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<title>Table 1</title>
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<body>
<table width="1193">
  <tr>
    <td><table width="1182" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
      <tr>
        <td width="234"><strong>Functionalization    Reaction</strong></td>
        <td width="457"><strong>Methodology</strong></td>
        <td width="69"><strong>Referenece</strong></td>
        <td width="237"><strong>characterization</strong></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>1.with amines</td>
        <td>Treatment of acid    functionalized graphene (AFG) with SO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> followed by dodecylamine</td>
        <td>[23]</td>
        <td>Soluble in different    organic solvents</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>2. with alkyl    amines of varying chain length</td>
        <td width="457">1.    Amidation reaction
          <br />
          2. Nucleophilic substitution reaction between amine and epoxy group</td>
        <td>[24]</td>
        <td>Results in    hydrophobic surfaces</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>3. with    trimethoxy silane</td>
        <td width="457">Reaction    of GO with dodecyl, octyl, propyl, trimethoxysilane and
          subsequent reduction with N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
        <td>[28]</td>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>4. with alkyl    lithium reagents</td>
        <td width="457">Reaction    of graphite fluoride with R-Li reagent resulting in alkane
          functionalized graphene</td>
        <td>[29]</td>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>5. with oxygen    plasma</td>
        <td>Reaction of graphene    bi-layer with mild oxygen plasma</td>
        <td>[39]</td>
        <td width="237">Results    in single-sided and doublesided
          functionalization</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>6.    chlorination</td>
        <td>Gas-phase    photochemical chlorination of graphene</td>
        <td>[40]</td>
        <td>8 at% chlorine    coverage</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>7.    chlorination</td>
        <td>Irradiation of    graphene with UV light in a liquid chlorine medium</td>
        <td>[41]</td>
        <td>chlorinated up to 56    wt.%</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>8.    quaterthiophene molecules (T4)</td>
        <td>microwave-assisted    silanization reaction of graphene oxide with T4</td>
        <td>[42]</td>
        <td width="237">GO-T4    can disperse in water/
          organic solvents</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">9. Graphene with diethyl melonate/
          extended tetrathiafulvalene moieties</td>
        <td width="457">Few    layer graphene under Bingel reaction conditions i.e.,with CBr<sub>4</sub> and
          base (DBU) under microwave irradiation get functionalized with    diethyl
          melonate /extended tetrathia- fulvalene moieties</td>
        <td>[43]</td>
        <td width="237">This    hybrid material containing
          covalently grafted cyclopraponated
          melonate unit is soluble in organic
          solvents</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">10. with organic donor:
          oligo(phenylenevinylene) (OPV)</td>
        <td width="457">Functionalized    graphene (-COCl)+OPV-amine refluxed in presence of
          DMF/Et3N</td>
        <td>[45]</td>
        <td width="237">Self-organization    into ordered
          assemblies</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>11.    NEt<sub>3</sub>-graphene</td>
        <td width="457">Via    consecutive deprotonation /carbometalation (i.e., nBuLi) and
          electrophilic attack (i.e., Br-CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>-NEt<sub>2</sub>)</td>
        <td>[48]</td>
        <td>amino-group grafted    graphene</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">12. GO electrophile with carbon
          nucleophile such as melanonitrile anion</td>
        <td width="457">Reaction    of GO nucleophile with (NC)<sub>2</sub>CH-Na<sup>+</sup> in THF, 60&deg; C,
          24 h</td>
        <td>[51]</td>
        <td>Formation of surface    bound lynchpins</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">13. GO with 5-(4-aminophenyl)-
          10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin
          (H2P)</td>
        <td width="457">Graphene    treated with (i) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>/HNO<sub>3</sub> (2 : 1 v/v), (ii) KClO<sub>2</sub>, 96 h, (iii)
          (COCl)<sub>2</sub>, 80&deg; C, 24 h, then with 5-(4 aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-
          21,23H-porphyrin, THF, r.t., 72 h.</td>
        <td>[53]</td>
        <td>Forms stable    dispersion with DMF</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">14. GO with benzoxazole and
          Benzimidazole moieties</td>
        <td width="457">Cyclization    reaction of carboxylic groups of GO which were converted
          to benzoxazole and benzimidazole by the reaction of carboxylic groups
          on GO with the hydroxyl and amino groups of o-aminophenol and
          o-phenylenediamine respectively at room temperature.</td>
        <td>[56,57]</td>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>15. Reduced GO    with dichlorocarbene</td>
        <td width="457">Reduced    graphene oxide reacted with CHCl3 in presence of NaOH and
          PTC</td>
        <td>[60]</td>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">16. Reduced GO with 4-aminobenzoic
          acid</td>
        <td width="457">Reduced    graphene oxide reacted through Friedel–Crafts reactions by
          using polyphosphoric-acid/phosphorus-pentoxide with 4-aminobenzoic
          acid.</td>
        <td>[61]</td>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">17. peptide-directed 2-D arrays of
          various nanoparticles (Pt, Au, Pd) on
          graphene sheets</td>
        <td width="457">Sequences    of peptides were encoded by the combination of glutamic
          acid (E), glycine (G), and phenylalanine (F) amino acids as follows:
          (E-G-F)3-G, F and G for the interaction with graphenes (reduction    EDC/
          NHS) and E for the interaction with NPs (ultrasonication).</td>
        <td>[63]</td>
        <td width="237">high    electrocatalytic activity in the
          electro-oxidation of methanol</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">18. with polyhedral oligomeric
          silsesquioxane (POSS)</td>
        <td width="457">POSS-graphene    formed via amide formation between aminefunctionalized
          POSS and oxygen-containing groups (e.g., epoxy and
          carboxyl groups) in graphene oxide (GO)</td>
        <td>[66]</td>
        <td width="237">highly    soluble in organic solvents,
          shows superhydrophobic properties
          with a water/air contact angle of
          ∼157&deg;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">19. GO with imidazolium ionic liquids
          (IL) (1,3-didodecylimidazolium bromine)</td>
        <td width="457">Aqueous    solution of GO (1 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>) (PH = 9) with negative
          charges (COO−) are added to the solution of ILs (8 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>)    (1-methyl-
          3-butylimidazolium bromine (MBIB), 1-methyl-3-dodecylimidazolium
          bromine (MDIB), 1,3-didodecylimidazolium bromine (DDIB)) in ODCB,
          followed by shaking. The functionalization of GO takes place through
          ionic interactions.</td>
        <td>[69]</td>
        <td width="237">Homogeneous    DDIB-GO sheets are
          well dispersed in ODCB</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">20. GO with 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of
          azomethine ylides</td>
        <td width="457">1.5    equiv with respect to graphene of modified amino acid and
          paraformaldehyde was added to the graphene suspension. The
          reaction mixture was heated at 125 &deg;C under stirring, the reagents
          were added each 24 h for 5 days. After washing, followed with HCl,    the
          dispersion in DMF was mixed with 2 mL of Au-nanorod solution in DMF.</td>
        <td>[74]</td>
        <td width="237">Used    as scaffold in the construction
          of organized composite
          nanomaterials</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">21. GO with a poly(amidoamine), or
          PAMAM dendron</td>
        <td width="457">By    adding polyamidoamine, PAMAM, dendron (0.8 mmol, 5 equiv. per
          graphene carbon atom), EDC (1.6 mmol, 10 equiv.), DMAP (1.6 mmol,
          10 equiv.) and HOBT (1.6 mmol, 10 equiv.) as coupling agents in DMF
          (35 ml), the mixtures were kept under Ar, stirred for 48 h. The    resulting
          suspensions were filtered and washed with DMF and then methanol.
          For the cleavage of the Boc protecting groups, the precipitates were
          dispersed in dioxane (20 ml) and HCl (12 M, 10 ml) was finally added.
          The dispersions were kept under magnetic stirring overnight at room
          temperature. The final mixtures were
          filtered and washed thoroughly with DMF and methanol.</td>
        <td>[75]</td>
        <td width="237">free    amino groups at the tips of
          the dendrons act as ligands in the
          complexation of gold nanoparticles
          (Au NPs)</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">22. with benzyne precursor (arynemodified
          graphene sheets: AGs)</td>
        <td width="457">2-(Trimethylsilyl)-phenyl    triate (5 mmol, 2.5 equiv. per graphene
          carbon) was added to an acetonitrile solution of the graphene sheets
          (Gs) (24 mg) and caesium fluoride (10 mmol, 5 equiv. per graphene
          carbon), the mixture was stirred at 45 &deg;C in air for 24 h.</td>
        <td>[76]</td>
        <td width="237">well    dispersed in various solvents
          (DMF, Ethanol etc)</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">23. Diels-Alder reaction</td>
        <td width="457">graphene    (as diene) with tetracyanoethylene (dienophile) in
          1,4-dioxane/CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> at room temperature and graphene as (dienophile)
          with 2,3 dimethoxybutadiene (as diene) at 50 &deg;C in xylene</td>
        <td>[77]</td>
        <td>&nbsp;</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">24. through zwitterion intermediate
          approach</td>
        <td width="457">The    graphene dispersed in dry toluene was reacted with DMAP, and
          acetylenedicarboxylates at 85 &deg;C under Ar atmosphere for 3 days.</td>
        <td>[79]</td>
        <td width="237">Forms    stable dispersion in common
          solvents (DMF, CHCl3 and H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">25. via nitrene addition
          tetraphenylethylene (TPE)</td>
        <td width="457">Graphene    (10 mg), and o-dichlorobenzene (10 mL). The tube was
          evacuated under vacuum and then flushed with argon three
          times through the side arm. After being sonicated for 20 min at room
          temperature, TPE–C<sub>4</sub>N<sub>3</sub> (250 mg) was added and the black suspension
          was heated to 110 &deg;C under argon protection and stirred for 3 days.</td>
        <td>[80]</td>
        <td width="237">The    resulting composite was totally
          soluble in organic solvents</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">26. with perfluoro-phenylazides
          (PFPAs)</td>
        <td width="457">Starting    from solvent-exfoliated graphene flakes, thermal reaction was
          carried out by heating the graphene flakes with PFPA derivatives in
          o-dichlorobenzene (DCB) at 90 &deg;C for 72 h. For the photochemical
          reaction, a solution of PFPA together with graphene flakes in DCB was
          irradiated under ambient conditions with a 450 W medium pressure Hg
          lamp for 60 min.</td>
        <td>[82]</td>
        <td width="237">Solubility    ranging from non-polar
          organic to aqueous solvents.
          Selective functionalization is
          achieved where patterned graphene
          structures are fabricated with control
          over the spatial features.</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">27. click coupling: diketopyrrolopyrrole
          (DPP)-Cu catalyzed
          azide-alkine cycloaddition (CuAAC)
          reaction</td>
        <td width="457">2-(2-hexyldecyl)-5-(6-azidohexyl)-3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)    pyrrolo[3,4-c]
          pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione (30 mg, 46.2 &mu;mol), an alkyne-modified
          graphene (G-ALK); deprotected T-GS (15 mg) and tetrakis(acetonitrile)
          copper (I) hexafluorophosphate (0.86 mg, 2.3 &mu;mol) were dissolved in
          DMF (30 mL). After bubbing with N2 for 20 min one equivalent of    copper
          powder (2.92 mg, 46.2 &mu;mol) was added and the mixture was stirred
          for three days at 50&deg;C</td>
        <td>[85]</td>
        <td width="237">Good    performance materials for
          photovoltaic devices.</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">28. with 4-bromophenyl using the in
          situ diazonium formation</td>
        <td width="457">Thermally    expanded graphite is predominantly edge- functionalized
          with 4-bromophenyl groups using in situ formation of the    corresponding
          diazonium salt from 4-bromoaniline. Expanded graphite was
          first dispersed in chlorosulfonic acid, showing a relatively high
          solubility of 0.97 mg/mL. The diazonium salt was formed in situ from
          4-bromoaniline in the presence of sodium nitrite and a catalytic    amount
          of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 4-bromophenyl groups were
          grafted mainly on the exposed edges of the expanded graphite</td>
        <td>[90]</td>
        <td width="237">chemically-assisted    exfoliated
          graphene sheets from the bulk
          functionalized graphite is more
          soluble than pristine graphene in
          DMF</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>29. with    poly(methyl methacrylate</td>
        <td width="457">Typical    polymerization: four milligrams of graphene-based macroinitiator
          was dispersed in 8 mL of DMF, 3 mL of deionized H<sub>2</sub>O and 3 mL (28
          mmol) of MMA in a 25 mL flask. The mixture was degassed by bubbling
          with N2 for 30 min and was then transferred using a cannula to    another
          25 mL flask charged with 2,2-dipyridyl (175 mg, 1.12 mmol) and CuBr
          (40 mg, 0.28 mmol) under argon and this reaction flask was sealed.
          The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 48 h.</td>
        <td>[93]</td>
        <td width="237">PMMA    chains attached did impart
          significantly enhanced solubility to
          the nanocomposites in DMF, CHCl3
          and THF</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="234">30. by the 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition of
          azomethine ylide</td>
        <td width="457">10    mg of graphite was bath sonicated with pyridine and the
          pyridine dispersion was then mixed with 50 ml DMF affording a
          stable gray dispersion. An excess of N-methyl-glycine (50 mg) and
          3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (50 mg) were then added in the DMF
          phase and the mixture was refluxed at 145–150 &deg;C for 96 h</td>
        <td>[95]</td>
        <td width="237">This    functionalization facilitates
          the dispersion of graphene-f-OH in
          organic or aqueous solvents</td>
      </tr>
    </table></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><strong>Table 1: </strong>Covalent functionalization.</td>
  </tr>
</table> 
					
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