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<title>Table 2</title>
</head>

<body>
<table width="892">
  <tr>
    <td width="860"><table width="883" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
      <tr>
        <td width="199"><strong>Functionalization    Reaction</strong></td>
        <td width="352"><strong>Methodology</strong></td>
        <td width="46"><strong>Ref</strong></td>
        <td width="276"><strong>characterization</strong></td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">1.  Self-Assembly    of Alkane-Amine Monolayers on Graphene
          </td>
        <td width="352">Graphene sample was deposited onto a diaminodecane-functionalized    SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate, followed by    functionalization of the exposed basal plane with a layer of 1-aminodecane    molecules by immersion for 2 h in a 10 mm solution of 1-aminodecane in    methanol: tetrahydrofuran.</td>
        <td width="46">[105]
          </td>
        <td width="276">Formation    of continuous layer, together with some nanoscale islands and a number of    mesoscale islands with heights &gt;40 nm. </td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">
          2. Amine-terminated polymers (e.g. polystyrene)</td>
        <td width="352">
          End-functional    polymers (0.10–2.0 wt%, 1 ml) were dissolved in organic solvents    (dichloromethane, o-xylene, benzene, and hexane). The prepared organic    polymer solution was added to the vial containing aqueous reduced graphene    dispersion (0.0090 wt%, 1 ml). The vial including phase-separated organic and    aqueous phases was subjected to 5 h sonication for the noncovalent    functionalization and phase transfer of graphene.</td>
        <td width="46">
          [106]
          </td>
        <td width="276">
          The    noncovalent functionalization facilitated the phase transfer of graphene    sheets from water phase to organics phase via simple sonication.
        </td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">
          3.    Graphene oxide with a biomimetic  dopamine    derivative
          </td>
        <td width="352">
          Graphene oxide    (GO) solution was diluted in 1 mL of water (1:10). A total of 1 mL of    azide-terminated dopamine (10 mM) was added to 1 mL of GO, and the mixture    was left for 1 h in an ultrasonic bath. A precipitate was formed and    separated from the aqueous supernatant by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 20    min.
          </td>
        <td width="46">
          [107]</td>
        <td width="276">The chemical    reactivity of the azide function was demonstrated by a postfunctionalization    with ethynylferrocene using the Cu(I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cyloaddition</td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">4. With supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> and pyrene    polymers</td>
        <td width="352">The graphene solution    was prepared by sonicating a mixture of 20 mg graphite powder and 0.013 mmol pyrene-polymers    in 10 ml dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 h using bath sonicator, and a grey    liquid with a large amount of macroscopic sedimentation was obtained. The dispersion    was then quickly transferred into the SC CO<sub>2</sub> apparatus. The    autoclave was heated to 40 &deg;C and CO<sub>2</sub> was then injected into the autoclave    until the pressure reached 16 MPa. The mixture was maintained in an    environment of SC CO<sub>2</sub> and stirred with a Teflon-coated magnetic    stir bar for 6 h. After the SC CO<sub>2</sub> treatment, the resulting    dispersion was sonicated for an additional 2 h. The dark grey homogeneous    solution was allowed to settle overnight and then was centrifuged at 9000 rpm    for 20 min to remove the clear supernatant liquid. </td>
        <td width="46">[108]</td>
        <td width="276">pyrene-polyethylene    glycol (pyrene-PEG) and
          pyrene-polycaprolactone    (pyrene-PCL), are used to exfoliate and stabilize graphene. Primarily    consists of single-, bi- or tri-, and multilayer graphene sheets </td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">5. chemical reduction    of graphene oxide (GO) in presence of polyacetylene bearing a quaternary ammonium    pendant leading noncovalent functionalization with polyacetylenes</td>
        <td width="352">180 mL GO    dispersion (0.5 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) was prepared by sonication at room    temperature for 30 min. Polyacetylene bearing a quaternary ammonium pendant    (Pac) (30 mg) was added to the GO dispersion, then 2.2 mL hydrazine hydrate    was added, and then the resultant mixture reacted at 95 &deg;C overnight to    yield G–Pac. The solution was cooled down to room temperature and centrifuged    at 11,000 rpm for 15 min. The black supernatant was freeze-dried (50.6 mg,    56.3%).
          </td>
        <td width="46">[109]</td>
        <td >displayed    a prominent optical limiting response,</td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">
          6. with    aromatic amphiphile consisting
            of a    hydrophilic dendron and an aromatic segment with a planar
            conformation</td>
        <td width="352">Prepared graphene    dispersions by sonicating a mixture solution (H<sub>2</sub>O/MeOH = 7 : 3    v/v) of graphite powder and amphiphile (The amphiphilic molecule that    functionalizes graphene surfaces consists of an aromatic segment based on    four pyrene units and a laterally-grafted oligoether dendron). 
          The resulting    dispersions were centrifuged at 1300 rpm for 20 min and the supernatant    containing graphene sheets was collected, in which the concentration was    measured to be 1.5 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>, a much higher concentration than those    reported for graphene sheets prepared by direct exfoliation. </td>
        <td width="46">
          [110]
          </td>
        <td >aromatic    molecular sheet that assembles selectively onto 2-D graphene surfaces through    non-destructive p-p stacking    interactions
        </td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">
          7. anionic    coronene
            derivative,    the tetra-potassium salt of coronene tetracarboxylic
            acid (CS)</td>
        <td width="352">Aqueous solutions of graphene (EG/HG)    were prepared by the addition of CS to a dispersion of EG or HG in distilled    water and heating the mixture at 100 &deg;C    for 24 h. The resulting mixture was subsequently sonicated at 70 &deg;C for 2 h to ensure maximum    solubilization.</td>
        <td width="46">
          [113]
          </td>
        <td >showed strong charge-transfer interactions between    CS and graphene.</td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">8.    With 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (PCA)</td>
        <td width="352">In the first    step, PCA is mixed uniformly with methanol. PCA is a polyaromatic hydrocarbon    derivative that has a polar (hydrophilic) carboxylic acid group and a nonpolar    (hydrophobic) pyrene group. Methanol has a similar amphiphilic nature with a    polar alcohol -OH group attached
          to    a much less polar -CH<sub>3</sub> group. When graphite powder is introduced  into the PCA-methanol solution, PCA is able    to
          interact with    the exposed graphitic surface with a strong strong <em>π</em>-<em>π</em>stacking    interaction. </td>
        <td width="46">
          [114]</td>
        <td width="276">Stable    aqueous dispersions highly sensitive and selective conductometric sensors    (whose resistance rapidly changes &gt;
          10,000%    in saturated ethanol vapor), and ultracapacitors with extremely high specific    capacitance (∼120 F/g),    power density (∼105 kW/kg),    and energy density (∼9.2 Wh/kg).</td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">9.    With tetracationic porphyrins</td>
        <td width="352">2 mmol/L    5,10,15,20-tetra (4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TPyP) mixed with different    concentrations of graphene  samples at    room temperature within 1 min. 
          </td>
        <td width="46">[116]
          </td>
        <td width="276">
          less    functional groups on the graphene&rsquo;s surface and edge would lead to stronger p-p stacking interactions    between graphene and cationic porphyrins</td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">
          10. with    conducting polypyrrole graft copolymer, poly(styrenesulfonic acid-g-pyrrole)
            (PSSA-g-PPY)</td>
        <td width="352">
          A 50 mL    aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide (1mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) was sonicated for    60 min, and centrifuged (3000 rpm) to remove nonexfoliated GO sheets. Then    500 mg PSSA-g-PPY was added into the solution, and sonicated for 30 min to    obtain the PSSA-g-PPY/GO dispersion. 500 mL of hydrazine    was injected into the resulting solution and kept at 100 &deg;C for 24 h.    This dispersion was filtered through a filter membrane (0.2 mm pore size)    to obtain a black solid, which was then collected and dried at 80 &deg;C overnight to    yield the PSSAg-PPY/RGO nanocomposite.</td>
        <td width="46">
          [117]</td>
        <td width="276">
          Highly    sensitive electro-catalytic biosensing of hypoxanthine
        </td>
        </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="199">
          11.    Self-assembly of 1-octadecanethiol
          </td>
        <td width="352">The graphene flakes were deposited by mechanical    exfoliation of natural graphite on top of a silicon substrate coated with 285    nm silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) The absorption of 1-octadecanethiol on    single-layer graphene was prepared by spin coating of its chloroform    solution, and chips were thermally annealed at 60 &deg;C for 30 min to assist    molecular assembly.</td>
        <td width="46">
          [119]</td>
        <td width="276">
          Functionalization of graphene field    effect transistors (Gra-FETs) with 1-octadecanethiol was realized and    successfully explored for mercury(II) (Hg2+) detection at 10 ppm.</td>
        </tr>
    </table></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><strong>Table 2:</strong> Non-covalent functionalization.</td>
  </tr>
</table> 
					
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