were conducted, one at the beginning and one at the end of the programme with the CEOs and founders of 11 entrepreneurial ventures, totalling 22 interviews. The analysis of the interviews resulted in five second-order themes that are discussed in light of the processes of experiential and vicarious learning.FindingsThe findings suggest that through two distinct modes of vicarious and experiential learning, the instructions of the lean startup methodology are acquired, internalised and consequently put into practice by entrepreneurs. The paper further highlights the modifications to entrepreneurs  governing variables and action strategies, as well as the resulting consequences of these modifications. This provides insights into possible outcomes of following the lean startup methodology in the context of a prescriptive accelerator where a strong focus on adhering to a systematic entrepreneurial methodology is a characteristic feature.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to our understanding of the under-studied and novel phenomena of the lean startup methodology and prescriptive accelerators. It complements the prevailing understanding of entrepreneurial learning as being largely experiential by accounting for the vicarious learning processes that occur in pedagogical settings such as prescriptive accelerators. It therefore shows that prescriptive accelerators provide unique learning situations where the combination of vicarious and experiential learning impacts the business development activities. Further, it provides a model of entrepreneurs  theory of action as the outcome of the interactions between the lean startup methodology and the two modes of vicarious and experiential learning.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","8","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - � Emerald Publishing Limited 2017\n\nLast updated - 2019-09-06","page":"812-838","publisher":"Emerald Group Publishing Limited","publisher-place":"Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, G�teborg, Sweden ; Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers Univ","title":"Enacting the lean startup methodology","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a40ba2a1-5f31-4865-b3f7-c688c10c9eff"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, 2016, 2017). He identifies that both vicarious and experiential learning occurs within the accelerator program ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.13140/RG.2.1.3294.9361","abstract":"It has been widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship should indeed be seen as a complex and emergent process. However, we suggest that to make sense of these complex entrepreneurial processes, it is important to complement the process perspective with an explicitly normative perspective that focuses on the micro-foundations, i.e. the mechanisms  that explain the events of an entrepreneurial journey  (Selden and Fletcher 2015: 603; cf. Neck and Green 2011; Venkataraman et al. 2012). In line with the recent interest in entrepreneurship as a prescriptive method, among both practitioners (Ries 2011; Furr and Alstom 2011; Blank and Dorf 2012) and academics (McGrath and MacMillan 1995; Fiet 2007; Sarasvathy 2001), we focus our attention on entrepreneurial methods, defined as coherent sets of principles of thought and action that guide entrepreneurial action and interaction and thereby the entrepreneurial process (cf. Neck and Green 2011). In particular, this paper focuses on the lean startup methodology (Ries, 2011) due to its explicit prescriptive ambitions in combination with its widespread popularity among incubators, accelerators and as part of entrepreneurship educations. Besides exploring the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial processes, an investigation of how such prescriptive entrepreneurial methods are enacted in real life situations will begin to provide some much needed academic evaluation of this popular phenomenon.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"16","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"18","title":"How the Lean Startup Methodology Affects Entrepreneurs and their Organizations: The Case of a Swedish Startup Accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0e1f9798-12ca-4cdb-8088-ab6588e1a083"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/IJEBR-06-2016-0195","ISSN":"1355-2554","abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the instructions of the lean startup methodology influence entrepreneurs. It explores what happens when such instructions are enacted by entrepreneurs in the context of a  prescriptive accelerator . The goal is to shine a light onto the mechanisms by which these instructions are acquired and then utilised by entrepreneurs and to outline in some detail the implications of adhering to the lean startup methodology.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs an in-depth phenomenological semi-structured interview design. Two rounds of interviews were conducted, one at the beginning and one at the end of the programme with the CEOs and founders of 11 entrepreneurial ventures, totalling 22 interviews. The analysis of the interviews resulted in five second-order themes that are discussed in light of the processes of experiential and vicarious learning.FindingsThe findings suggest that through two distinct modes of vicarious and experiential learning, the instructions of the lean startup methodology are acquired, internalised and consequently put into practice by entrepreneurs. The paper further highlights the modifications to entrepreneurs  governing variables and action strategies, as well as the resulting consequences of these modifications. This provides insights into possible outcomes of following the lean startup methodology in the context of a prescriptive accelerator where a strong focus on adhering to a systematic entrepreneurial methodology is a characteristic feature.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to our understanding of the under-studied and novel phenomena of the lean startup methodology and prescriptive accelerators. It complements the prevailing understanding of entrepreneurial learning as being largely experiential by accounting for the vicarious learning processes that occur in pedagogical settings such as prescriptive accelerators. It therefore shows that prescriptive accelerators provide unique learning situations where the combination of vicarious and experiential learning impacts the business development activities. Further, it provides a model of entrepreneurs  theory of action as the outcome of the interactions between the lean startup methodology and the two modes of vicarious and experiential learning.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","8","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - � Emerald Publishing Limited 2017\n\nLast updated - 2019-09-06","page":"812-838","publisher":"Emerald Group Publishing Limited","publisher-place":"Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, G�teborg, Sweden ; Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers Univ","title":"Enacting the lean startup methodology","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a40ba2a1-5f31-4865-b3f7-c688c10c9eff"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, 2016, 2017). More significantly, by using the  theory-in-use  model (i.e., single- and double-loop learning processes) in the analysis, this researcher finds entrepreneurs progress through changes that modify governing variables and action strategies ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.13140/RG.2.1.3294.9361","abstract":"It has been widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship should indeed be seen as a complex and emergent process. However, we suggest that to make sense of these complex entrepreneurial processes, it is important to complement the process perspective with an explicitly normative perspective that focuses on the micro-foundations, i.e. the mechanisms  that explain the events of an entrepreneurial journey  (Selden and Fletcher 2015: 603; cf. Neck and Green 2011; Venkataraman et al. 2012). In line with the recent interest in entrepreneurship as a prescriptive method, among both practitioners (Ries 2011; Furr and Alstom 2011; Blank and Dorf 2012) and academics (McGrath and MacMillan 1995; Fiet 2007; Sarasvathy 2001), we focus our attention on entrepreneurial methods, defined as coherent sets of principles of thought and action that guide entrepreneurial action and interaction and thereby the entrepreneurial process (cf. Neck and Green 2011). In particular, this paper focuses on the lean startup methodology (Ries, 2011) due to its explicit prescriptive ambitions in combination with its widespread popularity among incubators, accelerators and as part of entrepreneurship educations. Besides exploring the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial processes, an investigation of how such prescriptive entrepreneurial methods are enacted in real life situations will begin to provide some much needed academic evaluation of this popular phenomenon.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"16","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"18","title":"How the Lean Startup Methodology Affects Entrepreneurs and their Organizations: The Case of a Swedish Startup Accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0e1f9798-12ca-4cdb-8088-ab6588e1a083"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/IJEBR-06-2016-0195","ISSN":"1355-2554","abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the instructions of the lean startup methodology influence entrepreneurs. It explores what happens when such instructions are enacted by entrepreneurs in the context of a  prescriptive accelerator . The goal is to shine a light onto the mechanisms by which these instructions are acquired and then utilised by entrepreneurs and to outline in some detail the implications of adhering to the lean startup methodology.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs an in-depth phenomenological semi-structured interview design. Two rounds of interviews were conducted, one at the beginning and one at the end of the programme with the CEOs and founders of 11 entrepreneurial ventures, totalling 22 interviews. The analysis of the interviews resulted in five second-order themes that are discussed in light of the processes of experiential and vicarious learning.FindingsThe findings suggest that through two distinct modes of vicarious and experiential learning, the instructions of the lean startup methodology are acquired, internalised and consequently put into practice by entrepreneurs. The paper further highlights the modifications to entrepreneurs  governing variables and action strategies, as well as the resulting consequences of these modifications. This provides insights into possible outcomes of following the lean startup methodology in the context of a prescriptive accelerator where a strong focus on adhering to a systematic entrepreneurial methodology is a characteristic feature.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to our understanding of the under-studied and novel phenomena of the lean startup methodology and prescriptive accelerators. It complements the prevailing understanding of entrepreneurial learning as being largely experiential by accounting for the vicarious learning processes that occur in pedagogical settings such as prescriptive accelerators. It therefore shows that prescriptive accelerators provide unique learning situations where the combination of vicarious and experiential learning impacts the business development activities. Further, it provides a model of entrepreneurs  theory of action as the outcome of the interactions between the lean startup methodology and the two modes of vicarious and experiential learning.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","8","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - � Emerald Publishing Limited 2017\n\nLast updated - 2019-09-06","page":"812-838","publisher":"Emerald Group Publishing Limited","publisher-place":"Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, G�teborg, Sweden ; Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers Univ","title":"Enacting the lean startup methodology","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a40ba2a1-5f31-4865-b3f7-c688c10c9eff"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"The work of Chris Argyris (1923 ) has influenced thinking about the relationship of people and organizations, organizational learning and action research. contents: introduction "  life "  theories of action: theory in use and espoused theory "  single loop and double loop learning "  model I and model II "  organizational learning "  conclusion "  further reading and references "  links "  cite Chris Argyris has made a significant contribution to the development of our appreciation of organizational learning, and, almost in passing, deepened our understanding of experiential learning. On this page we examine the significance of the models he developed with Donald Sch�n of single  loop and double loop learning, and how these translate into contrasting models of organizational learning systems. Life","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argyris","given":"Chris","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schon","given":"Donald","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Reading, MA: Addision Wesley","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1978"]]},"title":"Organizational learning: A theory of action approach","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=20c80fd5-1248-4c9f-85cf-af53f15991f4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1978; Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1978; Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Argyris and Schon, 1978; Mansoori, 2016, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Argyris and Schon, 1978; Mansoori, 2016, 2017). In essence, he observes that entrepreneurs engage in double-loop learning processes as they challenge their underlying assumptions for their ventures ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.13140/RG.2.1.3294.9361","abstract":"It has been widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship should indeed be seen as a complex and emergent process. However, we suggest that to make sense of these complex entrepreneurial processes, it is important to complement the process perspective with an explicitly normative perspective that focuses on the micro-foundations, i.e. the mechanisms  that explain the events of an entrepreneurial journey  (Selden and Fletcher 2015: 603; cf. Neck and Green 2011; Venkataraman et al. 2012). In line with the recent interest in entrepreneurship as a prescriptive method, among both practitioners (Ries 2011; Furr and Alstom 2011; Blank and Dorf 2012) and academics (McGrath and MacMillan 1995; Fiet 2007; Sarasvathy 2001), we focus our attention on entrepreneurial methods, defined as coherent sets of principles of thought and action that guide entrepreneurial action and interaction and thereby the entrepreneurial process (cf. Neck and Green 2011). In particular, this paper focuses on the lean startup methodology (Ries, 2011) due to its explicit prescriptive ambitions in combination with its widespread popularity among incubators, accelerators and as part of entrepreneurship educations. Besides exploring the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial processes, an investigation of how such prescriptive entrepreneurial methods are enacted in real life situations will begin to provide some much needed academic evaluation of this popular phenomenon.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"16","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"18","title":"How the Lean Startup Methodology Affects Entrepreneurs and their Organizations: The Case of a Swedish Startup Accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"36"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0e1f9798-12ca-4cdb-8088-ab6588e1a083"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/IJEBR-06-2016-0195","ISSN":"1355-2554","abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the instructions of the lean startup methodology influence entrepreneurs. It explores what happens when such instructions are enacted by entrepreneurs in the context of a  prescriptive accelerator . The goal is to shine a light onto the mechanisms by which these instructions are acquired and then utilised by entrepreneurs and to outline in some detail the implications of adhering to the lean startup methodology.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs an in-depth phenomenological semi-structured interview design. Two rounds of interviews were conducted, one at the beginning and one at the end of the programme with the CEOs and founders of 11 entrepreneurial ventures, totalling 22 interviews. The analysis of the interviews resulted in five second-order themes that are discussed in light of the processes of experiential and vicarious learning.FindingsThe findings suggest that through two distinct modes of vicarious and experiential learning, the instructions of the lean startup methodology are acquired, internalised and consequently put into practice by entrepreneurs. The paper further highlights the modifications to entrepreneurs  governing variables and action strategies, as well as the resulting consequences of these modifications. This provides insights into possible outcomes of following the lean startup methodology in the context of a prescriptive accelerator where a strong focus on adhering to a systematic entrepreneurial methodology is a characteristic feature.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to our understanding of the under-studied and novel phenomena of the lean startup methodology and prescriptive accelerators. It complements the prevailing understanding of entrepreneurial learning as being largely experiential by accounting for the vicarious learning processes that occur in pedagogical settings such as prescriptive accelerators. It therefore shows that prescriptive accelerators provide unique learning situations where the combination of vicarious and experiential learning impacts the business development activities. Further, it provides a model of entrepreneurs  theory of action as the outcome of the interactions between the lean startup methodology and the two modes of vicarious and experiential learning.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","8","7"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - � Emerald Publishing Limited 2017\n\nLast updated - 2019-09-06","page":"812-838","publisher":"Emerald Group Publishing Limited","publisher-place":"Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, G�teborg, Sweden ; Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers Univ","title":"Enacting the lean startup methodology","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a40ba2a1-5f31-4865-b3f7-c688c10c9eff"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, 2016, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, 2016, 2017). 
A second study by this investigator and colleagues uses mixed methods with 17 teams and 41 entrepreneurs to evaluate the entrepreneur-coach relationship via vicarious and experiential learning experience ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.technovation.2019.03.001","ISSN":"01664972","abstract":"The lean startup methodology has been steadily gaining widespread popularity during the past few years. As part of this trend, startup accelerator programs have begun to adopt the methodology as their main organizing framework. At the same time, coaches and their coaching practices lie at the core of many accelerator programs. Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of coaching, there is a lack of knowledge of how the role of coaches in accelerators interacts with the lean startup methodology. Using an ethnographic study design combined with interviews, this study investigates entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a university-based accelerator. The findings show that the lean startup methodology influences how entrepreneur-coach relationships evolve and how the formation and progression of these relationships facilitate learning among entrepreneurs. The lean startup methodology creates conflict between the information collected from customers and the (perceived) authority of coaches. However, the entrepreneurial method also enables the coaching to be evolutionary and assumption-changing. Suggestions are made for mitigating challenges related to the progress of entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneur-coach relationships.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lundqvist","given":"Mats","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technovation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March 2017","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"37-47","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The influence of the lean startup methodology on entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a startup accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"84-85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=23eed731-c9d5-4e80-87d5-8eb8ac663bc5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","manualFormatting":"(Mansoori, Karlsson, and Lundqvist, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, Karlsson, and Lundqvist, 2019). They find that using the methodology influences the dynamic by facilitating (1) trust, honest exchanges, and vicarious learning, and (2) behavior changes effects for both entrepreneur and coach ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.technovation.2019.03.001","ISSN":"01664972","abstract":"The lean startup methodology has been steadily gaining widespread popularity during the past few years. As part of this trend, startup accelerator programs have begun to adopt the methodology as their main organizing framework. At the same time, coaches and their coaching practices lie at the core of many accelerator programs. Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of coaching, there is a lack of knowledge of how the role of coaches in accelerators interacts with the lean startup methodology. Using an ethnographic study design combined with interviews, this study investigates entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a university-based accelerator. The findings show that the lean startup methodology influences how entrepreneur-coach relationships evolve and how the formation and progression of these relationships facilitate learning among entrepreneurs. The lean startup methodology creates conflict between the information collected from customers and the (perceived) authority of coaches. However, the entrepreneurial method also enables the coaching to be evolutionary and assumption-changing. Suggestions are made for mitigating challenges related to the progress of entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneur-coach relationships.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lundqvist","given":"Mats","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technovation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March 2017","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"37-47","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The influence of the lean startup methodology on entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a startup accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"84-85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=23eed731-c9d5-4e80-87d5-8eb8ac663bc5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","manualFormatting":"(Mansoori, Karlsson, and Lundqvist, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, Karlsson, and Lundqvist, 2019). They do note, however, that the entrepreneur-coach relationship can run at odds with the methodology, particularly relating to conflicts between customer data and advice from the coaches ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.technovation.2019.03.001","ISSN":"01664972","abstract":"The lean startup methodology has been steadily gaining widespread popularity during the past few years. As part of this trend, startup accelerator programs have begun to adopt the methodology as their main organizing framework. At the same time, coaches and their coaching practices lie at the core of many accelerator programs. Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of coaching, there is a lack of knowledge of how the role of coaches in accelerators interacts with the lean startup methodology. Using an ethnographic study design combined with interviews, this study investigates entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a university-based accelerator. The findings show that the lean startup methodology influences how entrepreneur-coach relationships evolve and how the formation and progression of these relationships facilitate learning among entrepreneurs. The lean startup methodology creates conflict between the information collected from customers and the (perceived) authority of coaches. However, the entrepreneurial method also enables the coaching to be evolutionary and assumption-changing. Suggestions are made for mitigating challenges related to the progress of entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneur-coach relationships.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lundqvist","given":"Mats","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technovation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March 2017","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"37-47","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The influence of the lean startup methodology on entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a startup accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"84-85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=23eed731-c9d5-4e80-87d5-8eb8ac663bc5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","manualFormatting":"(Mansoori, Karlsson, and Lundqvist, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, Karlsson, and Lundqvist, 2019). 
A Dutch researcher adds to the above findings by evaluating self-regulated learning, group learning, and psychological safety in the context of a lean-startup-based undergraduate entrepreneurship class involving 194 students in 41 groups ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2015.02.007","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Contemporary entrepreneurship education (EE) is often based around a team-based challenge such as creating a new venture or solving a startup problem. A creative and professional solution to such a challenge requires individual and team efforts. At the level of the individual student, self-regulated learning (SRL) is proposed as an effective way to learn in entrepreneurial projects. At the level of a student team, team learning and psychological safety are hypothesized to contribute to group performance. Yet, there is little evidence to support these claims. I seek to add to the literature by demonstrating the effects of SRL, team learning, and psychological safety on various assessment types in the context of an entrepreneurship class. Data is collected from 194 students in 41 groups. Analysis is performed with hierarchical linear modeling. The results suggest that SRL is positively related to assessments at the individual level. Team learning and psychological safety are positively related to assessments at the group level. The results inform educators, students, and entrepreneurs about effective learning strategies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","11"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Nov 2015\n\nLast updated - 2018-09-25","page":"21-28","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"Self-regulated learning, team learning and project performance in entrepreneurship education: Learning in a lean startup environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"100"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8ba5f9e8-6d14-4994-aafb-7c86b6629ced"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms, 2015). Data sources include individual grades and self-assessments, and team evaluations by the course instructor and external entrepreneur ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2015.02.007","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Contemporary entrepreneurship education (EE) is often based around a team-based challenge such as creating a new venture or solving a startup problem. A creative and professional solution to such a challenge requires individual and team efforts. At the level of the individual student, self-regulated learning (SRL) is proposed as an effective way to learn in entrepreneurial projects. At the level of a student team, team learning and psychological safety are hypothesized to contribute to group performance. Yet, there is little evidence to support these claims. I seek to add to the literature by demonstrating the effects of SRL, team learning, and psychological safety on various assessment types in the context of an entrepreneurship class. Data is collected from 194 students in 41 groups. Analysis is performed with hierarchical linear modeling. The results suggest that SRL is positively related to assessments at the individual level. Team learning and psychological safety are positively related to assessments at the group level. The results inform educators, students, and entrepreneurs about effective learning strategies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","11"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Nov 2015\n\nLast updated - 2018-09-25","page":"21-28","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"Self-regulated learning, team learning and project performance in entrepreneurship education: Learning in a lean startup environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"100"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8ba5f9e8-6d14-4994-aafb-7c86b6629ced"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms, 2015). As expected, the investigators note that self-regulated learning impacts individual exam scores; however, team learning influences both the individual perception of learning entrepreneurial skills and group performance, of which psychological safety also affects ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2015.02.007","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Contemporary entrepreneurship education (EE) is often based around a team-based challenge such as creating a new venture or solving a startup problem. A creative and professional solution to such a challenge requires individual and team efforts. At the level of the individual student, self-regulated learning (SRL) is proposed as an effective way to learn in entrepreneurial projects. At the level of a student team, team learning and psychological safety are hypothesized to contribute to group performance. Yet, there is little evidence to support these claims. I seek to add to the literature by demonstrating the effects of SRL, team learning, and psychological safety on various assessment types in the context of an entrepreneurship class. Data is collected from 194 students in 41 groups. Analysis is performed with hierarchical linear modeling. The results suggest that SRL is positively related to assessments at the individual level. Team learning and psychological safety are positively related to assessments at the group level. The results inform educators, students, and entrepreneurs about effective learning strategies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","11"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Nov 2015\n\nLast updated - 2018-09-25","page":"21-28","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd.","publisher-place":"New York","title":"Self-regulated learning, team learning and project performance in entrepreneurship education: Learning in a lean startup environment","type":"article-journal","volume":"100"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8ba5f9e8-6d14-4994-aafb-7c86b6629ced"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms, 2015). 
Furthermore, two academics from Hult International Business School describe the effect of lean startup on entrepreneurial cognition ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"1499-691X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kendall","given":"Lori","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Business and Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"27-41","title":"Resolving the Risk Paradox: Entrepreneurial Cognition in the Lean Startup Method","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f77d85c2-923d-3c6d-bbb9-29708e755f96"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd and Kendall, 2017). These investigators use a pre/post-class survey from  99 students applying the lean startup to their ideas as part of a graduate school entrepreneurship class ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"1499-691X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kendall","given":"Lori","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Business and Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"27-41","title":"Resolving the Risk Paradox: Entrepreneurial Cognition in the Lean Startup Method","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f77d85c2-923d-3c6d-bbb9-29708e755f96"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd and Kendall, 2017). Their findings reflect that using lean startup influences cognition by enhancing entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy in searching for promising ideas, as well as risk-averseness concerning the venture ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"1499-691X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kendall","given":"Lori","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Business and Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"27-41","title":"Resolving the Risk Paradox: Entrepreneurial Cognition in the Lean Startup Method","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f77d85c2-923d-3c6d-bbb9-29708e755f96"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd and Kendall, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd and Kendall, 2017).
6.2 Boundary Conditions
Other works highlight potential boundaries and limits. This consideration is essential due to the diverse array of business sectors in the startup space. Hence, one consideration is whether the lean startup applies to a broad mix of industries and applications. Ries and Blank tout the successful use of the lean startup in multiple settings ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"8005457685","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"1-26","title":"Hypothesis-Driven Entrepreneurship : The Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6cb6a8b-f7a4-463d-8b5d-a14107e28874"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","publisher":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d7599a2c-dadb-4f81-80d0-9998fee590cc"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard business review","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"63-72","title":"Why the lean start-up changes everything","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=07031a80-1400-4b8c-9953-3173c9112a0d"]},{"id":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Power","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"January 2013","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"3-7","title":"How GE Applies Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dba5ef70-62b8-4b2c-b70d-1e029001a478"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Blank, 2013a; T. Eisenmann et al., 2019; Frederiksen & Brem, 2017; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blank, 2013; T. Eisenmann et al., 2019; Frederiksen & Brem, 2017; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011). Ries cites over thirty firms in his book ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8cc03091-1838-4083-b7e3-2bb09677e9d1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Ries, 2011). Notable examples include General Electric (GE), Hewlett Packard, Intuit, PayPal, Proctor and Gamble, Telefonica, Toyota, and Zappos ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8cc03091-1838-4083-b7e3-2bb09677e9d1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2012; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eisenmann, Ries, and Dillard, 2012; Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Power, 2014; Ries, 2011).   
However, considering its Silicon Valley roots, lean startup appears to fit well with software-driven ventures that address a business-to-consumer market ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","ISSN":"2053-1613","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","8","28"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7a316343-1330-4130-9b50-95bd58d1a58f"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISSN":"08956308","abstract":"Radical innovation is an engine of growth, but identifying likely opportunities can be challenging. Building on previous work, this paper explores the use and importance of nine strategies for selecting early-stage opportunities in a sample of 94 firms. Four strategies-building alternative visions, prototyping, using probe-and-learn methods, and mobilizing sponsorship and championship-are used by more than half of the firms surveyed. Usage of all of the strategies is higher in innovating firms than in non-innovating firms, regardless of company size. This confirms the utility of these approaches for innovation managers seeking to enable radical innovation in their companies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nicholas","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ledwith","given":"Ann","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bessant","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Research Technology Management","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"language":"English","note":"Copyright - Copyright Industrial Research Institute, Inc Jul/Aug 2015\n\nDocument feature - Tables; References\n\nLast updated - 2016-06-25\n\nCODEN - RTMAEC\n\nSubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Ireland","page":"36-43","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Ltd.","publisher-place":"Arlington","title":"Selecting Early-Stage Ideas for Radical Innovation","type":"article-journal","volume":"58"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=74282981-c9a7-48b4-8054-7ae2b031c7cd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b; Nicholas, Ledwith and Bessant, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a; Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015; Kressel and Winarsky, 2015; Ries, 2011). ","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b; Nicholas, Ledwith and Bessant, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a; Nicholas, Ledwith and Bessant, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; Harms et al., 2015; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kressel","given":"Henry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Winarsky","given":"Norman","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Why the Fail-Fast Approach Isn t Right for Breakthrough Ventures","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d5a8fa58-3bee-4360-87a1-3022ffcb30d7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015)","manualFormatting":"Kressel and Winarsky, 2015","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Kressel and Winarsky, 2015; Ries, 2011). Multiple authors point to software and application-based businesses as the most common types of firms using lean startup ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B. (2013).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media.","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=11f1a5fe-413c-4f5c-ad69-ed354580e293"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b)","manualFormatting":"(Croll & Yoskovitz, 2013","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B. (2013).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media.","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=11f1a5fe-413c-4f5c-ad69-ed354580e293"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"Croll & Yoskovitz, 2013; Maurya, 2012; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Croll and Yoskovitz, 2013; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","publisher":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d7599a2c-dadb-4f81-80d0-9998fee590cc"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship. Copyright � 2015 SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=672edb3c-df9a-4bca-aff5-039aaabbc652"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","ISSN":"2053-1613","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","8","28"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7a316343-1330-4130-9b50-95bd58d1a58f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b; Ghezzi et al., 2015b; Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)","manualFormatting":"Frederiksen & Brem, 2017; Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017; Ghezzi et al., 2015; Harms et al., 2015; Kressel & Winarsky, 2015; ","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b; Ghezzi et al., 2015b; Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b; Ghezzi et al., 2015b; Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Frederiksen & Brem, 2017; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"2344-2174","abstract":"The Lean Startup approach revealed around 2011 came as a novelty in the field of entrepreneurial management. The abbreviated version of the principles that mold the entire concept, states that instead of spending years developing a product towards perfection, a product that in the end might not even be desired by the market, the entrepreneurs should use their time more productively in understanding what clients really want. They should shape their product during the development cycle so that it would satisfy the final consumer. Based on the interviews taken for this research, the conclusion is that private company owners and managers face great challenges but also important opportunities to develop their business and change the economic life of a nation towards sustainable growth. Even though not entirely understood and still looked upon with distrust, Lean Startup is seen as an interesting methodology by Romanian entrepreneurs in the service sector who responded to this study. When promoted by keen adapters, it will go on as a valid business methodology that can lead to eliminating waste and lower the failure rate even though, now, the more trusted approach is the traditional one where the customers are met at the end of the process, after the products or services have been delivered.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorina Racola-Paina","given":"Nicoleta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andrie","given":"Andreea Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorina","given":"Nicoleta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paina","given":"Racola","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecoforum","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"number-of-pages":"0-0","title":"Identifying Entrepreneurship Readiness for the Application of the Lean Startup Practices in the Service Industry   Case Study Romania","type":"report","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3dc27fcd-4bbb-3bad-ae0c-40264d2ee08f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017)","manualFormatting":"Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Dorina Racola-Paina et al., 2017; Ghezzi et al., 2015; Harms et al., 2015; Kressel & Winarsky, 2015; Lalic, Calopa and Horvat, 2012; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"1453-0503","abstract":"In the multitude of methods and procedures for initiating and implementing new businesses over the past decade, the Lean Start Up methodology also follows the research conducted by IT entrepreneur Eric Ries from 2008. The Romanian economic context after the effects of the international financial crisis revealed an increasing trend, albeit variable, in terms of economic growth and the development of new business and entrepreneurial initiatives. This article aims to highlight the possible impact of the Lean Start Up methodology on entrepreneurial thinking and practice in Romania, both at the beginning of the road and in its continuous evolution. The paper first performs a research on specialized scientific literature, then focus on the presentation of the Laen Start Up methodology, on the advantages and limitations of the method in question, and on the implications of its use in Romania. The results of the research result in highlighting a number of possible guidelines and guidelines to follow regarding the application of the method to the newly established enterprises in Romania.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leoveanu","given":"Valentin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Manager Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"127-135","title":"The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using The Lean Start Up Method For Setting Up A Company In Romania","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2bb149a3-a028-46c3-9e34-151d929977cf"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Leoveanu, 2018)","manualFormatting":"Leoveanu, 2018","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Leoveanu, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Leoveanu, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Leoveanu, 2018; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MBE-06-2017-0028","ISSN":"13683047","abstract":"Purpose-The purpose of this study is to investigate the uses of performance measures in startup firms, including perceived importance and performance of those measures. Design/methodology/approach-The survey method is used in this study. Data are collected from founders/chief executive officers/managers of 110 startups in Thailand. The correlation analysis and analysis of variance techniques are used as the analysis tool in this study. Findings-The results show that there is a positive relationship between the perceived importance and the performance of each metric. However, no significant differences are found in the importance and performance of each metric among the various stages of startups. Research limitations/implications-Because there are so few startups compared to large corporations, the sample size of this study is relatively small, which is a limitation for some statistical tests. Practical implications-Startup should measure and monitor the correct metrics in a particular stage, instead of trying to perform well in all areas, which will lead them to lose focus, and possibly even fail. Results obtained from this study will aid startups in properly monitoring and managing their performance. Originality/value-Unlike large corporations, the performance measures used by startups vary, and depend on a startup's stage and type. Because of the fact that there are much fewer startups than large corporations, there are a limited number of studies in this area. This research is among the first studies that try to investigate the uses of performance measure for this new type of organizations.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rompho","given":"Nopadol","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Measuring Business Excellence","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","3","19"]]},"page":"31-41","title":"Operational performance measures for startups","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a01528da-0176-429f-91d4-15ce8198e36e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rompho, 2018)","manualFormatting":"Rompho, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rompho, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rompho, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Rompho, 2018). Two scholars explain that specific practices (e.g., experimentation, MVP, and iteration/pivoting) are most applicable to software development ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8cc03091-1838-4083-b7e3-2bb09677e9d1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c)","manualFormatting":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017c)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017). Another scholar notes that the lean startup movement paralleled the  boom  period for mobile and web-app development that began around 2009 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"0025-1747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3b268ca-49b0-4e99-bbff-95b96678b16a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018c)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018c)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018c)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018a). Various investigators appear to focus on either the mobile or web space for their studies in evaluating lean startup ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"978-989-758-096-3","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship. Copyright � 2015 SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","1","1"]]},"page":"196-203","publisher":"SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications","title":"A Comparative Study on the Impact of Business Model Design &amp; Lean Startup Approach versus Traditional Business Plan on Mobile Startups Performance","type":"paper-conference","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1119e450-645a-4635-9092-8be00af38d2a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013","ISSN":"01482963","abstract":"Digital startups in the early stages of their development frequently undergo innovation to their value architecture and Business Model. A set of pragmatic methods drawing on lean and agile principles has recently been proposed to support digital entrepreneurs facing Business Model Innovation (BMI), known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs). However, the theoretical and practical relationship between BMI and LSAs in dynamic digital environments has seldom been investigated. To fill this gap, our study draws on an exploratory multiple-case study based on three digital multisided platform startups to craft a unified framework that can disclose the relationship between BMI, LSAs and Agile Development (AD), within the context of Strategic Agility. Our findings, which emerge from the unified framework, show that LSAs can be employed as agile methods to enable Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship. These findings are then organized around a set of propositions, with the aim of developing a research agenda directed towards integrating BMI, LSAs and AD processes and methods.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallo","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Business Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"June","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"0-1","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a7e05fb-afd3-473b-8296-72a0079f5aa8"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5220/0005337501960203","ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"May 2016","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b65bed6-82bd-460f-9a2a-9e2bbcb80fef"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019; Ghezzi et al., 2015a, 2015c; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019; Ghezzi et al., 2015a, 2015c; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019; Ghezzi et al., 2015a, 2015c; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019; Ghezzi et al., 2015, 2015c; Ghezzi and Cavallo, 2018). Two Silicon Valley investors argue that the methodology makes the most sense for software- or web-related companies with modest startup operating expenses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kressel","given":"Henry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Winarsky","given":"Norman","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Why the Fail-Fast Approach Isn t Right for Breakthrough Ventures","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d5a8fa58-3bee-4360-87a1-3022ffcb30d7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Kressel and Winarsky, 2015. Finally, the authors of Lean Analytics describe six digital models that use lean startup practices to highlight innovation accounting ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B. (2013).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media.","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=11f1a5fe-413c-4f5c-ad69-ed354580e293"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b)","manualFormatting":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Croll, A., Yoskovitz","given":"B. (2013).","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"O'Reilly Media.","publisher-place":"Sebastopol, CA","title":"Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster.","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=11f1a5fe-413c-4f5c-ad69-ed354580e293"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"Croll & Yoskovitz, 2013; Maurya, 2012; Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Croll, A., Yoskovitz, 2013b; Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Croll and Yoskovitz, 2013).  
Nevertheless, it is crucial to consider what type of business might benefit (or not) from using the lean startup or using an adaptive strategy. Two Belgian researchers reflect this consideration in their survival analysis of 117 firms from independent and large-firm new ventures in the biotech, automation, and environmental sectors ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0921-898X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andries","given":"Petra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Debackere","given":"Koenraad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small business economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"81-99","publisher":"Springer","title":"Adaptation and performance in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of independence and industry","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d09d983f-5710-4d33-a1b1-39ec33f4d3b2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Andries and Debackere, 2007). These authors observe that not all industry sectors enjoy survival benefits with adaptation, as some firms confront barriers in shifting their business models due to significant investment needs for research and development and other organizational and inventory requirements ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0921-898X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andries","given":"Petra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Debackere","given":"Koenraad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small business economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"81-99","publisher":"Springer","title":"Adaptation and performance in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of independence and industry","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d09d983f-5710-4d33-a1b1-39ec33f4d3b2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Andries and Debackere, 2007). They note the impact (and context of) multiple factors- sector maturity, technology advancement, dynamics or industry pace (rapid vs. slow), capital intensity, financial support, and even economic cycle (e.g., recessionary) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0921-898X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andries","given":"Petra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Debackere","given":"Koenraad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small business economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"81-99","publisher":"Springer","title":"Adaptation and performance in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of independence and industry","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d09d983f-5710-4d33-a1b1-39ec33f4d3b2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Andries and Debackere, 2007).  
A group of Dutch researchers raises the consideration of different circumstances that do and do not fit well with a lean startup, such as materials ventures (e.g., chemical, materials, semiconductor, silicon chips) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). Such verticals need to address technological uncertainty, and, in some cases, legal/regulatory, financial, and operational risks ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). This group explains that materials and science-based ventures (1) operate under a high degree of technological uncertainty to resolve so they can develop the actual products in a specific timeframe, and (2) often serve business markets ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). They observe that the close link of product and process innovation in such ventures makes the lean startup less suitable for resolving market uncertainty and create challenges for an MVP ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). Process changes impact the product (and vice versa).  In such firms, feedback loops may take too long and be too expensive. Iteration or pivoting on a product might also require the resubmission of intellectual property (IP) protection due to the changes in both products and manufacturing processes that a patent, for example, would cover ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). Any change would lead to firms returning to the starting point, costing significant firm time and capital in its development and commercialization processes. 
These researchers from the Netherlands frame lean startup and other approaches within a two by two matrix (low to high) from the lenses of market (Y-axis) and technological (X-axis) uncertainty ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a) (Figure 6). These authors explain that lean fits well as a tool to address a new venture where there are a high market and low technological uncertainty ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). They explain that for settings where uncertainties for both are low, such as low-tech, replicative businesses (e.g., retail, traditional services), where an abundance of information is available, business planning would be a more appropriate ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0304-405X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klapper","given":"Leora","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laeven","given":"Luc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rajan","given":"Raghuram","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of financial economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"591-629","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal","volume":"82"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e9541449-261e-4a3a-97e4-296f462d73e1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Klapper, Laeven and Rajan, 2006)","manualFormatting":"(Harms et al., 2015; Klapper et al., 2006)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Klapper, Laeven and Rajan, 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Klapper, Laeven and Rajan, 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015; Klapper et al., 2006). These authors continue with the settings of low market and high technological uncertainty and highlight that a stage-gate approach makes the most sense ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/2053-1613/2/3/035001","abstract":"Materials-based ventures face a high degree of technology uncertainty\\nand market uncertainty when engaging in the technology entrepreneurial\\nprocess. Recently, the lean startup methodology (LSM) has been\\nintroduced to practice and education as an integrated approach on how\\nentrepreneurs can resolve these uncertainties when starting up a\\nbusiness. While the literature provides examples of LSM's successful\\napplication in a range of application areas, its focus application tends\\nto be on consumer software. The purpose of this article is to discuss\\nthe degree to which LSM can be applied to the context of technology\\nentrepreneurship. We find that LSM has strengths in addressing market\\nuncertainty, but is largely silent on addressing technology uncertainty.\\nIn situations of a low degree of technology readiness, strongly\\nintertwined process and product innovation processes such as those\\ncommon in materials translation, and of addressing business markets, LSM\\nmay not suffice. We discuss the case of competence leveraging as one\\nwhere technology uncertainty is lower for materials companies and\\nillustrate the benefits on LSM in this context.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Harms","given":"Rainer","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marinakis","given":"Yorgos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"Steven T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Translational Materials Research","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"035001","publisher":"IOP Publishing","title":"Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c70f59f3-19e9-4c50-b83f-319aa37033a6"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","manualFormatting":"(Harms, Marinakis, and Walsh, 2015a)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Harms, Marinakis and Walsh, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015). Finally, they advocate for the setting of high market and technological uncertainties (i.e., a new technology-platform to new applications) using a combined stage gate/ lab-to-market approach ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0304-405X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Klapper","given":"Leora","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laeven","given":"Luc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rajan","given":"Raghuram","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of financial economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"591-629","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship","type":"article-journal","volume":"82"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e9541449-261e-4a3a-97e4-296f462d73e1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Klapper, Laeven and Rajan, 2006)","manualFormatting":"(Harms et al., 2015; Klapper et al., 2006)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Klapper, Laeven and Rajan, 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Klapper, Laeven and Rajan, 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Harms et al., 2015; Klapper et al., 2006).  
Besides the above works, several other studies identify barriers or limits to the method. In a case study involving a business-to-business sector startup, Indonesian researchers note several barriers" accessing customers to interview, finding big problems, pivoting, addressing regulatory and administrative boundaries, and discovering only incremental solutions in a highly competitive market ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.282","ISSN":"18770428","abstract":"Entrepreneurship has been everywhere in the world. From developed countries till developing ones, new businesses have emerged in a huge number and likely to grow exponentially within time. However, we also notice that there's also a lot more businesses that couldn t survive or even come off the ground. In that case, a new study has been emerging about how to succeed in developing a business idea. It's called the lean startup methodology (LSM). LSM is a methodology that focuses on agile testing and learning cycle to validate hypotheses in the business idea. With LSM, a lot of companies in United States has succeeded and be well known all over the world. It's also been adopted all over the world as it has slightly acknowledged as the solution to the fear of business failure. Nevertheless, the methodology may seem obvious and well implemented in developed countries such as the United States, but how about in developing countries where it's only getting in heat for its entrepreneurship to raise like Indonesia. This paper's purpose is to explain and explore the lean startup methodology and its barriers of implementation in Indonesia so in the end could give recommendations to entrepreneurs for a better chance of success. The research methodology would be by identifying the key barriers of each lean startup principle and exploring it in a case study analysis.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nirwan","given":"Michael Dwianto","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dhewanto","given":"Wawan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"August 2014","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015","1"]]},"page":"23-30","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Barriers in Implementing the Lean Startup Methodology in Indonesia   Case Study of B2B Startup","type":"article-journal","volume":"169"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=79bd1f0c-22a2-46ce-9fee-7e3cd022ecfc"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nirwan and Dhewanto, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nirwan and Dhewanto, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nirwan and Dhewanto, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Nirwan and Dhewanto, 2015). Two Swedish scholars, using 59 semi-structured interviews and diary data with early-phase manufacturers, identify multiple challenges concerning customer access, significant problems, MVP development, gaining feedback, and pivoting ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The Startup Methodology (LSM) has recently gained a lot of attention among entrepreneurs for how to manage new ventures. LSM is a breed of literature that provides normative guidelines to entrepreneurs for how to systematically test and refine business model hypotheses. However, limited academic research has been conducted to assess the validity of LSM. The purpose of this master thesis was to identify and evaluate barriers to implement LSM for early-phase manufacturing ventures. The study was conducted by an action research methodology where LSM was firstly compiled into a number of principles. These principles were implemented for a case company in order to evaluate barriers to implementation. Data was collected through diary keeping and 69 semi-structured interviews. Barriers connected to particularly four principles of LSM were identified. First, LSM calls for rapid iteration and quick feedback which was inhibited by physical distribution channels. Second, principle of pivot if necessary if scalable business model cannot be identified was associated with two barriers; lack of big customer problems and lack of scalable business models due to disparate customer processes. Third, the minimum viable product had three barriers connected to it; an inability to quickly create prototypes, which could be attributed to complex products and physical distribution channels, customers  importance of reliability, and finally creating a general minimum viable product due to customers  disparate processes. Fourth, LSM advocates for early customer interaction for which two barriers were identified; finding an opportunity, which are connected with high variation and complexity in customer processes, and accessing customers connected to few customers and challenges to contact them. Finally, a number of suggested guidelines are provided for how new ventures can overcome the encountered challenges associated with the implementation of LSM in order to find a better fit between customer need and technology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gustafsson","given":"Anders","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Qvillberg","given":"Jonas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"80","title":"MASTER THESIS Implementing Lean Startup Methodology","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=be0aea79-895b-4d76-ad11-e3247abf510b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gustafsson and Qvillberg, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gustafsson and Qvillberg, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gustafsson and Qvillberg, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Gustafsson and Qvillberg, 2012). A Danish scholar shares learnings from focus group and field research, indicating limitations with the methodology including personal biases, but offering suggestions to improve the use of the methodology (e.g., questioning assumptions, talking to the right customers, iteration, pivoting, and virtual MVP for testing) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blomberg","given":"Aleksander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Copenhagen Business School Master thesis: The Lean Startup Approach   and its applicability outside Silicon Valley","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a8491d8b-707f-46c6-b535-b704d2b54140"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blomberg, no date)","manualFormatting":"(Blomberg, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blomberg, no date)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blomberg, no date)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Blomberg, 2012). In a conference report of an action research study with software startups in Banglore, an Indian researcher cites three gaps concerning the use of the MVP - narrow intellectual property base, low budget for iteration, and ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rao","given":"A S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Forum for Knowledge Sharing IX Annual Conference: October","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"27-29","title":"Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for Product Startup: An Indian Perspective","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a9fbe9e5-0141-4f40-a62d-164263bf4e27"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Rao, 2014) absence of early adopters ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rao","given":"A S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Forum for Knowledge Sharing IX Annual Conference: October","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"27-29","title":"Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for Product Startup: An Indian Perspective","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a9fbe9e5-0141-4f40-a62d-164263bf4e27"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Rao, 2014). He adds that these startups engage demanding Indian customers used to Western  readymade  products, not innovative early-stage products from local startups ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rao","given":"A S","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Forum for Knowledge Sharing IX Annual Conference: October","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"27-29","title":"Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for Product Startup: An Indian Perspective","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a9fbe9e5-0141-4f40-a62d-164263bf4e27"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rao, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Rao, 2014). Two Danish researchers find issues with the lean startup MVP development process in the software space ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Warberg","given":"Nicklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thorup","given":"Nicolai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"216-220","title":"Preventing challenges in Lean Startup methodology","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c7fb87c4-afd3-411b-8de5-ee37c48b4458"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Warberg and Thorup, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Warberg and Thorup, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Warberg and Thorup, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Warberg and Thorup, 2016). They note that it devalues the proper architecture with simplistic code (e.g.,  junk code ) at the start that leads to wasteful rework and hinders the development of innovations solutions due to a limited solution space and incrementalism ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Warberg","given":"Nicklas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thorup","given":"Nicolai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"216-220","title":"Preventing challenges in Lean Startup methodology","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c7fb87c4-afd3-411b-8de5-ee37c48b4458"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Warberg and Thorup, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Warberg and Thorup, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Warberg and Thorup, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Warberg and Thorup, 2016). Finally, within the auspices of an accelerator training program using mentors, Swedish investigators see that the lean startup methodology and interview findings can be at odds with mentor guidance, which creates confusion and leads teams to follow the perceived authoritative figure s direction ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.technovation.2019.03.001","ISSN":"01664972","abstract":"The lean startup methodology has been steadily gaining widespread popularity during the past few years. As part of this trend, startup accelerator programs have begun to adopt the methodology as their main organizing framework. At the same time, coaches and their coaching practices lie at the core of many accelerator programs. Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of coaching, there is a lack of knowledge of how the role of coaches in accelerators interacts with the lean startup methodology. Using an ethnographic study design combined with interviews, this study investigates entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a university-based accelerator. The findings show that the lean startup methodology influences how entrepreneur-coach relationships evolve and how the formation and progression of these relationships facilitate learning among entrepreneurs. The lean startup methodology creates conflict between the information collected from customers and the (perceived) authority of coaches. However, the entrepreneurial method also enables the coaching to be evolutionary and assumption-changing. Suggestions are made for mitigating challenges related to the progress of entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneur-coach relationships.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mansoori","given":"Yashar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Karlsson","given":"Tomas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lundqvist","given":"Mats","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technovation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March 2017","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"37-47","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"The influence of the lean startup methodology on entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a startup accelerator","type":"article-journal","volume":"84-85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=23eed731-c9d5-4e80-87d5-8eb8ac663bc5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Mansoori, Karlsson and Lundqvist, 2019).
7.0 Success and Performance
7.1 Anecdotal Experience
A relevant question concerning the lean startup focuses on whether its use translates to success. One particular area of interest relates to the concept of new venture performance (NVP), or the extent to which a new venture meets its goals concerning market share, pro�t margin, and return on assets ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00895.x","ISSN":"07376782","abstract":"New venture companies, starting from small entities comprising entrepreneurs and their teams, start to grow in scale by instigating formalized processes to enhance management efficiency. This includes the use of formalized processes for collecting and disseminating market information. Despite the fact that utilizing market information is one of the fundamental factors of market orientation, little is known about the way market information is processed in new venture companies. The first aim of this research was to investigate the impact of formalized market information acquisition and utilization on new venture performance. The second objective was to investigate the effect of organizational formalization on the acquisition and utilization of market information in new venture firms. The final goal was to explore the extent to which these relationships vary in different cultural contexts. Based on an extensive literature review and interviews with managers in China, Japan, and the United States, a conceptual framework is developed that relates formalized market information processes to new venture performance in the three countries. The conceptual model is tested with data collected from 453 new venture companies in these countries. The results suggest that the use of a formalized process of market information utilization has a positive effect on new venture performance regardless of country. The analysis also indicates that the effect of organizational formalization, in general, differs between countries. Organizational formalization is associated with increased formalized utilization of market information only in the United States; the relationship does not apply in the two Asian countries studied. Taken together, these results suggest that in the Asian countries, organizational formalization improves information collection, while in the United States, it also improves the utilization of information throughout the organization. One implication of these results may be the potential of added benefits accruing to organizational formalization in new ventures in countries with high levels of individualism and/or high levels of power distance, where organizational power is concentrated in formal vertical reporting relationships, as opposed to informal horizontal peer-to-peer networks. � 2012 Product Development & Management Association.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kawakami","given":"Tomoko","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"MacLachlan","given":"Douglas L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stringfellow","given":"Anne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"275-287","title":"New venture performance in China, Japan, and the United States: The impact of formalized market information processes","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ee545848-4b58-468e-80c1-4909de725089"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/3151984","ISSN":"00222437","abstract":"Organizational research suggests that the way information is used is likely to be a function of the presence of organizational systems or processes, in addition to individual manager activities, The author suggests that firms vary their emphasis on certain organizational market information processes, such as information acquisition, information transmission, conceptual use of information, and instrumental use of information. The author argues that the emphasis is determined, in part, by the congruence, or fit, among an organization's cultural norms and values and theorizes that the presence of these organizational information processes affects new product outcomes, Survey results indicate that clans dominate the other cultures in predicting organizational market information processes, suggesting that information processes are fundamentally ''people processes'' that involve commitment and trust among organizational members. The results have important implications for balancing internal and external orientations within firms. The results also indicate that the information utilization processes, especially those that are conceptual in nature, are strong predictors of new product performance, timeliness, and creativity, indicating that competitive advantage is tied to information utilization activities in firms.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moorman","given":"Christine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Marketing Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"title":"Organizational Market Information Processes: Cultural Antecedents and New Product Outcomes","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ff3a263d-a6dc-42a1-ab85-8e090e0b3cf1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kawakami, MacLachlan and Stringfellow, 2012; Moorman, 1995)","manualFormatting":"(Kawakami, MacLachlan, and Stringfellow, 2012; Moorman, 1995)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kawakami, MacLachlan and Stringfellow, 2012; Moorman, 1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kawakami, MacLachlan and Stringfellow, 2012; Moorman, 1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Kawakami, MacLachlan, and Stringfellow, 2012; Moorman, 1995). Most of the experiences with the lean startup involve anecdotal experiences (e.g., reports, examples in books, cases) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x","ISSN":"15551938","abstract":"� 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. The means with which entrepreneurs create and capture value can be difficult to get a comprehensive picture of. Looking at the tools they use can offer insights, and in this context, the book  The Lean Startup  by Eric Ries has received a tremendous amount of attention. Supposedly, many entrepreneurs have read the book and may have followed his advice. Hence, we investigate the merits and characteristics of the methods detailed by Ries through a comparison with leading theories and empirical evidence found in the scientific literature. The results indicate that overall the methods find considerable backing and can in parts be recognized under already established constructs. Heavy use of effectuation-logic is evident throughout the book, with a clear and explicit emphasis on experimentation over long-term planning. The paper closes with a discussion of the possible broader implications of the methods and effectuation, including the potential impact on corporate strategy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frederiksen","given":"Dennis Lyth","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brem","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","3","3"]]},"page":"169-189","publisher":"International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal","title":"How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries  Lean Startup approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a63ae81b-c069-4f19-81df-8f0632d005e9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b)","manualFormatting":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; ","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Frederiksen and Brem, 2017; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0307887898","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"publisher":"Crown Books","title":"The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8f3dfe02-d231-40eb-b1f6-ab31890b9d7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","manualFormatting":"Ries, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ries, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Ries, 2011). The General Electric FastWorks program offers a notable example in which two divisions experience significant success ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lashinsky","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Fortune","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"5 Big Companies Practicing  The Startup Way ","type":"article-magazine"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=352db0f0-a4b7-4152-8228-1ffeffca0ebd"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Power","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"January 2013","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"3-7","title":"How GE Applies Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dba5ef70-62b8-4b2c-b70d-1e029001a478"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014). In this case, use of lean startup appears to translate to success: (1) gas turbine (product development cycle two-years faster and 40% less expensive, along with $2 billion in revenues); and (2) appliance (product development at half the cost and twice the rate and a doubling of its sales growth rate) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lashinsky","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Fortune","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"title":"5 Big Companies Practicing  The Startup Way ","type":"article-magazine"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=352db0f0-a4b7-4152-8228-1ffeffca0ebd"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Power","given":"Brad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business Review","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"January 2013","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"3-7","title":"How GE Applies Lean Startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dba5ef70-62b8-4b2c-b70d-1e029001a478"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Lashinsky, 2018; Power, 2014).  
The Startup Genome project offers further unpublished insights ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berman","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Chuck","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Startup Genome Report 01","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a19c6ef-f7f9-40a9-9a71-dcf009c5cb81"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"This is an addition to the Startup Genome Report covering premature scaling based on data from 3200+ high growth technology startups. The Startup Genome Report is a 67 page analysis that was coauthored by researchers from UC Berkeley & Stanford. Other contributors include Steve Blank, the Sandbox Network, and 10 accelerators from around the globe. Your can download it at http://blog.startupcompass.co The goal of this mini-report is to describe our insights about premature scaling, which we have identified as a major reason high growth technology startups fail. If you are a startup and you would like to test whether your startup is scaling prematurely, you sign up for our online web application, the Startup Genome Compass, at http://startupcompass.co. It is specifically designed to help startups reduce their chances of failure by benchmarking them to analyze whether they are scaling prematurely.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marmer","given":"Max","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Herrmann","given":"Bjoern Lasse","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dogrultan","given":"Ertan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berman","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Charles E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Genome","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-52","title":"Startup Genome Report Extra on Premature Scaling","type":"report","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bf0cf531-e1d4-4911-bff0-a91110442c4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)","manualFormatting":"(Berman, Eesley, and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Berman, Eesley, and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011). In analyzing survey responses from 650+ web startups, this group found greater success with startups that pivot once or twice (raise two and a half times more funds, three and a half times more substantial user growth, and 52% less likely to scale prematurely) (Marmer et al., 2011). However, they do find that other factors, such as founder experience and team mix, do influence outcomes as well ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berman","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Chuck","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Startup Genome Report 01","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5a19c6ef-f7f9-40a9-9a71-dcf009c5cb81"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"This is an addition to the Startup Genome Report covering premature scaling based on data from 3200+ high growth technology startups. The Startup Genome Report is a 67 page analysis that was coauthored by researchers from UC Berkeley & Stanford. Other contributors include Steve Blank, the Sandbox Network, and 10 accelerators from around the globe. Your can download it at http://blog.startupcompass.co The goal of this mini-report is to describe our insights about premature scaling, which we have identified as a major reason high growth technology startups fail. If you are a startup and you would like to test whether your startup is scaling prematurely, you sign up for our online web application, the Startup Genome Compass, at http://startupcompass.co. It is specifically designed to help startups reduce their chances of failure by benchmarking them to analyze whether they are scaling prematurely.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marmer","given":"Max","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Herrmann","given":"Bjoern Lasse","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dogrultan","given":"Ertan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berman","given":"Ron","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Charles E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steven","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Genome","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-52","title":"Startup Genome Report Extra on Premature Scaling","type":"report","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bf0cf531-e1d4-4911-bff0-a91110442c4a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Berman, Eesley and Blank, 2011; Marmer et al., 2011).
The I-CORPS"! s program, which utilizes customer discovery as its base process, represents another significant experience. One group highlights results as of March 2017 within a review paper on the I-CORPS"!: 973 teams from 222 universities and leading to 320 startups (30% of teams) and $83 million ($259 thousand/team) in follow on funding ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.21300/19.4.2018.773","ISSN":"1949-8241","abstract":"In 2012, the National Science Foundation (NSF) took ambitious steps to revisit how they invest in academic innovation and entrepreneurship. Rather than increasing financial investments in technology development, it created NSF I-Corps&#8482;, an innovation education program and nationwide innovation network for NSF-funded faculty and trainees. Since its launch, NSF I-Corps has trained over 3,000 researchers and has been adopted by nine federal agencies. This paper provides a brief history of government investment in academic innovation, including the conceptualization of the I-Corps program, as well as its goals, growth, and influence on other agencies. The primary data for the paper includes interviews from 13 key individuals involved in the launch of the program and publicly available program data. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and opportunities as I-Corps-related programs look to scale and sustain their efforts going forward. This paper offers government, university administrators, and faculty insight into alternative methods of promoting academic innovation and explores future research areas for entrepreneurial ecosystems and education.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nnakwe","given":"Chinonye C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cooch","given":"Nisha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang-Saad","given":"Aileen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technology & Innovation","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6","10"]]},"page":"773-786","title":" Investing in Academic Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Moving Beyond Research Funding through the NSF I-CORPS "! Program ","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ebd3bf45-7f80-4f31-aba0-37f6901b3c7e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nnakwe, Cooch and Huang-Saad, 2018)","manualFormatting":"(Nnakwe, Cooch, and Huang-Saad, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nnakwe, Cooch and Huang-Saad, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nnakwe, Cooch and Huang-Saad, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Nnakwe, Cooch, and Huang-Saad, 2018). A funding organization supporting the program provides updated numbers: 1450 teams from 230 universities and resulted in 600 startups (41% of teams) and $210 million ($350 thousand/team) in follow on funding. Unfortunately, neither group offers a rigorous analysis in the empiric literature ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"http://venturewell.org/I-Corps(TM)/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019","8","15"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"VentureWell.","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"I-Corps"!.","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3216b0ef-463f-42ab-98b8-3578aaef2a97"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(VentureWell., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(VentureWell., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(VentureWell., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(VentureWell., 2019).
7.2 Empiric Experience
The empiric literature around success or performance with the lean startup is nascent ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b). Several studies are beginning to shed some light on the impact of using a lean startup or lean startup-like practices (e.g., adaptation). These studies range from exploratory action-learning cases to mixed-methods approaches to more quantitative assessments (Figure 6).
One group from Milan (Bocconi) provides some of the most rigorous data to date ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019). The study evaluates a set framework and theory that a scientific approach improves the precision involved with entrepreneurial decision making, such that those who do so are more likely to exit and pivot ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019). This work involves a randomized control trial of 116 Italian early-stage startups (59 treatment, 57 control) on the Internet, retail, and furniture space, and 16 data points over a year. The treatment group experiences a more intensive training on frameworks for predicting performance and conducting rigorous hypothesis tests. The investigators observe effects (P<0.05, linear regression) in the treatment group, versus the control group, concerning increases in (1)  Exits,  reflecting the ability of the firm to identify and discard poor ideas; (2) pivots from original ideas, and (3) revenue ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019). Also, they see that effects on time_to_acquisition (customer) (P<0.1) and time_to_activation (customer) (P<0.05) when considering the treatment groups with pivot, as compared with the control group ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"0025-1747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3b268ca-49b0-4e99-bbff-95b96678b16a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018c)","manualFormatting":"(Bortolini et al., 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018c)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018c)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Bortolini et al., 2018). Finally, the investigators note a positive effect on time_to_revenue (P<0.05) when considering the treatment groups without pivots, as compared with the control group ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249","ISSN":"0025-1909","abstract":"A classical approach to collecting and elaborating information to make entrepreneurial decisions combines search heuristics such as trial and error, effectuation, and confirmatory search. This paper develops a framework for exploring the implications of a more scientific approach to entrepreneurial decision making. The panel sample of our randomized control trial includes 116 Italian startups and 16 data points over a period of about one year. Both the treatment and control groups receive 10 sessions of general training on how to obtain feedback from the market and gauge the feasibility of their idea. We teach the treated startups to develop frameworks for predicting the performance of their idea and to conduct rigorous tests of their hypotheses very much like scientists do in their research. We let the firms in the control group, instead, follow their intuitions about how to assess their idea, which has typically produced fairly standard search heuristics. We find that entrepreneurs who behave like scientists perform better, pivot to a greater extent to a different idea, and do not drop out less than the control group in the early stages of the startup. These results are consistent with the main prediction of our theory: a scientific approach improves precision ��   it reduces the odds of pursuing projects with false positive returns, and raises the odds of pursuing projects with false negative returns.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Camuffo","given":"Arnaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cordova","given":"Alessandro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spina","given":"Chiara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"October","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"title":"A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=77da4b6f-e94f-4179-a9dc-b08cb8469e36"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Camuffo et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Camuffo et al., 2019). Such findings emphasize the importance of structured training and follow up in using a more rigorous scientific approach to the lean startup. It translates to much more effective entrepreneurial decision making and outcomes as a result. More importantly, they show that rigorous use of the methodology supports the underlying premise of the lean startup related to speed.
Another group from Milan (Politecnico di Milano) offers additional insights from its work with the lean startup in the mobile space. The first involves a conference paper that describes a comparative case assessment using action research methods ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship. Copyright � 2015 SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=672edb3c-df9a-4bca-aff5-039aaabbc652"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015b)","manualFormatting":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi et al., 2015). The investigators compare early-stage startups using the lean startup and the business model canvas (two teams) versus those using business plans (two teams) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789897580987","abstract":"Business Model Design (BMD) & Lean Startup (LSA) approach are two widespread practices among entrepreneurs, where many Mobile startups declare to adopt them. However, neither of the two frameworks are well rooted in the academic literature; and few studies address the issue of whether they actually outperform traditional approaches to new Mobile Startups creation. This study's aim is to assesses the contribution to performance of the combined use of BMD and LSA for two startups operating in the highly dynamic Mobile Applications Industry; performances are then compared to those achieved by two Mobile Star-ups adopting the traditional Business Plan approach. Findings reveal how the combined use of BMD and LSA outperforms the traditional BP in the cases analyzed, thus constituting a promising methodology to support Strategic Entrepreneurship. Copyright � 2015 SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publications All rights reserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavallaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rangone","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Balocco","given":"Raffaello","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"196-203","title":"A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=672edb3c-df9a-4bca-aff5-039aaabbc652"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015b)","manualFormatting":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi et al., 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi et al., 2015). They find that the teams using the lean startup/ business model canvas realize better outcomes than those using the planning methods. These include for lean startup/business model canvas versus business planning, respectively: (1) shorter times for product development (3 and 4 mo. versus 8 and 15 mo.), shorter venture organization (3.5 mo. versus nine mo. and 1.5 yr.), and the first customer acquired (1 and 2 wk. vs. two mo. and none); and (2) equity funding (2 LS, 1 BP) (Ghezzi et al., 2015). Again, these data, while limited due to sample size and verticle, reinforce the premise that uses of the lean startup with the business model canvas impacts the timing to milestone achievement. 
In the second study, the author conducts a comprehensive mixed-methods study of 227 early- to late-stage startups in the mobile space ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71446759-97f6-4f32-b3c4-7e3b908b604e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). Data support the underlying theoretical foundations related to effectuation, bricolage, and creation. This investigator reports that, on average, the implementation of the lean startup takes 8.2 months, involves $34,000 in costs, takes up about 24% of capital raised ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71446759-97f6-4f32-b3c4-7e3b908b604e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). Notable is that entrepreneurs cite several advantages that align with the value propositions around speed and product/market for the lean startup: (1) decreasing time and cost for startup testing (74%); (2) aligning customer and business idea (68%); (3) verifying and pivoting business model (52%); and (4) gaining financing (39%) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71446759-97f6-4f32-b3c4-7e3b908b604e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ghezzi, 2018). However, on a 4-point Likert scale, he notes a 2.8 average rating, raising some considerations about satisfaction on the individual level.
A group from Weatherhead share another experience involving 271 teams who self-select their use of an online platform using lean startup and business model canvas concepts (185 selected, 86 did not) in the clean-tech space ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0065-0668","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"10705","publisher":"Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510","title":"Business Model Validation as an Entrepreneurial Dynamic Capability","type":"paper-conference","volume":"2016"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bbb0cbfd-9682-4ea9-afed-a1641b97e62e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd, 2016). These investigators assess performance using a bimodal endpoint (award/no award) to assess pitch competition performance at the end of a six-month accelerator program ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0065-0668","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ladd","given":"Ted","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"10705","publisher":"Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510","title":"Business Model Validation as an Entrepreneurial Dynamic Capability","type":"paper-conference","volume":"2016"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=bbb0cbfd-9682-4ea9-afed-a1641b97e62e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ladd, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ladd, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Ladd, 2016). In comparing users and non-users performance, they represent 13% and 7% of the successes within the whole group, respectively, and 19% and 22% successes within each group, respectively. However, those users validating their hypotheses (a significant hypothesis in the study) fare three times better in the competition (P<.01), and customer discovery is significant in enhancing success (P<0.05) (Ladd et al., 2015). The focus on validation within the customer segment, value proposition, and channel pieces of the business model canvas performs twice as well as those who do not (P<.001). Such findings suggest that the actual use of the methods and in several essential areas appear to influence short-term outcomes. Unfortunately, the number of validated hypotheses and concurrent use of hypothesis testing and customer discovery does not necessarily improve outcomes. 
Investigators from Stanford and Wharton provide further insights on performance related to adaptive versus planning approaches ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.2571777","abstract":"To assess the impact of suggesting different approaches to the strategic process to early-stage\\r\\nentrepreneurs, we examine their before-and-after performance in a randomized field experiment. Contrary\\r\\nto the finding that entrepreneurs should be adaptive and open to changing their business model and\\r\\nstrategic direction frequently, we find that instructing entrepreneurs to have a strong, persistent vision for\\r\\ntheir startup often results in better performance in the early stages. However, we find that having more\\r\\ndiverse social ties can mitigate the disadvantage of the adaptive approach at the beginning of the venture.\\r\\nFurther, we find that while the planning approach works in the very early stage, a two-year follow-up\\r\\nsurvey indicates the adaptive approach yields better outcomes in terms of revenues and fundraising.\\r\\nHowever, the adaptive approach with a diverse mentor tie continues to yield better outcomes in the\\r\\nfollow-up survey, suggesting that the advantage of coupling adaptive approach with diverse social ties\\r\\ncontinues to persist. The results show that the formulation of a strategic approach benefits from\\r\\nconsideration of the interaction with social network ties.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Charles E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wu","given":"Lynn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Entrepreneurial Adaptation and Social Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on a MOOC Platform","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=db8bfebc-e402-45a1-94d7-f394c4799a52"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015b)","manualFormatting":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eesley and Wu, 2015). They compare the short-term and two-year performance of students randomized to adaptive or planning-based approaches (with and without diverse mentoring) in an entrepreneurship class taught as a MOOC. In the short-term, teams (n=942) using the business planning approach perform better in course grading by 0.552 points (P<0.05) than the students in the adaptive-only group. However, the diverse adaptive group closes the gap with an additional 0.538 points. The two-year follow-on survey (n= 554) finds that those using both adaptive approaches fare better concerning revenue (P<0.1) and funding (P<0.05) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.2571777","abstract":"To assess the impact of suggesting different approaches to the strategic process to early-stage\\r\\nentrepreneurs, we examine their before-and-after performance in a randomized field experiment. Contrary\\r\\nto the finding that entrepreneurs should be adaptive and open to changing their business model and\\r\\nstrategic direction frequently, we find that instructing entrepreneurs to have a strong, persistent vision for\\r\\ntheir startup often results in better performance in the early stages. However, we find that having more\\r\\ndiverse social ties can mitigate the disadvantage of the adaptive approach at the beginning of the venture.\\r\\nFurther, we find that while the planning approach works in the very early stage, a two-year follow-up\\r\\nsurvey indicates the adaptive approach yields better outcomes in terms of revenues and fundraising.\\r\\nHowever, the adaptive approach with a diverse mentor tie continues to yield better outcomes in the\\r\\nfollow-up survey, suggesting that the advantage of coupling adaptive approach with diverse social ties\\r\\ncontinues to persist. The results show that the formulation of a strategic approach benefits from\\r\\nconsideration of the interaction with social network ties.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eesley","given":"Charles E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wu","given":"Lynn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Entrepreneurial Adaptation and Social Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on a MOOC Platform","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=db8bfebc-e402-45a1-94d7-f394c4799a52"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015b)","manualFormatting":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eesley and Wu, 2015b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Eesley and Wu, 2015).
Scholars from University Leuven provide offer additional insight into the adaptation-performance hypothesis on survival rates in 117 entities (65 independent new ventures and 52 business units of established firms) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"0921-898X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andries","given":"Petra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Debackere","given":"Koenraad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small business economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"81-99","publisher":"Springer","title":"Adaptation and performance in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of independence and industry","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d09d983f-5710-4d33-a1b1-39ec33f4d3b2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Andries and Debackere, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Andries and Debackere, 2007). Analyzing data from the annual CorpTech directory and defining adaptation as at least one significant change in one s business model, they provide results from survival and multiple variate analyses (Cox). In their study, These authors report that firms adapting their initial business model (i.e., pivoting or an adaptive strategy) experience higher survival versus non-adapting firms (P=0.0892, Log-Rank test; P=0.0636, Wilcoxon test) over the 15 mo. analysis period (Andreies & Debakkere, 2007). However, they note that this benefit does not apply to all firms. Further analysis reveals that survival benefits vary with types of business. Adaptation benefits less mature, capital-intensive, and high-velocity industries versus more mature, stable industries (Andries & Debackere, 2007). Also, it benefits business units of established firms more favorably than in independent firms (Andries & Debackere, 2007).  
Investigators from the Universities of Nebraska and Massachusetts provide insights on profitability in a study that examines the influence of search (reflective of the use of the lean startup) and causation on performance ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11187-017-9978-z","ISSN":"15730913","abstract":"� 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The lean startup model emerging from the Silicon Valley recently has become worldwide practice. In this model, search and execution are the two primary activities conducted by entrepreneurial firms. Search activities focus on learning and discovery, such as exploring new customer and market segments, while execution activities focus on implementing well-defined plans and scaling up. Effectuation and causation are two different cognitive approaches an entrepreneur might use to conduct strategic moves. We argue that entrepreneurial effectuation cognition is associated with more search behaviors and that entrepreneurial causation cognition is associated with more execution behaviors. We test these hypotheses in a survey of 160 firms and find evidence in support of our arguments.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yang","given":"Xiaoming","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sun","given":"Sunny Li","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Xiangyang","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Small Business Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"667-679","title":"Search and execution: examining the entrepreneurial cognitions behind the lean startup model","type":"article-journal","volume":"52"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5d3d7601-3b5e-41aa-9094-2daf6cdf0054"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)","manualFormatting":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Yang, Sun and Zhao, 2019c)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Yang et al., 2019). This investigation involves an analysis of survey responses from 160 Chinese firms from a mix of businesses and ages. In evaluating the dependent variables of profit growth and profitability, they find that in firms less than seven years of age, more search activities translate to higher profitability (P<0.05).  
Finally, researchers from the University of Oslo report a lack of correlation with success when studying 47 Norwegian high-tech startups in their thesis ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nilsen","given":"Gaute Terland","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ramm","given":"Nicolay Arguillere","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Lean Startup: A success factor? A quantitative study of how the use of the Lean Startup framework affects the success of Norwegian high-tech startups.","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cef43cfd-3b8b-4672-94ee-8a7e6a9d92b1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Nilsen and Ramm, 2015). Their survey includes information around the knowledge and use of the lean startup and the company. With the firm-specific data, they calculate a success score based on several questions clustered to define this variable. They report that the respondents are knowledgeable about the methodology. However, these authors do not see the translation from knowledge to practice to success. First, the analysis finds no significant correlation between knowledge and use (r=0.093, p=0.535, Pierson s r) (Nilsen & Ramm, 2015). More significantly, the analysis fails to identify a correlation between the use and the success score (r=0.091, p=0.542, Pierson s r) (Nilsen & Ramm, 2015).  
8.0 Current Academic Discussion
8.1 The Revisiting of LS and Experimentation: A Long-Range Planning Critique
Closing this discussion on the LS literature are a few papers that capture the recent academic conversation. Several noted entrepreneurship and strategy scholars share their views in an essay in Long Range Planning that raises multiple concerns and critiques with the methodology ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). In this piece, they argue that the approach incorrectly characterizes the basis of a hypothesis generation and fosters experiments that translate to an incremental generation of value ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Through their essay, these scholars proffer several challenges to the essential elements that underly lean startup or that the methodology uses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Such makes for an extremely "interesting" paper, as it problematizes and challenges some of the underlying assumptions and foundations to the methodology ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"It is increasingly recognized that what makes a theory interesting and influential is that it challenges our assumptions in some significant way. However, established ways for arriving at research questions mean spotting or constructing gaps in existing theories rather than challenging their assumptions. We propose problematization as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing lit-erature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories. As researchers, we all want to produce inter-esting and influential theories. The dominant view is that a theory becomes influential if it is regarded as true. However, in his seminal study Davis (1971) showed that what makes a theory notable, and sometimes even famous (Davis, 1986), is not only that it is seen as true but also, and more important, that it is seen as challeng-ing the assumptions underlying existing theo-ries in some significant way. During the last four decades, a large number of researchers within management and the social sciences have con-firmed and elaborated Davis's original thesis in","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alvesson","given":"Mats","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sandberg","given":"Jorgen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Academy of Management Review","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"01. Alvession, Sandberg, 2011. GENERATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS THROUGH PAlvesson, M. (1985). 01. Alvession, Sandberg, 2011. GENERATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS THROUGH PROBLEMATIZATION. Daft & Lewin Hargens, 36(2), 247 271.ROBLEMATIZATION","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=750777cb-b079-43fa-a01b-31e1154a2147"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Alvesson and Sandberg, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Alvesson and Sandberg, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Alvesson and Sandberg, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Alvesson and Sandberg, 2011). 
The paper offers three critiques related to the methods and associated tools. These are mainly related to its inability to develop a proper entrepreneurial theory to guide the process and to lead novel, radical innovations, and businesses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). These critiques set up their arguments for entrepreneurial theory development and planning. 
The first involves the application of lean manufacturing tenants to the entrepreneurial setting ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). These underscore the existence of a mismatch with underlying principals of lean ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). They argue the methodology produces incremental improvements; such does not facilitate novel and radical breakthroughs, products, or industries ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). 
The second highlights the reliance of the lean approach on experiments with customer discovery and validation processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Such use hypotheses (which they label as a fancy word for "guesses)" to gather external signals and validate learning via customer feedback ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). They believe that learning from customers is overstated ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Further, these scholars highlight problems with experience and learning, particularly relating to the incorrect learnings, myopia, and deceptions that can lead the startup and its investors astray (i.e., false-positives or -negatives) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Such customer data, these scholars add, do not lead to radically new products or innovation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). To this end, they note the importance of the entrepreneur knowing what to look for and how to interpret the data ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). This issue they see as a major limitation of the lean startup in that it guides startups to product and business model ideas and opportunities that they can rapidly and transparently test with customers ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Also, these scholars continue to underscore the tenant of having an anchoring entrepreneurial theory and an appropriate mechanism (tool) to sample, filter, and understand the incoming data to use ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). 
Their third point aims at the business model canvas and experimentation ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). These scholars raise the concern with the reality of the business model canvas, as it lacks an apriori approach for generating exceptional hypotheses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Further, they tie in the problems existing with the business model literature, in that the concept and its definitions lack specificity and unity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). They do not find value in using the business model as a starting point for hypothesis-driven experimentation; rather, it should be the endpoint ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). 
These authors then dive into their underlying thesis for startup strategy that they believe lean startup misses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Such is the basis for the initial critiques. It sets up their argument that the most valuable ideas require almost an academic-like process of careful problem formulation, solution theory, and designing expensive experiments to exam the theory ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). They add to this point, the requirement for a significant commitment to a specific direction, versus that of low-cost experiments ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Thus, rather than demand-pull vantage that lean brings, they proffer more of a supply-side view and rationalize the need for planning and a committed execution to the plan ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). They close by highlighting the value of research streams that stress the concepts of theory-development, problem-solving, and belief and commitment, along with their roles in guiding experimentation and strategy for startups ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). They refer to a more rigorous, scientific-approach of using lean startup by the group in Milan to exemplify their point ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). However, in closing, it is critical to note that the lead author supports more endogenous approaches, such as in his poverty of stimulus argument ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1017/S1744137410000214","ISSN":"17441374","abstract":"In this paper we discuss the origins and emergence of organizational routines and capabilities. We first argue that there are theoretical and endogeneity-related concerns associated with the key antecedents and mechanisms specified by the extant routines and capabilities literature. Specifically, we explicate the behaviorist and empiricist foundations of the organizational routines and capabilities literature and the extant emphasis placed on experience, repetition, and observation as the key antecedents and mechanisms of routines and capabilities. Based on this discussion we highlight several, endogeneity-related concerns, namely: (1) the problem of origins and causation, (2) the problem of extremes, (3) the problem of intentionality, (4) the problem of new knowledge, and (5) the problem of the environment. We introduce the poverty of stimulus argument and discuss how an internalist or rationalist, choice-based approach can provide a more fruitful (though preliminary) foundation for understanding organizational behavior and capabilities. Copyright � The JOIE Foundation 2010.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Foss","given":"Nicolai J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Institutional Economics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"231-256","title":"The endogenous origins of experience, routines, and organizational capabilities: The poverty of stimulus","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=06c34bab-1a1d-44b3-aadb-8d696c109aaf"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin and Foss, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin and Foss, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin and Foss, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin and Foss, 2011). The overall thought with this piece is that experts in the space see weaknesses in the rigor of the methodology and its implementation, and offer alternative views to the development of innovative businesses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002","ISSN":"18731872","abstract":"Entrepreneurs are increasingly viewed by practitioners and scholars alike as actors engaged in quasi-scientific experimentation (Camuffo et al., 2019; Felin and Zenger, 2009, 2017; Gans et al., 2019; Ries, 2011; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Entrepreneurs generate unique theories and models about how to create value, and then craft experiments to test their hypotheses. Perhaps the most widely-diffused practitioner approach that adopts the entrepreneur-as-scientist model is  lean startup  and its related tool, the business model canvas. Lean startup and the business model canvas have become key curricular foundations for entrepreneurship classes, programs and incubators.1 And books like The Lean Startup (Ries, 2011), Business Model Generation (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010), The Startup Owner's Manual (Blank and Dorf, 2012) as well as associated practitioner articles (e.g., Blank, 2013; Eisenmann et al., 2012) are widely adopted in classrooms and entrepreneurship centers throughout the world.2 The attraction of the lean startup approach is clear. It seeks to offer a  scientific approach to the creation of startups  (Ries, 2011; also see Blank, 2013), pushing entrepreneurs and innovators to undertake structured experiments based on an underlying hypothesis, and incorporating feedback from these experiments directly into a process of rapid iteration and innovation. Lean startup has also introduced a common vocabulary for discussing startup activity, and has provided a number of useful tools and concepts, including the business model canvas, the minimum viable product, customer development and validation, and pivoting. In","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Felin","given":"Teppo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambardella","given":"Alfonso","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stern","given":"Scott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zenger","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Long Range Planning","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"101889","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a1e8282-e769-44bb-952a-7c1343cc505a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Felin et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Felin et al., 2019). Such points do open up essential questions as to the role lean startup plays, its implementation, its boundaries, and its overall value (vis-�-vis the definition and documentation of success) within the entrepreneurial process.
8.2 Closing the Academic Practitioner Divide
The second relevant paper illuminates the academic-practitioner divide that exists with LS ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1042258719899415","ISSN":"15406520","abstract":"The lean startup framework is one of the most popular contributions in the practitioner-oriented entrepreneurship literature. This study seeks to generate new insights into how new ventures are started by describing the five main building blocks of the lean startup framework (business model, validated learning/customer development, minimum viable product, perseverance vs. pivoting, market-opportunity navigation), enriching the framework with existing research findings, and proposing promising research opportunities in a way that reduces the academic"practitioner divide. In so doing, we hope to enhance researchers  understanding of the startup process; provide knowledge for educators; and, ultimately, improve the startup process for practitioners.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shepherd","given":"Dean A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gruber","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"The Lean Startup Framework: Closing the Academic Practitioner Divide","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=462af4ec-f769-4c2f-9b64-5b81c3825e1d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020). In briding this gap, the authors propose a discovery-focused model consisting five core building blocks" (1) finding and prioritizing opportunities; (2) designing business models; (3) validated learning; (4) building minimum viable products; and (5) persevere or pivot ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1042258719899415","ISSN":"15406520","abstract":"The lean startup framework is one of the most popular contributions in the practitioner-oriented entrepreneurship literature. This study seeks to generate new insights into how new ventures are started by describing the five main building blocks of the lean startup framework (business model, validated learning/customer development, minimum viable product, perseverance vs. pivoting, market-opportunity navigation), enriching the framework with existing research findings, and proposing promising research opportunities in a way that reduces the academic"practitioner divide. In so doing, we hope to enhance researchers  understanding of the startup process; provide knowledge for educators; and, ultimately, improve the startup process for practitioners.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shepherd","given":"Dean A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gruber","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"The Lean Startup Framework: Closing the Academic Practitioner Divide","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=462af4ec-f769-4c2f-9b64-5b81c3825e1d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020). They explain that these building blocks engage with each other and several boundaries and modifying factors that influence the framework" (1) community of inquiry; environmental context: natural environment; and society ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1042258719899415","ISSN":"15406520","abstract":"The lean startup framework is one of the most popular contributions in the practitioner-oriented entrepreneurship literature. This study seeks to generate new insights into how new ventures are started by describing the five main building blocks of the lean startup framework (business model, validated learning/customer development, minimum viable product, perseverance vs. pivoting, market-opportunity navigation), enriching the framework with existing research findings, and proposing promising research opportunities in a way that reduces the academic"practitioner divide. In so doing, we hope to enhance researchers  understanding of the startup process; provide knowledge for educators; and, ultimately, improve the startup process for practitioners.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shepherd","given":"Dean A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gruber","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"The Lean Startup Framework: Closing the Academic Practitioner Divide","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=462af4ec-f769-4c2f-9b64-5b81c3825e1d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020). These scholars use these building blocks to propose a research agenda, which draws on the antecedent literature and blends practitioner knowledge with current and future academic research ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1042258719899415","ISSN":"15406520","abstract":"The lean startup framework is one of the most popular contributions in the practitioner-oriented entrepreneurship literature. This study seeks to generate new insights into how new ventures are started by describing the five main building blocks of the lean startup framework (business model, validated learning/customer development, minimum viable product, perseverance vs. pivoting, market-opportunity navigation), enriching the framework with existing research findings, and proposing promising research opportunities in a way that reduces the academic"practitioner divide. In so doing, we hope to enhance researchers  understanding of the startup process; provide knowledge for educators; and, ultimately, improve the startup process for practitioners.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shepherd","given":"Dean A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gruber","given":"Marc","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"The Lean Startup Framework: Closing the Academic Practitioner Divide","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=462af4ec-f769-4c2f-9b64-5b81c3825e1d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Shepherd and Gruber, 2020).  
8.3 Situating LS: Adjacent Conversations and Possible Future Directions
Finally, Contigiani and Levinthal (2018) examine several theoretical foundations (e.g., organizational learning,  real options,  new product development, and technology evolution), the influence of tech and economic drivers, and the boundary conditions related to experimentation. In this narrative, they advocate an organizational learning lens and propose several research considerations around proper P/MF, MVP, performance, thresholds, setting (e.g., startup, established), and corporate applications ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISSN":"09606491","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Contigiani","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Levinthal","given":"Daniel A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Industrial & Corporate Change","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","6"]]},"note":"Accession Number: 136508489; Contigiani, Andrea 1; Levinthal, Daniel A 1; Email Address: dlev@wharton.upenn.edu; Affiliations: 1: Management Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Issue Info: Jun2019, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p551; Number of Pages: 14p; Illustrations: 1 Chart; Document Type: Article","page":"551-564","title":"Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.","type":"article-journal","volume":"28"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cf13342-3e0a-4137-ac39-23139132c47a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","manualFormatting":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018). 
9.0 Conclusions 
The LS method is an extremely popular methodology designed to help ventures navigate uncertainty and improve their odds of success rapidly and efficiently. This methodology embraces a hypothesis-driven process for developing successful new enterprises by identifying and validating scalable products and business models. LS value resides in its ability to help entrepreneurs resolve marketplaces and business sectors where significant uncertainty exists. This methodology consists of several essential practices ranging from defining a vision and hypotheses to setting up experiments, to learning from these trials. It is an approach used in academia, incubators, government-sponsored programs such as I-Corps"!, and corporations such as GE. 
The LS academic conversation is evolving and is engaging in a more scholarly perspective. This paper examines relevant questions concerning this methodology. These include: (1) what is the current state of understanding of LS concerning its foundations; (2) what empiric literature describes the recent experience with LS; (3) what does the literature reflect regarding the impact on outcomes and performance; and (4) what can we learn from the current academic contributions regarding the approach and areas to explore further.
In considering these questions, this paper summarizes many of the important considerations related to the foundational underpinnings of LS. These range from antecedents to concepts that provide more of a theoretical foundation. This discussion identifies several important antecedents. These include the ideas of lean manufacturing, discovery-driven planning, disciplined entrepreneurship, and probe and learn. It also delves into several theoretical concepts. Such include not only effectuation, bricolage, and creation theory, but also dynamic capabilities, organizational learning, and real options theory. Finally, it provides one review of the scientific evidence that supports multiple LS practices. This work cites the degree of evidentiary support concerning (1) user and customer involvement in product or business development (very strong); (2) iterative new product development (strong); (3) effectual thinking (strong); (4) experimentation in new product development (medium); and (5) early prototyping (i.e., MVP) for proof-of-business (medium)
These contributions help to solidify the foundation underlying the methodology.  
As a practitioner-driven approach, the experience with LS involves a significant amount of anecdotal evidence. This consideration leads to the examination of empiric contributions to the literature.  While this literature is nascent, it is evolving and adding valuable insights every year. Academics and practitioners provide a mix of empiric experiences. They are using and evaluating the methodology globally. Some highlight practitioner experiences, while others offer insights from its use in the educational setting. Furthermore, both practitioners and scholars do raise some issues associated with the methodology related to interviewing, experimentation, the MVP, the business model canvas, team consensus, and scaling. Such issues may not necessarily be related to the methodology alone. Instead, other factors, such as how practitioners utilize it and how culture, educational training, and type of business sector, may influence the optimal use of the methodology. Such may set forth boundary conditions for the use of the methodology, particularly in spaces of low technologic/high market uncertainty (e.g., software).  
Empirical studies find mixed results relative to the influence of the methodology on performance and business outcomes. This literature is nascent, with eight studies culled during this review. Of these, only one significant study stands out. This year-long study highlights the importance of a rigorous approach to training and implementing this scientific-driven methodology in enabling the entrepreneur to discard, pivot, and achieve revenue. Such findings highlight the need for ensuring consistent use.
Finally, the current conversation among academics offers a mix of perspectives and opinions. Some are harsh in their review. Alternatively, others see multiple avenues to explore further based on their review of the empiric literature. Finally, a recent publication highlights multiple opportunities to bridge the existing divide between academics and scholars concerning LS. 
To this end, such discussion leads to many interesting questions to pursue. Such include the setting of use, the business sector of use based on risks to mitigate, the extent of rigor for its use, training, and the ideal stage of a venture for use. Furthermore, significant queries do exist around the impact of the methodology on the entrepreneur, organization, and venture ecosystem, and what parameters to use to define such impact, including performance outcomes. Such areas only indicate that while the literature is starting to mature, questions do exist, and more work needs undertaking to solidify the methodology s foundations and practical impact on new ventures.
10.0 References
ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adner, R. and Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004 (2004) 'Adner, Ron Levinthal, Daniel A., 2004', Academy of Management Review
Alvarez, S.A., Barney, J.B. and Anderson, P. (2013) 'Forming and exploiting opportunities: The implications of discovery and creation processes for entrepreneurial and organizational research', Organization Science, 24(1), pp. 301 317.
Alvarez, S.A. and Busenitz, L.W. (2007) 'The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory', in Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory, and Perspective.
Alvession, Sandberg, 2011. Generating Research Questions Through Problematization. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 247 271.ROBLEMATIZATION', Academy of Management Review
Andreessen, M. (2015) On product/market fit for startups., Linkedin Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/marc-andreessen-product-market-fit-startups-marc-andreessen. (Accessed: 18 February 2019).
Andries, P. and Debackere, K. (2007) 'Adaptation and performance in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of independence and industry', Small Business Economics, 29(1 2) Springer, pp. 81 99.
Anon. (2000) Society for Effectual Action. Available at: https://www.effectuation.org/ (Accessed: 30 January 2020).
Argote, L. (2011) 'Organizational learning research: Past, present and future', Management Learning
Argyris, C. and Schon, D. (1978) Organizational learning: A theory of action approach.
Argyris, C., and Schon, D.A. (1974) Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. Jossey-bass.
Baker, T. and Nelson, R.E. (2005) 'from Nothing/ : Resource', 50, pp. 329 366.
Berman, R., Eesley, C. and Blank, S. (2011) 'Startup Genome Report 01'
Blank, S. (2013) 'Why the lean start-up changes everything', Harvard business review, 91(5), pp. 63 72.
Blank, S. (2005) The Four Steps to the Epiphany. Pescadero, Calif.: K&S Ranch, Inc.
Blank, S., and Dorf, B. (2010) The startup owner's manual. Vol. 1/ : the step-by-step guide for building a great company. Pescadero, Calif.: K&S Ranch, Inc.
Blomberg, A. (2012) 'Copenhagen Business School MasterThesis: The Lean Startup Approach   and its applicability outside Silicon Valley'
Bortolini, R.F., Nogueira Cortimiglia, M., Danilevicz, A. de M.F. and Ghezzi, A. (2018a) 'Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review', Management Decision, (2002), p. MD-07-2017-0663.
Boyd, J. (1986). Patterns of conflict. Available at: www.ausairpower.net/JRB/poc.pdf (Accessed: 18 January 2020).
Camuffo, A., Cordova, A., Gambardella, A. and Spina, C. (2019) 'A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial', Management Science, (October)
CB Insights (2018) The Top 20 Reasons Startups Fail., CB Insights.
Chesbrough, H, Vanhaverbeke, W, West, J. (2006) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, C.M., Hall, T., Dillon, K. and Duncan, D.S. (2016) Know your customers? 'jobs to be done' Harvard Business Review.
Contigiani, A. and Levinthal, DA (2018) 'Situating the construct of lean start-up: adjacent conversations and possible future directions.', Industrial & Corporate Change, 28(3), pp. 551 564.
Croll, A., Yoskovitz, B. (2013). Lean Analytics: Use Data to Build a Better Startup Faster. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media.
Crossan, M.M., Lane, H.W. and White, R.E. (1999) 'An organizational learning framework: From intuition to the institution', Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 24(3) Briarcliff Manor: Academy of Management, pp. 522 537.
Deming, W.E. (1986) Out of the Crisis. Boston, MA.: MIT Press.
Dewobroto, W. and Siagian, J. (2016) 'Business Model Generation and Lean Startup Method as the basis for Business Development Feasibility Study ( Case study of PO . Gajah Mungkur Sejahtera )', (April), pp. 80 89.
Dorina Racola-Paina, N., Andrie, A.M., Dorina, N. and Paina, R. (2017) Identifying Entrepreneurship Readiness for the Application of the Lean Startup Practices in the Service Industry   Case Study Romania. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319665690 (Accessed: 3 December 2019).
Dutta, D.K. and Crossan, M.M. (2005) 'The Nature of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Understanding the Process Using the 41 Organizational Learning Framework: ET&P ET&P', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4) Waco: SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC., pp. 425 449.
Eesley, C.E. and Wu, L. (2015) 'Entrepreneurial Adaptation and Social Networks: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on a MOOC Platform', SSRN Electronic Journal, pp. 1 42.
Eisenmann, T.R., Ries, E. and Dillard, S. (2013) 'Hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship: The lean startup', Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Case, (812 095)
Felin, T., and Foss, N.J. (2011) 'The endogenous origins of experience, routines, and organizational capabilities: The poverty of stimulus', Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(2), pp. 231 256.
Felin, T., Gambardella, A., Stern, S. and Zenger, T. (2019) 'Lean startup and the business model: Experimentation revisited', Long Range Planning, (March) Elsevier, p. 101889.
Fiol, C.M., and Lyles, M.A. (1985) 'Organizational Learning', Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 10(4) Briarcliff Manor: Academy of Management, p. 803.
Fisher, G. (2012) 'Effectuation, causation, and bricolage: A behavioral comparison of emerging theories in entrepreneurship research', Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(5), pp. 1019 1051.
Frederiksen, D.L., and Brem, A. (2017). 'How do entrepreneurs think they create value? A scientific reflection of Eric Ries' Lean Startup approach', International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(1) New York: Springer Nature BV, pp. 169 189.
G�svaer, D. and von Axelson, J. (2012) 'Kaikaku/ : Radical improvement in production', World Academy Of Science, Engineering and Technology
Ghezzi, A. (2018) 'Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146(September) Elsevier, pp. 945 960.
Ghezzi, A., Cavallaro, A., Rangone, A. and Balocco, R. (2015) 'A comparative study on the impact of business model design & lean startup approach versus traditional business plan on mobile startups performance', ICEIS 2015 - 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Proceedings, 3(May 2016), pp. 196 203.
Ghezzi, A. and Cavallo, A. (2018) 'Agile Business Model Innovation in Digital Entrepreneurship: Lean Startup Approaches', Journal of Business Research, (June), pp. 0 1. doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.013
Gustafsson, A. and Qvillberg, J. (2012) ''Implementing Lean Startup Methodology', Masters Thesis. The Chalmers University of Technology. Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 1-80.
Harms, R. (2015) 'Self-regulated learning, team learning and project performance in entrepreneurship education: Learning in a lean startup environment', Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 100 New York: Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 21 28.
Harms, R., Marinakis, Y. and Walsh, S.T. (2015) 'Lean startup for materials ventures and other science-based ventures: under what conditions is it useful?', Translational Materials Research, 2(3) IOP Publishing, p. 035001.
Harvey, C.R. (1999) Identifying real options., Options
Huber, G.P. (1991) 'Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures', Organization Science, 2(1), pp. 88 115.
Imai, M. (1986) Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success.
Jur�en, K. (2014) The lean healthcare entrepreneur: Is the lean startup methodology applicable when facing a healthcare challenge?
Kawakami, T., MacLachlan, D.L. and Stringfellow, A. (2012) 'New venture performance in China, Japan, and the United States: The impact of formalized market information processes', Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(2), pp. 275 287.
Kerr, W.R., Nanda, R., and Rhodes-Kropf, M. (2014). 'Entrepreneurship as experimentation. Journal of Economic Perspective's, 28(3), pp.25-48.
Kirzner, IM (1997) 'Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach', Journal of Economic Literature
Klapper, L., Laeven, L. and Rajan, R. (2006) 'Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship', Journal of financial economics, 82(3) Elsevier, pp. 591 629.
Krafcik, J.F. (1988)' Triumph of the lean production system', MIT Sloan Management Review, 30(1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, p. 41.
Kressel, H. and Winarsky, N. (2015) 'Why the Fail-Fast Approach Is not Right for Breakthrough Ventures', Harvard Business Review, (11)
Ladd, T. (2018) 'Does the business model canvas drive venture success?', Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 20(1) Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 57 69.
Ladd, T. (2016) 'Business Model Validation as an Entrepreneurial Dynamic Capability', Academy of Management Proceedings. Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, Vol.2016, p. 10705.
Ladd, T. and Kendall, L. (2017) 'Resolving the Risk Paradox: Entrepreneurial Cognition in the Lean Startup Method', Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 19(11), pp. 27 41. Available at: http://t.www.na-businesspress.com/JABE/JABE19-11/LaddT_19_11_.pdf (Accessed: 15 January 2020).
Ladd, T., Lyytinen, K. and Gemmell, R. (2015) 'How Customer Interaction and Experimentation Advance New Venture Concepts in a Cleantech Accelerator', Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), p. 11415.
Lalic, M., Calopa, M.K. and Horvat, J. (2012) 'Lean Startup in Croatia-Does the Croatian Startup Scene Develop Effective Enterprises?', Tem Journal, 1(3), p. 200.
Lashinsky, A. (2018) 5 Big Companies Practicing 'The Startup Way', Fortune,
Leoveanu, V. (2018) 'The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using The Lean Start-Up Method For Setting Up A Company In Romania', Manager Journal, 28(1), pp. 127 135.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1966). The savage mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levinthal, DA (2019) 'The Myopia of Learning', 14, pp. 95 112.
Levitt, B. and March, JG (1988) 'Organizational learning', Ann. Rev. Sociol., (14), pp. 319 40.
Lumpkin, G.T. and Lichtenstein, B.B. (2005) 'The Role of Organizational Learning in the Opportunity-Recognition Process:', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), pp. 451 472.
Lynn, G.S., Morone, J.G. and Paulson, A.S. (1996) 'Marketing and discontinuous innovation: The probe and learn process', California Management Review, 38(3) Berkeley, p. 8.
Mansoori, Y. (2016) 'How the Lean Startup Methodology Affects Entrepreneurs and their Organizations: The Case of a Swedish Startup Accelerator', Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 36(16), p. 18.
Mansoori, Y. (2017) 'Enacting the lean startup methodology', International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(5) Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, G�teborg, Sweden/ ; Department of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Division of Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers Univ: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 812 838.
Mansoori, Y., Karlsson, T. and Lundqvist, M. (2019) 'The influence of the lean startup methodology on entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a startup accelerator', Technovation, 84 85(March 2017) Elsevier Ltd, pp. 37 47.
Marmer, M., Herrmann, B.L., Dogrultan, E., Berman, R., Eesley, C.E. and Blank, S. (2011) Startup Genome Report Extra on Premature Scaling.
Maurya, A. (2012) Running Lean: Iterate from Plan A to a Plan That Works.
McGrath, R.G. (2010) 'Business Models: A Discovery Driven Approach', Long Range Planning, 43(2/3) London: Pergamon Press Inc., p. 247.
McGrath, R.G. (1997) 'A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments', Academy of Management Review
McGrath, R.G., Ferrier, W.J. and Mendelow, A.L. (2004) Real options as engines of choice and heterogeneity Academy of Management Review.
McGrath, R.G. and Macmillan, I.C. (1995) 'Discovery Driven Planning: Turning Conventional Planning on its Head', Harvard Business Review, 73(4), pp. 44 54.
Mintzberg, H., 1979. An emerging strategy of" direct" research. Administrative science quarterly, 24(4), pp.582-589.
Moorman, C. (1995) 'Organizational Market Information Processes: Cultural Antecedents and New Product Outcomes', Journal of Marketing Research
Mueller, R.M., and Thoring, K. (2012) 'Design Thinking Vs. Lean Startup: A Comparison of Two User-driven Innovation Strategies, Proceedings of 2012 International Design Management Research Conference, (January 2016), pp. 151 161.
Myers, S.C., 1977. 'Determinants of corporate borrowing'. Journal of financial economics, 5(2), pp.147-175.
Nesmiyanova, A. (no date) Great Minimum Viable Product Examples and Best Practices., Steel Kiwi
Ng, G. (2015) Five Pitfalls of Running Lean Startup Experiments., Forbes,
Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A. and Bessant, J. (2015) 'Selecting Early-Stage Ideas for Radical Innovation', Research Technology Management, 58(4) Arlington: Taylor & Francis Ltd., pp. 36 43.
Nilsen, G.T., and Ramm, N.A. (2015) 'Lean Startup: A success factor? A quantitative study of how the use of the Lean Startup framework affects the success of Norwegian high-tech startups.'
Nirwan, M.D. and Dhewanto, W. (2015) 'Barriers in Implementing the Lean Startup Methodology in Indonesia   Case Study of B2B Startup', Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169(August 2014) Elsevier BV, pp. 23 30.
Nnakwe, C.C., Cooch, N. and Huang-Saad, A. (2018) 'Investing in Academic Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Moving Beyond Research Funding through the NSF I-CORPS TM Program', Technology & Innovation, 19(4), pp. 773 786.
Ohno, T. (1988) Toyota production system: beyond large-scale production. CRC Press.
Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y. (2013) Business model generation.
Popper, K. (2005) The logic of scientific discovery.
Power, B. (2014) 'How GE Applies Lean Startup', Harvard Business Review, (January 2013), pp. 3 7.
Racolta Paina, N., Andries, A.M. (2017) 'Identifying entrepreneurship readiness for the application of the Lean Startup practices in the service industry   Case study Romania.', Ecoforum Journal, 6(3)
Rancic Moogk, D. (2012) 'Minimum Viable Product and the Importance of Experimentation in Technology Startups', Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(3), pp. 23 26.
Rao, A.S. (2014) 'Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for Product Startup: An Indian Perspective', Forum for Knowledge Sharing IX Annual Conference: October., pp. 27 29.
Read, S. and Sarasvathy, S.D. (2005) 'Knowing What to Do and Doing What You Know', The Journal of Private Equity, 9(1), pp. 45 62.
Ries, E. (2011) The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses. Crown Books.
Rompho, N. (2018) 'Operational performance measures for startups', Measuring Business Excellence, 22(1), pp. 31 41.
Schumpeter, J. (1934) Theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Senyard, J., Baker, T., Steffens, P. and Davidsson, P. (2014) 'Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms', Journal of Product Innovation Management
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000) 'The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field Definition of Entrepreneurship', Academy of Management Review
Silva, S.E.P., Calado, R.D., Silva, M.B., and Nascimento, M.A. (2013) Lean startup applied in healthcare: A viable methodology for continuous improvement in the development of new products and services. IFAC.
Sull, DN (2004) 'Disciplined Entrepreneurship', MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(1) Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, pp. 71 77.
Teece, DJ (2010) 'Business models, business strategy and innovation', Long Range Planning, 43(2 3) Elsevier Ltd, pp. 172 194.
Teece, DJ (2018) 'Business models and dynamic capabilities', Long Range Planning, 51(1) Elsevier Ltd, pp. 40 49.
Teece, DJ (2012) 'Dynamic Capabilities: Routines versus Entrepreneurial Action', Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), pp. 1395 1401.
Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., and Shuen, A. (1997) 'Dynamic capabilities and strategic management', Strategic management journal, 18(7) Wiley Online Library, pp. 509 533.
Trigeorgis, L. and Reuer, J.J. (2017) 'Real options theory in strategic management', Strategic Management Journal.
VentureWell. (2019) I-CorpsTM. Available at: http://venturewell.org/I-Corps(TM)/ (Accessed: 15 August 2019).
Warberg, N. and Thorup, N. (2016) 'Preventing challenges in Lean Startup methodology', pp. 216 220.
Womack, J. and Jones, D. (2003) 'Lean Thinking Intro and Chapter 1', in Lean Thinking.
Yang, X., Sun, SL and Zhao, X. (2019c) 'Search and execution: examining the entrepreneurial cognitions behind the lean startup model', Small Business Economics, 52(3), pp. 667 679.

Figure 1. Lean Startup s BML Cycle and Learning Actions (Light Gray: BML, Dark Gray: Resultant Learning Actions)  ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1108/MD-07-2017-0663","ISSN":"0025-1747","abstract":"Purpose The primary goal of a startup is to find a viable business model that can generate value for its customers while being effectively captured by the startup itself. This business model, however, is not easily defined, being a consequence of the application of tools involving trials, data analyses and testing. The Lean Startup (LS) methodology proposes a process for agile and iterative validation of business models. Given the popularity and importance of such methodology in professional circles, the purpose of this paper is to conduct a historical literature review of existing academic and professional literature, correlating LS concepts and activities to previous theory and alternative business model validation methods. Design/methodology/approach A historically oriented systematic literature review employing snowball sampling was conducted in order to identify academic and professional literature and references for iterative validation of business models. A total of 12 scholarly journals and professional magazines dealing with strategy, innovation, entrepreneurship, startups and management were used as data sources. The extensive literature review resulted in 963 exploratory readings and 118 papers fully analyzed. Findings The results position the LS as a practical-oriented and up-to-date implementation of strategies based on the Learning School of strategy making and the effectuation approach to entrepreneurship; the authors also identify a number of methods and tools that can complement the LS principles. Originality/value This paper identified and synthesized the scientific, academic and professional foundations that precede, support and complement the main concepts, processes and methods advocated by the LS methodology.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bortolini","given":"Rafael Fazzi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nogueira Cortimiglia","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Danilevicz","given":"Angela de Moura Ferreira","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Management Decision","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2002","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","8","10"]]},"page":"MD-07-2017-0663","title":"Lean Startup: a comprehensive historical review","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3b268ca-49b0-4e99-bbff-95b96678b16a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","manualFormatting":"(Adapted from Bortolini et al., 2018","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bortolini et al., 2018b)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Adapted from Bortolini et al., 2018ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eisenmann","given":"Thomas R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ries","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dillard","given":"Sarah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Case","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"812-095","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"title":"Hypothesis-driven entrepreneurship: The lean startup","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=453795a7-dbdf-4314-81f9-86b842fcb41d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)","manualFormatting":"; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}; Eisenmann, Ries and Dillard, 2013)



Figure 2. Dropbox Landing Page and Explainer Video as an Example MVP ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://steelkiwi.com/blog/mvp-examples-and-best-practices/","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nesmiyanova","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Steel Kiwi","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Great Minimum Viable Product Examples and Best Practices","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=38de53fd-4701-40bb-b92e-cdec05f052a9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nesmiyanova, no date)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nesmiyanova, no date)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nesmiyanova, no date)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Nesmiyanova, no date)

Figure 3. Blank s Customer Discovery Search and Execution (Adapted from Blank by York;ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blank","given":"Steve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Harvard business review","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"63-72","title":"Why the lean start-up changes everything","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=07031a80-1400-4b8c-9953-3173c9112a0d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.29011/ABAM-104","ISBN":"1805238248","abstract":"This paper examines the \" lean startup \" concept and provides an overview of its key components. In examining \" lean startup, \" this review delves into the two core pieces: (1) search and (2) execution. In the search phase, the discussion explores the journey that the entrepreneur needs to take to identify the right target customer and archetype, as well as the most important \" jobs to be done \" in either addressing a \" pain point \" or creating a customer gain. These pains and gains are used to create a value proposition of the essential values a solution must offer. From this point, the model moves to the development of a mini-mum viable product (MVP) and the search for product/market fit. Next, the model transitions to the phase involved with scaling the startup and execution of the business. This review will focus on key components for a startup to create value and deliver the value proposition from an operational vantage to customers. Value creation will start with understanding different markets and how to operate in them with the use of several constructs including the business model canvas. The value creation process involves several critical pieces: (1) identifying a customer-based value proposition; (2) ascertaining an appropriate market size; (3) creating and testing with a MVP; (4) identifying a revenue model; (5) selecting and developing an appropriate channel strategy; and (5) developing key marketing activities using the \" marketing funnel. \" The paper closes by examining the balance of revenue model with cost structure, net present value, and cash burn analysis, all of which are essential for financial viability.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"York","given":"John M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Archives of Business Administration and Management","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"01","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"Putting lean startup into perspective: A novel approach for discovering and developing a successful business model","type":"article-journal","volume":"2018"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8e97829a-062c-4436-9a72-157062e03862"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013a; York, 2018)","manualFormatting":" Blank, 2013; York, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013a; York, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Blank, 2013a; York, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Blank, 2013; York, 2018)

Figure 4. Business Model Canvas (Adapted, ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-10.2010","ISBN":"9780470876411","ISSN":"07376782","PMID":"20237272","abstract":"You re holding a handbook for visionaries , game changers , and challengers striving to defy outmoded business models and design tomorrow s enterprises . It s a book for the written by co-created by designed by","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Osterwalder","given":"Alexander","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pigneur","given":"Yves","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"Alan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Movement","given":"The","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Booksgooglecom","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Osterwalder Pigneur 2009 business model generation","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=adbdeb78-d5c9-4e1d-8bdc-6a0b5a212e25"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.017","ISSN":"00401625","abstract":"Digital startups launching original value propositions can test out and validate their business model using a recent and emerging set of practices known as Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs), which consist of Customer Development and the Lean Startup. While LSAs are gaining momentum in the ecosystem surrounding digital startups, they still suffer from poor theoretical foundations and operational issues that hinder their adoption and implementation. The aim of this study is to go beyond recalling anecdotal and single-case examples and, through mixed-methods research involving 227 digital startups, provide a first large-scale analysis of: (i) if and how digital startups apply Lean Startups Approaches; (ii) the ensuing results; (iii) the main advantages and disadvantages that stem from adopting and implementing LSAs; and (iv) how digital startups connect and combine the LSAs with other entrepreneurial approaches and tools for launching startups. The findings reveal that most of the sample has adopted LSAs and obtained several benefits from their use. A list of practical guidelines on how to solve the existing drawbacks and enhance the effectiveness of adopting and implementing LSAs is hence proposed. To conclude, a framework for organizing the empirical findings is put forward, where LSAs are inserted into the entrepreneurship theory debate on Effectuation, Entrepreneurial Bricolage and Opportunity Creation. Suggestions are then provided on how to sequence and bridge effectuation and causation logics and decision-making tools in an  entrepreneurial opportunities space .","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ghezzi","given":"Antonio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"September","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018","9"]]},"page":"945-960","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Digital startups and the adoption and implementation of Lean Startup Approaches: Effectuation, Bricolage and Opportunity Creation in practice","type":"article-journal","volume":"146"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=71446759-97f6-4f32-b3c4-7e3b908b604e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Osterwalder et al., 2010)","manualFormatting":"Ghezzi, 2018; Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Osterwalder et al., 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Ghezzi, 2018; Osterwalder et al., 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}Ghezzi, 2018; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010)
 
Figure 5. Lean Canvas (Adapted, Maurya, 2012)


Figure 6. Areas of Risk Mitigation to Where LS Fits (and Does Not Fit) Well (Adapted from Harms et al. 2015).

Figure 7. Analysis of Evidence Supporting Success with Lean Startup
(Adaptive Strategy or Search Strategies)

Note:  LS: lean startup. The number of studies that evaluates LS (5), makes a comparison (3), includes over 100 teams, (2), and involves a randomized control trial (1).

Table 1. A Synopsis of Theoretical Foundations to Lean Startup
AreaCitationSupport of LSPractices SupportedEffectuation Fredrickson and Brem, 2017; Ghezzi, 2018; 
Saravanthy, 2001; 
Yang et al., 2018Direct/
IndirectExperimentation; Iteration/pivoting.
Minimum viable product (MVP)
Use of available resources and partners
Validated learningBricolage Baker and Nelson 2005; 
Bortolini et al., 2018;
Fisher, 2012;
Ghezzi, 2018;
Levi-Strauss, 1966;
Senyard, 2014Direct/
IndirectExperimentation
MVP
Use of available resources and partners to develop a business modelCreation Alverez and Barney, 2007
Ghezzi et al., 2015
Ghezzi, 2018Direct/
IndirectExperimentation and Iteration/pivoting
MVP
Use of business modelDynamic capabilities Ladd et al., 2015;
Teece et al., 1997
Teece et al., 2018Direct/
IndirectExperimentation
Iteration pivoting 
Use and development of a business model
Validated learningOrganizational learningArgyris and Schon, 1974
Argote, 2011
Contigiani and Levinthal, 2018; 
Huber, 1991;
Levinthal, 1991;
Mansoori et al., 2017;Direct/
IndirectExperimentation
Iteration/pivoting 
Validated learning.   















 PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 2 | Page51








		>	D	J	L	>
@
�
�
���
 02�2
6
^��@���ɷɷɷ��ɩ�ɍɍ�r�g^X^TgXM
hD�^Jo(hD�
hD�^Jh�"�hD�^JhD�OJQJ^Ju&hD�h�t5CJOJQJ\^JaJh�t5\h�LCJOJQJ^JaJh3�CJOJQJ^JaJhD�CJOJQJ^JaJ#h�th�tCJH*OJQJ^JaJ h�th�tCJOJQJ^JaJ h�t5CJOJQJ\^JaJ&h�th�t5CJOJQJ\^JaJ���� hj8|~���������6LZ\: < > @ @&B&Z&\&^&`&f&v&x&�&�&''"'n+p+R4T4�4����������������Źŵűű��������Žř�����|
h71^Jujh�"�h�"�U^Jh�"�h�"�^Jhc;�h#9h#9uh�<�jh�<�Uhe�hD5h*	h�I�h�ah�Tmh�thDD5\]h`85\]h+�h�th�"�h�,gh�th�t5\hD�hD�^J.�4�4�4"5$5�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�H�H�H
ITIVIJ
JzQ�p�p�p�pxq�s�s�s�s,t.t������0�2���z���������Ɯ֜(��� �,�8�������ȡڡ��������R�V�`����������������������������������������߾��������������������h�Dbh�,ghD�hU�h�"�
h71^Jh�"�h�"�^Jo(
h�X�^Ju
h�X�^Jh�"�h�"�^Jjh�"�h�"�U^Jh�"�h�"�^JuD`�|�������v�����>�@�P�R�T���`�b��������� �8�����p�r�(�*�^�`�d�n�������������v���������8:����������������������������������������{h�<�jh�<�Uhc;�h�j�h�j�ujh�j�UhD5h�j�h*	h�ahe�u	he�o(jhe�Uhe�h�,gh�,g5\]h�,gh�,g]	h�,g]h`8hd`5\]h�,g5\]h`85\]hU�h�"�hD�0:px|������PXd����	n	p	r	hj��"Fz������FHN\zj�8:<�&�&�&�&�&�&' '$'���������������������Ž�չչ�����ͪͦ���ަ͟͟�������h/ajh/aUh*	h�j�h�<�h�f�h�?�h�I�h�I�h�Tmh�ah�aujh�aUh�j�hD5h�a	hc;�o(hc;�h*	he�jh�<�U	h71uh�j�h�j�u:$'<'@'"(.()))�0EEtE�E�E�E�EF2F:FHFPF�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�G�G�H�H�H�HIIII<ILINI�\�\�����������������������イ��������������|�|!jh�Q�h�,gUOJQJ^Jh�Q�h�,gOJQJ^Jo(h�,gOJQJ^Jh�Q�h�,gOJQJ^Jh�,gh�,g5\]h�,g5\]h�I�h�<�	h�Quh<hQh<hQu	h<hQo(h<hQjh<hQUh*	h�ah�Tmh�j�hD5+�\�\�\�\�\�]�]�p�p�p q"q$q������,�.�0���΁|�~���J�L����������ʚ���n�p�����~�������¯įV��������ʽսս�ե���������������������ʎ���������������h�;-h�,gOJQJ^Juh�,g6OJQJ]^Jh�,gOJQJ^Jjh�,gUOJQJ^JhU�OJQJ^Jh�Q�h�,gOJQJ^Jh�,gOJQJ^Jo(!jh�Q�h�,gUOJQJ^JhU�OJQJ^Juh�Q�h�,gOJQJ^Ju2��°Z�� �8�:�����4�������������J�L�d�f�
����h�j������������L�`�P�R�������������>�|�~����!�!"����������������������������ǽ���������������������hDDjhDDUhD5	heuh#9h#9uhejheUh0+�h0+�h�j�h0+�h`8hDD5\h`85\h
�h�,gOJQJ^Juh�,gOJQJ^Jo(h�,gOJQJ^Jjh�,gUOJQJ^J3"4"N"P"V"^"�"�"�"�"�"X#Z#�D�D�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�EFF�F�F�M�U�UV VBVnV�V�VWW(W*W�x�xRyTyZy\ydy�y�y�y�y�y�y������������������������棨���������������ߑՇ���h��h�<�5\h��h#95\h0+�h0+�u	h0+�o(jh0+�Uh0+�h0+�6]hDDhDDuhDDh�R�h�R�h0+�h��h��h�R�5\h��5\h0+�jhDDUh#9h#9u	h71u5�y�yzz(zVzXzB{D{�|>�@�\�^�`���
���.�f����������*�,�P�T������Z���Z�Z��*�,�L�N�̳γҳԳ������Ĵʴ��������������������������������ν��������h��h�R�5\o(h��hD55\h��h�R�5\h��5\h�R�	h�<�uh0+�h0+�u	h�<�o(h�<�jh�<�Uh#9hc;�hc;�u	hc;�o(jhc;�Uhc;�h/ah0+�h�<�6����(�@�F�Z�\�b�h�����������P�|�����L�R�d�����
�$�8�B�D�j�l�x�z�|���z
|
�
�
�
�
tv����Zp~�����L������������������������������������͵͵��͵͵��ͩ������ͥͥͥ�h�<�h�1�h/ah/aujh/aUhDDjhDDUh��h/a	h71uhDDhDDujhc;�Uh/ahc;�hc;�h/ah/ah�R�h/aAL������jl��������~�� �)�)*****(*b*d*j*�*�*�*�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�033*3,3.3�3�34D4v4�4�4������������������������������ƾ���׺������������h#9h�R�h#9h��h��h��5\h��5\hoqhoF�jhgu�Uhgu�jh/aU	h/ao(h/ah/ah�<�jh�<�Uhc;�h/a	h/auh/ah/au8�4�4�;LSNSPSRS,^.^8^B^b^d^f^�^�^�^.ava�a�a�b�b�b�b�b�bc�cddjjjjJj\j�jkkqq q"q&q�����������������������������y��r�����y��h�<�hgu�h�<�hoF�ujhoF�UhoF�hoF�o(hoF�h��h�<�h�R�h��h�R�5\h��5\h�<�hD�h�R�hc;�h�<�h#9h�R�h#9h�,h71u	h71ujh71UuhX"ChX"Cu	hX"Co(hX"CjhX"CU,&qBqJq�q�q�q0rlrtr�r�r����ʊ̊ΊP�R�� �4�8������,�z�|�~�t�v�����¯N�P������@�B��������
������������������ʾ���ڲ����ޢ޲��������{v	h�[So(h�[Sjh�[SUh�1�h�1�o(u	h�1�o(jh�1�Uh�1�hoF�hc;�uh�<�hc;�o(h�<�hc;�	hc;�uhc;�hc;�uhejheUhDDhDDuhc;�jhc;�UhoF�h�<�	hU�o(hU�h�<�h�<�-
�<�>�B�P�X�����������@�B�F���
�������������	�	
JLPX�����:DNT�������������������������ཱུ����ཱུ�੟��������������	hD5o(hD5heh�ah0+�h�ah`8hDD5\h`85\	h71uhc;�hc;�ujhc;�Uhgu�hc;�h<hQh<hQuh<hQjh<hQUhc;�h�<�hc;�h�1�jh�[SUh�1�h�1�u3����V,rKtK�K�K�K�L�L�L�L
MMM*MzM�M�M�M�M�M�MVh����"�$�0��� �^�f�~�����V�T�V�X�r���������������������������������������ά������������hk%B*OJQJ^Jphhc;�B*OJQJ^Jphhk%hD5uhk%hk%uhoF�hk%hc;�u	h�<�o(h�<�jh�<�U	hc;�o(hD5hk%hc;�hU�hDDhDDu	hDDo(hDDjhDDUh�ah��0��̵ҵ���&�*�V�`�x�����������ȼʼڼ��������B�N�����Ķ���Ĩĕ��o_o��Q�����hPUB*OJQJ^Jphhk%B*OJQJ^Jphu$hk%hk%B*OJQJ^Jphu$jhk%B*UOJQJ^Jph$hM0hoF�B*OJQJ^Jo(phh�?B*OJQJ^Jphh��B*OJQJ^Jph!hM0hoF�B*OJQJ^JphhD5B*OJQJ^Jphhk%B*OJQJ^Jphh�F�B*OJQJ^JphN�P�Z��������
��*�,�8�b�����ؾھܾ����������������
�������Ҵ�����������o_Lo���$h�F�h�F�B*OJQJ^Jphuh�F�B*OJQJ^Jphu$hJQhJQB*OJQJ^Jphu$jhD5B*UOJQJ^Jph!hM0hk%B*OJQJ^Jphhk%B*OJQJ^Jphh�F�B*OJQJ^JphhD5B*OJQJ^Jo(ph!hM0hoF�B*OJQJ^JphhD5B*OJQJ^JphhDDB*OJQJ^Jph���������:�p�������������������`�|�~����ùëØ��wg��TF6ThDDB*OJQJ^Jo(phhDDB*OJQJ^Jph$jhDDB*UOJQJ^Jphhk%B*OJQJ^Jphu$hk%hk%B*OJQJ^JphuhD5B*OJQJ^Jph$jhD5B*UOJQJ^JphhM0hk%OJQJ^Jo(h�F�OJQJ^Jhk%OJQJ^J!hM0hk%B*OJQJ^Jphh�F�B*OJQJ^Jph$hM0hk%B*OJQJ^Jo(ph~�����������^�v�������������&�(�@�j�v���������H�J�L�R�\�r�����˽�����~���������s�f�YOYOYOYh�8�OJQJ^JhM0hk%OJQJ^Jhk%OJQJ]^Jo(hD5OJQJ]^Jh�8�OJQJ]^Jhk%OJQJ]^Jh�F�OJQJ]^JhM0hk%OJQJ]^Jo(hM0hk%OJQJ]^Jhk%B*OJQJ^JphhD5B*OJQJ^Jph$jhDDB*UOJQJ^Jph$hD5hD5B*OJQJ^Jphu��������������F�H�B!@@P@�@�@�@�@CpSrS�S�S�S�S�S�S�S�T�Tkd�f���̧ԧ^�`�~����������������"�:�>�n�������ļ������������������ļ�����������ī������h1r	hDDuh<hQo(u	h<hQujh<hQUu	h71uh�j�h71uhDDhDDu	h�<�o(h�<�jh�<�UhDDh`8hd`5\h`8hDD5\h`85\hoF�B*OJQJ^Jphhk%B*OJQJ^Jph2n�r�t�����ҼԼּڼ�$�:�B�F�\�j�l�r���^�`�h�����������:����������������Խ�����Ԙ����w�i�^ihc;�OJQJ^Jo(jhc;�UOJQJ^Jh�
hc;�OJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Jh��hc;�5\h��5\h��OJQJ^Jh�<�OJQJ^Jh�,gOJQJ^Jhc;�OJQJ^Jh�
hDDOJQJ^JhDDOJQJ^JhDDhDDu	h�Qu	hc;�ujhc;�Uu	hDDu����������"�:�B�R�`�d�h���������
�,�.�0�����������\�^�x�z�2�4�������Ffjl�"$>@(*������������������̷�������̷���̞����������̷�����̷�h�h*h�h*OJQJ^JuhwLtOJQJ^JjhwLtUOJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juhc;�OJQJ^Jo(h1rOJQJ^Jhc;�OJQJ^Jh�
hc;�OJQJ^Jjhc;�UOJQJ^Jhc;�hc;�OJQJ^Ju4��� � � !�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0111*121V1X1f1�1�1�1�1�1�1 2"2�2�2�2D:F:r:t:v:x:�?�?�?�?�?�?����ļ�İ��ļ�ِِِِِِِ�ق����������w���hc;�OJQJ^Juh�
hc;�OJQJ^Jo(h�
hc;�OJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Jh�QCJaJuhc;�hc;�CJaJuhc;�CJaJjhc;�CJUaJhc;�CJaJo(hc;�OJQJ^Jjhc;�UOJQJ^Jhc;�hc;�OJQJ^Ju-�?�?�A�A�M�U�U�U�U�VWVWXW"o$oToVo�o�o�q$�&�(�\�^�`�������4�6�R�T�V�X����������������������{r{����������h�h��OJQJ^Jh�QCJaJuh<hQh<hQCJaJuh<hQCJaJo(h<hQCJaJjh<hQCJUaJh�M�h�M�CJaJujh�M�CJUaJh�M�CJaJhc;�hc;�OJQJ^Juhc;�OJQJ^Jo(jhc;�UOJQJ^Jhc;�OJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^J$���������������̩ΩЩҩԩ֩ީ�����
��J�L�$�&����������ְ�����wiw\wNwNjhc;�UOJQJ^Jh,Q�hc;�OJQJ^Jh,Q�hc;�OJQJ^Jo(hc;�OJQJ^Jh��OJQJ\^Jh��hc;�5OJQJ^Jh��5OJQJ^Jh�Qh�QCJaJh�M�CJaJh�QCJaJuhc;�hc;�CJaJuhc;�CJaJo(hc;�CJaJjhc;�CJUaJhc;�OJQJ^Jo(h�f�OJQJ^J&�T�V�Z�\�f�h�����ʹ̹
�0�2�����������������B�t���������������������2�4�����������������B�D���fh���	�����������������������������η٩������م���������hc;�>*OJQJ^Jhc;�h�<�OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jo(jh�<�UOJQJ^Jh�<�OJQJ^Jh,Q�hc;�OJQJ^Jhc;�OJQJ^Jo(hc;�OJQJ^Jjhc;�UOJQJ^Jhc;�hc;�OJQJ^Ju4			F	T	j	�	�	����0�011.1<1h1l1~1�1�1�1�1222�;�DE,E.E2E�E�Ed]f]�]�]^^�^�^�^___����������������������������诣��������wh�Q�OJQJ^Juhc;�OJQJ^Juh�M�OJQJ^Jh�M�h�M�CJaJujh�M�CJUaJh�M�CJaJh�f�OJQJ^Jhc;�hc;�OJQJ^Juhc;�OJQJ^Jo(jhc;�UOJQJ^Jhc;�OJQJ^Jh,Q�hc;�OJQJ^J._"_4_6_@_B_h_�_�_>`aa*a�a�aje�o�o�o�o�o�o�o����܁ށ�,�:�����6������������ྴ�ྦ�����ঘ��v�vhv]hh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(jh�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^JhM0h�Q�OJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Juh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jujh�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�<�OJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(hDDOJQJ^Jh�Q�hDDOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Jh��h��h�Q�5\h��5\#��Αґ6��� �Z�\���ԭ��6�R�^�f���������6�2�4�h�l�6�������� �H�J�L�����6�f�h���������������ٶٶٶ��ٶ���������������١����{��h�}[h�}[OJQJ^Juh�}[OJQJ^Jjh�}[UOJQJ^Jh�}[OJQJ^Jo(h�<�OJQJ^JhM0h�Q�OJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(h�Q�OJQJ^Jjh�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Ju*�������������������$&��*,TV����2HJP�����"�"�"�"�"�"�"�"�"������϶�ݨ��ݨݨ��ݨݨ��ݍݍ݃ݨݨ���y�yhDDOJQJ^JhU�OJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jujh�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(h�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jujh�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Jh@GJh�Q�OJQJ^Ju+�"�"�",#n#p#�(�1�1426282"D$D*DNDjDlDnDtD�D�D�D�D�DzEFFF�W�WX$X@XBXDXHXVXxX�X�������зЩ��������|�|�|�oe������������h�Q�OJQJ^JhM0h�Q�OJQJ^Jh,Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^JuhwLtOJQJ^JjhwLtUOJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(jh�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^JhDDOJQJ^Jh,Q�hDDOJQJ^J'�X�X�XDYHYHZJZ�flnnn�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�nooo,o2o�o�o~p�p�p�����������������������������w�plg_l_W_lh�Czh/M�ujh/M�U	h/M�o(h/M�h/M�h/M�h/M�heOJQJ^Jh/M�h�1�OJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Jh/M�h�Q�OJQJ^Jh��hDD5\h��5\h�Q�OJQJ^Juh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(jh�Q�UOJQJ^JhDDOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^J"���f���v�x�ܚޚ��������������r�t�سڳ���@���*�,�x�|�~���������:�������˽�꽯���s�s�s�b�s�Ts�s���h/M�h/M�OJQJ^Jo(!h/M�h/M�B*OJQJ^Jph!jh/M�h/M�UOJQJ^Jh/M�h/M�OJQJ^Jh/M�h/M�OJQJ^Juh/M�h/M�OJQJ^Jo(uh/M�h/M�OJQJ^Juh/M�h�Q�OJQJ^Ju!jh/M�h�Q�UOJQJ^Jh/M�h�Q�OJQJ^Jo(h/M�h�Q�OJQJ^Jh/M�h`8 :�<�����.�0�����������6�8�X�������0�2�L�N�����>�@�B�D�x������������ƹ�������������x�jbZUj	h71uh�j�h71uh71h71uh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jjh�<�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Ju!jh�Q�h�Q�UOJQJ^Jh�Q�OJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jh`8OJQJ^Juh/M�h/M�OJQJ^Jh/M�h�Q�OJQJ^Ju$jh/M�h�Q�UOJQJ^Ju��������������d�f��������
��0�2�		B	D	F	H	v	|	�	�	^	�	�	�����������������������yk`[�Nh�Q�h&	�OJQJ^J	h&	�o(h&	�OJQJ^Jo(h�Q�h&	�OJQJ^Jo(h&	�OJQJ^JhWm.h&	�hWm.h&	�ujh&	�UhWm.h&	�6]h&	�6]h&	�h&	�h&	�h�Q�OJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^Jh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^Jjh�<�UOJQJ^Jh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Juh71OJQJ^Ju�	�	�	�	�	�	&	:	L	P	l	z	�	<	R	T	V	�	(!	*!	J!	L!	P!	�!	h#	j#	�2	�2	3	������Ľ˯����甤�����|o_|_Th�QOJQJ^Jujh�Q�UOJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^Jo(uh�Q�OJQJ^Juh&	�OJQJ^Jo(ujh&	�UOJQJ^Juh&	�OJQJ^Juh�Q�h&	�OJQJ^Juh&	�h&	�h&	�6]h&	�h�Q�h&	�OJQJ^Jo(h&	�OJQJ^Jh�Q�h&	�OJQJ^Jh&	�OJQJ^Jo(3	3	3	d5	f5	.M	0M	^M	`M	dM	fM	nM	~M	�M	�M	�M	�M	�N	�N	�N	�N	O	O	TO	VO	�O	�O	NX	PX	���ƻ��ư֩�����ukauaSuSjh�}[UOJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Jh�<�OJQJ^Jh�}[OJQJ^JhDDOJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Juh�}[OJQJ^Juh��h�
z5\h��5\h�QOJQJ^Juh
�OJQJ^Jujh
�UOJQJ^Juh�Q�OJQJ^Jujh�Q�UOJQJ^Juh�Q�h�Q�OJQJ^JuPX	RX	vX	xX	zX	~X	�X	�X	�X	�X	�X	>Y	DY	dY	fY	rY	�Y	�Y	�Y	�Y	�Y	Z	 Z	JZ	LZ	NZ	�b	�b	�b	c	c	c	"c	�d	�d	Ff	Hf	�����ķ���������������������懕�zm�_jh�;-UOJQJ^Jh�6[h�6[OJQJ^Jh�6[h�}[OJQJ^Jh�}[h�6[OJQJ^Jujh�6[UOJQJ^Jh�6[OJQJ^JhDDOJQJ^Jh,Q�hDDOJQJ^JhEuOJQJ^Jh�}[OJQJ^Jjh�}[UOJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juh�}[h�}[OJQJ^Ju$Hf	�q	�q	r	r	r	r	4r	Vr	�r	�r	�r	�r	�r	�r	�r	�r	�r	Bs	�s	�s	^�	`�	b�	��	��	��	��	j�	|�	Ĉ	�	�	�����¸������Ϗ�������shs���^��Sh��OJQJ^Jo(heOJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juh��h��OJQJ^Jujh��UOJQJ^JhZ�OJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Jh�}[OJQJ^Jo(hU�OJQJ^Jh�}[OJQJ^Jh�6[h��OJQJ^Jh�6[OJQJ^Jh��h�6[OJQJ^Jujh�;-UOJQJ^Jh�;-OJQJ^J �	�	*�	R�	\�	j�	l�	"�	$�	&�	H�	J�	L�	��	��	��	�	�	��	�	�	,�	>�	L�	P�	R�	�	�	
�	,�	.�	0�	4�	6�	>�	H�	V�	X�	r�	��	��	�������ɻ����ףףףףף���ɻ�ə�ג��}rg}h�;-OJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juh�A�OJQJ^Juh��h�
z5\h��5\h�QOJQJ^Jh,Q�hDDOJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juh�}[h�}[OJQJ^Jujh�}[UOJQJ^JhDDOJQJ^Jh�}[OJQJ^Jh��OJQJ^Jh�f�OJQJ^J(��	�	�	n�	p�	r�	R�	T�	��	��	��	��	v�	x�	z�	��	��	��	��	��	�	�	��	��	��	��	��	��	��	��	N�	�	�	�	��	��	��	�����˲��������˔�����z�o_oz_jhng�UOJQJ^Juhng�OJQJ^Juhng�OJQJ^Jo(u	h71uh�j�h71uh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Jujh�;-UOJQJ^Juh�;-h�;-OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh[�h[�OJQJ^Juh[�OJQJ^Juh�;-OJQJ^Ju$��	��	��	Z�	\�	^�	^�	

>
@
�
�
�
`
b
z
|
|
~
�
�
�
r
�
�


(
*
.
0
�
�
,
.
^(
61
81
n1
p1
r1
t1
�1
�1
�1
���˻����֘�ˍ��������˻�������˻������t�th�;-OJQJ^Juh[�hng�OJQJ^Juh�f�OJQJ^Juh�A�OJQJ^Juh�M�OJQJ^Jo(uh�M�OJQJ^Jujh�M�UOJQJ^Juhng�OJQJ^Juh[�OJQJ^Jujhng�UOJQJ^Juhng�hng�OJQJ^Ju-�1
�1
�1
02
\2
�2
�2
�;
^G
`G
�G
�G
�I
�I
�I
�S
�^
�^
�^
�^
�^
�_
�`
b
�b
�b
�m
�m
�m
������öΨ�ޝ�öΏΝނw�g\gNh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh�A�OJQJ^Juh�;-OJQJ^Jo(uh�;-h/jOJQJ^Juh/jOJQJ^Juh�;-h�;-OJQJ^Juh[�OJQJ^Jo(uh[�OJQJ^Jujh[�UOJQJ^Juh�;-OJQJ^Juhng�OJQJ^Juh1rOJQJ^Ju�m
�m
�m
�m
�m
Fo
Ho
z
 z
"z
$z
Xz
`z
bz
dz
jz
lz
nz
tz
�z
�z
�z
�z
�z
�{
|
|
�����Ծ�����ɫ����qg]RDjh<hQUOJQJ^Jh1rOJQJ^Jo(h1rOJQJ^Jh	sOJQJ^Jh`8h�;-OJQJ^Juh`8hd`5\h`8h�65\h`8h�;-5\h`85\h��5\h�;-OJQJ^Juh71h71uh�<�OJQJ^Juhng�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Ju	h71uh�j�h71u|
�}
X�
Z�
\�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
�
�
�
(�
0�
F�
H�
Z�
n�
��
��
̏
�
�
�
�
�
Z�
\�
^�
��
��
��
��
��
�
�
�
t�
v�
x�
��
��
��
��
�
�
�
��
��
������ܹ�������������������������܎��������ܥ����h1rh1rOJQJ^Jh�<�OJQJ^Jh	sOJQJ^Jh�f�OJQJ^Jh1rOJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juh<hQh<hQOJQJ^Jujh<hQUOJQJ^Jh<hQOJQJ^Jo(h<hQOJQJ^J4��
�
�
�

�
(�
*�
��
��
��
��
6�
B�
F�
H�
J�
f�
h�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
�
�
�
��
��
��
��
@�
B�
z�
|�
~�
��
���������ٷ٭���٭ٌٙ�����ٌ�~�s~e~��h<hQh<hQOJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^Jo(jhd`UOJQJ^Jh1rh1rOJQJ^Jh	sOJQJ^Jh�DbOJQJ^Jhd`OJQJ^Jh�f�OJQJ^Jh`8OJQJ^Jjh1rUOJQJ^Jh1rOJQJ^Jjh<hQUOJQJ^Jh1rh1rOJQJ^Ju'��
0�
2�
:�
<�
��
��
�
�
��
��

�
�
4�
6�
8�
��
��
��
��
�
�
�
�
�
�
��
��
�
BPRTVXZ`�����������Ƽ�ƣ��Ƌ����Ƽ�ƣ�����}oh`85OJQJ\^Juh��5OJQJ\^Juh1rh�<�OJQJ^Jh�QOJQJ^Juh<hQh<hQOJQJ^Juh<hQOJQJ^Jo(h<hQOJQJ^Jjh<hQUOJQJ^Jh�<�OJQJ^Jh1rh1rOJQJ^Jh1rOJQJ^Jhd`OJQJ^J'`���������"8:<np��/�/�/�/�/"B$BJBLBPBRB�PvUxU�U�U�U�U�U�U�U�UVV����������������깾ƾ�������깾�ۋ۾~�~�pjh�xUOJQJ^JhM0h�1�OJQJ^Jh�(~h�1�uh�,h�1�OJQJ^Juh�1�OJQJ^Jjh�1�UOJQJ^J	h�1�o(jh�1�Uh�!�h�1�u	h71uh�,h�1�u	h�1�ujh�1�Uuh�1�!h`8h�1�5OJQJ\^Ju*V�i�i�i�i�i�i�i�i�ij�o�oppp"pLp\p�p�p�q�q��дҴԴZ���&�(�4�H�`�l����������繱����������������{t�l�{d{d\h�&mh�1�uh�!�h�1�uhX"Ch�1�uh�1�o(u	h�1�ujh�1�Uu	h�1�o(h�xOJQJ^Juh�1�OJQJ^Juh�(~h�1�uh�1�jh�1�Uh�1�OJQJ^Jh�1�OJQJ^Juh�3�OJQJ^Juh�,h�1�OJQJ^Jujh�xUOJQJ^Jh�xOJQJ^J$����ĻȻһ�����@�B�\�`�������������־ؾ�������l�n�����&�(�,������������������&�(����������������������������������̹��������~�������hX"Ch�1�OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�1�OJQJ^Jo(ujh�1�UOJQJ^Juh�1�OJQJ^Jo(uh�1�OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�1�uh�1�jh�1�Uh�&mh�1�uhe
mh�1�uh�!�h�1�uh�&mh�1�o(u	h�1�u1���r��~����������*�	�	�6686d6f6.707�9�c�c�c�c<eLebe�e�e�e�e�e�g\�^�������¡h����������ɹ��箠�~�������������������������������!h`8h�e]5OJQJ\^Ju!h`8h�[S5OJQJ\^Juh`85OJQJ\^Juh�e]OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�1�OJQJ^Jo(uhX"Ch�1�OJQJ^Jujh�1�UOJQJ^Juh�1�OJQJ^Juh�1�OJQJ^Jo(u1h�j�����6�8�|�~���������Z�\����������p�r��

�

�

�





�
�
�
�
�


\
x
�
�
�
�
�
v!
x!
�!
�!
�"
�"
*4
,4
F4
H4
�4
�4
�4
�4
�4
�4
Z6
\6
�G
�G
���������������������������ֽ���������������������������������jh
�UOJQJ^Juh
�h
�OJQJ^Juh
�OJQJ^Juh�1�h�1�OJQJ^Juh�1�OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�1�OJQJ^Jujh�1�UOJQJ^Ju>�G
�G
H
H
H
I
I
�P
�P
�P
�P
�P
Q
LQ
VQ
�Q
�Q
(R
*R
,R
�Y
�Y
Z
Z
4Z
6Z
JZ
fZ
�Z
�Z
�Z
V[
\[
�[
�[
Pc
Rc
�c
�c
�c
�c
�c
hd
�d
�d
�e
�e
�e
�e
f
f
@f
bf
�����ƻ���ְְ��ְƻƢưְְְְ�ƻ���֛������������h�7�h�[Sh�xh`8h�e]5\h`85\h
�h�qOJQJ^Juh�qOJQJ^Juh�xOJQJ^Jujh�xUOJQJ^Juh
�OJQJ^Jujh
�UOJQJ^Juh
�h
�OJQJ^Ju4bf
df
ff
l
�
�
�
�
<�
H�
��
��
Š
̊
֊
�
�
�
J�
B�
D�
F�
z�
��
��
��
ʠ
,�
8�
L�
R�
��
��
إ
2�
4�
T�
V�
z�
~�
��
̷
з
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
P�
h�
~�
��
��
��
$�
����������������������ѵѱѩͤ������������ɕ������h�[SOJQJ^J	h�7�u	h�3�o(jh�3�Uh��h�[ShU�	h�Quh�7�h�7�uh�7�h�3�h�[Sh�[S	h�[Su	h3�uhgB.h�[Su	h�xo(h�xjh�xUh�[S8$�
&�
`�
b�
d�
��
��
��
��
��
^�
N�
P�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
.�
2�
~�
��
��
��
D�
F�
H�
J�
$�
&�
0�
:�
X�
Z�
\�
`�
b�
�
&�)�)�)�) 5�������������������������������������������jh�[SUu	h�<�o(h�,h71u	h71ujh71UuhgB.h�[Sujh�[SUh�3�h�[Sh�7�	h�[Suh�7�h�7�uh�7�o(ujh�7�Uu	h�7�u	h�Quh�[Sh�[Suh�<�jh�<�U1 5"5"6$60828�:<r<t<�<�<~=�=�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>??*?6?n?p?�?�?�?8O:OVOXO\O^O�b�bcc c d"d$d�d<u>u@utuvuxu|u�u����������������������󿻿Ώ������������������	h�Quh�7�h�7�u	h�xo(h�xjh�xUh�[Sh�7�h�7�h@N�h�[Suh�[Sjh�[SUjh�<�UhgB.h�[Suh�[Sh�[So(uh�[Sh�[Sujh�[SUu	h�[Suh�[So(u5�u�u�uv v&v(vdv|v�v�v�v����ЎҎԎ֎؎ڎ��ďƏ�4�6�d����������$�B�P�b��
��������������� �L�X�j���������������������������������ÿ��Ե�����������������h�7�6]h�7�h�7�u	h�7�o(jh�7�Uh�[Sh�[S	h�Qu	h7Epo(h7Epjh7EpUh��	h�xuh�xh�xujh�xUh�xh�[Sh�S*h�[So(h�7�h�S*h�[S9��������v�x�����������������j�~��������R�T�V�z�|��������r�����
FHh��24npvxz�$&(R$T$V$z$��������������ƾƾƾ�����ƾƾƶ�����ƾƶ�����������	h�Quh�<�jh�<�Uh�7�h�[Sh~�h~�h~�uh
�jh
�Uh~�h�3�h~�h~�h�[Sh�[Sh�[Sh�,h71u	h71ujh71Uuh�7�h�7�ujh�xU8z$|$~$�$�%�%�%�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�899�:�:�:�M�M�MNNN�N�N�N�N�O�O�O�b�b�b�b�b�bNcXc�e�e�e�x�x�x�x�x�x(ztz�{�{֎؎��� �6�T�V�����������������®ĮƮ�������������������������������������������������ºh
@h�7�ujh�7�Uh��	h�3�u	h�xu	h~�u	h�Quh�<�	h�7�uh�7�jh�<�Uh�7�h�7�uIƮ���
���0�8�N�P�z�|�~�������&�(�*�,�X�Z�\����������������������l�F�H�J�������6�8�n�p�t�~�������j������������������������������Ž����������潊�h��OJQJ^Juh�e]OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�e]u	h�e]o(jh�e]Uh�1�h�e]^Jh�1�h�e]^Jo(h�e]hU�h�[S	h�Quh�7�h�7�uh�<�jh�<�Uh~�h�7�jh�7�Uh
@h�7�u	h�7�u2j�~�D�F�����D�F���P&.02��(*`b~�������(8`l�����
���$�$�$�$��������������������������������������������񮞮���h�7�h�7�OJQJ^Jujh�7�UOJQJ^Juh�7�OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�e]OJQJ^Jo(uh�e]OJQJ^Jo(ujh�e]UOJQJ^Juh�e]OJQJ^JuhX"Ch�e]OJQJ^Ju4�$�&�&\-^-�-�-�/�/�/�C�CDDDDD>D@DHDrD�D�D�D�D�ERF�������򹮹ɹק���~mbWbWbIh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh�|kOJQJ^Juh<hQOJQJ^Ju!h`8h>\d5OJQJ\^Juh`85OJQJ\^Juh`8h>\d5\h`8hd`5\h`85\h�7�h�e]h~�OJQJ^Jujh~�UOJQJ^Juh�7�h�7�OJQJ^Juh�7�OJQJ^Jujh�7�UOJQJ^Juh�7�OJQJ^Jo(uRFfF�F�F�F�FtX�r�r�r�rJsLsNs~s�s�s�s<t>t�tޅ�����`�b�����ƻ�Ơ��ƻ���zm��z�]R]hX"COJQJ^JujhX"CUOJQJ^JuheOJQJ^Jo(uheOJQJ^JujheUOJQJ^Juh�|kOJQJ^Juh<hQh<hQOJQJ^Juh<hQOJQJ^Jo(uh<hQOJQJ^Jujh<hQUOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Jo(uh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juhi4�OJQJ^Jub�x�z�~�����̌��h�j�l�Џ����������~�T�V�X�������ޢ��d�f����ȽȽȽ����������yiy\iNiy�yh<hQh<hQOJQJ^Juh<hQOJQJ^Jo(ujh<hQUOJQJ^Juh<hQOJQJ^Juh>\dhi4�OJQJ^Juh<hQhi4�OJQJ^Juhi4�OJQJ^Jo(ujhi4�UOJQJ^Juhi4�OJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^JuheOJQJ^JujhX"CUOJQJ^JuheheOJQJ^Juf�h�H�J�h�j�������־ؾ �"������������V�l�����������8�:�<���������������������,����������˽�˭֭˽�����˽˽�˭�z���֭���˽�h<hQOJQJ^Jo(uh�DbOJQJ^Juh�|kOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Jo(ujh<hQUOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh<hQOJQJ^Juh<hQh<hQOJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^Jujhd`UOJQJ^Ju)������������B�p���������
����"j�����ﻭ����{k`kRk��G�{��h�3�OJQJ^Juh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^JuhX"COJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^JuhNgrOJQJ^Ju!h`8h>\d5OJQJ\^Juh`85OJQJ\^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh<hQh<hQOJQJ^Juh�|kOJQJ^Jo(uh�|kOJQJ^Jujh�|kUOJQJ^Jujl(Thxz�����
:<hjl���4J��L#v.x.�.�.�.�.�./
/$/��������麪������yn�n�n�y��������y�ń�h�5OJQJ^JuhNgrOJQJ^Juh4�OJQJ^Juh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jo(ujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh�h*OJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juh�|kOJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^Ju'$/</�/�/�/�/�/�/0 0"0H0b0B1H1J1\1l1n1|1�1�12.2H2T2\2b2�2R3T3�<�G�G��������ź�����桺�Ŗ���ʼnŖynayh�<�OJQJ^Jo(uh�<�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh^E_OJQJ^Jo(uh^E_OJQJ^JuhNgrhNgrOJQJ^Juh�5OJQJ^JuhNgrOJQJ^Juh4�OJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^Juh�f�OJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^JuhwLtOJQJ^Ju!�G�G�G�G�GHHH*H,HxH|H�H�I�I�a�a�a�a�acc�m�w�w�w�w�w0x8xNx�y�����������������s���f����X�X�h>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jo(uh>\dh�5OJQJ^Juh�|kh�5OJQJ^Juh�h*OJQJ^Jujh�h*UOJQJ^Juh�5OJQJ^JuhY8�OJQJ^Juh^E_OJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^Juh�<�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh�<�h�<�OJQJ^Ju�y�y�yFzHz�z�z�z�z�z
{{4{Z{b{�{L|�|�|d��������2�P�R���ȏ�$�&�d�P�R�|�~�������������N�r�z�f�(�*�����ڧܧ�����������������ӵ���������ŵ�����������ŏ��������h�3�OJQJ^Juh�h*h�h*OJQJ^JuhwLtOJQJ^Jo(ujhwLtUOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh�h*OJQJ^Juh>\dOJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^JuhwLtOJQJ^Ju8�����������>�^�j�l�z���������������������$�� �<�>�B��J�L�b�d�������0�4�X�Z�$�|�~����������������������е������Єۄۄۄۄy�����h�<�OJQJ^Juh�0POJQJ^JuhwLthwLtOJQJ^Juh�M�OJQJ^Jo(uh�M�OJQJ^Jujh�M�UOJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^JuhwLtOJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juhz~WOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Ju-~����������������6�8�H�Z�\�x�z�~���������������������������� �R�T������Ƚȯȯᤗ����Ƚȯ��������������qfqhmBOJQJ^JujhmBUOJQJ^Juh�I�OJQJ^Juh�DbOJQJ^Juh�M�OJQJ^Jo(uh�M�OJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juh�0POJQJ^Juh>\dh�0POJQJ^Jujh�M�UOJQJ^JuhwLth�0POJQJ^Ju%�4�6�^�`���J�^�������P�R�j�l�p����������� �N�P�t�~�������D�����������t�
@H>@����<>����ֽֽ�����֧��������������֋��ˋ֋��֧˧������˲˲h>\dh�M�OJQJ^Juh>\dh�I�OJQJ^Juh�I�OJQJ^JuhmBOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juh�M�OJQJ^JujhmBUOJQJ^Juh�M�h�M�OJQJ^Ju6>@����0>����D,F,p,r,t,v,�,�,-N-v-".$.&.J6L6�6�6�6r7�:�:�=�=H>�>p?�����ȽȽ��������Ȥ����������Ȇ��{�p�hd`OJQJ^Juh>\dOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^Jo(uhEhEOJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juh>\dhmBOJQJ^JuhmBOJQJ^Juh>\dh>\dOJQJ^JuhmBhmBOJQJ^JuhEOJQJ^JujhEUOJQJ^Ju(p?r?�?�O�O�O�O�O�O�O�O,R.R�R�R�R�R�R^S`SbS�Z�Z�Z�Z~[�[�^�^�^�_
``B`D`F`H`P`����ɾ�ﳨ������������|�����o��o����ah`85OJQJ\^Juh��OJQJ^Jo(uhEh��OJQJ^Jujh��UOJQJ^Juh>\dh��OJQJ^Juhd`OJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Juh�QOJQJ^Juh��h��OJQJ^JuheOJQJ^Jo(uheOJQJ^JujheUOJQJ^Ju%P`�`�`�`�`�`�`�`�`a"a�afb�b�b�bRcTchf�y�y�y�y({.{n{p{h~�������ֻ�֤�����p�cpUp�J�p�chA4�OJQJ^Juh7Eph7EpOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Jo(ujh7EpUOJQJ^Juh7Ep6OJQJ]^Juh9�OJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Juh��h��^Juh��h��56\]h��hU�56\]hU�5\h��5\h��h��5\h`8h7EpOJQJ^Ju!h`8h7Ep5OJQJ\^Ju����:�<�h�������� �6�8��������мҼp�����������������h�2�4�\�^�l������������־־֮����֋֋֋֋{�n{`{��h7EphA4�OJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^Jo(ujhA4�UOJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^Juh9�OJQJ^Jo(uh9�OJQJ^Jujh9�UOJQJ^Juh`8OJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Jo(uh7EpOJQJ^Juh7Eph7EpOJQJ^Jujh7EpUOJQJ^Ju%������n�X�Z�����������������(�*�n�������n	pr���������n!4484:4h4�4�4�4�4�4V5�����پ����飳���������پ��������پ���}�}�h`8OJQJ^Juh7EphA4�OJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^Jo(ujhA4�UOJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^Juh7Eph7EpOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Jo(ujh7EpUOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Juh9�OJQJ^Ju1V5X5n9�K�K�K�KpLrLtLnO�b�bccLc�d�d�dnip{r{�{�{X|Z|ڀԒ֒�����ږb�d�����ĪΪ��(�*�ڰ����������������侮������������������������������}��������hWskOJQJ^Juh�DbOJQJ^Juh7EphA4�OJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^Jo(ujhA4�UOJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^Juh7Eph7EpOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Jo(uh7EpOJQJ^Jujh7EpUOJQJ^Ju1����\�^����������
���������@�B������$�.�D�Z�\�p�r�t���	�	

BD��!�!�!�!##�&�9�9�9�9�:�:�>QQBQDQ0S2S�V�i�i�i�i�j�j�n\�^����������پ�������پ����������پ�����پ�����پ�����پ�����پ�����پ�h7EphA4�OJQJ^Juh7Eph7EpOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Jo(ujh7EpUOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^JuhA4�OJQJ^JuE����چ`�b�����R�T���αб������������j�l���������b�d�������l�n���������������������������xm`xh�<�OJQJ^Jo(uh�<�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh7Eph9�OJQJ^Juh9�OJQJ^Jo(ujh9�UOJQJ^JuhrQiOJQJ^Juh9�OJQJ^Juh7Eph7EpOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Jo(ujh7EpUOJQJ^Juh7EpOJQJ^Ju!n�����>�@�B������������������������"�@��������˻ˮ���˓�~w~lwb[bLb@h��h��^Jo(ujh��h��U^Ju
h��^Juh��h��^Juh��h��5\o(h��5\h��h��5\h`8OJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Jo(uh7EphrQiOJQJ^JuhrQiOJQJ^Jo(ujhrQiUOJQJ^JuhrQiOJQJ^Juh9�OJQJ^Jujh�<�UOJQJ^Juh9�h9�OJQJ^Ju���Z\����fh��
�HJ������>@���#�#$$�%�%�*�*b+ 3"3X3Z3b3f3h3j3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3@4�7�7*C,ClCnCtC�C�����������������������»»»»»»»������!h�X�h`85OJQJ\^Juh��5\h��h��5\
h��^Ju
hU�^Jujh��h��U^Juh��h��^Jo(uh��h��^Ju@�C�CD�D�DFDG�G�G`IJ�M�M�M�M�MN�NjO�O�O�O�O�P�P�PQJQzQ�Q�Q�QDRzR�R�R�RSSlS�U�U�UVV.VdVhVjVlVvV�X
YY4Y<Y�Y�Y�Z��������Ĺ�Թ��韹�鹪���鹪韹���������Թ����hD�OJQJ^Jh�'OJQJ^Juh`o�OJQJ^JuhD�hD�OJQJ^Ju
hD�^Jo(h�"�hD�^J
hD�^J
h�X�^Jh�"�h�X�^Jh�X�OJQJ^Juh��OJQJ^Ju:�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�ZB[Z[�[�[�[�[\\^B_D_F_�b:c<c8eNekpkrktk|k~k�k��������������õï��éâ��ujZh`85OJQJ\^JaJuh`8OJQJ^Ju!h`8h`85OJQJ\^JuhD�5OJQJ\^Juh�X�hD�OJQJ^Ju
hD�^Jo(
hU�^J
h�'^JhD�h�'OJQJ^Ju
hD�^J
h`o�^J
h�X�^Jh�X�h�X�^Jh�X�OJQJ^Juh�'OJQJ^Juh`o�OJQJ^Ju�k�k�k�k�kRlTl�l�l�l�lFmHm\n^nbn�n�noobodono�o�o�opzp~p�p�p�p�p�p�p4qbq�q����ʺʺʧʺʺʧʕ�ʺʧ���r�_rʕ�ʧʧ%h�Qh�=6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh�=OJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�Db6OJQJ]^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qhgu�jh�Qhgu�U%hD5hgu�5OJQJ\^JaJu%�q�q�qss�s�s�s
t,t.t:t�t�txuzu�u�u�uv^v�v�v�vw�w�w�wxxxx2x�x�x�x�x�x�x@yByFyty�y�y�y�yBzVzXz�z�������ܹ����������������܂�����������������(h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJo(uh�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�=6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJu2�z�z�z2{z{�{�{�{�{�{�{,|�|�|>}@}�}�}�}�}$~&~(~P~hj.�0�4�X���؀܀�V��������������0����ǷǷ�����������o���������������������h�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu(h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh71OJQJ^JaJu(h�Qh716OJQJ]^JaJo(u%h�Qh716OJQJ]^JaJu*0�2�B�D���
�D�d���&�J�L�ʅ̅<�D�Z�\�`�Ά>�r�����D�F�h�������������� �h�č������"��������߼ߪ�����ߚ��߼ߪ��ϼ�ߪߪ߼�����߼ߪ���߼ߪ(h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJo(uh�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJu1��������������l�x�����ƐȐ���������������.������������V���Еҕ֕ �B�r�t���������F�H�t�v�z��*�,�>��������߼ߪ�����߼ߪ���߼ߚ����߼����߼ߪ�ߚ������߼ߊߪh�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJuh�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh71OJQJ^JaJu6������������^�������������@�țʛ�����ҝޝ"�$�̞ΞҞ
�(�.�|�̟ΟП�� �@�H��������� ��������R�����������ߺ����ߧ�����ߧ������ߧ�͗��ߗ��ߗߗ����ߧ����hU�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�QOJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJu%h�QhD�6OJQJ]^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(uh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu6���0���̤Ҥ��
�������ƥ��>�@�j�n���*�,�L�N�r���֨بܨ,�L�X��N�t������������������ߺ̧�ߺ̔̔�������ߺ�q��ah�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�Q6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh�QOJQJ^JaJu%h�QhD�6OJQJ]^JaJu%h�Qh`86OJQJ]^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu&������@�B�F���ޫ�B�D�H�������8�:�>�t�F�H�����ʮ̮Ю��,�.��������\��������T�$�&�ƲȲ̲�>�~���D�H�J�N�����Ķƶʶ�`�b�������������������������������������������������������������������������h�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuC��·2�4���������Ҹ���0���������ֹڹܹ�*�,�<�>�l�n�r�����������������������P������������8�:������������߼ߪ�߼ߚ�'�ߪ�����߼ߪ���߼ߪ���߼����߼�����%h�QhD�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�QhD�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu5���6�f�����������������X�������t�v�z���(�*��������������Z�\��������6�@�*�P�R����F�b�d���������
��H����ںʺ�������ʺʺ��ʺʺ����ʪʺʺ���ښʺʺ��ʊʺʊʊ�h�QhD�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�QOJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�=OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJu6H�����:�<������������� �������������0�<������
��J�����������*�,�x���ʺ��������w�w�ܭ���g�g����W�g�g�h�QhD�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu%h�mGh�Q6OJQJ]^JaJuh�mGh�QOJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�Q6OJQJ]^JaJuh�QOJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�QOJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(uh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJu"x�z��6�8�<���������H�J�<�@�P�R�V�������>�B�H������B�h�j�����������
�Z�\�>�h�j�n�������t�v�z�����ߺߪ���ߘ��ߺ�ͺ߈ߺߺ����ߺ��x�����ߺ�����h�Qh�QOJQJ^JaJuh�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�H*OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(uh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu/z��������������*�~����������0�Z�����8�z�|��������4�j���@�����������F�H��������j�l���������ʺܺ���ʺܺ������ܺܺ������ܺܺ��ܺܺ��܄���h�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu%h�QhD�6OJQJ]^JaJu%h�Qh`86OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(uh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJu0�����������R���
������������������j�l�p�������������t�v�z�������@�B���������$�|�~��������>�L������߼ߪ�����߼ߪ�����߼ߪ�����߼ߪ�����߼ߪ���߼߼h�QhD�OJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(u%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJuh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJu4L�P�R�4�6�����������<�>�H�b���������n�p������������������Ƿ׷ǥ�Ƿ��ǕǷǷǥ�|xi]Ph��h��5\^Juh��5>*\^Juh��h��5>*\^Juh`8jh�Qhgu�Uh�Qh�<�OJQJ^Juh�Qh�DbOJQJ^JaJu"h�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJo(uh�Qh`8OJQJ^JaJuh�Qh�<�OJQJ^JaJu%h�Qh�<�6OJQJ]^JaJu(h�Qh�<�6H*OJQJ]^JaJu�H�\�j�|�������&	*	XZ\^`bftv��8:fhjl��������������Բ�����{k{k�kbRj�9h��h��UZ^Juh��5\^Jjh��h��5U\^Jh��h��5\^Jh��5>*\^Jh��h��5>*\^Jh��5\h`8h��h��^Jjh��h��UZ^Ju"jh��h��5U\^Juh��h��5\^Juh��h��5>*\^Juh��h��5\^Jo(ulnp~���2�2�2�2�2�2�2�2�233�F�P�P*Q,Q0Q2Q6Q8QFQHQxQ�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�QxR�����ȸոոը���ո�ȸ��ՉՂ��՛�pՂg�gh��5\^J"j�[h��h��5UZ^Juh��5\"j��h��h��5UZ^Juh��h��5\^JujuMh��h��UZ^Jujh��h��5U\^Jh��h��5\^Jo(h��h��5\^Jh��h��5>*\^Jh��5>*\^J
h��^Ju&xRzR|R~R�R�RXSZS\SdSjSnS�T�T�T�T.U0U8U:UJU����ɽ���������}�^<^Ch�
h�Q5CJOJPJQJ\Z�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	=h�Q5CJOJPJQJ\Z�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	h�Qh��5\h�Qh`85\h`85\h��h��^Jh��h��>*^J"jEJh��h��5UZ^Juh��h��5\^Jh�L5>*\^Jh��h��5>*\^Jh��5\^Jh�65\^Jj(�h�F�5U\^JJULU�U�U�U�U�U�U�U�U�U�U�UVVV$V&V(V*V@VBVLVjWlWnW�W�W�W�W�W�W
XXX0Y2YBYVY\YjYlYvY�Y�Y�Yݾ����������������������������������������7h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	=h�
h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	=h�Q5CJOJPJQJ\Z�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	Ch�)Mh�Q5CJOJPJQJ\Z�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	-�Y�Y^Z`Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�[�[\>\Z\�\�\���ĥĥ�Ăb?bDh�j�h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmHnHsH	tH	u>h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmHnHsH	tH	uDhWm.h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmHnHsH	tH	u=h�
h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	7h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	=h[3�h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	�\�\�\�\]]&](]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]ܼܼ��b�ZVLD@D@D@D@h�F�jh�F�Uh`8h`85\h`8hDDh`8u=h[3�h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	7h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	=h�
h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmH	sH	tH	>h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmHnHsH	tH	uDh�<�h�QCJOJPJQJZ�^Jh_HaJmHnHsH	tH	u�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]^^^^^^^^^ ^��������������h`8h`85\hc;�h�S�5\h�S�@�<B*phhc;�h�S�@�<B*phh�S�5\h�S�5\ujh�S�Uh�S�	J	>
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
"Bn�� 2��������������������������	d�A$gd�tA$gd�t	$A$a$gd�t2��� T����8~�"'�p��l��@�R�������������������������	d�A$gde�

�8d�A$gd�"�	d�A$gd�TmA$gd�"�	d�A$gd�t�hd��`YD(A$]�hgdD�����F�G4�ȯ���V"�"\y�y������03,3�b�b�b���P�����������������������d��(A$gd`8	d�A$gd`8	d�A$gd�Tm	d�A$gd�,g	d�A$gde�P�������ڼ`����0�?W֩����	_B_���"�n�n��������������������������	d�A$gd`8	d�A$gd1rd��dA$gd�xd��(A$gdoF�	d�A$gd�Tm	d�A$gdDD��fM	�M	r	��	6�	Z�	�1
lz
�z
��
��
X�"pļ�*��
H
�c
���������������������d��7$8$H$A$gd
��hd��`YD(A$]�hgd�e]	d�A$gd�1��hd��`YD(A$]�hgd�1�	d�A$gd`8�c
�c
�
��x(z��D@DrD����B����������������d��`YD(A$]��gd�|k�hd��`YD(A$]�hgd�|k�hd��`YD(A$]�hgd>\d	d�A$gd<hQ	d�A$gd�1�	d�A$gd�[S�L�d��`YD(A$]�L�gd�7�	d�A$gd�7�
d��`YD(A$gd�7�	d�A$gd�e]
B�,�z���@v,�=.RH`�`"aؼ���������ooo�hd��`YD(A$]�hgd7Ep�hd��`YD(A$]�hgd���Zd��`YD(A$]�Zgd�����d��`YD(A$]���gdmB�hd��`YD(A$]�hgd�I�
��#��d��`YD(A$]��gd�0P
��#��d��`YD(A$]��gd�5�Zd��`YD(A$]�Zgd�|kؼ��
��9���b3�3tC�CbI�M�UlVD_<c.frk�k��������������������hd��`YD(A$]�hgd`8�hd��`YD(A$]�hgd�X�	d�A$gdD��hd��`YD(A$]�hgdD�	d�A$gd���hd��`YD(A$]�hgd7Ep�k�l�n�o6q�rltTuv�v�w>x�x�yDz|{�|~�~p���������������������������F
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd71F
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�=F
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�MK�p�h�J�ȇr�΋Ѝ,����l�ȔP�J�`�L�ޝ|�ʠ��t���n�������������������������F
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�QF
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�MKn�t�X�t���¬���f��"������޸~�����&����r�F�\�����������������������������������F
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�MK�@�*�H������@���.�����X���F�
�����4�:�V�>�������������������������F
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�QF
dh��YD<7$8$H$1$A$gd�QF
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�MK���������������0������f�����\`bdj�������������������	d�A$gd��$�hd�A$^�ha$gd��
��dA$^��gd������dA$^��`��gd�MKF
��d�7$8$H$1$A$`��gd�MKjn�2�20Q6Q�Q�Q�QxR|RSXS\S�T�T0U��������������������dA$^��`��gd�MK�Z���d��dA$^�Z`���gd��$d��dA$a$gd��$d��dA$a$gd��A$gd��	d�A$gd��$d�A$a$gd��0U:ULUhU�U�U����;�kd��$$If�l����\5���iR&���
�n��
t V�0�������������������'6������������������������������������4�4�
la���$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J��U�UV*VNV^VpV�V�VDWjW����������$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J�$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J�
jWlW�W_;$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J��kd��$$If�l��0�\5���iR&���
�n��
t V�0�������������������'6����������������������������������������������������4�4�
la����W�W�W�WXBX^XnX�X�X�X0Y�����������$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J�0Y2YFYxY�Y�Y�Y_;;;;;$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J��kd~�$$If�l����\5���iR&���
�n��
t V�0�������������������'6����������������������������������������������������4�4�
la����Y�Y*Z2Z^Z`Z�Z����;��kdp�$$If�l����\5���iR&���
�n��
t V�0�������������������'6����������������������������������������������������4�4�
la���$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J��Z�Z�Z�Z[ [@[h[�[�[���������$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J�	�[�[\@\Z\�\�\_;;;;;$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J��kd\�$$If�l����\5���iR&���
�n��
t V�0�������������������'6����������������������������������������������������4�4�
la����\�\]](]H]p]�]�������$$��d��7$8$H$#$1$9DA$$If]�^�a$gd�J��]�]�]�]�]�]�]_VE:8:d��A$gdc;�����dA$^��`��gd�MK	d�A$gd`8�kdN�$$If�l����\5���iR&���
�n��
t V�0�������������������'6����������������������������������������������������4�4�
la����]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]�]^^^^^^^ ^�����������������������dA$^��`��gd�MK$dN����A$gdc;�A$A$d��A$gdc;�*��/ ��=!��"��#��$��%��2P(2;0����՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,���H(08@�9%������<�	|		�	
�
�
h
�4��@
�
Xld|Mendeley Citation Style_1Mendeley Document_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 0_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 1_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 2_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 3_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 4_1	Mendeley Recent Style Id 5_1
Mendeley Recent Style Id 6_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 7_1Mendeley Recent Style Id 8_1
Mendeley Recent Style Id 9_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 0_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 1_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 2_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 3_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 4_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 5_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 6_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 7_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 8_1Mendeley Recent Style Name 9_1Mendeley Unique User Id_1�Jhttp://csl.mendeley.com/styles/454899671/cranfield-university-author-dateTrueDhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/american-political-science-association!http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa?http://www.zotero.org/styles/american-sociological-association1http://www.zotero.org/styles/chicago-author-date5http://www.zotero.org/styles/harvard-cite-them-rightJhttp://csl.mendeley.com/styles/454899671/cranfield-university-author-date"http://www.zotero.org/styles/ieeeDhttp://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-humanities-research-association9http://www.zotero.org/styles/modern-language-association$http://www.zotero.org/styles/nature'American Political Science Association/American Psychological Association 6th edition"American Sociological Association3Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition (author-date)'Cite Them Right 10th edition - Harvard#Cranfield University (Author-Date)IEEELModern Humanities Research Association 3rd edition (note with bibliography)(Modern Language Association 8th editionNature%8189a9ba-be79-3c1c-badd-a2afafc426cd<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><b:Sources xmlns:b="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" SelectedStyle="\APASixthEditionOfficeOnline.xsl" StyleName="APA" Version="6"></b:Sources><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><ds:datastoreItem ds:itemID="{7A847853-2DC3-44BB-9068-EE49B0D70284}" xmlns:ds="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXml"><ds:schemaRefs><ds:schemaRef ds:uri="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" /></ds:schemaRefs></ds:datastoreItem>����Oh��+'��04�������
��	�
 ,�owner9�	@���|�@owner@��a��320@.�X������	
����
����Root Entry��������	�F�@Data
��������:�1Table���������?KMsoDataStore����cxds0��������Item
��������2Properties������������XWordDocument���������,jSummaryInformation(����	����dDocumentSummaryInformation8�������������\������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������											
			
																			 	!	"	#	$	%	&	'	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	:	;	<	=	>	?	@	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_	`	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z	{	|	}	~		�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	








	























 
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
`
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~

�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������








	
























 
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
`
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~

�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit