����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 104.21.45.146  /  Your IP : 172.69.130.79
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/online-submissions/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/online-submissions/5788-0-Manuscript-2017-08-23.doc
��ࡱ�>��	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	����bjbj[�[�	4�9�9�X����������������������8,���8H"�($:::)?KKGMGMGMGMGMGMG$ZJ�M�qG���$))�$�$qG��::��G�*�*�*�$&�:�:KG�*�$KG�*�*��=��?:�����P�,������'�y>7GH08H�>6N�(�N,�?�?�N�_C�S�'N�*u �!eSSSqGqGZ)<SSS8H�$�$�$�$��������������������������������������������������������������������NSSSSSSSSS� �:	Relationship of quality of sleep in adolescents and young adults to the driving performance.
Arina Bingeliene*, MD (3), Rosalia Yoon, M.Sc., PhD (3), Azmeh Shahid, MD (1,2, 4), Colin M Shapiro, MD, PhD, FRCP(C) (1, 2, 4).
1 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 
2 Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network
3 University of Toronto
4 Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre

*Corresponding Author:
Dr. Arina Bingeliene
Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre
227 Victoria Street, Lower Level 2
Toronto, ON Canada M5B 1T8
T. (416) 703 0505
Arina.Bingeliene@gmail.com

This manuscript was prepared by Dr. Arina Bingeliene. The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest. There are no prior publications or submissions with any overlapping information, including studies and patients. The manuscript has not been and will not be submitted to any other journal while it is under consideration by �Journal of sleep disorders�. Each author listed on the manuscript has seen and approved the submission of this version of the manuscript and takes full responsibility for the manuscript. There was no honorarium, grant, or other form of payment given to Dr. Arina Bingeliene or co-authors Dr. Colin Shapiro, Dr. Azmeh Shahid and Rosalia Yoon to produce this manuscript. 

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Sleep deprivation is a major cause of motor vehicle accidents, and can impair the human brain as much as alcohol. It has been estimated that between 16% and 60% of all motor vehicle accidents are caused by sleep related problems. Adolescents and young adults frequently complain of sleep disorder symptoms and suffer from chronic sleep deprivation. There is an absence of evidence in existing literature regarding the impact of sleep disturbances on the driving function in young, novice drivers compared to that in young adults.

Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study of two subject groups: young adults with driving experience of less than 36 months, and young adults with driving experience of greater than 36 months). Each subject served as its own control. The enrolled subjects are 16 � 26 years old, right-handed, with normal or corrected vision.  Participants with a chronic or acute ongoing health condition which might affect the study results were excluded. Study procedures utilized were: polysomnography, multiple sleep latency test and driving simulator testing.

Results: Repeated-measures MANCOVA revealed that driving experience, objective sleepiness (as measured by the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)), interaction between driving experience and depressive symptoms (as measured by The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R)), and interaction between depressive symptoms and objective sleepiness had statistically significant effects on driving performance.

Conclusions: Unexpectedly, more experienced drivers made more driving errors and were responsible for a greater number of accidents.  Mood and ongoing sleep deprivation emerged as two key factors that impacted driving performance more than level of experience. This may represent the impact of a less-regulated post high school lifestyle, as compared to more structured high school schedule. The study findings aid in confirming that functional impairments related to sleepiness previously observed in adult study populations are also replicated in adolescents and young adults.

Keywords: driving, sleep deprivation, adolescents sleep quality.

INTRODUCTION

Sleep deprivation effect on the brain activation during the driving

Sleep-deprived driving is the operation of a motor vehicle while being cognitively impaired by a lack of sleep. Sleep deprivation is a major cause of motor vehicle accidents, and it can impair the human brain as much as alcohol can [1, 2]. According to a 1998 survey, 23% of adults have fallen asleep while driving. According to the United States Department of Transportation, male drivers admit to having fallen asleep while driving twice as often as female drivers [3]. 
It has been estimated that between 16% and 60% of all accidents have sleep deprivation as a cause [4]. Furthermore it is estimated that between 1989 and 1993, an average of 1,544 people were killed annually in the United States as a result of sleep-deprived driving [3]. Accidents related to sleep deprivation are most likely to happen in the early to midafternoon, and in the very early morning hours. These are two �low points� in the diurnal cycle. 
Adolescents and young adults frequently complain of symptoms related to sleep disorders (insomnia, sleep phase delay, sleep disordered breathing, restless legs syndrome, daytime sleepiness) and commonly suffer from chronic sleep deprivation. Poor sleep quality and quantity leads to sleepiness at the wheel and significantly increase the risk of car crashes. Inadequate sleep hygiene, which is common in teenagers, has a negative effect on daytime functioning. 
Effects of sleep deprivation on driving performance

Sleep deprivation has been shown to affect attention, judgment and decision making, coordination, and reaction time [5], all of which of are cognitive domains known to be implicated in safe driving.  

The sleep deprivation and driving

In a questionnaire study �Sleep-deprived young drivers and the risk for crash: the Drive prospective cohort study� [6] the association between hours of sleep and the risk of having a motor vehicle crash, including the time of day and type of crash (single, multiple vehicle, run off road, and intersection) was assessed: the results suggest that less sleep per night significantly increased the risk for crash for young drivers. Less sleep on weekend nights increased the risk for run-off-road crashes and crashes occurring in the late-night hours. 

The circadian rhythm effect on driving performance

 There is a lack of previous studies about the impact of circadian rhythm on driving performance. There was a questionnaire study done by Spaggiari et al. in 2012 [7], concerning circadian sleep-wake disorders and professional driving which showed that the excessive sleepiness in professional drivers can be impacted by the homeostatic process (for a sleep debt related to extended work time or to sleep disorders) and the circadian process (such as in shift-work syndrome or in delayed phase shifts). Also, Lenne and colleagues did the study about the influence of the day time on driving task [8].

The current study focused on sleep disturbances as a major cause of motor vehicle accidents, particularly in youth. Given the major effect of sleep deprivation and sleep disturbances on safety to drive, the current study utilized driving simulation to determine the effect of sleepiness/fatigue on driving performance in experienced  (e"36 months) and inexperienced (d"36 months) young adult drivers. Furthermore it elucidated whether there are age-related, depressive symptoms or circadian rhythm effects on driving performance in adolescents and young adults.

We hypothesized that the majority of adolescents would be significantly sleep deprived and consequently excessively sleepy during the daytime, presumably, because of their lifestyle, which has a negative influence on their driving performance. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethics statement:
Ethical approval for the study was obtained on March 2nd 2015, by the Research Ethics Board at St. Michael�s Hospital in Toronto, Canada. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participating in the study. 

Participants:
Participants were recruited through an advertisement placed on the www.sleepontario.ca website and in community centers. All participants were right-handed with normal or corrected vision, and held a valid driver�s license. Participants with a history of mental illness or sleep disorders were excluded. Twenty-one participants (11 male and 10 female) were studied. There were two groups of participants. The first group of 9 were young drivers with mean driving experience of 13.7 months (mean age = 19.5 years). The second group of 12 was with young adult drivers with mean driving experience of 68 months (mean age = 24 years). 

Study procedures:
Participants completed questionnaires about their daytime level of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) [9] and alertness (Toronto Hospital Alertness Test) [9]; they were screened for depressive symptoms (Center for epidemiologic studies for depression) [9] and circadian rhythm pattern (Are you an owl or a lark?) [9]. The overnight polysomnography test (PSG) was used to assess sleep quality and to exclude individuals with significant sleep pathologies. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) was carried out on the following day to assess the level of daytime sleepiness. MSLT is a standardized test that determines subject�s level of daytime sleepiness. The test consists of four sessions, about 20 minutes nap each that occurs during the day following a subject�s overnight sleep study.

Driving simulation:
Driving simulation was used to investigate circadian rhythm, objective sleepiness, depressive symptoms, and driving experience influences on driving performance in both the adolescent and young adult groups.
The driving simulator is a computerized test that provides an opportunity to reproduce the characteristics of real vehicles in a virtual environment. The portable driving simulator consists of a computer, a 42� wide screen monitor, a fully functioning steering wheel and pedal system, with accelerator and brake accessories.  The driving simulator test lasts for 40 minutes and each participant was asked to perform different real-world driving maneuvers, ranging from simple (right turns) to more complex (left turns at busy intersections). To assess the effects of driving while distracted, participants were asked to perform an auditory task while driving � this is similar to speaking on a �hands-free device� while driving [10]. The driving scenarios were designed using STISIM Drive Software (Systems Technology Inc., Hawthorne, CA). 
Driving tasks:
Participants had a training session, lasting about ten minutes that allowed them to become accustomed to using the driving simulator. Participants were asked to complete the set of scenarios 4 times during the day to evaluate if there is a circadian rhythm influence on their driving performance. The first task included straight driving and turning at intersections with and without oncoming traffic. The second task was similar to the first but with audio tasks. Participants were distracted by concurrent audio tasks consisting of general knowledge true/false questions (e.g., �the sun revolves around the earth�) during straight driving as well as in the demanding turns. Participants answered the questions by pressing corresponding buttons embedded on the steering wheel (similar to modern vehicle designs for answering hands-free devices or volume controls).  Each task was introduced by a voice recording (e.g. �Turn right at the intersection�) approximately 5 s prior to the task, similar to navigation instructions with a Global Positioning System. All participants also have performed the �driving in the construction zone� and �a bus following� scenarios.  Participants were asked to follow the traffic rules and to drive as close to the posted speed limit as possible. 

Data analysis:

Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows (Version 23) software package. For driving data, analyses were conducted on number of collisions, stop signs missed, center line crossings, road edge excursions, speed exceedances as well as the total number of driving errors (i.e. the sum of all error types) committed during the City Driving and City Driving with Distraction scenarios. .
Subjects were stratified according to Driving Experience (Experienced with more than 36 months of driving experience vs. Inexperienced with less than 36 months of driving experience), Depression (High Depression, scoring on CESD e"16 vs. Low Depression, scoring on CESD <16), Subjective Sleepiness (Sleepy, scoring on ESS e"8 vs. Not Sleepy <8), Objective Sleepiness (Normal to Mild measured by MSLT as <8 minutes vs. Moderate to Severe measured by MSLT as (8 minutes), Alertness (Alert measured by THAT e"20 vs. Not Alert, THAT <20), and Chronotype (was defined by  Owl or Lark questionnaire : Definitely Morning, Moderately Morning, Intermediate, Moderately Evening, Definitely Evening). Guidelines used to create dummy variables for stratification and their corresponding frequencies are shown in Table 2. Given that all subjects were alert and that most subjects had an intermediate chronotype, Alertness and Chronotype were not included in statistical analyses. 
Pearson�s partial correlation (controlling for the effect of age) between Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)[11] and MSLT was conducted to examine associations between subjective and objective correlates of sleepiness. This analysis indicated no significant correlation between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness (r = -0.087, p = 0.715). The objective measure of sleepiness (MSLT) was used as more reliable and accurate data.
Multivariate analysis of co-variance (MANCOVA) (controlling for the effect of age) was conducted to compare ranked PSG parameters of sleep architecture (i.e. SOL*, TST, SE, REM latency, Stage 1 percentage, stage 2 percentage, SWS percentage, REM percentage, and wake percentage) in subjects stratified according to Driving Experience (Experienced versus Inexperienced), Depression (Depressed versus Not-Depressed), and Objective Sleepiness (Normal to Mild versus Moderate to Severe). 
A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine if time (within subjects factor; session 1, 2, 3, and 4) had an effect on total driving errors (i.e. sum of collisions, centre line crossings, road edge excursions, speed exceedances, and stop signs missed). Furthermore, an ANOVA was performed to determine if driving experience, depression, and objective sleepiness had a significant effect on driving performance, including total errors as well as individual errors (i.e. collisions, centre line crossings, road edge excursions, speed exceedances, and stop signs missed). All analyses included age and gender as covariates. For variables that violated assumptions of normality, parametric tests were conducted on ranked values rather than absolute values.
*SOL � sleep onset latency
TST � total sleep time
SE � sleep efficiency
REM � rapid eye movement
SWS � slow wave sleep

Results:
Objective sleepiness (normal to mild versus moderate to severe) had a significant main effect on total driving errors (F(1) = 17.324, p = 0.002), but not collisions (F(1) = 1.924, p = 0.193), centre line crossings (F(1) = 0.003, p = 0.958), road edge excursions (F(1) = 3.928, p = 0.073), speed exceedances (F(1) = 2.018, p = 0.183), or stop signs missed (F(1) = 1.249, p = 0.287). Specifically, drivers with moderate to severe sleepiness committed significantly more errors, on average, than drivers with normal to mild sleepiness (33.1 versus 22.7) across the City Driving and City Driving with Distraction scenarios. No significant main effects of depression or driving experience (i.e. experienced (>36 months) versus inexperienced (<36 months)) emerged for any driving outcome of interest (p>0.05). 

Discussion

The current study provides evidence for a relationship between driving performance and factors that include depressive symptoms, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness in adolescents and young adults. The study demonstrated an interaction between objective measures of night sleep quality as seen in the overnight sleep study and daytime sleepiness as collected through MSLT and performance on the driving task. These findings, as shown in the statistical analysis above, aid in confirming that functional impairments related to sleepiness previously observed in adult study populations are also replicated in adolescents and young adults. This analysis indicated no significant correlation between subjective and objective measures of sleepiness. However, the subjective sleepiness measures were not included in the data analysis, it is suggestive of adolescents and young adults misjudge their level of excessive daytime sleepiness and understate the effect of it on their daytime performance, and their driving function in particular. 

It was also observed that more experienced young drivers made more mistakes while driving and were responsible for a greater number of simulated accidents. This finding may relate to the degree to which practice allowed participants to approach driving as an automatic or rote behavior. Among drivers in the experienced cohort, it is possible that familiarity with driving caused them to reduce their vigilance during the task�an effect potentially exacerbated by cognitive impairments related to sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness. More research is needed to clarify the impact of poor sleep quality particularly on drivers� cognitive performance.

In terms of the influence of circadian rhythm on driving performance, this study found no relationship. This was surprising given previous studies indicating that early to midafternoon is a common time for accidents to occur as one several diurnal �low points;� [12] indeed, we had hypothesized that significant effects would be observed, which would also be related to differences between the young adult and adolescent cohorts. However, this finding may be due to a limitation of the study and not to an absence of such a relationship. Driving function was assessed at 9:00 am, 11:00 am, 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm only, with no assessments carried out later at night or early in the morning�other times at which the homeostatic process may also impinge on performance [13]. Given that the vast majority of participants evaluated shared the same intermediate chronotype, and there were no differences between experienced and unexperienced young drivers as anticipated, it may be that assessments were not timed in a way that would allow for circadian effects to emerge. There is also a possibility that participants were not accurate in self-report. The practice effect also might confound the possibility of circadian rhythm effect on driving performance.

As adolescents and young adults are high risk populations for complaints of insomnia, daytime sleepiness, sleep disordered breathing and other symptoms of sleep disorders, the impact of these factors on performance, particularly as individuals begin to gain experience as drivers, is of significant concern. Though this study found no relationship between time of day and performance, future studies in which a wider range of times are evaluated. 
Further, the current results support the effects of depressive symptoms and daytime sleepiness, suggesting the need for increased education and the promotion of the importance of good sleep hygiene among adolescents and young adults regarding the dangers of driving under these conditions. Our study results are also suggestive of the depression might be underdiagnosed in youth, but further research is needed to get the precise data on this problem.

Appendix:

Table  SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1. General Characteristics
MEAN (�SD)MEDIANMAXIMUMMINIMUMAge22 ((3)221726Driving Experience (months)44.74 ((38.83)481120CES-D13.24 ((9.06)12336ESS7.24 ((3.35)8313FSS3.72 ((1.12)3.891.445.89THAT33.62 ((6.34)352043MEQ49.95 ((4.18)494459MSLT (minutes)7.53 ((4.17)7.21.5015.50

Table 2. Frequencies
CATEGORY GUIDELINESn (%)GenderFemale11 (52%)Male10 (48%)Driving ExperienceExperienced 12 (57%)Inexperienced9 (43%)Depressed Yes (CES-e"16)9 (43%)No (CES-D<16)12 (57%)Subjectively SleepyYes (ESSe"8)11 (52%)No (ESS<8)10 (48%)Objective SleepinessModerate to Severe (MSLT<8 minutes)12 (57%)Mild to Normal (MSLT(8 minutes)9 (43%)AlertYes (THATe"20)21 (100%)No (THAT<20)0 (0%)ChronotypeDefinitely Morning (MEQ 18-28)0 (0%)Moderately Morning (MEQ 29-43)0 (0%)Intermediate (MEQ 44-57)20 (95%)Moderately Evening (MEQ 58-72)1 (5%)Definitely Evening (MEQ 73-83)0 (0%)

References:

1.	Arnedt J.T., Wilde G.J.S., Munt P.W., MacLean A.W. How do prolonged wakefulness and alcohol compare in the decrements they produce on a simulated driving task? Accident Analysis & Prevention. Volume 33, Issue3, May 2001, Pages 337-344. 
2.	Dawson D., Reid K. Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature 388, 235 (17 July 1997)
3.	Robert D. Peters, Esther Wagner, Elizabeth Alicandri, Jean E. Fox, Maria L. Thomas, David R. Thorne, Helen C. Sing, and Sharon M. Balwinski. Effects of Partial and Total Sleep Deprivation on Driving Performance. Public roads. January/February 1999; Vol.62, No.4.
4.	Horne J.A., Reyner L.A. Sleep related vehicle accidents. BMJ 1995;310:565
5.	Alhola P., Polo-Kantola P. Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2007 October; 3(5): 553-567. 
6.	Martiniuk A.L., Senserrick T., Lo S., Williamson A., Du W., Grunstein R.R., Woodward M., Glozier N., Stevenson M., Norton R., Ivers R.Q. Sleep-deprived young drivers and the risk for crash: the Drive prospective cohort study. JAMA Pediatrics. 2013 July; 167(7): 647-55.
7.	Spaggiari M.C. Circadian sleep-wake disorders and professional driving. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia 2012 Jul-Sep; 34(3 Suppl):329-32.
8.	Lenne M.G. et al, Interactive effects of sleep deprivation, time of day, and driving experience on a driving task. Sleep. 1998;21(1):38-44.
9.	 HYPERLINK "http://www.sleepontario.com" <[\]tuw�������������&	(	\	]	s	t	�	�	�	�	���Ǹ��֝�����s�s�֎֎�gsX��h�[�h�-sCJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�-sCJOJQJaJh�[�h�`CJOJQJaJh�[�h� �CJOJQJaJh�[�h/CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�hBnACJOJQJaJh�[�hOk@CJOJQJaJhV\CJOJQJaJh�[�hVICJOJQJaJ]�&	\	t	�	�	�	�	�	
9
K
f
g
,
-
6
7
WX��CD����������������������������gdO��gd���gdOk@�gdEq��	�	�	�	1
8
J
K
e
g
�
�
�
�������������

-
���ݺݫ�������u�����fW�WH�f�h�[�h� �CJOJQJaJh�[�hO_�CJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJh^�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�
*CJOJQJaJh�[�hOk@CJOJQJaJhV\CJOJQJaJh�[�h�G�CJOJQJaJ$h�G�h�G�CJOJQJaJmHsHhOk@CJOJQJaJmHsHh�G�CJOJQJaJmHsH$h�[�hOk@CJOJQJaJmHsH-
5
6
7
�
�
)_v�����$%5HIos���������.0�������ӵ����Ӧ�����y�Ӧ���j�jĵj�[h�[�hUJ�CJOJQJaJh�[�hi/�CJOJQJaJh�[�hVICJOJQJaJh�[�hvzCCJOJQJaJh�[�hd>CJOJQJaJh�[�h/CJOJQJaJh�[�h� �CJOJQJaJh�[�h�
*CJOJQJaJh�[�hO�CJOJQJaJh�[�hOk@CJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJ#012BDHL��59FHqx�������������%&<=DESTfgk�����BP�������������񗈗���������◈��������◦y��h�[�h�q�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�'�CJOJQJaJh�[�hCK}CJOJQJaJh�[�h@bCJOJQJaJh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�hd>CJOJQJaJh�[�hi/�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�
*CJOJQJaJh�[�hO�CJOJQJaJ-P]^����GIMl{����������	����XYZ�����ĵ����������ėė�yjyj^jyjyjyjyhCJOJQJaJh�[�hUJ�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�GOCJOJQJaJh�[�h
uJCJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJh�[�h�"2CJOJQJaJh�[�h�'�CJOJQJaJh�[�hO�CJOJQJaJh�[�h� �CJOJQJaJh�[�h�
*CJOJQJaJh�[�hvzCCJOJQJaJ$�����������������_!`!�$�$�%�%���������������������������gdZ�gd�GO�gdOk@�gdO�Z[��25!��U!Y!^!_!z!�!�!�!�#�#�#�#&$;$�$�$�$�$% %*%+%,%F%G%�&��������������ĵ�ė���Ĉ���yjy����yjyh�[�h�]}CJOJQJaJh�[�huLXCJOJQJaJh�[�hVICJOJQJaJh�[�h�Q�CJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJh�[�hy�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�'LCJOJQJaJh�[�h�GOCJOJQJaJh�[�hUJ�CJOJQJaJ'�%�%�%�&�&�&)),)F,G,[,+-t0�0�5�5�5�5'7�<�>�@}C�C�C��������������������������gd|s�	d��gd�;R�gd�Q��gd%Z��gdZ�&�&�&]'o'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'%(4(6(J(K(O(P(c({(~(�(�(�(�(�(����ӵ��ӈ����y��y�j�y[�[Lyh�[�h�cCJOJQJaJh�[�h_p�CJOJQJaJh�[�hyVeCJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJh�[�hO�CJOJQJaJh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�h�j=CJOJQJaJh�[�hV\CJOJQJaJh�[�h�]}CJOJQJaJh�[�h!�CJOJQJaJh�[�huLXCJOJQJaJh�[�h
C$CJOJQJaJ�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�())))z)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)����ӵӦ��y�j[O[�[j�@j[Oh�[�hd>CJOJQJaJhV\CJOJQJaJh�[�h�GOCJOJQJaJh�[�hg_CJOJQJaJh�[�huLXCJOJQJaJh�[�hO�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�cCJOJQJaJh�[�h_p�CJOJQJaJh�[�hyVeCJOJQJaJh�[�h�j=CJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJh�[�h
C$CJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJ�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�))***+*,*-*.*D*K*L*M*f*g*h*i*j*k*m*�*�*�*�*�*����ĵĦ�����ĵ|������m^mO�mh�[�hnCJOJQJaJh�[�h_p�CJOJQJaJh�[�h%Z�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�.�CJOJQJaJhV\CJOJQJaJh�[�hs-CJOJQJaJh�[�hg_CJOJQJaJh�[�h�@$CJOJQJaJh�[�hZCJOJQJaJh�[�hd>CJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�GOCJOJQJaJ�*�*�*�*++m+,	,E,[,�,�,-+-�-�-000s0�0�0	1�1������ĵ�Ӧӗӈy�m^�ӈ�Oh�[�h�uCJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJhV\CJOJQJaJh�[�hUJ�CJOJQJaJh�[�hzr�CJOJQJaJh�[�h
C$CJOJQJaJh�[�h�GOCJOJQJaJh�[�hy�CJOJQJaJh�[�hH�CJOJQJaJh�[�h%Z�CJOJQJaJh�[�hnCJOJQJaJh�[�h�@$CJOJQJaJ�1�182A2�2�2�2�2�2�3�3�45�5�5�56$7%7a7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7 8(8.8>8D8n8�8������ĵ��ĦėĈyj��Ӧ�[�[����[�[��h�[�h8mCJOJQJaJh�[�h�CJOJQJaJh�[�h:c�CJOJQJaJh�[�hlTFCJOJQJaJh�[�h%Z�CJOJQJaJh�[�hKW]CJOJQJaJh�[�hnCJOJQJaJh�[�hUfCJOJQJaJh�[�hy�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�uCJOJQJaJh�[�hF!.CJOJQJaJ#�8�8�8�8�8�8F9�9�9�9�9�9:B:\:p:�:�:6=P=S=T=X=Y=->E>G>�>@?A?�@����������������ӣӣ���v�g�X�h�[�h�
ECJOJQJaJh�[�h
J5CJOJQJaJh�[�h�;RCJOJQJaJh�[�h�x�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJh�[�hzHCJOJQJaJ"	j��h�[�hKW]CJOJQJaJh�[�he3BCJOJQJaJh�[�hlTFCJOJQJaJh�[�hV\CJOJQJaJh�[�hKW]CJOJQJaJ�@}C�C�C�C�C|EjF�F�F�F�F#G$G.G/G0G4GnGoG�G�G�G�G����ӵ��������Ĉyj[L[j=h�[�hy�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�=�CJOJQJaJh�[�hD�CJOJQJaJh�[�hdVCJOJQJaJh�[�h4�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�Q�CJOJQJaJh�[�ho	CJOJQJaJh�[�h�.�CJOJQJaJh�[�h6-CJOJQJaJh�[�hUfCJOJQJaJh�[�hCK}CJOJQJaJh�[�h�
ECJOJQJaJh�[�h|s�CJOJQJaJ�C�C�C�C�C�C#G$G/G0GAKBK�M�M�R�RwT;V<VFVGV�V�V����������������������
�H�$$Ifgde3B$�gde3B�gdUf�gd�oK�gd%Z��gd6-�gd�B��gd�Q��G�G�GHHH<H|H�H�H�H�H	I�I�IJ&JAKBK\K{K�K�K����ӵ�ӦėĈyjy[�L=Lh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�h4�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�Q�CJOJQJaJh�[�hV\CJOJQJaJh�[�h�oKCJOJQJaJh�[�hff�CJOJQJaJh�[�h
=CJOJQJaJh�[�h~ �CJOJQJaJh�[�hR/�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�L�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�q�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�`CJOJQJaJh�[�hdVCJOJQJaJ�K�K�KL+L`LuL�L�L�L�L�L�LM8MDMEMHM\M�M�M�MN�N�N�N�N�N�N�N����������ӵĵ������yĦj�[L[Lh�[�h
=CJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�S�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�Q�CJOJQJaJh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�h�oKCJOJQJaJh�[�h�#�CJOJQJaJh�[�hd$)CJOJQJaJh�[�hRH#CJOJQJaJh�[�h�CJOJQJaJh�[�hy�CJOJQJaJh�[�h
J5CJOJQJaJ�N#O*ONOOO�O�O�O�O�O
P�P�P�P�P�P�P2Q3QZQ�Q�Q�Q�Q���������ӵ�Ħ���y�j[�Lh�[�h�'�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�/CJOJQJaJh�[�h�{}CJOJQJaJh�[�h?Z2CJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJh�[�h
=CJOJQJaJh�[�hSVCJOJQJaJh�[�h�S�CJOJQJaJh�[�hhO8CJOJQJaJh�[�hTimCJOJQJaJh�[�hq6�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�CJOJQJaJ�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�R�R�R�R�R�R�R
S!S&S;ScSdSwS�S�S�S�S�S����ĵ���y�y�y�yj[L�=L=h�[�h�}`CJOJQJaJh�[�h�CJOJQJaJh�[�h_H:CJOJQJaJh�[�h4s�CJOJQJaJh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�h��CJOJQJaJh�[�h�dCJOJQJaJh�[�h�Q�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�#�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�oKCJOJQJaJh�[�hwlCJOJQJaJh�[�h�CCJOJQJaJh�[�hz$QCJOJQJaJ�ST6T8TvT;VFVGVMVNVcVdVeVfV�V�V�V�V�V����ĵ��{�{b{�RCRCh�[�he3BCJOJQJaJh�[�he3B5�CJOJQJaJ0h�[�he3BB*CJOJQJaJmHnHph�u.jh�[�he3BB*CJOJQJUaJph�%h�[�he3BB*CJOJQJaJph�h�[�hs�CJOJQJaJh�[�hUfCJOJQJaJh�[�h�oKCJOJQJaJh�[�hB-�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�C�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�kECJOJQJaJ�V�V�V�V�V�V����<�kd$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B�V�V�V�V�V�V�����$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B
�H�$$Ifgde3B�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�VWWWW%W)W/W0WFWKWRWSWcWgWnWoWW�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�WXLX`X~X�X�X�X�XYFYZYrY�Y�YZ6Z8ZNZ`Z�Z�Z�Z�Z[.[n[~[�[�[\\+\3\��������������������������������������������������ϼ����������������%	j��h�[�he3B5�CJOJQJaJh�[�he3B5�CJOJQJaJh�[�he3BCJOJQJaJ"	j��h�[�he3BCJOJQJaJD�V�V�V�V�V�VN?---$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la��V�V�V�VWW�<-��
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd*$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3BWWWWWW��<-�
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3BWW!W$W%W)W���<-
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kdT$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B)W6W;W@WEWFW����<�kd�$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3BFWKWYW\W_WbW�����$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B
�H�$$Ifgde3BbWcWgWuWxW{WN?---$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd~$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�{W~WW�W�W�W�<-��
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B�W�W�W�W�W�W��<22	d��gde3B�kd�$$If�l��r��)m�n�$
��������
t��0�������6�������������������������4�4�
la�$
�H�$$Ifa$gde3B�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W����[����kd=$$If�l��F��^	Y�$D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�
�H�$$Ifgde3B	d��gde3B�W�W�W�W
Xrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�
XX2XLX^Xrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd[$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�^X`XbX~X�Xrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la��X�X�X�X�Xrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la��X�X�X�XYrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�YY.YFYXYrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�XYZY\YrY�Yrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd:	$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la��Y�Y�Y�Y
Zrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�	$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�
ZZZNZ^Zl]]]
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd`
$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�p�
��^Z`ZlZ�Z�Zl]]]
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�p�
���Z�Z�Z�Z�Zrccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la��Z�Z�Z[,[rccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd3$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�,[.[0[n[|[rccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$`D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�|[~[�[�[�[rccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kdY
$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la��[�[�[\
\rccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd�
$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�
\\\+\2\rccc
�H�$$Ifgde3B�kd$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�2\3\4\5\A\B\2]�]�^�^rjjjcc\cU�gdh�gd�G��gds�$�gd�J��kd$$If�l4��F��^	Y�$ D
�s

t��0�������6�����������������4�4�
la�	3\5\A\5];]@]D]H]s]t]u]�]�^�^�_�_t`�`7a�a�a�a�a�a��ʻ�������ʅ�v�v�gTg>T+�j�h�[�h�[�CJOJQJUaJ%jh�[�h�[�CJOJQJUaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�'LCJOJQJaJh�[�hhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJh�G�hCJOJQJaJh�G�CJOJQJaJh�G�h�G�CJOJQJaJh�[�hs�CJOJQJaJ%h�[�hs�B*CJOJQJaJph�%h�[�h�J�B*CJOJQJaJph��^�_�`7a�a�����=����������������������������������������������$a$	d��gdOk@��gd�S��gd�x��gds�www.sleepontario.com
10.	Schweizer A.T., Kan K., Hung Y., Tam F., Naglie G., Graham S.J. Brain activity during driving with distraction: an immersive fMRI study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013(7):53
11.	Li Y; Zhang J; Lei F; Liu H; Li Z; Tang X. Self-evaluated and close relative-evaluated Epworth Sleepiness Scale vs. multiple sleep latency test in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2014;10(2):171-176.
12.	Steven K. Howard. Sleep deprivation and physician performance: Why should I care? Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2005 Apr; 18(2): 108�112.
13. 	Smith C. S.; Reilly C.; Midkiff K. Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 74(5), Oct 1989, 728-738










Running title: Relationship of quality of sleep in adolescents and young adults to the driving performance.

 PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 1




�a����������������������������<�=�>�?�A�
������ʻ����ʝ{f{�ʎ��ʎW�Hh�[�hzHCJOJQJaJh�[�h�S�CJOJQJaJ(h�[�h�x�0J"CJOJQJaJmH	sH	$h�[�h�x�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�[�h
=CJOJQJaJh�[�h�x�CJOJQJaJh�[�h#b�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�`�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�[�CJOJQJaJ%jh�[�h�[�CJOJQJUaJ h�[�h�[�0JCJOJQJaJU����������+������������������������������������Ƹ���jhUJ�UmHnHuh^�mHnHujhUJ�UhUJ�CJ^JaJhUJ�h�E�jh�E�Uh�[�hOk@CJOJQJaJ���������21�h:pE@6��/ ��=!��"��#��$��%��������$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�#vD#vd#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�������6,�5�
5���$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l
t��0�������65�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
p�
���$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
p�
���$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�$$If�!vh#v�	#v�#v�	:V�l4
t��0�������6+�5�D
5��5�s
�D���y������K�www.sleepontario.com���y������K�Rhttp://www.sleepontario.com/yX��;H�,�]ą'c��j&���������666666666vvvvvvvvv6666668666666666666666666666666666�6666666666�666666666666hH66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666p62����&6FVfv������2(��&6FVfv������&6FVfv������&6FVfv������&6FVfv������&6FVfv������&6FVfv��8X�V~ OJPJQJ_HmH	nH	sH	tH	J`�J�wxNormald��CJ_HaJmH	sH	tH	p@p �`��	Heading 1d��d�d@&[$\$*5�CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\�aJ0mHsHtHDA �D
Default Paragraph FontRi@�R0Table Normal�4�
l4�a�(k �(
0No List>@�>Ok@0Headerd���H�$.��.Ok@0Header Char> @>Ok@0Footerd���H�$.��!.Ok@0Footer Char6U`�16Ok@0	Hyperlink>*B*ph�XB@BX $�	Body Textd��x CJOJPJQJaJmHsHtHL�o�QL $�Body Text CharCJOJPJQJ^JaJb�@bb $� List Paragraphd��^��m$CJOJPJQJ^JaJ��@�s�s��
Table Grid7:V�0������CJOJPJQJ^JaJX"@Xs�0Captiond�'5�B*CJOJPJQJ\�^JaJphO��Z�@�Z
�`0Balloon Textd��CJOJQJaJmHsHtHN�o�N�`0Balloon Text CharCJOJQJ^JaJB'`�B
�`0Comment ReferenceCJaJ<@�<
�`0Comment TextCJaJ:���:�`0Comment Text CharLj@��L
�`0Comment Subject5�\�mHsHtHF�o��F�`0Comment Subject Char5\R�o�R�`��Heading 1 Char5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\aJ0F�OF�x�p!d��d�d[$\$CJOJPJQJaJ.X`�!.�x�@Emphasis6�]�D�`�2Dg_0Revision#CJ_HaJmH	sH	tH	B�/�AB�GOapple-converted-space*�/�Q*�GO	highlightPK!����[Content_Types].xml���N�0E�H���-J��@%�ǎǢ|�ș$�ز�U��L�TB� l,�3��;�r��Ø��J��B+$�G]��7O٭V��<a���(7��I��R�{�pgL�=��r���8�5v&����uQ�뉑8��C����X=��$␴�?6N�JC������F�B.ʹ'�.�+���Y�T���^e5�5�� ��ð�_�g -�;�����Yl�ݎ��|6^�N��`�?���[��PK!�֧�6_rels/.rels���j�0���}Q��%v/��C/�}�(h"���O�
����=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_����6L�R�7`������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e��е�����PK!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xml�M
� @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ��C�AǠҟ����7��՛K
Y,�
�e�.���|,���H�,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW��)�E�+&
8���PK!0�C)��theme/theme/theme1.xml�YOo�6��w toc'vu�ر�-M�n�i���P�@�I}��úa��m�a[�إ�4�:lЯ�GR��X^�6؊�>$�������!)O�^�r�C$�y@�����/�yH*��񄴽)�޵��߻��UDb�`}"�qۋ�Jח���X^�)I`n�E���p)���li�V[]�1M<������O�P��6r�=���z�gb�Ig��u��S�eb��O������R�D۫����qu	�g��Z����o~ٺlAp�lx�pT0���+[}`j���zA��V�2�F���i�@�q�v�֬5\|��ʜ̭N��le�X�ds���jcs���7���f����
��W��+�Ն�7����`���g�Ș��J���j|��h(�K��D-����
dX��iJ�؇(��x$(��:��;�˹!�I_�T��S1�����?E��?�����?ZBΪm���U/������?�~����xY���'���y5�g&΋/����ɋ�>���G�M�Ge���D�����3Vq%'#q�����$�8��K�����)f�w9:ĵ��
x}r�x����w���r�:\TZaG�*�y8I�j�bR��c|XŻ�ǿ�I
u3KG�nD1�NIB�s���
��R��u���K>V�.EL+M2�#'�f��i~�V��vl�{u8��z��H�
�*���:�(W�☕
~��J�T�e\O*�tHG��HY��}KN�P�*ݾ˦���TѼ�9/#��A7�qZ��$*c?���qU��n��w�N��%��O��i�4=3��N���)cbJ
u�V�4����(Tn���
7��_?���m-ٛ�{U���B�w�<w���_���$�#��[Ի�8{���(�/�$Ϫ0h݋�F۴��®{L�)#7�i�%�=A�:s�$�),��Qg20pp��f
\}DU4�p
M{��DB��%J������+{�l�C���]��=��5
2F��hsF+��Y��\Ɉ�n�ì��:3���E�[��6�9����`��&45Z!��*��5k8�`Fmw��-��"�d>�z��n���ʜ"Z��x��J�Z��p;�������{/�<�P;��,)''K�Q�k5���q��pN��8�K�Gb�e���
�S��d�̛�\17	�p�a�>��SR!���

3��K4'+�r�zQ
TT��I����Ivt]K�c⫲�K#�v�5+�|��D������~��O@%\w���_�nN[�L��9K���q��g�V�h��n
R!�y+��U�n�;�*&�/H�r��T�	�>��>\
�t��=.Tġ
���S; Z�~�!����P��9gi���C�ڧ!�#	B��,��;�X=ۻ,I�2UW�V�9$l�k���=A��j���;�{�A�P79�|s*Y�����;�̠�[�MC�ۿ�hf��]o��{oY=1k�yV��V���5E8�Vk+֜���\8���0X4D)�!!��?*|f�v�
u���"�x��A�@T_������q��6�4)kڬu�V�7��t�'��%;���i�9s�9�x���,��ڎ-45x�d���8?�ǘ�d�/Y|t��&LIL�J`�& �-G�t�/��PK!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M
�0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5
6?$Q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{��P����8�g/]�QAsم(����#��L�[������PK-!����[Content_Types].xmlPK-!�֧�60_rels/.relsPK-!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!0�C)���theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!
ѐ��'�	theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]�
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<a:clrMap xmlns:a="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main" bg1="lt1" tx1="dk1" bg2="lt2" tx2="dk2" accent1="accent1" accent2="accent2" accent3="accent3" accent4="accent4" accent5="accent5" accent6="accent6" hlink="hlink" folHlink="folHlink"/>�X�����	yy�����	-
0PZ�&�(�)�*�1�8�@�G�K�N�Q�S�V3\�a���134568:;<=>?@BCDEFIejk��%�C�V�V�V�VWW)WFWbW{W�W�W�W
X^X�X�XYXY�Y
Z^Z�Z�Z,[|[�[
\2\�^����279AGHJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdflMKcKeK�T�T	U�X����X��y���!�����L�#����@�����������0�(	�
��B
�S����	?���_GoBackN�XN�X��!�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p�,p �,p!�,p"�,p#�,p$�,p%�,p&�,p'�,p(�,p)�,p*�,p+�,p,�,p-�,p.�,p/�,p0�,p1�,p2�,p]x�((�������((1c'c'n'�,
EE E,ENN�S�SUUU�X	

 m��$$//�������/77l'p'p'�,EE'E3ENNTTU"U"U�X	

 9*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�place�8*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�City�9
*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�State�B*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�country-region�>!*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags
�PersonName�8*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�time�?*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�stockticker�8*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�date�Ȫ}

�0�11�13�15�2�2015�3�9�Day�Hour�Minute�Month�Year!!!!!!!!
	
	
	
	


cmx����v�����0589J����EOKO�P�PQ"Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�QR�R�R�R�R�R�R�R�RS	S�S�S�S�S�S�S�S�STTTT(T-T:T?TUU8U>U�U�V�V�VWWWWOWVW�W�WXXX
XX
XXXX�X�X\8@�����89Jp	t	16m!p!�"�"S2U2�<�<GKgK�L�L�L�L�OPkQxQyQ�Q�Q�Q=RdRhSxS�S�S�ST�T�T�U�U�V�V�VWXXX
XX
XXXX�X�X333333333333333333333339K1Y<K�M�MBOuP�P�Q=ReR�R�T�T�V�V2W7WXXX
XX
XXXX�X�X[[tu����r��J\e��	��� � � � *!+!e!e!g!h!''i/n/?&?5P�PXXXXXX
XX
XXXX�X�X�}��|�����������TB�����������$h�#J&@�����������h�2����������� �?>�g���������z�Y^�����������U�mdB����������G�{P<�}��������������^��`���OJQJo(-������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(o�p���^�p`���OJQJo(-��@���^�@`���OJQJo(�������^�`���OJQJ^Jo(o������^��`���OJQJo(��������^��`���OJQJo(��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(o��P���^�P`���OJQJo(���������^��`���OJQJo(��-�������^��`���OJQJo(��-�p����p^�p`���OJQJo(�%��@����@^�@`���OJQJo(��������^�`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����P����P^�P`���OJQJo(�������^��`���OJPJQJ^Jo(��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H����@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���5o(.������^��`���.��p�L�^�p`�L�.��@���^�@`���.�����^�`���.����L�^��`�L�.������^��`���.������^��`���.��P�L�^�P`�L�.�������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����p����p^�p`���OJQJo(����@����@^�@`���OJQJo(��������^�`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����P����P^�P`���OJQJo(���8���^�8`���OJPJQJ^Jo(�������^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho���	���^��	`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H����x���^�x`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��H���^�H`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^�`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���OJPJQJ^Jo(��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H����@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H���������^��`���OJQJo(���������^��`���OJQJo(����p����p^�p`���OJQJo(����@����@^�@`���OJQJo(��������^�`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����������^��`���OJQJo(����P����P^�P`���OJQJo(�� �?�TG�{�}��h�2U�mz�Y$h�#�������������������������������������	�						T[f�P	�Php�ڶ�W�Pp|��
� *`t�Cގ�,H��Xy																	:Vj�aVH��:rm|V<"fJ^�
���|�NC��Z��+								�J�								��S�M�Jސ�� �N�r�~�0�Uځv¯H(7�@�}J�}J�[�4>dB��QZJ?z�}v�#�S�i��}v�1�Z@vN9+q�Ka/���n3n�F��9~S�JDe
�f}J�'K+-Hb"j�+z�_cq'yo��~$�T}J�}Y�+-Hb� !�~$DL�+,�+�Ka/,�+\Z41S�b{h2+-Hb"j�B~2>dB�4�$c�[�4�1��G7cq'���9L�+o�;�QDQi]aA�B~2�3�K��|�QDQ9+q��Q���#�Syo�	IQU+-Hb�}47kX+-Hb�}�p_�F�+z�_�u�c�a+-Hb�}+-Hb�$c\Z41�u�c�3�K�8�e}J�}e
�f�p_�n3n@vN�Do+-Hb�}J?zo�;��|i]aA$f�}+-Hb�}�9~��9'7#+-Hb�}���dVwl�a�rW�n�s-@dFZo	�\
RQ
=�c�r,?$eV\Uf8mu/�dhZ�����97;2#RH#�`#�@$
C$�y$er%3(d$)�
*�,6-F!.�/^2�"2?Z2
J5E@6�7�I7hO8�(:_H:�;�j=d>�#@Ok@BnA� Be3BONB�]B�CvzC�D'D�
E�kEGFlTF�rF�cG)HzHVI�<J
uJ�oK�L�'L�6L
GM�GO�PkQz$QRIQ�YQ�;RK+UA=USV�WVuLX1"Y8[�d[:\KW]g_�`�}`@b�RdyVe�}g�h�Dh�,jTim�]n�-st0sMt8t�u�wx�z�qzCK}�]}�{}�n~�UD��<��q��,�%l��[� $��g�4s��+���7��J�#^�rO����S��
��'�B-��C�'}�UJ�q6�j6��9��Q�^��x�s���x�4[��`��c���Eq�Jy�qg��o�C"��'��
�Y�ff����E��`�O_��E�D�vv�_p�C���:c�\z��l�zr��S�� ��[�R/��=�!����.�H����8��G�ey����'����x�<��#�/f�O�MK��/��F�=R��$��B��V����q�6��H����Z�#b�|s��%�Yh�y��L��2�%Z�4�I^�i/�F�A	�~ �� �XX�@�����|/01MNO�T�X�@�"�H@�8�:�x@�X�Z��@��@��Unknown������������	G��*�Ax�	�Times New Roman5��Symbol3.��*�Cx�	�Arial7.���@�Calibri5.��.�[`�)�Tahoma?=�	�*�Cx�	�Courier New;��Wingdings?��Wingdings 2A���$B�Cambria Math"q���h
�XG�XG#
�J	,��#
�J	,�!�������24�W�W
;�Q���HX	�	$P�����������������������r2!xx����[Relationship of quality of sleep in adolescents and young adults to the driving performanceUHN
UHN433428u,����Oh��+'��0����(	<H
ht
������\Relationship of quality of sleep in adolescents and young adults to the driving performanceUHNNormalUHN433428u5Microsoft Office Word@�Ik@�D���@�Q#��	#
�J����՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,���Dhp|�������
�$�UHN�,�W\Relationship of quality of sleep in adolescents and young adults to the driving performanceTitle� 8@_PID_HLINKS�AtQEhttp://www.sleepontario.com/	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklm����opqrstuv����xyz{|}~������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry��������	�F�,����Data
������������n�1Table����w2NWordDocument����4�SummaryInformation(�������������DocumentSummaryInformation8���������CompObj������������r������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����	�F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit