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In-season differentiated perceived training load and changes in physical fitness performance in professional soccer players

Running Head: Differentiated perceived TL in soccer

Los Arcos, Asier1, M�ndez-Villanueva, Alberto2, Yanci, Javier1, Mart�nez-Santos, Ra�l1
Dr. Los Arcos, Asier1
Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
asier.losarcos@gmail.com
0034 945 01 33 26

Dr. Mendez-Villanueva, Alberto2
ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar.
+974 4413 6570
Dr. Yanci, Javier1
Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
javier.yanci@ehu.eus
0034 945 01 33 25

Dr. Mart�nez-Santos, Ra�l1
Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
raul.martinezdesantos@ehu.eus
0034 945 01 33 35

Contact Details for the Corresponding Author
PhD Asier Los Arcos Larumbe
Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, EHU/UPV
Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
Tel. 0034 945 01 33 26
E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:asier.losarcos@gmail.com" asier.losarcos@gmail.com

No financial support or benefits

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of respiratory and muscular perceived effort and associated training load (TL) for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during two different periods of the in-season phase in young professional players. Methods Twenty young professional male soccer players belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), arm swing CMJ (CMJAS) and single leg CMJ, sprinting (i.e., 5 and 15 m times) and aerobic fitness running test were tested three times during the season: Test 1 (T1), Sep; Test 2 (T2), Dec; Test 3 (T3), Feb. During 23 weeks (Period_1 (11 weeks): from T1 to T2; Period_2 (12 weeks): from T2 to T3), players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus) effort. The TL was calculated by multiplying the sRPE value by the duration (min) of each training session or match. Results After the Period_1 and Period_2, the accumulated perceived load/TL correlated likely/most-likely, largely and positively with the change in aerobic fitness parameters, while these associations were negative with the changes in acceleration performance. However, the sign of the associations between TL and the changes in single-leg jumps performance varied from Period_1 (positive) to Period_2 (negative). Conclusion Present results suggest that the accumulation of differential perceived exertion and the associated TL don�t affect in the same way in aerobic and neuromuscular performance and depend on the in-season period.

Keywords: football, perceived exertion, differentiated sRPE, jumping, sprinting, aerobic fitness


Introduction
In order to examine the training dose-response relationship in athletes, both external (e.g., distance, power, velocity, number of repetitions) and internal [e.g., oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), blood lactate, perceived effort (PE)] indicators  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xrbzwVYS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[1,2]","plainCitation":"[1,2]"},"citationItems":[{"id":1906,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/KFGI3STZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/KFGI3STZ"],"itemData":{"id":1906,"type":"article-journal","title":"Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?","container-title":"Frontiers in Physiology","page":"73","volume":"5","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Measures of resting, exercise, and recovery heart rate are receiving increasing interest for monitoring fatigue, fitness and endurance performance responses, which has direct implications for adjusting training load (1) daily during specific training blocks and (2) throughout the competitive season. However, these measures are still not widely implemented to monitor athletes' responses to training load, probably because of apparent contradictory findings in the literature. In this review I contend that most of the contradictory findings are related to methodological inconsistencies and/or misinterpretation of the data rather than to limitations of heart rate measures to accurately inform on training status. I also provide evidence that measures derived from 5-min (almost daily) recordings of resting (indices capturing beat-to-beat changes in heart rate, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity) and submaximal exercise (30- to 60-s average) heart rate are likely the most useful monitoring tools. For appropriate interpretation at the individual level, changes in a given measure should be interpreted by taking into account the error of measurement and the smallest important change of the measure, as well as the training context (training phase, load, and intensity distribution). The decision to use a given measure should be based upon the level of information that is required by the athlete, the marker's sensitivity to changes in training status and the practical constrains required for the measurements. However, measures of heart rate cannot inform on all aspects of wellness, fatigue, and performance, so their use in combination with daily training logs, psychometric questionnaires and non-invasive, cost-effective performance tests such as a countermovement jump may offer a complete solution to monitor training status in athletes participating in aerobic-oriented sports.","DOI":"10.3389/fphys.2014.00073","ISSN":"1664-042X","note":"PMID: 24578692\nPMCID: PMC3936188","shortTitle":"Monitoring training status with HR measures","journalAbbreviation":"Front Physiol","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Buchheit","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}},{"id":1908,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/VF22XG2G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/VF22XG2G"],"itemData":{"id":1908,"type":"article-journal","title":"From heart-rate data to training quantification: a comparison of 3 methods of training-intensity analysis","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"100-107","volume":"9","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The authors directly compared 3 frequently used methods of heart-rate-based training-intensity-distribution (TID) quantification in a large sample of training sessions performed by elite endurance athletes.\nMETHODS: Twenty-nine elite cross-country skiers (16 male, 13 female; 25 � 4 y; 70 � 11 kg; 76 � 7 mL � min-1 � kg-1 VO2max) conducted 570 training sessions during a ~14-d altitude-training camp. Three analysis methods were used: time in zone (TIZ), session goal (SG), and a hybrid session-goal/time-in-zone (SG/TIZ) approach. The proportion of training in zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3 was quantified using total training time or frequency of sessions, and simple conversion factors across different methods were calculated.\nRESULTS: Comparing the TIZ and SG/TIZ methods, 96.1% and 95.5%, respectively, of total training time was spent in zone 1 (P < .001), with 2.9%/3.6% and 1.1%/0.8% in zones 2/3 (P < .001). Using SG, this corresponded to 86.6% zone 1 and 11.1%/2.4% zone 2/3 sessions. Estimated conversion factors from TIZ or SG/TIZ to SG and vice versa were 0.9/1.1, respectively, in the low-intensity training range (zone 1) and 3.0/0.33 in the high-intensity training range (zones 2 and 3).\nCONCLUSIONS: This study provides a direct comparison and practical conversion factors across studies employing different methods of TID quantification associated with the most common heart-rate-based analysis methods.","DOI":"10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0298","ISSN":"1555-0265","note":"PMID: 24408353","shortTitle":"From heart-rate data to training quantification","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sylta","given":"Oystein"},{"family":"T�nnessen","given":"Espen"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [1,2] can be used. Although the overall session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL), the global rating of the hardness of the entire session multiplied by total duration (minutes)  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s2v6luh3s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainCitation":"[3]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"E4HLwyhu/TLRZ6jDM","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/TLRZ6jDM","type":"article-journal","title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"109-115","volume":"15","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The ability to monitor training is critical to the process of quantitating training periodization plans. To date, no method has proven successful in monitoring training during multiple types of exercise. High-intensity exercise training is particularly difficult to quantitate. In this study we evaluate the ability of the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method to quantitate training during non-steady state and prolonged exercise compared with an objective standard based on heart rate (HR). In a 2-part design, subjects performed steady state and interval cycle exercise or practiced basketball. Exercise bouts were quantitated using both the session RPE method and an objective HR method. During cycle exercise, the relationship between the exercise score derived using the session RPE method and the HR method was highly consistent, although the absolute score was significantly greater with the session RPE method. During basketball, there was a consistent relationship between the 2 methods of monitoring exercise, although the absolute score was also significantly greater with the session RPE method. Despite using different subjects in the 2 parts of the study, the regression relationships between the session RPE method and the HR method were nearly overlapping, suggesting the broad applicability of this method. We conclude that the session RPE method is a valid method of quantitating exercise training during a wide variety of types of exercise. As such, this technique may hold promise as a mode and intensity-independent method of quantitating exercise training and may provide a tool to allow the quantitative evaluation of training periodization plans.","ISSN":"1064-8011","note":"PMID: 11708692","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Foster","given":"C"},{"family":"Florhaug","given":"J A"},{"family":"Franklin","given":"J"},{"family":"Gottschall","given":"L"},{"family":"Hrovatin","given":"L A"},{"family":"Parker","given":"S"},{"family":"Doleshal","given":"P"},{"family":"Dodge","given":"C"}],"issued":{"year":2001,"month":2},"PMID":"11708692","page-first":"109","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [3], appears to be good indicator of the global internal load for soccer training  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dp5rOQee","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[4,5]","plainCitation":"[4,5]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"E4HLwyhu/fi1bsgO2","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JSPMCDBB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JSPMCDBB"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/fi1bsgO2","type":"article-journal","title":"Use of RPE-based training load in soccer","container-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise","page":"1042-1047","volume":"36","issue":"6","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The ability to accurately control and monitor internal training load is an important aspect of effective coaching. The aim of this study was to apply in soccer the RPE-based method proposed by Foster et al. to quantify internal training load (session-RPE) and to assess its correlations with various methods used to determine internal training load based on the HR response to exercise.\nMETHODS: Nineteen young soccer players (mean +/- SD: age 17.6 +/- 0.7 yr, weight 70.2 +/- 4.7 kg, height 178.5 +/- 4.8 cm, body fat 7.5 +/- 2.2%, VO2max, 57.1 +/- 4.0 mL x kg x min) were involved in the study. All subjects performed an incremental treadmill test before and after the training period during which lactate threshold (1.5 mmol x L above baseline) and OBLA (4.0 mmol x L) were determined. The training loads completed during the seven training weeks were determined multiplying the session RPE (CR10-scale) by session duration in minutes. These session-RPE values were correlated with training load measures obtained from three different HR-based methods suggested by Edwards, Banister, and Lucia, respectively.\nRESULTS: Individual internal loads of 479 training sessions were collected. All individual correlations between various HR-based training load and session-RPE were statistically significant (from r = 0.50 to r = 0.85, P < 0.01).\nCONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the session-RPE can be considered a good indicator of global internal load of soccer training. This method does not require particular expensive equipment and can be very useful and practical for coaches and athletic trainer to monitor and control internal load, and to design periodization strategies.","ISSN":"0195-9131","note":"PMID: 15179175","journalAbbreviation":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Impellizzeri","given":"Franco M"},{"family":"Rampinini","given":"Ermanno"},{"family":"Coutts","given":"Aaron J"},{"family":"Sassi","given":"Aldo"},{"family":"Marcora","given":"Samuele M"}],"issued":{"year":2004,"month":6},"PMID":"15179175","page-first":"1042","container-title-short":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}},{"id":"E4HLwyhu/tjxibMSL","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TGNT668T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TGNT668T"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/tjxibMSL","type":"article-journal","title":"A comparison of methods used for quantifying internal training load in women soccer players","container-title":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","page":"320-330","volume":"3","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (TL) with various HR-based TL quantification methods in a variety of training modes with women soccer players.\nMETHODS: Fifteen elite women soccer players took part in the study (age: 19.3 +/- 2.0 y and VO2max: 50.8 +/- 2.7 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Session-RPE, heart rate, and duration were recorded for 735 individual training sessions and matches over a period of 16 wk. Correlation analysis was used to compare session-RPE TLs with three commonly used HR-based methods for assessing TL.\nRESULTS: The mean correlation for session-RPE TL with Banister's TRIMP, LTzone TL and Edwards's TL were (r = 0.84, 0.83, and 0.85, all P < .01, respectively). Correlations for session-RPE TL and three HR-based methods separated by session type were all significant (all P < .05). The strongest correlations were reported for technical (r = 0.68 to 0.82), conditioning (r = 0.60 to 0.79), and speed sessions (r = 0.61 to 0.79).\nCONCLUSION: The session-RPE TL showed a significant correlation with all training types common to soccer. Higher correlations were found with less intermittent, aerobic-based training sessions and suggest that HR-based TLs relate better to session-RPE TLs in less intermittent training activities. These results support previous findings showing that the session-RPE TL compares favorably with HR-based methods for quantifying internal TL in a variety of soccer training activities.","ISSN":"1555-0265","note":"PMID: 19211944","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Alexiou","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Coutts","given":"Aaron J"}],"issued":{"year":2008,"month":9},"PMID":"19211944","page-first":"320","container-title-short":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [4,5], the association between this type of subjective training load (TL) metric and the changes in physical fitness in soccer players has been weak  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2l90iblebd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[6,7]","plainCitation":"[6,7]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"E4HLwyhu/ZhOEyOPC","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TCCTWXGB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TCCTWXGB"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/ZhOEyOPC","type":"article-journal","title":"Monitoring load, recovery, and performance in young elite soccer players","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"597-603","volume":"24","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between training load, recovery, and monthly field test performance in young elite soccer players to develop training guidelines to enhance performance. In a prospective, nonexperimental cohort design, 18 young elite soccer players registered training and match duration for a full competitive season by means of daily training logs. Furthermore, session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and total quality of recovery (TQR) scores were recorded. Weekly duration (TL(d)), load (duration x session RPE = TL(rpe)), and TQR scores were calculated for 1 and 2 weeks before a monthly submaximal interval shuttle run tests to determine interval endurance capacity. Participants spent on average 394.4 +/- 134.9 minutes per week on training and game play with an average session RPE of 14.4 +/- 1.2 (somewhat hard) and TQR of 14.7 +/- 1.3 (good recovery). Random intercept models showed that every extra hour training or game play resulted in enhanced field test performance (p < 0.05). Session RPE and TQR scores did not contribute to the prediction of performance. The duration of training and game play in the week before field test performance is most strongly related to interval endurance capacity. Therefore, coaches should focus on training duration to improve interval endurance capacity in elite soccer players. To evaluate the group and individual training response, field tests should be frequently executed and be incorporated in the training program.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c4d38b","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 20145570","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Brink","given":"Michel S"},{"family":"Nederhof","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Visscher","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Schmikli","given":"Sandor L"},{"family":"Lemmink","given":"Koen A P M"}],"issued":{"year":2010,"month":3},"PMID":"20145570","page-first":"597","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":"E4HLwyhu/gh0pONSM","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/4NZ4QZJB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/4NZ4QZJB"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/gh0pONSM","type":"article-journal","title":"Methods of monitoring the training and match load and their relationship to changes in fitness in professional youth soccer players","container-title":"Journal of sports sciences","page":"1473-1480","volume":"30","issue":"14","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Previous studies examining methods of monitoring the training and match load in soccer players have simply compared those methods to each other, not to changes in fitness. Training and match load measures from nine professional youth soccer players were collected for a period of six weeks. A lactate threshold test was conducted before and after this period. Mean weekly training and match load as determined by session-RPE, Banister's TRIMP, Team TRIMP and individualised TRIMP (iTRIMP) were correlated with each other, percentage changes in the velocity at 2 mmol � L(-1) (vLT) and 4 mmol � L(-1) (vOBLA) blood lactate concentration, and heart rate at 2 mmol � L(-1) (LT(HR)) and 4 mmol � L(-1) (OBLA(HR)). There were no significant changes in fitness across the six weeks: vLT (p = 0.54), vOBLA (p = 0.16), LT(HR) (p = 0.51) and OBLA(HR) (p = 0.63). Banister's TRIMP was significantly correlated with session-RPE (r = 0.75; p = 0.02) and Team TRIMP (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The percentage change in vLT was significantly correlated to mean weekly iTRIMP (r = 0.67; p = 0.04). The results suggest that an individualised measure of internal load (iTRIMP) related better than other methods to changes in vLT in professional youth soccer players.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2012.712711","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 22857397","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Akubat","given":"Ibrahim"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Ebrahim"},{"family":"Barrett","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Abt","given":"Grant"}],"issued":{"year":2012},"PMID":"22857397","page-first":"1473","container-title-short":"J. Sports Sci."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [6,7]. For example, Akubat et al.  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1occouonuu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[7]","plainCitation":"[7]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"E4HLwyhu/gh0pONSM","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/4NZ4QZJB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/4NZ4QZJB"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/gh0pONSM","type":"article-journal","title":"Methods of monitoring the training and match load and their relationship to changes in fitness in professional youth soccer players","container-title":"Journal of sports sciences","page":"1473-1480","volume":"30","issue":"14","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Previous studies examining methods of monitoring the training and match load in soccer players have simply compared those methods to each other, not to changes in fitness. Training and match load measures from nine professional youth soccer players were collected for a period of six weeks. A lactate threshold test was conducted before and after this period. Mean weekly training and match load as determined by session-RPE, Banister's TRIMP, Team TRIMP and individualised TRIMP (iTRIMP) were correlated with each other, percentage changes in the velocity at 2 mmol � L(-1) (vLT) and 4 mmol � L(-1) (vOBLA) blood lactate concentration, and heart rate at 2 mmol � L(-1) (LT(HR)) and 4 mmol � L(-1) (OBLA(HR)). There were no significant changes in fitness across the six weeks: vLT (p = 0.54), vOBLA (p = 0.16), LT(HR) (p = 0.51) and OBLA(HR) (p = 0.63). Banister's TRIMP was significantly correlated with session-RPE (r = 0.75; p = 0.02) and Team TRIMP (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The percentage change in vLT was significantly correlated to mean weekly iTRIMP (r = 0.67; p = 0.04). The results suggest that an individualised measure of internal load (iTRIMP) related better than other methods to changes in vLT in professional youth soccer players.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2012.712711","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 22857397","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Akubat","given":"Ibrahim"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Ebrahim"},{"family":"Barrett","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Abt","given":"Grant"}],"issued":{"year":2012},"PMID":"22857397","page-first":"1473","container-title-short":"J. Sports Sci."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [7] found small-moderate associations (r = 0.13 - 0.40) between overall sRPE-TL and training-induced changes in markers of aerobic fitness in youth soccer players (17 � 1 yrs). Similarly, Brink et al.  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1598prmqaq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[6]","plainCitation":"[6]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"E4HLwyhu/ZhOEyOPC","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TCCTWXGB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TCCTWXGB"],"itemData":{"id":"E4HLwyhu/ZhOEyOPC","type":"article-journal","title":"Monitoring load, recovery, and performance in young elite soccer players","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"597-603","volume":"24","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between training load, recovery, and monthly field test performance in young elite soccer players to develop training guidelines to enhance performance. In a prospective, nonexperimental cohort design, 18 young elite soccer players registered training and match duration for a full competitive season by means of daily training logs. Furthermore, session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and total quality of recovery (TQR) scores were recorded. Weekly duration (TL(d)), load (duration x session RPE = TL(rpe)), and TQR scores were calculated for 1 and 2 weeks before a monthly submaximal interval shuttle run tests to determine interval endurance capacity. Participants spent on average 394.4 +/- 134.9 minutes per week on training and game play with an average session RPE of 14.4 +/- 1.2 (somewhat hard) and TQR of 14.7 +/- 1.3 (good recovery). Random intercept models showed that every extra hour training or game play resulted in enhanced field test performance (p < 0.05). Session RPE and TQR scores did not contribute to the prediction of performance. The duration of training and game play in the week before field test performance is most strongly related to interval endurance capacity. Therefore, coaches should focus on training duration to improve interval endurance capacity in elite soccer players. To evaluate the group and individual training response, field tests should be frequently executed and be incorporated in the training program.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c4d38b","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 20145570","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Brink","given":"Michel S"},{"family":"Nederhof","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Visscher","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Schmikli","given":"Sandor L"},{"family":"Lemmink","given":"Koen A P M"}],"issued":{"year":2010,"month":3},"PMID":"20145570","page-first":"597","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [6] indicated that overall sRPE-TL did not contribute to explain the changes in submaximal Interval Shuttle Run Test performance in young (17.0 � 0.5 yrs) soccer players. 
It has been suggested that overall PE could represent an oversimplification of the psychophysiological construct making it insufficient to capture the whole range of exercise-related perceptual sensations  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2hgjlnmnfu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[8]","plainCitation":"[8]"},"citationItems":[{"id":1651,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/Q2BSGR5R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/Q2BSGR5R"],"itemData":{"id":1651,"type":"article-journal","title":"Perceived effort � Can it be considered gestalt?","container-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","page":"463-476","volume":"7","journalAbbreviation":"Psychol Sport Exerc","author":[{"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Jasmin C"},{"family":"Tenenbaum","given":"Gershon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [8]. For this reason, several authors have proposed the deconstruction of this gestalt (i. e., differential ratings of PE, dRPE), discriminating between discrete sensory inputs such as central and peripheral exertion signals  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"28dlt1oam9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[9,10]","plainCitation":"[9,10]"},"citationItems":[{"id":1644,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/XQVBI8KC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/XQVBI8KC"],"itemData":{"id":1644,"type":"article-journal","title":"The influence of physical training and other factors on the subjective rating of perceived exertion","container-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica","page":"399-406","volume":"83","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","DOI":"10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb05093.x","ISSN":"0001-6772","note":"PMID: 5134177","journalAbbreviation":"Acta Physiol. Scand.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Ekblom","given":"B."},{"family":"Goldbarg","given":"A. N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1971",11]]}}},{"id":1646,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/D3NH994D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/D3NH994D"],"itemData":{"id":1646,"type":"article-journal","title":"Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion during physical exercise","container-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise","page":"397-405","volume":"14","issue":"5","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The typical overall (undifferentiated) rating of perceived exertion (RPE) appears to represent an individual's integration of various physiological sensations that have different subjective weightings. Two categories of physiological factors have been suggested as major determinants of RPE during physical exercise. These two factors are a local factor that relates to sensations or feelings of strain from the exercising muscles and/or joints and a central factor relating primarily to cardiopulmonary sensations. This paper attempts to characterize the relative importance of the various physiological cues in the exertional rating pertinent to these local and central factors. The majority of the related literature suggests that local factors are usually perceived as dominant; however, recent findings that evaluate differentiated RPE during exercise at high altitude imply a greater importance for central factors. When a particular physiological cue is markedly altered over others during exercise, it appears that the resultant sensation can easily dominate the overall RPE. In contrast, when this particular cue is not changed during exercise, as the result of some experimental manipulation or intervention, then another cue can become pronounced. Finally, an experimental model for evaluating differentiated RPE that allows comparisons between local and central exertion and further comparison to the general or overall exertion is discussed.","ISSN":"0195-9131","note":"PMID: 7154896","journalAbbreviation":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Pandolf","given":"K. B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [9,10] in order to improve the sensitive of this TL indicator  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oH4YfhPa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[11]","plainCitation":"[11]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2323,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/477SI948"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/477SI948"],"itemData":{"id":2323,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Sensitivity of Differential Ratings of Perceived Exertion as Measures of Internal Load","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"404-406","volume":"11","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: To investigate the sensitivity of differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) as measures of internal load.\nMETHODS: Twenty-two male university soccer players performed 2 maximal incremental-exercise protocols (cycle, treadmill) on separate days. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), peak blood lactate concentration (B[La]peak), and the preprotocol-to-postprotocol change in countermovement-jump height (�CMJH) were measured for each protocol. Players provided dRPE (CR100) for breathlessness (RPE-B) and leg-muscle exertion (RPE-L) immediately on exercise termination (RPE-B0, RPE-L0) and 30 min postexercise (RPE-B30, RPE-L30). Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences.\nRESULTS: There were clear between-protocols differences for VO2max (cycle 46.5 � 6.3 vs treadmill 51.0 � 5.1 mL � kg-1 � min-1, mean difference -9.2%; �90% confidence limits 3.7%), HRmax (184.7 � 12.7 vs 196.7 � 7.8 beats/min, -6.0%; �1.7%), B[La]peak (9.7 � 2.1 vs 8.5 � 2.0 mmol/L, 15%; � 10%), and �CMJH (-7.1 � 4.2 vs 0.6 � 3.6 cm, -23.2%; � 5.4%). Clear between-protocols differences were recorded for RPE-B0 (78.0 � 11.7 vs 94.7 � 9.5 AU, -18.1%; � 4.5%), RPE-L0 (92.6 � 9.7 vs 81.3 � 14.1 AU, 15.3%; � 7.6%), RPE-B30 (70 � 11 vs 82 � 13 AU, -13.8%; � 7.3%), and RPE-L30 (86 � 12 vs 65 � 19 AU, 37%; �17%). A substantial timing effect was observed for dRPE, with moderate to large reductions in all scores 30 min postexercise compared with scores collected on exercise termination.\nCONCLUSION: dRPE enhance the precision of internal-load measurement and therefore represent a worthwhile addition to training-load-monitoring procedures.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2015-0223","ISSN":"1555-0273","note":"PMID: 26218099","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"McLaren","given":"Shaun J."},{"family":"Graham","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Spears","given":"Iain R."},{"family":"Weston","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [11] in soccer  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aPJDRJ8G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13]","plainCitation":"[12,13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"vTmhh3DP/ftXVgM73","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"vTmhh3DP/ftXVgM73","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13]. In fact, some substantial associations have been found between dRPE (i.e., respiratory and muscular) TL and the changes in some physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance in young professional  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vWUeuB61","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13]","plainCitation":"[12,13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"W10gi3yP/6kcbrw0V","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"W10gi3yP/6kcbrw0V","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13] and junior soccer players  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2dY7c2x1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14]","plainCitation":"[14]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"itemData":{"id":2123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the perceived training load and its relationship with changes in physical fitness performance in junior soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"2125-2132","volume":"33","issue":"20","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived respiratory and muscular training load (TL) and changes in physical fitness in elite and non-elite junior soccer players. Twenty-eight elite (n = 14, 17.6 � 0.6 years, 70.3 � 4.4 kg, 179.7 � 5.6 cm) and non-elite (n = 14, 17.5 � 0.5 years, 71.1 � 6.5 kg, 178.1 � 5.6 cm) soccer players belonging to a Spanish first and third division football academies and competing in junior Spanish first division (2012-2013) participated in the study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, 5 and 15 m sprints and the Universit� de Montreal endurance test were performed in January and 9 weeks later in March. In order to quantify TLs, after each training session and match, players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus). Elite players accumulated greater weekly training volume (361 � 14 vs. 280 � 48 min; effect sizes (ES) = 5.23 � 1.74; most likely), and perceived respiratory (1460 � 184 vs. 1223 � 260 AU; ES = 1.12 � 0.79; very likely) and muscular (1548 � 216 vs. 1318 � 308 AU; ES = 0.99 � 0.84; likely) TL than did non-elite players. Training volume, sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67-0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness. The present results suggest that a low training volume and TL can impair improvement in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players during the in-season period.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2015.1069385","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 26222603","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gil-Rey","given":"Erreka"},{"family":"Lezaun","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14]. However, both the magnitude and the direction of those associations have varied depending of the moment of the season analyzed (e.g., pre-season, first part, middle part or last part of the season).
During pre-season, accumulated muscular perceived TL was negatively correlated (r = -0.52/-0.61) with the changes in running velocity associated with a lactate concentration in blood ([La]b) of 3 mmol�l-1, single-leg CMJ and linear sprinting time)  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hJ1q1xko","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[13]","plainCitation":"[13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [13], but most of the associations between respiratory load/TL and the rest of physical fitness parameters were weaker or unclear in young professional soccer players. After the analysis of the first part of the season, Arcos et al.  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kQwAhROR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12]","plainCitation":"[12]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"W10gi3yP/6kcbrw0V","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"W10gi3yP/6kcbrw0V","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12] described a large negative association between the accumulated muscular perceived load and the changes in 15 m sprint running speed (r = -0.59) after an in-season 9-weeks period (i.e., December to February) in professional soccer players, but the all the other associations between the differential sRPE-TL and the changes in 5 m sprint running speed, countermovement jump (CMJ) and endurance running test performance were non-significant. In addition, during a mid-season training period (i.e., January to March), respiratory and muscular perceived TLs were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67�0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players, but the associations with the changes in neuromuscular performance variables were weaker  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FfHAaLmk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14]","plainCitation":"[14]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"itemData":{"id":2123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the perceived training load and its relationship with changes in physical fitness performance in junior soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"2125-2132","volume":"33","issue":"20","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived respiratory and muscular training load (TL) and changes in physical fitness in elite and non-elite junior soccer players. Twenty-eight elite (n = 14, 17.6 � 0.6 years, 70.3 � 4.4 kg, 179.7 � 5.6 cm) and non-elite (n = 14, 17.5 � 0.5 years, 71.1 � 6.5 kg, 178.1 � 5.6 cm) soccer players belonging to a Spanish first and third division football academies and competing in junior Spanish first division (2012-2013) participated in the study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, 5 and 15 m sprints and the Universit� de Montreal endurance test were performed in January and 9 weeks later in March. In order to quantify TLs, after each training session and match, players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus). Elite players accumulated greater weekly training volume (361 � 14 vs. 280 � 48 min; effect sizes (ES) = 5.23 � 1.74; most likely), and perceived respiratory (1460 � 184 vs. 1223 � 260 AU; ES = 1.12 � 0.79; very likely) and muscular (1548 � 216 vs. 1318 � 308 AU; ES = 0.99 � 0.84; likely) TL than did non-elite players. Training volume, sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67-0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness. The present results suggest that a low training volume and TL can impair improvement in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players during the in-season period.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2015.1069385","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 26222603","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gil-Rey","given":"Erreka"},{"family":"Lezaun","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14]. These somehow inconsistent findings suggest that more studies are required to assess the relationship between the differential sRPE-TL and the changes in physical fitness in soccer players after short training periods.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of respiratory and muscular perceived load/TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during two different periods of the in-season phase (11 and 12 weeks respectively) in young professional soccer players. 

Material and Methods
Participants
Twenty young professional male soccer players (age = 21 � 2 yrs, height = 1.79 � 0.06 m, body mass = 73.4 � 6.6 Kg) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. The team competed during the 2012�2013 in the Spanish 2nd B division Championship. Goalkeepers were excluded from the study. Only the players that performed all or some physical tests (i. e. CMJ, CMJAS, single-leg CMJ, 5 and 15 m, and running velocity associated with a lactate concentration in blood  ([La]b) of 3 mmol�l-1) in testing sessions were considered. Due to long-term and acute injuries and promotion to first team, the sample changed in the analysed training periods. The players had at least 10 years of soccer training experience. All participants were notified of the research procedures, requirements, benefits and risks before giving their informed consent. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the study was approved by the local Ethics Committee.
Experimental overview
The study was performed during the first part (Period_1: September-December, 11 weeks) and the mid part (Period_2 = December-February, 12 weeks) of the season in a professional soccer team. The subjects were tested three times (Test 1 (T1): September, Test 2 (T2): December and Test 3 (T3): February) to determine physical fitness performance. Physical fitness testing included the evaluation of jumping performance (i.e., countermovement jump (CMJ), arm swing CMJ (CMJAS) and single leg CMJ), sprinting (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and running velocity associated with a lactate concentration in blood ([La]b) of 3 mmol�l-1). Taking as reference physical test sessions, two in-season periods were distinguished: a) Period_1 (from T1 to T2) = 11 weeks, 47 training sessions, 11 official matches and a friendly match, and b) Period_2 (from T2 to T3) = 12 weeks, 51 training sessions, 11 official matches, one friendly match and a week off (i.e., winter break). Differentiated training  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hwrnVvwl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13]","plainCitation":"[12,13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"FOJD99Qo/4Yz8Cadu","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"FOJD99Qo/4Yz8Cadu","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13] and match  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"enpfxCZm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,15,16]","plainCitation":"[12,15,16]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"FOJD99Qo/4Yz8Cadu","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"FOJD99Qo/4Yz8Cadu","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":1640,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/MXRV48CK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/MXRV48CK"],"itemData":{"id":1640,"type":"article-journal","title":"Respiratory and muscular perceived efforts after official games in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"45","volume":"28","issue":"11","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","author":[{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Ra�l"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}},{"id":2530,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"itemData":{"id":2530,"type":"article-journal","title":"Respiratory and Muscular Perceived Exertion During Official Games in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"301-304","volume":"11","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the respiratory and muscular session ratings of perceived exertion (PE) after official soccer matches over an extended period of time (ie, 2 competition seasons) in relation to playing time (>20, 20-45, 45-70, and >70 min) and to determine the between-matches variability of both scores in young professional soccer players.\nMETHODS: Forty players belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Respiratory and muscular PE were collected 10 min after every game. A total of 841 individual PE ratings were undertaken on outfield players.\nRESULTS: The differences between match respiratory and muscular load differ depending on the playing time, the respiratory PE being greater for the players that competed less than 45 min (effect size = -0.45 � 0.45 for the 20- to 45-min group) and the muscular PE greater for players that played more than 45 min (effect size = 0.23 � 0.30, for the 45- to 70-min group). Match-to-match PE variability was considerable (CV = 14-54%) for all levels of participation, but it was lower the longer the players participated.\nCONCLUSIONS: Playing time influenced the relative exertion that players' respiratory and leg musculature were exposed to during a game, suggesting that differential PE scores might provide a more accurate evaluation of match-imposed internal load. However, the small-magnitude differences between respiratory and muscular session ratings of PE observed in the current study might question the practical relevance of assessing both scores.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2015-0270","ISSN":"1555-0273","note":"PMID: 26217923","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Ra�l"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,15,16] perceived TL (i. e., respiratory and muscular perceived TL) was quantified during the each period.
Fitness Assessment and training
The players were instructed to avoid any strenuous exercise in the 48 prior hours to this test session. Before each testing session (i. e., T1, T2 and T3), the same standardized warm-up was performed consisting in 5-min self-paced low-intensity running, mobility exercises, strides and acceleration drills. The physical fitness testing included the evaluation of jumping performance (i.e., CMJ, CMJAS, and single-leg CMJ), sprinting (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and running speed associated with a lactate concentration in blood  ([La]b) of 3 mmol�l-1. The testing place, time and order (i.e., jumps, sprinting and aerobic fitness test) were the same during all testing sessions.
Lower limb explosive strength. The testing session started with the jumping tests using a switching mat (Newtest, Oulu, Finland). Three different jump tests were administered in the following order: CMJ, CMJAS, single CMJ with dominant (CMJd) and no-dominant leg (CMJnd). The CMJ jumps were performed according to the procedures proposed by Bosco et al.  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1thjddrqkp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[17]","plainCitation":"[17]"},"citationItems":[{"id":815,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/BVQDI7G8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/BVQDI7G8"],"itemData":{"id":815,"type":"article-journal","title":"A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping","container-title":"European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology","page":"273-282","volume":"50","issue":"2","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"A simple test for the measurement of mechanical power during a vertical rebound jump series has been devised. The test consists of measuring the flight time with a digital timer (+/- 0.001 s) and counting the number of jumps performed during a certain period of time (e.g., 15-60 s). Formulae for calculation of mechanical power from the measured parameters were derived. The relationship between this mechanical power and a modification of the Wingate test (r = 0.87, n = 12 males) and 60 m dash (r = 0.84, n = 12 males) were very close. The mechanical power in a 60 s jumping test demonstrated higher values (20 W X kgBW-1) than the power in a modified (60 s) Wingate test (7 W X kgBW-1) and a Margaria test (14 W X kgBW-1). The estimated powers demonstrated different values because both bicycle riding and the Margaria test reflect primarily chemo-mechanical conversion during muscle contraction, whereas in the jumping test elastic energy is also utilized. Therefore the new jumping test seems suitable to evaluate the power output of leg extensor muscles during natural motion. Because of its high reproducibility (r = 0.95) and simplicity, the test is suitable for laboratory and field conditions.","ISSN":"0301-5548","note":"PMID: 6681758","journalAbbreviation":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Bosco","given":"C"},{"family":"Luhtanen","given":"P"},{"family":"Komi","given":"P V"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]},"PMID":"6681758"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [17]. The players performed three CMJ and CMJAS (with minimum 20 s recovery between each repetition). Two CMJd and CMJnd trials were performed. The best performance (i.e., highest jumping height) for each of the different jumps was retained for further analysis.
Sprinting speed. Ten minutes after the completion of the jumping tests and after a non-standardized, individual warm-up period that included low-intensity running and several acceleration runs, players undertook a sprint running test. The sprint test consists of three maximal sprints of 15 m, with a 120 s rest period between each sprint, on an indoor court. The recording of running time was done using photocell gates (Newtest OY, Oulu, Finland) placed 0.4 m above the ground with an accuracy of 0.001 s. The subjects commenced the sprint when ready from standing start 0.5 m behind the line. Stance for the start was consistent for each subject. The time was automatically activated as the subject crossed the first gate at the 0 m mark and split times were recorded at 5 m and 15 m  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"69410ib9a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[18]","plainCitation":"[18]"},"citationItems":[{"id":175,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/DEZJQIA9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/DEZJQIA9"],"itemData":{"id":175,"type":"article-journal","title":"Short-term training effects of vertically and horizontally oriented exercises on neuromuscular performance in professional soccer players","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"480-488","volume":"9","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 strength and conditioning programs involving either purely vertically oriented or combining vertically and horizontally oriented exercises on soccer-relevant performance variables (ie, acceleration, jumping ability, peak power, and endurance).\nMETHODS: Twenty-two professional male soccer players were randomly assigned to 2 training groups: vertical strength (VS, n = 11) and vertical and horizontal strength (VHS, n = 11). Players trained 2 times per week during all the preseason (5 wk) and 3 weeks of the competitive season. The effect of the training protocols was assessed using double-and single-leg vertical countermovement jumps (CMJ), half-squat peak power (PP), sprint performance over 5 and 15 m, and blood lactate concentration at selected running speeds.\nRESULTS: Both groups obtained significant improvements in PP (P < .05; ES = 0.87 and 0.80 for VS and VHS, respectively) and small practical improvements in 5-m- (P < .05; ES = 0.27 and 0.25 for VS and VHS, respectively) and 15-m-sprint time (P < .05; ES = 0.19 and 0.24 for VS and VHS, respectively). The CMJ performance showed a small improvement (P < .05, ES = 0.34) only in the VHS group. Submaximal aerobic-fitness changes were similar in both groups (P < .05; ES = 1.89 and 0 .71 for VS and VHS, respectively).\nCONCLUSION: This study provided a small amount of practical evidence for the consideration of preseason training protocols that combine exercises for vertical- and horizontal-axis strength development in professional male soccer players. Further studies using more aggressive training protocols involving horizontally oriented conditioning exercises are warranted.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2013-0063","ISSN":"1555-0265","note":"PMID: 23579053","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Salinero","given":"Juan J."},{"family":"Brughelli","given":"Matt"},{"family":"Castagna","given":"Carlo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",5]]},"PMID":"23579053"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [18]. The run with the lowest time was selected for further analysis.
Aerobic fitness. Finally, the aerobic fitness test consisted of four-stage sub-maximal runs separated by 3 min of recovery run around the artificial soccer pitch (100x50 m). The running speeds were 12 km�h-1 (10 min), 13 km�h-1 (10 min), 14 km�h-1 (10 min) and 15 km�h-1 (5 min) for the first, second, third and fourth stages respectively  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1l6cq2lka6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[19]","plainCitation":"[19]"},"citationItems":[{"id":789,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/ZTPX9NJS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/ZTPX9NJS"],"itemData":{"id":789,"type":"article-journal","title":"Differences in physical fitness among indoor and outdoor elite male soccer players","container-title":"European journal of applied physiology","page":"483-491","volume":"106","issue":"4","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"This study compared anthropometric (body height, body mass, percent body fat, fat-free body mass) and physical fitness characteristics (vertical jump height, power-load curve of the leg, 5 and 15 m sprint running time and blood lactate concentrations ([La](b)) at submaximal running velocities) among 15 elite male indoor soccer (IS) and 25 elite male outdoor soccer (OS) players. IS players had similar values in body height, body mass, fat-free body mass and endurance running than OS players. However, the IS group showed higher (P < 0.05-0.01) values in percent body fat (28%) and sprint running time (2%) but lower values in vertical jump (15%) and half-squat power (20%) than the OS group. Significant negative correlations (P < 0.05-0.01) were observed between maximal sprint running time, power production during half-squat actions, as well as [La](b) at submaximal running velocities. Percent body fat correlated positively with maximal sprint time and [La](b), but correlated negatively with vertical jump height. The present results show that compared to elite OS players, elite IS players present clearly lower physical fitness (lower maximal leg extension power production) characteristics associated with higher values of percent body fat. This should give IS players a disadvantage during soccer game actions.","DOI":"10.1007/s00421-009-1040-7","ISSN":"1439-6327","note":"PMID: 19322582","journalAbbreviation":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M"},{"family":"Llodio","given":"I�aki"},{"family":"Ib��ez","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Granados","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"Ion"},{"family":"Ruesta","given":"Maite"},{"family":"Bonnabau","given":"Henry"},{"family":"Izquierdo","given":"Mikel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",7]]},"PMID":"19322582"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [19]. Players with a previously known low aerobic fitness (4 players) started the test at 11 km�h-1 (10 min). The players that accumulated more than 4 mmol�l-1 after any stage did not complete the next stage. Running speeds were dictated in form of audio-cues broadcasted by a pre-programmed computer (Balise Temporelle, Bauman, Switzerland). Immediately after each running stage, earlobe capillary blood-samples were obtained for the determination of lactate concentrations [La]b (Lactate Pro LT-1710, ArkRay Inc Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) from hyperaemic earlobe. Individual data points for the exercise blood lactate values were plotted as a continuous function against time. The exercise lactate curve was fitted with a second degree polynomic function. From the equation describing the exercise blood lactate curve, the velocity associated with a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol�l-1 (V3) was interpolated  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1dc86q11ej","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[19]","plainCitation":"[19]"},"citationItems":[{"id":789,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/ZTPX9NJS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/ZTPX9NJS"],"itemData":{"id":789,"type":"article-journal","title":"Differences in physical fitness among indoor and outdoor elite male soccer players","container-title":"European journal of applied physiology","page":"483-491","volume":"106","issue":"4","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"This study compared anthropometric (body height, body mass, percent body fat, fat-free body mass) and physical fitness characteristics (vertical jump height, power-load curve of the leg, 5 and 15 m sprint running time and blood lactate concentrations ([La](b)) at submaximal running velocities) among 15 elite male indoor soccer (IS) and 25 elite male outdoor soccer (OS) players. IS players had similar values in body height, body mass, fat-free body mass and endurance running than OS players. However, the IS group showed higher (P < 0.05-0.01) values in percent body fat (28%) and sprint running time (2%) but lower values in vertical jump (15%) and half-squat power (20%) than the OS group. Significant negative correlations (P < 0.05-0.01) were observed between maximal sprint running time, power production during half-squat actions, as well as [La](b) at submaximal running velocities. Percent body fat correlated positively with maximal sprint time and [La](b), but correlated negatively with vertical jump height. The present results show that compared to elite OS players, elite IS players present clearly lower physical fitness (lower maximal leg extension power production) characteristics associated with higher values of percent body fat. This should give IS players a disadvantage during soccer game actions.","DOI":"10.1007/s00421-009-1040-7","ISSN":"1439-6327","note":"PMID: 19322582","journalAbbreviation":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M"},{"family":"Llodio","given":"I�aki"},{"family":"Ib��ez","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Granados","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"Ion"},{"family":"Ruesta","given":"Maite"},{"family":"Bonnabau","given":"Henry"},{"family":"Izquierdo","given":"Mikel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",7]]},"PMID":"19322582"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [19]. Three variables were considered for future analysis: blood lactate accumulation at 12 km�h-1 (Lac12), blood lactate accumulation at 13 km�h-1 (Lac13) and running velocity associated with a [La]b of 3 mmol�l-1 (V3).   
Training load quantification
In order to quantify TL the sRPE-TL method  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"15udbapr11","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainCitation":"[3]"},"citationItems":[{"id":840,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"itemData":{"id":840,"type":"article-journal","title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"109-115","volume":"15","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The ability to monitor training is critical to the process of quantitating training periodization plans. To date, no method has proven successful in monitoring training during multiple types of exercise. High-intensity exercise training is particularly difficult to quantitate. In this study we evaluate the ability of the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method to quantitate training during non-steady state and prolonged exercise compared with an objective standard based on heart rate (HR). In a 2-part design, subjects performed steady state and interval cycle exercise or practiced basketball. Exercise bouts were quantitated using both the session RPE method and an objective HR method. During cycle exercise, the relationship between the exercise score derived using the session RPE method and the HR method was highly consistent, although the absolute score was significantly greater with the session RPE method. During basketball, there was a consistent relationship between the 2 methods of monitoring exercise, although the absolute score was also significantly greater with the session RPE method. Despite using different subjects in the 2 parts of the study, the regression relationships between the session RPE method and the HR method were nearly overlapping, suggesting the broad applicability of this method. We conclude that the session RPE method is a valid method of quantitating exercise training during a wide variety of types of exercise. As such, this technique may hold promise as a mode and intensity-independent method of quantitating exercise training and may provide a tool to allow the quantitative evaluation of training periodization plans.","ISSN":"1064-8011","note":"PMID: 11708692","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Foster","given":"C"},{"family":"Florhaug","given":"J A"},{"family":"Franklin","given":"J"},{"family":"Gottschall","given":"L"},{"family":"Hrovatin","given":"L A"},{"family":"Parker","given":"S"},{"family":"Doleshal","given":"P"},{"family":"Dodge","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",2]]},"PMID":"11708692"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [3] was used. Ten min after each training and friendly or official match  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cwv2AU3T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[13]","plainCitation":"[13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [13] and using Foster�s 0-10 scale  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"191tko03cd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainCitation":"[3]"},"citationItems":[{"id":840,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"itemData":{"id":840,"type":"article-journal","title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"109-115","volume":"15","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The ability to monitor training is critical to the process of quantitating training periodization plans. To date, no method has proven successful in monitoring training during multiple types of exercise. High-intensity exercise training is particularly difficult to quantitate. In this study we evaluate the ability of the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method to quantitate training during non-steady state and prolonged exercise compared with an objective standard based on heart rate (HR). In a 2-part design, subjects performed steady state and interval cycle exercise or practiced basketball. Exercise bouts were quantitated using both the session RPE method and an objective HR method. During cycle exercise, the relationship between the exercise score derived using the session RPE method and the HR method was highly consistent, although the absolute score was significantly greater with the session RPE method. During basketball, there was a consistent relationship between the 2 methods of monitoring exercise, although the absolute score was also significantly greater with the session RPE method. Despite using different subjects in the 2 parts of the study, the regression relationships between the session RPE method and the HR method were nearly overlapping, suggesting the broad applicability of this method. We conclude that the session RPE method is a valid method of quantitating exercise training during a wide variety of types of exercise. As such, this technique may hold promise as a mode and intensity-independent method of quantitating exercise training and may provide a tool to allow the quantitative evaluation of training periodization plans.","ISSN":"1064-8011","note":"PMID: 11708692","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Foster","given":"C"},{"family":"Florhaug","given":"J A"},{"family":"Franklin","given":"J"},{"family":"Gottschall","given":"L"},{"family":"Hrovatin","given":"L A"},{"family":"Parker","given":"S"},{"family":"Doleshal","given":"P"},{"family":"Dodge","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",2]]},"PMID":"11708692"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [3] soccer players were asked by the same person (i.e., fitness coach) on all occasions to rate their perceived level of exertion separately for respiratory and leg musculature effort  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2S8lH7tN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13,16,20]","plainCitation":"[12,13,16,20]"},"citationItems":[{"id":185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":185,"type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",11]]},"PMID":"24845209"}},{"id":2530,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"itemData":{"id":2530,"type":"article-journal","title":"Respiratory and Muscular Perceived Exertion During Official Games in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"301-304","volume":"11","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the respiratory and muscular session ratings of perceived exertion (PE) after official soccer matches over an extended period of time (ie, 2 competition seasons) in relation to playing time (>20, 20-45, 45-70, and >70 min) and to determine the between-matches variability of both scores in young professional soccer players.\nMETHODS: Forty players belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Respiratory and muscular PE were collected 10 min after every game. A total of 841 individual PE ratings were undertaken on outfield players.\nRESULTS: The differences between match respiratory and muscular load differ depending on the playing time, the respiratory PE being greater for the players that competed less than 45 min (effect size = -0.45 � 0.45 for the 20- to 45-min group) and the muscular PE greater for players that played more than 45 min (effect size = 0.23 � 0.30, for the 45- to 70-min group). Match-to-match PE variability was considerable (CV = 14-54%) for all levels of participation, but it was lower the longer the players participated.\nCONCLUSIONS: Playing time influenced the relative exertion that players' respiratory and leg musculature were exposed to during a game, suggesting that differential PE scores might provide a more accurate evaluation of match-imposed internal load. However, the small-magnitude differences between respiratory and muscular session ratings of PE observed in the current study might question the practical relevance of assessing both scores.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2015-0270","ISSN":"1555-0273","note":"PMID: 26217923","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Ra�l"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}},{"id":2524,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/KU5TN3GW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/KU5TN3GW"],"itemData":{"id":2524,"type":"article-journal","title":"The application of differential ratings of perceived exertion to Australian Football League matches","container-title":"Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport","page":"704-708","volume":"18","issue":"6","source":"PubMed","abstract":"OBJECTIVES: To investigate the application of differential ratings of perceived exertion for the examination of internal load during Australian Football League (AFL) matches.\nDESIGN: Single cohort, observational study.\nMETHODS: Using the centiMax rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, 26 professional AFL players provided ratings for match exertion (RPE-M), along with differential ratings for breathlessness (RPE-B), leg exertion (RPE-L), and technical demand (RPE-T) following 129 matches (5.0 � 1.6 matches per player). Global positioning satellite (GPS) and accelerometer measures were also collected. Data were analysed using magnitude-based inferences.\nRESULTS: RPE scores were 93.0 � 8.2 AU (RPE-M), 89.0 � 11.0 AU (RPE-B), 91.5 � 9.8 AU (RPE-L), and 87.0 � 10.0 AU (RPE-T). There was a most likely small difference between RPE-L and RPE-T (5.5%; � 90% confidence limits 1.9%), a likely small difference between RPE-L and RPE-B (3.5%; � 1.5%) and a possibly small difference between RPE-B and RPE-T (1.9%; � 1.9%). Within-player correlations between RPE and GPS measures were small for RPE-M (r = 0.14-0.28), unclear to small for RPE-B (r = 0.06-0.24) and unclear to moderate for RPE-L (r = 0.06-0.37). Differential RPE's combined to explain 76% of the variance in RPE-M. For all RPE scores, within-player variability was moderate to high (typical error: 7.9-12.4%), and the thresholds for a likely between-match change were 8.8-13.7%.\nCONCLUSIONS: As differential RPE's represent distinct sensory inputs, the collection of these scores facilitate the interpretation of internal match loads and therefore represent a valuable addition to match data collection procedures. Moderate to high within-player variability should be considered when interpreting between-match changes in all RPE scores.","DOI":"10.1016/j.jsams.2014.09.001","ISSN":"1878-1861","note":"PMID: 25241705","journalAbbreviation":"J Sci Med Sport","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Weston","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Siegler","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Bahnert","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"McBrien","given":"James"},{"family":"Lovell","given":"Ric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13,16,20]: respiratory rate of perceived effort (sRPEres) and muscular rate of perceived effort (sRPEmus). Players were allowed to mark a plus sign (interpreted as 0.5 point) alongside the integer value  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9G6Dgz8i","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13,21]","plainCitation":"[12,13,21]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"9zRrLw36/zvLpwch3","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/QG74W94C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/QG74W94C"],"itemData":{"id":"9zRrLw36/zvLpwch3","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying training intensity distribution in a group of Norwegian professional soccer players","container-title":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","page":"70-81","volume":"6","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: This study was designed to quantify the daily distribution of training intensity in a group of professional soccer players in Norway based on three different methods of training intensity quantification.\nMETHODS: Fifteen male athletes (age, 24 � 5 y) performed treadmill test to exhaustion to determine heart rate and VO2 corresponding to ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal heart rate. VT1 and VT2 were used to delineate three intensity zones based on heart rate. During a 4 wk period in the preseason (N = 15), and two separate weeks late in the season (N = 11), all endurance and on-ball training sessions (preseason: N = 378, season: N= 78) were quantified using continuous heart rate registration and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Three different methods were used to quantify the intensity distribution: time in zone, session goal and sRPE.\nRESULTS: Intensity distributions across all sessions were similar when based on session goal or by sRPE. However, intensity distribution based on heart rate cut-offs from standardized testing was significantly different (time in zone).\nCONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that quantifying training intensity by using heart rate based total time in zone is not valid for describing the effective training intensity in soccer. The results also suggest that the daily training intensity distribution in this representative group of high level Norwegian soccer players is organized after a pattern where about the same numbers of training sessions are performed in low lactate, lactate threshold, and high intensity training zones.","ISSN":"1555-0265","note":"PMID: 21487151","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Algr�y","given":"Erling A"},{"family":"Hetlelid","given":"Ken J"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Stray Pedersen","given":"J�rg I"}],"issued":{"year":2011,"month":3},"PMID":"21487151","page-first":"70","container-title-short":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."}},{"id":"9zRrLw36/K2JL8RBA","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"9zRrLw36/K2JL8RBA","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13,21]. Then, all respiratory and muscular PE values, the hardness of all sessions, were summed: sumRPEres and sumRPEmus  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GbnIWmsl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13]","plainCitation":"[12,13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"9zRrLw36/K2JL8RBA","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"9zRrLw36/K2JL8RBA","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13]. Furthermore, the sRPE-TL, in our case respiratory sRPE-TL (sRPEres-TL) and muscular sRPE-TL (sRPEmus-TL), was calculated multiplying sRPE value by the duration of the training or match  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1fi36sjg2f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainCitation":"[3]"},"citationItems":[{"id":840,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/PHTBNMFB"],"itemData":{"id":840,"type":"article-journal","title":"A new approach to monitoring exercise training","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"109-115","volume":"15","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The ability to monitor training is critical to the process of quantitating training periodization plans. To date, no method has proven successful in monitoring training during multiple types of exercise. High-intensity exercise training is particularly difficult to quantitate. In this study we evaluate the ability of the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method to quantitate training during non-steady state and prolonged exercise compared with an objective standard based on heart rate (HR). In a 2-part design, subjects performed steady state and interval cycle exercise or practiced basketball. Exercise bouts were quantitated using both the session RPE method and an objective HR method. During cycle exercise, the relationship between the exercise score derived using the session RPE method and the HR method was highly consistent, although the absolute score was significantly greater with the session RPE method. During basketball, there was a consistent relationship between the 2 methods of monitoring exercise, although the absolute score was also significantly greater with the session RPE method. Despite using different subjects in the 2 parts of the study, the regression relationships between the session RPE method and the HR method were nearly overlapping, suggesting the broad applicability of this method. We conclude that the session RPE method is a valid method of quantitating exercise training during a wide variety of types of exercise. As such, this technique may hold promise as a mode and intensity-independent method of quantitating exercise training and may provide a tool to allow the quantitative evaluation of training periodization plans.","ISSN":"1064-8011","note":"PMID: 11708692","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Foster","given":"C"},{"family":"Florhaug","given":"J A"},{"family":"Franklin","given":"J"},{"family":"Gottschall","given":"L"},{"family":"Hrovatin","given":"L A"},{"family":"Parker","given":"S"},{"family":"Doleshal","given":"P"},{"family":"Dodge","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001",2]]},"PMID":"11708692"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [3]. The duration of a training session was recorded for each player from the start to the end of the session, including recovery periods but excluding stretching exercises. The match duration excluded the warm-up and in-between half-time rest  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LhXFfzzV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12,13,16]","plainCitation":"[12,13,16]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"9zRrLw36/K2JL8RBA","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JZSWN6Z5"],"itemData":{"id":"9zRrLw36/K2JL8RBA","type":"article-journal","title":"Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3280-3288","volume":"28","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Los Arcos, A, Yanci, J, Mendiguchia, J, and Gorostiaga, EM. Rating of muscular and respiratory perceived exertion in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(11): 3285-3293, 2014-This study investigated, in male professional players: (a) fluctuations in rating of local-muscular (sRPEmus) and central-respiratory (sRPEres) perceived exertion measured after the completion of each training and competitive session, over a 9-week competitive period and (b) the influence of quantitative assessment of different training and competition modes on changes in physical performance. sRPEres, sRPEmus, and heart rate were measured in 21 players in 847 individual training and competitive sessions. Training load was calculated by multiplying sRPEmus or sRPEres by the duration of the training or competition sessions. A test battery (vertical jump, sprint, and endurance running) was performed before and after the studied period. At the end of official matches, average sRPEmus was higher (7.4 � 0.6; p d" 0.05) than sRPEres (6.4 � 1.3). Significant negative correlations were observed between the values of total training and competition time (r = -0.62; p < 0.01) or total added sRPEmus (r = -0.59; p d" 0.05), and vertical jump or sprint running velocity changes, respectively. This suggests that sRPEmus should be considered the main fatigue rating during a soccer match. Training and competition volume may have negative effects on the muscle power performance gains of the legs.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000000540","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 24845209","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Arcos","given":"Asier Los"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"Gorostiaga","given":"Esteban M."}],"issued":{"year":2014,"month":11},"PMID":"24845209","page-first":"3280","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}},{"id":2530,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"itemData":{"id":2530,"type":"article-journal","title":"Respiratory and Muscular Perceived Exertion During Official Games in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"301-304","volume":"11","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the respiratory and muscular session ratings of perceived exertion (PE) after official soccer matches over an extended period of time (ie, 2 competition seasons) in relation to playing time (>20, 20-45, 45-70, and >70 min) and to determine the between-matches variability of both scores in young professional soccer players.\nMETHODS: Forty players belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Respiratory and muscular PE were collected 10 min after every game. A total of 841 individual PE ratings were undertaken on outfield players.\nRESULTS: The differences between match respiratory and muscular load differ depending on the playing time, the respiratory PE being greater for the players that competed less than 45 min (effect size = -0.45 � 0.45 for the 20- to 45-min group) and the muscular PE greater for players that played more than 45 min (effect size = 0.23 � 0.30, for the 45- to 70-min group). Match-to-match PE variability was considerable (CV = 14-54%) for all levels of participation, but it was lower the longer the players participated.\nCONCLUSIONS: Playing time influenced the relative exertion that players' respiratory and leg musculature were exposed to during a game, suggesting that differential PE scores might provide a more accurate evaluation of match-imposed internal load. However, the small-magnitude differences between respiratory and muscular session ratings of PE observed in the current study might question the practical relevance of assessing both scores.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2015-0270","ISSN":"1555-0273","note":"PMID: 26217923","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Ra�l"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12,13,16]. All players were familiarized with this method during the pre-season (5 weeks) both in trainings and friendly matches. In addition to sRPEres-TL, sRPEmus-TL, sumRPEres and sumRPEmus, activity volume (i. e., total training and match practice minutes) also was calculated. 
Statistical procedures
Descriptive results are presented as means � standard deviations (SD). We used custom-made spreadsheets to compare sRPEres-TL, sRPEmus-TL, sumRPEres, sumRPEmus, and activity volume from Period_1 to Period_2 and to analyse the change in the physical performance from T1 to T2  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KhcN1qUP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[22,23]","plainCitation":"[22,23]"},"citationItems":[{"id":1905,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/GW9M8GE3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/GW9M8GE3"],"itemData":{"id":1905,"type":"article-journal","title":"A spreadhseet to compare means of two groups","container-title":"Sportscience","page":"22-23","volume":"11","journalAbbreviation":"Sportscience","author":[{"family":"Hopkins","given":"WG"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}},{"id":"CstaKOYd/pPtHj6qi","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/FPS885EH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/FPS885EH"],"itemData":{"id":"CstaKOYd/pPtHj6qi","type":"article-journal","title":"Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials with adjustment for a predictor","container-title":"Sportscience","page":"46-50","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Hopkins","given":"W G"}],"issued":{"year":2006},"page-first":"46","container-title-short":"Sportscience"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [22,23]. Practical significance was assessed by calculating the Cohen�s d effect size  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"299sbp73p5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[24]","plainCitation":"[24]"},"citationItems":[{"id":655,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/AZQH79Z3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/AZQH79Z3"],"itemData":{"id":655,"type":"book","title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.","publisher":"L. Erlbaum Associates","number-of-pages":"567","edition":"Second Edition","author":[{"family":"Cohen","given":"Jacob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [24]. Effect sizes (ES) between < 0.2, 0.2 - 0.6, 0.6 - 1.2, 1.2 - 2, and 2.0 - 4.0 were considered as trivial, small, moderate, large and very large, respectively  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2gj9c750d8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[25]","plainCitation":"[25]"},"citationItems":[{"id":656,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JVT68E9B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JVT68E9B"],"itemData":{"id":656,"type":"article-journal","title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","container-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise","page":"3-13","volume":"41","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log transformation to deal with nonuniformity of effects and error; identifying and deleting outliers; presenting descriptive, effect, and inferential statistics in appropriate formats; and contending with bias arising from problems with sampling, assignment, blinding, measurement error, and researchers' prejudices. This article should advance the field by stimulating debate, promoting innovative approaches, and serving as a useful checklist for authors, reviewers, and editors.","DOI":"10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","ISSN":"1530-0315","note":"PMID: 19092709","journalAbbreviation":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Hopkins","given":"William G"},{"family":"Marshall","given":"Stephen W"},{"family":"Batterham","given":"Alan M"},{"family":"Hanin","given":"Juri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",1]]},"PMID":"19092709"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [25]. Probabilities were also calculated to establish whether the true (unknown) differences were lower, similar or higher than the smallest worthwhile difference or change (0.2 multiplied by the between-subject SD, based on Cohen's effect size principle). Quantitative chances of higher or lower differences were evaluated qualitatively as follows: < 1%, almost certainly not; 1"5%, very unlikely; 5"25%, unlikely; 25"75%, possible; 75"95%, likely; 95"99%, very likely; > 99%, almost certain. If the change of having higher or lower values than the smallest worthwhile difference were both >5%, the true difference was assessed as unclear. The relationships between total sRPEres-TL, sRPEmus-TL, sumRPEres, sumRPEmus, activity volume and changes in physical fitness performance were examined using correlation coefficients with 90% confidence limits (CL). The following scale of magnitudes was used to interpret the magnitude of the correlation coefficients: < 0.1, trivial; = 0.1�0.3, small; < 0.3�0.5, moderate; < 0.5�0.7, large; < 0.7�0.9, very large; and < 0.9�1.0, almost perfect  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b5GPFU76","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[25]","plainCitation":"[25]"},"citationItems":[{"id":656,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JVT68E9B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/JVT68E9B"],"itemData":{"id":656,"type":"article-journal","title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","container-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise","page":"3-13","volume":"41","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log transformation to deal with nonuniformity of effects and error; identifying and deleting outliers; presenting descriptive, effect, and inferential statistics in appropriate formats; and contending with bias arising from problems with sampling, assignment, blinding, measurement error, and researchers' prejudices. This article should advance the field by stimulating debate, promoting innovative approaches, and serving as a useful checklist for authors, reviewers, and editors.","DOI":"10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","ISSN":"1530-0315","note":"PMID: 19092709","journalAbbreviation":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Hopkins","given":"William G"},{"family":"Marshall","given":"Stephen W"},{"family":"Batterham","given":"Alan M"},{"family":"Hanin","given":"Juri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",1]]},"PMID":"19092709"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [25]. Besides, practical inferences of the correlation coefficients were considered  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eg1qp904a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[26]","plainCitation":"[26]"},"citationItems":[{"id":1886,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/MPVMGWU7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/MPVMGWU7"],"itemData":{"id":1886,"type":"article-journal","title":"A spreadsheet for deriving a confidence interval, mechanistic inference and clinical inference from a p value","container-title":"Sportscience","page":"16-20","volume":"11","journalAbbreviation":"Sportscience","author":[{"family":"Hopkins","given":"WG"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [26]. If the 90% confidence limits overlapped small positive and negative values, the magnitude of the correlation was deemed unclear.

Results
There were no substantial differences between Period_1 and Period_2 in sRPEres-TL, sRPEmus-TL, sumRPEres, and sumRPEmus: 15437 � 3192 vs 14590 � 2070 AU (ES = -0.25; � 0.54), 15084 � 3346 vs 14436 � 2714 AU (ES = -0.18; � 0.57), 199 � 32 vs 211 � 24 AU (ES = 0.34; �0.55) and 194 � 39 vs 207 � 33 AU (ES = 0.29; �0.57), respectively. Practice time were possibly (4/26/70) greater (ES = -0.35; �0.50) in Period_1 (4223 � 504 min) than in Period_2 (4030 � 205 min).
Period_1 (First Part of the Season)
Players worsened substantially their performance in 5-m (ES = 1.17 � 0.72, very-likely) and 15-m sprints (ES = 0.66 � 0.54, likely). Small improvements were found in V3 (ES = 0.45 � 0.55, likely), Lac12 (ES = 0.26 � 0.35, possibly) and CMJd (ES = 0.35 � 0.27, likely). Changes in the other variables (i. e., CMJ, CMJAS, CMJnd and Lac13) were unclear or trivial (Table 1).

****Table 1 near here****

During the first period of the season (Period_1) most of the association between changes in fitness and TL markers were unclear (Table 2). However, some substantial correlations were observed: a) practice volume correlated very-largely and positively with the change in Lac13 performance, b) sRPEres- and sRPEmus-TL correlated moderate/largely and positively with the changes in Lac13 performance, c) the associations between dRPE-load/TL and changes in CMJnd performance were moderate/large and positive, and d) moderate, negative associations were found between sRPEmus-TL and changes in 5 and 15 m sprint performance (Table 2).

****Table 2 near here****

Period_2 (Mid Part of the Season)
The changes in physical fitness were unclear/trivial in CMJAS, V3, and Lac13, substantially positive (possible to very likely) in CMJ, CMJd, CMJnd, 5 m and 15 m, and substantially negative in Lac12 from T2 to T3 (Table 3).

****Table 3 near here****

During Period_2, some associations were unclear (Table 4), but: a) muscular load/TL correlated largely and positively with the change in Lac12 performance, and b) sRPEres-/sRPEmus-TL and sumRPEres/mus correlated moderate/largely and negatively with the changes in single-leg jumping performance (Table 4).

****Table 4 near here****

Discussion
The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during two different periods of the in-season phase in professional soccer players. The main finding of the present study was that the magnitude and the direction of associations between the dRPE-TL (i.e., sRPEres- and sRPEmus-TL) accumulation and the changes in several physical fitness variables in young professional varied depending on period of the season investigated. 
Period_1 (First Part of the Season)
During the initial in-season period (Period_1), straight after the pre-season, very large and large positive associations were found between activity volume (r = 0.71; �0.24), sRPEmus-TL (r = 0.51; �0.34) and the changes in Lac13. That is, the players who accumulated higher muscular perceived TL and, specially, more practice time were more likely not to worse or improve this aerobic fitness parameter. Interestingly, the relationship was weaker and unclear with the accumulated muscular loads (r = 0.36; �0.39), suggesting that the impact of the practice time (i.e., volume) was more relevant than the hardness (intensity) of the sessions. In this line, in well-trained soccer players, the amount of training (i.e. practice time) was most strongly related to the outcome of the Interval Shuttle Run Test in comparison with overall RPE (i.e., intensity or hardness) and sRPE-TL scores  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1c592qnama","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[6]","plainCitation":"[6]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"HtWcvw3Z/Rm4GbQQw","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TCCTWXGB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/TCCTWXGB"],"itemData":{"id":"HtWcvw3Z/Rm4GbQQw","type":"article-journal","title":"Monitoring load, recovery, and performance in young elite soccer players","container-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"597-603","volume":"24","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between training load, recovery, and monthly field test performance in young elite soccer players to develop training guidelines to enhance performance. In a prospective, nonexperimental cohort design, 18 young elite soccer players registered training and match duration for a full competitive season by means of daily training logs. Furthermore, session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and total quality of recovery (TQR) scores were recorded. Weekly duration (TL(d)), load (duration x session RPE = TL(rpe)), and TQR scores were calculated for 1 and 2 weeks before a monthly submaximal interval shuttle run tests to determine interval endurance capacity. Participants spent on average 394.4 +/- 134.9 minutes per week on training and game play with an average session RPE of 14.4 +/- 1.2 (somewhat hard) and TQR of 14.7 +/- 1.3 (good recovery). Random intercept models showed that every extra hour training or game play resulted in enhanced field test performance (p < 0.05). Session RPE and TQR scores did not contribute to the prediction of performance. The duration of training and game play in the week before field test performance is most strongly related to interval endurance capacity. Therefore, coaches should focus on training duration to improve interval endurance capacity in elite soccer players. To evaluate the group and individual training response, field tests should be frequently executed and be incorporated in the training program.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c4d38b","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 20145570","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Brink","given":"Michel S"},{"family":"Nederhof","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Visscher","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Schmikli","given":"Sandor L"},{"family":"Lemmink","given":"Koen A P M"}],"issued":{"year":2010,"month":3},"PMID":"20145570","page-first":"597","container-title-short":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [6]. 
On the other hand, the differential load/TL correlated substantially (large/very-large) and positively with the changes in CMJnd performance, being the impact of practice volume unclear on this neuromuscular parameter. On the contrary, negative associations (i.e., small/moderate) were found between muscular load and changes in 5 and 15 m sprint performance, while the relationships between the changes in sprint performance and practice time were unclear (Table 2). That is, the greater the perceived muscular load the greater the worsening in acceleration performance but the greater the improvement in CMJnd performance, suggesting that the muscular load/TL can have contrasting effects on different neuromuscular parameters. The negative association between training load and sprint performance are in line with previous findings in young soccer players  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2gq07lnv04","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14]","plainCitation":"[14]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"itemData":{"id":2123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the perceived training load and its relationship with changes in physical fitness performance in junior soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"2125-2132","volume":"33","issue":"20","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived respiratory and muscular training load (TL) and changes in physical fitness in elite and non-elite junior soccer players. Twenty-eight elite (n = 14, 17.6 � 0.6 years, 70.3 � 4.4 kg, 179.7 � 5.6 cm) and non-elite (n = 14, 17.5 � 0.5 years, 71.1 � 6.5 kg, 178.1 � 5.6 cm) soccer players belonging to a Spanish first and third division football academies and competing in junior Spanish first division (2012-2013) participated in the study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, 5 and 15 m sprints and the Universit� de Montreal endurance test were performed in January and 9 weeks later in March. In order to quantify TLs, after each training session and match, players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus). Elite players accumulated greater weekly training volume (361 � 14 vs. 280 � 48 min; effect sizes (ES) = 5.23 � 1.74; most likely), and perceived respiratory (1460 � 184 vs. 1223 � 260 AU; ES = 1.12 � 0.79; very likely) and muscular (1548 � 216 vs. 1318 � 308 AU; ES = 0.99 � 0.84; likely) TL than did non-elite players. Training volume, sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67-0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness. The present results suggest that a low training volume and TL can impair improvement in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players during the in-season period.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2015.1069385","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 26222603","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gil-Rey","given":"Erreka"},{"family":"Lezaun","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14]. Albeit speculative, when taken together, from a practical viewpoint present results might suggest that maintaining/increasing practice time (i.e., training volume) while implementing strategies aimed to reduce the associated perception of effort might ideally optimize both aerobic and neuromuscular performance in professional soccer players during the first part of the season. In this regard, several strategies such as the manipulation of the characteristics of the soccer drills  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2mlv4e3pgv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[27]","plainCitation":"[27]"},"citationItems":[{"id":511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/4UG38BBX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/4UG38BBX"],"itemData":{"id":511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Physiology of small-sided games training in football: a systematic review","container-title":"Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","page":"199-220","volume":"41","issue":"3","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"Small-sided games (SSGs) are played on reduced pitch areas, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional football. These games are less structured than traditional fitness training methods but are very popular training drills for players of all ages and levels. At present, there is relatively little information regarding how SSGs can best be used to improve physical capacities and technical or tactical skills in footballers. However, many prescriptive variables controlled by the coach can influence the exercise intensity during SSGs. Coaches usually attempt to change the training stimulus in SSGs through altering the pitch area, player number, coach encouragement, training regimen (continuous vs interval training), rules and the use of goalkeepers. In general, it appears that SSG exercise intensity is increased with the concurrent reduction in player number and increase in relative pitch area per player. However, the inverse relationship between the number of players in each SSG and exercise intensity does not apply to the time-motion characteristics. Consistent coach encouragement can also increase training intensity, but most rule changes do not appear to strongly affect exercise intensity. The variation of exercise intensity measures are lower in smaller game formats (e.g. three vs three) and have acceptable reproducibility when the same game is repeated between different training sessions or within the same session. The variation in exercise intensity during SSGs can also be improved with consistent coach encouragement but it is still more variable than traditional generic training methods. Other studies have also shown that SSGs containing fewer players can exceed match intensity and elicit similar intensities to both long- and short-duration high-intensity interval running. It also appears that fitness and football-specific performance can be improved equally with SSG and generic training drills. Future research is required to examine the optimal periodization strategies of SSGs training for the long-term development of physiological capacity, technical skill and tactical proficiency.","DOI":"10.2165/11539740-000000000-00000","ISSN":"1179-2035","note":"PMID: 21395363","shortTitle":"Physiology of small-sided games training in football","journalAbbreviation":"Sports Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Hill-Haas","given":"Stephen V."},{"family":"Dawson","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Impellizzeri","given":"Franco M."},{"family":"Coutts","given":"Aaron J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [27] in order to reduce high-speed running and the number of impacts and accelerations  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gJGFIVQs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[28]","plainCitation":"[28]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2526,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/K9X8PSHC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/K9X8PSHC"],"itemData":{"id":2526,"type":"article-journal","title":"Factors influencing perception of effort (session rating of perceived exertion) during elite soccer training","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"860-864","volume":"10","issue":"7","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to identify the external-training-load markers that are most influential on session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of training load (RPE-TL) during elite soccer training.\nMETHODS: Twenty-two elite players competing in the English Premier League were monitored. Training-load data (RPE and 10-Hz GPS integrated with a 100-Hz accelerometer) were collected during 1892 individual training sessions over an entire in-season competitive period. Expert knowledge and a collinearity r < .5 were used initially to select the external training variables for the final analysis. A multivariate-adjusted within-subjects model was employed to quantify the correlations of RPE and RPE-TL (RPE � duration) with various measures of external training intensity and training load.\nRESULTS: Total high-speed-running (HSR; >14.4 km/h) distance and number of impacts and accelerations >3 m/s2 remained in the final multivariate model (P < .001). The adjusted correlations with RPE were r = .14, r = .09, and r = .25 for HSR, impacts, and accelerations, respectively. For RPE-TL, the correlations were r = .11, r = .45, and r = .37, respectively.\nCONCLUSIONS: The external-load measures that were found to be moderately predictive of RPE-TL in soccer training were HSR distance and the number of impacts and accelerations. These findings provide new evidence to support the use of RPE-TL as a global measure of training load in elite soccer. Furthermore, understanding the influence of characteristics affecting RPE-TL may help coaches and practitioners enhance training prescription and athlete monitoring.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2014-0518","ISSN":"1555-0273","note":"PMID: 25671338","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gaudino","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Iaia","given":"F. Marcello"},{"family":"Strudwick","given":"Anthony J."},{"family":"Hawkins","given":"Richard D."},{"family":"Alberti","given":"Giampietro"},{"family":"Atkinson","given":"Greg"},{"family":"Gregson","given":"Warren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [28], the split of the drill duration in several smaller duration sets, rather than continuous play  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1k6jtphbqh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[29]","plainCitation":"[29]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2151,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/D5KMNUFW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/D5KMNUFW"],"itemData":{"id":2151,"type":"article-journal","title":"Manipulation of exercise to rest ratio within set duration on physical and technical outcomes during small-sided games in elite youth soccer players","container-title":"Human Movement Science","page":"1-6","volume":"48","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Training practices for elite soccer players should take into account specific technical, tactical and physical components. As a consequence of these demands small-sided games (SSGs) have become a popular conditioning tool that replicate the demands encountered during match play. The aim of this investigation was to examine how the manipulation of exercise to rest ratio, within the same overall duration, affected both physical and technical outcomes during SSGs in elite youth soccer. Twelve elite youth soccer players participated in three variations of eight minute 6v6 SSGs. The three variations included eight minutes continuous, 2�4min and 4�2min. Players perceived the continuous 8min block as the hardest (4.5�1.5AU), followed by the 2�4min (3.9�1.4AU) and the 4�2min (3.3�1.4AU), although no difference in mean HR or physical measures via GPS analysis between SSGs was evident. From the technical perspective, only goals scored reached significance, with post hoc analysis identifying the number of goals scored were significantly higher during the 4�2min and 2�4min SSGs compared to 8min continuous block. These results show that subjective ratings of exertion differed between conditions, but only minor technical manipulations were observed by adjusting work to rest ratios, with no significant effect on physical performance.","DOI":"10.1016/j.humov.2016.03.013","ISSN":"1872-7646","note":"PMID: 27082027","journalAbbreviation":"Hum Mov Sci","language":"ENG","author":[{"family":"Christopher","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Beato","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Hulton","given":"Andrew T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [29], the use of games without man-marking during the training  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aF83Q2sW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[30,31]","plainCitation":"[30,31]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2153,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/A6MKTBHR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/A6MKTBHR"],"itemData":{"id":2153,"type":"article-journal","title":"Heart rate and perceptual responses to 2 x 2   and 3 x 3 small-sided youth soccer games","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"121-122","volume":"6","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","author":[{"family":"Sampaio","given":"J"},{"family":"Garcia","given":"G"},{"family":"Ma�as","given":"V"},{"family":"Iba�ez","given":"J"},{"family":"Abrantes","given":"C"},{"family":"Caixinha","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}},{"id":2154,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/KWMTNFSF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/KWMTNFSF"],"itemData":{"id":2154,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of man-marking on heart rate, perceived exertion and technical-tactical demands on youth soccer players","container-title":"RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte","page":"90-106","volume":"12","issue":"44","author":[{"family":"S�nchez-S�nchez","given":"J"},{"family":"Carretero","given":"M"},{"family":"Assante","given":"G"},{"family":"Casamichana","given":"D"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [30,31] or the use of active recovery  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"W8XnBhkH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[32,33]","plainCitation":"[32,33]"},"citationItems":[{"id":83,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/5IQF8TI3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/5IQF8TI3"],"itemData":{"id":83,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effect of recovery strategies on contractile properties using tensiomyography and perceived muscle soreness in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"3081-3088","volume":"26","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The capacity to recover from intense training and matches is considered an important determinant in soccer performance. At present, there is no consensus on the effect of posttraining recovery interventions on subsequent training session. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of active (12 minutes of submaximal running and 8 minutes of static stretching) and passive recovery (20 minutes sit on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on muscle contractile properties using tensiomyography (TMG) and perceived muscle soreness 24 hours after the training. During 2 experimental sessions, 31 professional soccer players participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to collect the player's TMG and muscle soreness measurements (pretest). After baseline measurements, the participants performed a standardized soccer training during which the heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded to evaluate the training load. At the end of training unit, all the players were randomly assigned to the active recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was organized to obtain the posttest values. The players performed the same test, administered in the same order than in the first trial. The results showed that no differences between groups were observed in the HR and RPE. No significant effect because of recovery strategy was found on TMG parameters and perceived muscle soreness.","DOI":"10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182470d33","ISSN":"1533-4287","note":"PMID: 22210472","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Rey","given":"Ezequiel"},{"family":"Lago-Pe�as","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Lago-Ballesteros","given":"Joaqu�n"},{"family":"Cas�is","given":"Luis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",11]]}}},{"id":2157,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/298NGVBH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/298NGVBH"],"itemData":{"id":2157,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of different recovery interventions on anaerobic performances following preseason soccer training","container-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association","page":"745-750","volume":"21","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"In the preseason soccer training, morning and afternoon training sessions often are scheduled daily. The high frequency of training sessions could place heavy strain on biological systems, and it is necessary to apply proper recovery strategies for improving the players' capability to regain an adequate working state for subsequent training units. However, the effect of recovery interventions following soccer training units is debatable, due to a lack of studies performed in field situations. The aim of this study was to examine, during a 21-day preseason soccer training, the most effective recovery intervention (i.e., passive, dry-aerobic exercises, water-aerobic exercises, electrostimulation) on anaerobic performances (i.e., squat jump, countermovement jump, bounce jumping, and 10-m sprint) and subjective ratings (i.e., perceived exertion and muscle pain), with the conditions before the intervention controlled and standardized. Twelve young (age: 18.1 +/- 1.2 years) elite soccer players participated. Data were collected on 4 occasions 2 days apart and at the same time of the day. Activity and dietary intake were replicated on each occasion. After baseline measurements, participants performed a standardized training during which their heart rates and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. This was followed by a 20-minute recovery intervention. After a 5-hour rest, athletes' ratings of muscle pain were recorded prior to a second test session. There were no significant differences in exercise intensities and baseline anaerobic performances. Significantly (p < 0.01) better performances were observed in the afternoon. Although no main effect of recovery intervention was observed on anaerobic performances, dry-aerobic exercises (0.6 +/- 0.9) and electrostimulation (0.6 +/- 1.2) were more beneficial (p < 0.01) than water-aerobic exercises (2.1 +/- 1.1) and passive rest (2.1 +/- 1.7) for reducing muscle pain, which could affect the player's working ability.","DOI":"10.1519/R-20386.1","ISSN":"1064-8011","note":"PMID: 17685701","journalAbbreviation":"J Strength Cond Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Tessitore","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Meeusen","given":"Romain"},{"family":"Cortis","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Capranica","given":"Laura"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [32,33] have been reported to positively impact (i.e., reduce) perceived effort during and after exercise. Further studies should investigate if the systematic reduction of training-induced perceived exertion for given training volume could protect against the observed deterioration in sprint performance. 
Period_2 (Mid Part of the Season)
To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the training dose-response relationship in professional soccer players during the middle part of the season. During this in-season period (i.e., from December to February), muscular load/TL correlated largely and positively with the change in aerobic fitness (i.e., Lac12 performance). Present findings are similar to those previously reported in junior soccer players also during a mid-season training period (i.e., January to March)  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8043ITwR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14]","plainCitation":"[14]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"itemData":{"id":2123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the perceived training load and its relationship with changes in physical fitness performance in junior soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"2125-2132","volume":"33","issue":"20","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived respiratory and muscular training load (TL) and changes in physical fitness in elite and non-elite junior soccer players. Twenty-eight elite (n = 14, 17.6 � 0.6 years, 70.3 � 4.4 kg, 179.7 � 5.6 cm) and non-elite (n = 14, 17.5 � 0.5 years, 71.1 � 6.5 kg, 178.1 � 5.6 cm) soccer players belonging to a Spanish first and third division football academies and competing in junior Spanish first division (2012-2013) participated in the study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, 5 and 15 m sprints and the Universit� de Montreal endurance test were performed in January and 9 weeks later in March. In order to quantify TLs, after each training session and match, players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus). Elite players accumulated greater weekly training volume (361 � 14 vs. 280 � 48 min; effect sizes (ES) = 5.23 � 1.74; most likely), and perceived respiratory (1460 � 184 vs. 1223 � 260 AU; ES = 1.12 � 0.79; very likely) and muscular (1548 � 216 vs. 1318 � 308 AU; ES = 0.99 � 0.84; likely) TL than did non-elite players. Training volume, sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67-0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness. The present results suggest that a low training volume and TL can impair improvement in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players during the in-season period.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2015.1069385","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 26222603","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gil-Rey","given":"Erreka"},{"family":"Lezaun","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14] and what has been observed during Period_1 in the current study. Thus, players who accumulated a higher sRPEmus-TL during in-season periods were more likely not to worse this aerobic fitness parameter (Table 4). Compared with Period_1, the association with practice time (i.e., volume) was unclear while large correlations were observed with muscular loads (r = 0.59; �0.31). This might suggest that the perceived hardness (intensity) of the sessions was more relevant than the duration during the mid in-season period. In contrast with the Period_1, the substantial associations between the activity volume and the accumulated load/TL and the changes in single-leg jumps performance were negatives, suggesting that the TL affects differently depending on the season period. Regarding sprinting performance, in contrast to the Period_1 but in line with previous results with junior soccer players  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qUTLY0mH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14]","plainCitation":"[14]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"itemData":{"id":2123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the perceived training load and its relationship with changes in physical fitness performance in junior soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"2125-2132","volume":"33","issue":"20","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived respiratory and muscular training load (TL) and changes in physical fitness in elite and non-elite junior soccer players. Twenty-eight elite (n = 14, 17.6 � 0.6 years, 70.3 � 4.4 kg, 179.7 � 5.6 cm) and non-elite (n = 14, 17.5 � 0.5 years, 71.1 � 6.5 kg, 178.1 � 5.6 cm) soccer players belonging to a Spanish first and third division football academies and competing in junior Spanish first division (2012-2013) participated in the study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, 5 and 15 m sprints and the Universit� de Montreal endurance test were performed in January and 9 weeks later in March. In order to quantify TLs, after each training session and match, players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus). Elite players accumulated greater weekly training volume (361 � 14 vs. 280 � 48 min; effect sizes (ES) = 5.23 � 1.74; most likely), and perceived respiratory (1460 � 184 vs. 1223 � 260 AU; ES = 1.12 � 0.79; very likely) and muscular (1548 � 216 vs. 1318 � 308 AU; ES = 0.99 � 0.84; likely) TL than did non-elite players. Training volume, sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67-0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness. The present results suggest that a low training volume and TL can impair improvement in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players during the in-season period.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2015.1069385","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 26222603","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gil-Rey","given":"Erreka"},{"family":"Lezaun","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14] the dose-response relationships were unclear.

Conclusion
The independent assessment of simple markers of training volume and intensity might offer important information that can be used to optimize training prescription and associated recovery strategies in soccer players. In this regards, respiratory and, especially, muscular perceived exertion, as markers of training intensity, derived training load and total practice time (volume) TL during in-season could be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. However, the magnitude of the dose-response relationship, in most cases unclear or small, varies depending on the physical fitness parameter and the season period. 

Practical Applications
It can be suggested that, at least for short-term in-season periods, the greater the sRPEmus-TL the better the maintenance/improvement in aerobic fitness performance. However, this contrasts to what has been reported during the pre-season period, in which the perceived TL is typically higher than in-season  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"REtnGMGS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[13,21,34,35]","plainCitation":"[13,21,34,35]"},"citationItems":[{"id":"ZqlZCmJO/NgQKoYNR","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/QG74W94C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1735524/items/QG74W94C"],"itemData":{"id":"ZqlZCmJO/NgQKoYNR","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying training intensity distribution in a group of Norwegian professional soccer players","container-title":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","page":"70-81","volume":"6","issue":"1","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: This study was designed to quantify the daily distribution of training intensity in a group of professional soccer players in Norway based on three different methods of training intensity quantification.\nMETHODS: Fifteen male athletes (age, 24 � 5 y) performed treadmill test to exhaustion to determine heart rate and VO2 corresponding to ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal heart rate. VT1 and VT2 were used to delineate three intensity zones based on heart rate. During a 4 wk period in the preseason (N = 15), and two separate weeks late in the season (N = 11), all endurance and on-ball training sessions (preseason: N = 378, season: N= 78) were quantified using continuous heart rate registration and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Three different methods were used to quantify the intensity distribution: time in zone, session goal and sRPE.\nRESULTS: Intensity distributions across all sessions were similar when based on session goal or by sRPE. However, intensity distribution based on heart rate cut-offs from standardized testing was significantly different (time in zone).\nCONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that quantifying training intensity by using heart rate based total time in zone is not valid for describing the effective training intensity in soccer. The results also suggest that the daily training intensity distribution in this representative group of high level Norwegian soccer players is organized after a pattern where about the same numbers of training sessions are performed in low lactate, lactate threshold, and high intensity training zones.","ISSN":"1555-0265","note":"PMID: 21487151","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Algr�y","given":"Erling A"},{"family":"Hetlelid","given":"Ken J"},{"family":"Seiler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Stray Pedersen","given":"J�rg I"}],"issued":{"year":2011,"month":3},"PMID":"21487151","page-first":"70","container-title-short":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."}},{"id":561,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/GNJF2C9U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/GNJF2C9U"],"itemData":{"id":561,"type":"article-journal","title":"Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Medicine","page":"483-492","volume":"27","issue":"6","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to compare the effects of specific (small-sided games) vs. generic (running) aerobic interval training on physical fitness and objective measures of match performance in soccer. Forty junior players were randomly assigned to either generic (n=20) or specific (n=20) interval training consisting of 4 bouts of 4 min at 90-95 % of maximum heart rate with 3 min active rest periods, completed twice a week. The following outcomes were measured at baseline (Pre), after 4 weeks of pre-season training (Mid), and after a further 8 weeks of training during the regular season (Post): maximum oxygen uptake, lactate threshold (Tlac), running economy at Tlac, a soccer-specific endurance test (Ekblom's circuit), and indices of physical performance during soccer matches (total distance and time spent standing, walking, and at low- and high-intensity running speed). Training load, as quantified by heart rate and rating of perceived exertion, was recorded during all training sessions and was similar between groups. There were significant improvements in aerobic fitness and match performance in both groups of soccer players, especially in response to the first 4 weeks of pre-season training. However, no significant differences between specific and generic aerobic interval training were found in any of the measured variables including soccer specific tests. The results of this study showed that both small-sided games and running are equally effective modes of aerobic interval training in junior soccer players.","DOI":"10.1055/s-2005-865839","ISSN":"0172-4622","note":"PMID: 16767613","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Impellizzeri","given":"F. M."},{"family":"Marcora","given":"S. M."},{"family":"Castagna","given":"C."},{"family":"Reilly","given":"T."},{"family":"Sassi","given":"A."},{"family":"Iaia","given":"F. M."},{"family":"Rampinini","given":"E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",6]]}}},{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/ZRVIX9VT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/ZRVIX9VT"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the physiological loading of one week of \"pre-season\" and one week of \"in-season\" training in professional soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"1161-1166","volume":"29","issue":"11","source":"NCBI PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to quantify the physiological loads of programmed \"pre-season\" and \"in-season\" training in professional soccer players. Data for players during each period were included for analysis (pre-season, n = 12; in-season, n = 10). We monitored physiological loading of training by measuring heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Training loads were calculated by multiplying RPE score by the duration of training sessions. Each session was sub-categorized as physical, technical/tactical, physical and technical/tactical training. Average physiological loads in pre-season (heart rate 124 � 7 beats � min(-1); training load 4343 � 329 Borg scale � min) were higher compared with in-season (heart rate 112 � 7 beats � min(-1); training load 1703 � 173 Borg scale � min) (P < 0.05) and there was a greater proportion of time spent in 80-100% maximum heart rate zones (18 � 2 vs. 5 � 2%; P < 0.05). Such differences appear attributable to the higher intensities in technical/tactical sessions during pre-season (pre-season: heart rate 137 � 8 beats � min(-1); training load 321 � 23 Borg scale � min; in-season: heart rate 114 � 9 beats � min(-1); training load 174 � 27 Borg scale � min; P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that pre-season training is more intense than in-season training. Such data indicate that these adjustments in load are a direct attempt to deliver training to promote specific training adaptations.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2011.583671","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 21777053","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Jeong","given":"Tae-Seok"},{"family":"Reilly","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Morton","given":"James"},{"family":"Bae","given":"Sang-Won"},{"family":"Drust","given":"Barry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",8]]}}},{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [13,21,34,35], where Los Arcos, et al.  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"duuAFLlB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[13]","plainCitation":"[13]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2297,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/J7NGSWDT"],"itemData":{"id":2297,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negative Associations between Perceived Training Load, Volume and Changes in Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine","page":"394-401","volume":"14","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 � 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. Key pointsThe purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the perceived exertion-derived TL for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular parameters during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players.A high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair several physical fitness factors believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance.The independent assessment of muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training.","ISSN":"1303-2968","note":"PMID: 25983590\nPMCID: PMC4424470","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci Med","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mendiguchia","given":"Jurdan"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [13] found a large negative association (r = -0.57) between the muscular sRPE-derived TL and Lac13 in professional soccer players. In addition, present (i. e., Period_1 and Period_2) and previous studies  ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5hc4Z6Fw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14,16]","plainCitation":"[14,16]"},"citationItems":[{"id":2530,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/793AU5EH"],"itemData":{"id":2530,"type":"article-journal","title":"Respiratory and Muscular Perceived Exertion During Official Games in Professional Soccer Players","container-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance","page":"301-304","volume":"11","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the respiratory and muscular session ratings of perceived exertion (PE) after official soccer matches over an extended period of time (ie, 2 competition seasons) in relation to playing time (>20, 20-45, 45-70, and >70 min) and to determine the between-matches variability of both scores in young professional soccer players.\nMETHODS: Forty players belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Respiratory and muscular PE were collected 10 min after every game. A total of 841 individual PE ratings were undertaken on outfield players.\nRESULTS: The differences between match respiratory and muscular load differ depending on the playing time, the respiratory PE being greater for the players that competed less than 45 min (effect size = -0.45 � 0.45 for the 20- to 45-min group) and the muscular PE greater for players that played more than 45 min (effect size = 0.23 � 0.30, for the 45- to 70-min group). Match-to-match PE variability was considerable (CV = 14-54%) for all levels of participation, but it was lower the longer the players participated.\nCONCLUSIONS: Playing time influenced the relative exertion that players' respiratory and leg musculature were exposed to during a game, suggesting that differential PE scores might provide a more accurate evaluation of match-imposed internal load. However, the small-magnitude differences between respiratory and muscular session ratings of PE observed in the current study might question the practical relevance of assessing both scores.","DOI":"10.1123/ijspp.2015-0270","ISSN":"1555-0273","note":"PMID: 26217923","journalAbbreviation":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"},{"family":"M�ndez-Villanueva","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Yanci","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Mart�nez-Santos","given":"Ra�l"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4]]}}},{"id":2123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rraUgc2f/items/V23Z8UHB"],"itemData":{"id":2123,"type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of the perceived training load and its relationship with changes in physical fitness performance in junior soccer players","container-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences","page":"2125-2132","volume":"33","issue":"20","source":"PubMed","abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived respiratory and muscular training load (TL) and changes in physical fitness in elite and non-elite junior soccer players. Twenty-eight elite (n = 14, 17.6 � 0.6 years, 70.3 � 4.4 kg, 179.7 � 5.6 cm) and non-elite (n = 14, 17.5 � 0.5 years, 71.1 � 6.5 kg, 178.1 � 5.6 cm) soccer players belonging to a Spanish first and third division football academies and competing in junior Spanish first division (2012-2013) participated in the study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, 5 and 15 m sprints and the Universit� de Montreal endurance test were performed in January and 9 weeks later in March. In order to quantify TLs, after each training session and match, players reported their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus). Elite players accumulated greater weekly training volume (361 � 14 vs. 280 � 48 min; effect sizes (ES) = 5.23 � 1.74; most likely), and perceived respiratory (1460 � 184 vs. 1223 � 260 AU; ES = 1.12 � 0.79; very likely) and muscular (1548 � 216 vs. 1318 � 308 AU; ES = 0.99 � 0.84; likely) TL than did non-elite players. Training volume, sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL were positively and largely correlated (r = 0.67-0.71) with the changes in aerobic fitness. The present results suggest that a low training volume and TL can impair improvement in aerobic fitness in junior soccer players during the in-season period.","DOI":"10.1080/02640414.2015.1069385","ISSN":"1466-447X","note":"PMID: 26222603","journalAbbreviation":"J Sports Sci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gil-Rey","given":"Erreka"},{"family":"Lezaun","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Los Arcos","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14,16] appear to concur that players who accumulated a higher perceived load/TL during different in-season periods were more likely to worsen their sprint performance (i. e., 5 and 15 m). Therefore, the possible effects of the differentiated perceived TL in the physical fitness performance should be examined independently for each physical fitness parameter (e.g., aerobic fitness and sprinting) and moment of the season. 

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Legend of Tables and Figures

Table 1 Results, change in mean (%) and difference of the fitness parameters from T1 to Test 2 (Period_1, 11 weeks). The data are mean (�standard deviation).
nT1T2Change in mean (%)ESMBIRatingCMJ (cm)1642.6 � 4.142.4 � 4.60.5 � 2.70.07 � 0.23Likely trivial16/81/3CMJAS (cm)1650.0 � 3.949.5 � 5.1-0.5 � 3.2-0.02 � 0.30Unclear11/74/15CMJd (cm)1424.4 � 3.225.4 � 3.54.9 � 3.80.35� 0.27Likely small82/17/0CMJnd (cm)1425.5 � 3.125.6 � 2.92.1 � 3.70.19� 0.30Possibly trivial46/51/25 m (s)140.94 � 0.020.97 � 0.033.6 � 2.21.17� 0.72Very likely moderate0/1/9815 m (s)142.27 � 0.052.29 � 0.071.8 � 1.40.66 � 0.54Likely moderate1/7/93V3 (km.h-1)1612.6 � 0.512.74 � 0.62.1 � 2.60.45 � 0.55Likely small78/19/3Lac12 (mmol.l-1)162.4 � 0.72.2 � 0.7-9.3 � 13.8-0.26 � 0.35Possibly small63/36/2Lac13 (mmol.l-1)153.6 � 1.13.5 � 1.3-6.6 � 12.5-0.07 � 0.29Unclear6/72/22
Legend: T1 = Test 1; T2 = Test 2; ES = effect size; MBI = Magnitude-based Inference; CMJ = countermovement jump; CMJAS = countermovement jump with arm swing; CMJd: dominant leg countermovement jump; CMJnd: non dominant countermovement jump; V3 = running velocity associated with a [La]b of 3 mmol�l-1; Lac12 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 12 km.h-1; Lac13 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 13 km.h-1.

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nsRPEres-TLsRPEmus-TLsumRPEressumRPEmusVolume" (%) CMJ160.14; �0.42
Unclear0.04; �0.43
Unclear0.27; �0.40
Unclear0.09; �0.42
Unclear0.15; �0.42
Unclear" (%) CMJAS160.16; �0.42
Unclear0.10; �0.42
Unclear0.21; �0.41
Unclear0.11; �0.42
Unclear0.21; �0.41
Unclear" (%) CMJd140.29; �0.43
Unclear0.26; �0.43
Unclear0.38; �0.40
Likely moderate0.32; �0.42
Unclear0.17; �0.45
Unclear" (%) CMJnd140.41; �0.40
Likely moderate0.55; �0.34
Very likely large0.52; �0.36
Likely large0.64; �0.30
Very likely large0.18; �0.45
Unclear" (%) 5 m140.02; �0.46
Unclear-0.30; �0.43
Likely moderate-0.08; �0.46
Unclear-0.43; �0.39
Likely moderate0.15; �0.45
Unclear" (%) 15 m140.03; �0.46
Unclear-0.21; �0.44
Possibly small-0.06; �0.46
Unclear-0.31; �0.42
Likely moderate0.27; �0.43
Unclear" (%) V316-0.00; �0.43
Unclear0.11; �0.42
Unclear-0.08; �0.42
Unclear0.08; �0.42
Unclear0.28; �0.40
Unclear" (%) Lac12160.03; �0.43
Unclear-0.01; �0.43
Unclear-0.25; �0.40
Possibly small-0.18; �0.42
Possibly small0.10; �0.42
Unclear" (%) Lac13150.43; �0.37
Likely moderate0.51; �0.34
Likely large0.23; �0.42
Unclear0.36; �0.39
Likely moderate0.71; �0.24
Most likely very large
Legend: TL = training load; sRPEres-TL = respiratory session-rate of perceived exertion TL; sRPEmus-TL = muscular session-rate of perceived exertion TL; sumRPEres = sum of all respiratory perceived efforts; sumRPEmus = sum of all muscular perceived efforts. CMJ = countermovement jump; CMJAS = countermovement jump with arm swing; CMJd: dominant leg countermovement jump; CMJnd: non dominant countermovement jump; V3 = running velocity associated with a [La]b of 3 mmol�l-1; Lac12 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 12 km.h-1; Lac13 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 13 km.h-1.
 
Table 3 Results, change in mean (%) and difference of the fitness parameters from T2 to Test 3 (Period_2, 12 weeks). The data are mean (�standard deviation).
nT2T3Change in mean (%)ESMBIRatingCMJ (cm)1641.3 � 4.643.1 � 4.24.6 � 1.80.40 � 0.15Very likely small98/2/0CMJAS (cm)1648.2 � 4.749.0 � 4.81.7 � 1.50.17 � 0.15Possibly trivial36/64/0CMJd (cm)1224.7 � 3.525.8 � 4.14.5 � 4.00.29 � 0.26Possibly small72/28/0CMJnd (cm)1225.6 � 2.826.4 � 3.03.0 � 4.00.24 � 0.35Possibly small59/39/25 m (s)140.98 � 0.030.97 � 0.02-0.8 � 1.3-0.29 � 0.46Possibly small63/33/415 m (s)142.33 � 0.062.31 � 0.04-0.7 � 0.9-0.31 � 0.40Possibly small68/30/2V3 (km.h-1)1512.6 � 0.512.6 � 0.4-0.6 � 1.5-0.17 � 0.41Unclear7/49/44Lac12 (mmol.l-1)152.1 � 0.632.4 � 0.716.6 � 10.90.48 � 0.33Likely small0/8/92Lac13 (mmol.l-1)153.6 � 1.13.8 � 1.07.6 � 9.10.20 � 0.28Possibly trivial1/49/49
Legend: T2 = Test 2; T3 = Test 3; ES = effect size; MBI = Magnitude-based Inference; CMJ = countermovement jump; CMJAS = countermovement jump with arm swing; CMJd: dominant leg countermovement jump; CMJnd: non dominant countermovement jump; V3 = running velocity associated with a [La]b of 3 mmol�l-1; Lac12 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 12 km.h-1; Lac13 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 13 km.h-1.

Table 4 Within-player correlations (�90% confidence limits) between sRPEres-TL, sRPEmus-TL, sumRPEres, sumRPEmus and training volume, and changes in physical fitness performance after the Period_2.

nsRPEres-TLsRPEmus-TLsumRPEressumRPEmusVolume" (%) CMJ160.06; �0.43
Unclear0.09; �0.42
Unclear-0.30; �0.40
Likely moderate-0.10; �0.42
Possibly small0.14; �0.42
Unclear" (%) CMJAS160.12; �0.42
Unclear-0.01; �0.43
Unclear0.23; �0.41
Unclear0.01; �0.43
Unclear0.15; �0.42
Unclear" (%) CMJd12-0.52; �0.39
Likely large-0.44; �0.42
Likely moderate-0.38; �0.44
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Likely moderate-0.57; �0.37
Likely large" (%) CMJnd12-0.43; �0.43
Likely moderate-0.53; �0.39
Likely large-0.52; �0.39
Likely large-0.62; �0.34
Very likely large-0.64; �0.33
Very likely large" (%) 5 m140.13; �0.45
Unclear0.20; �0.44
Unclear0.19; �0.45
Unclear0.23; �0.44
Unclear0.08; �0.46
Unclear" (%) 15 m140.24; �0.44
Unclear0.31; �0.42
Unclear0.21; �0.44
Unclear0.28; �0.43
Unclear-0.12; �0.45
Possibly small" (%) V3150.35; �0.40
Likely moderate0.29; �0.41
Unclear0.12; �0.44
Unclear0.15; �0.43
Unclear-0.43; �0.37
Likely moderate" (%) Lac12150.28; �0.42
Unclear0.50; �0.35
Likely large0.36; �0.39
Likely moderate0.59; �0.31
Very likely large0.15; �0.43
Unclear" (%) Lac1315-0.16; �0.43
Possibly small-0.04; �0.4�q�q�q
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Likely moderate
Legend: TL = training load; sRPEres-TL = respiratory session-rate of perceived exertion TL; sRPEmus-TL = muscular session-rate of perceived exertion TL; sumRPEres = sum of all respiratory perceived efforts; sumRPEmus = sum of all muscular perceived efforts. CMJ = countermovement jump; CMJAS = countermovement jump with arm swing; CMJd: dominant leg countermovement jump; CMJnd: non dominant countermovement jump; V3 = running velocity associated with a [La]b of 3 mmol�l-1; Lac12 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 12 km.h-1; Lac13 = lactate concentration after 10 min running at 13 km.h-1.









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