����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 104.21.45.146  /  Your IP : 172.69.214.108
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/online-submissions/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/online-submissions/6307-0-Manuscript-2017-12-17.doc
��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	��z`bjbj����	4�ΐΐKX.���������=====����QQQ8��mLQ.G���_uuuPPP�F�F�F�F�F�F�F$�H�|KP�F=PPPPP�F==uu��F�%�%�%P
=u=u�F�%P�F�%�%6�@��Bu�����`�#w�QP#�sA�F�F0.G�A`�K8$`�K8�B�B��K=}DPP�%PPPPP�F�F�%PPP.GPPPP���������������������������������������������������������������������KPPPPPPPPP�	:	TEF - TOMATO INTERCROPPING PRACTICES IN TAHTAY MAYCHEW DISTRICT, TIGRAY  

Mebrahtu Gebremariam and Tesfay Belay 
 
Department of Plant Sciences, Aksum University Shire Campus, P O Box 314, Shire, Ethiopia 
Email:  mebre2003hu@gmail.com 

ABSTRACT
Intercropping refers to cropping of two or more crops in the same field during the growing season. Intercropping increases diversity in agro-ecosystems, averts risk of crop failure, brings ecological biocenosis, is a means of effective utilization of resources, increases quantity and quality of produce and lessens losses due to pests. Intercropping can also contribute to increase in soil fertility, especially N, if one of the component crops is a legume. The interest in this report is about a unique intercropping practice that involves tef and tomato initiated by farmers of the Tahtay-Maichew District and has now expanded to other tef growing areas in central and north-western zones of Tigray but also with other crops.�That Farmers mix tef and tomato seeds at planting but the tomato remain dwarfed by the tef plants vigorously growing after tef harvesting. Such tomato plants bear fruits for long periods of time (November to May). Farmers report an increase in yield per unit area and associated income from the crops. Farmers perceive that the yield and income increase come with no additional expenses except that they have to guard the tomato crop from herbivores. Farmers do not apply fertilizers and irrigation water to the tomato crop. Farmers harvest fruits over a long period of time thus the income farmers get is spread through most part of the year. The practice can be considered as a means of efficient utilization of water resources and leftover fertilizers from the tef crop. It may also increase ground cover and might help as an opportunity to voluntarily enforce zero grazing if farmers in a certain locality agree to intercrop tef with tomato. Though farmers were practicing it for some time, there were no studies that target the benefits and the challenges especially its compatibility with row planting and we recommend a comprehensive study to be conducted in the Tahtay-Maichew and other neighboring Districts to determine the drivers for the innovation, associated benefits and limitations.

Key words: Tef, Tomato, Intercropping,




INTRODUCTION
Intercropping is a multiple cropping system, where two or more crops species are planted simultaneously on a field in a season.  Intercropping is considered as a cost-effective method of higher production with lower levels of external inputs (Wiley, 1990). Component crops may have beneficial interaction and crops might also differ in competition for environmental resources (Mahapatra, 2011; Valdez and Fransen, 1986). In fact, the crops might be complementary in use of resources and hence resources are used more effectively than pure cropping, resulting to increased yield (Jensen, 1996). Pest and disease populations are also reduced with intercropping practices (Fujita et al., 1992) besides to boosting biodiversity similar to that of a natural ecosystem that might decreases pest and disease damage (Anil et al., 1998).  

Risk of crop failure is often less in intercropping than pure cropping systems as conditions may be suitable to one of the component crop species (Eskandari et al., 2009). Intercropping also offers year-round ground cover, or at least for a longer period than monocultures and that protects the soil from desiccation and erosion. Raising more than one crop at once in a field increases water use efficiency, sustains soil fertility, and reduces soil erosion, the extreme shortcomings of mono-cropping (Hoshikawa, 1991). Moreover, it decreases periodic work peaks due to the varied planting and harvesting times.  

Intercropping can be annual-annual, annual-perennial and perennial-perennial (Eskandari et al., 2009). Furthermore intercropping can be divided into the four groups; row-intercropping,  mixed-intercropping,  strip-intercropping and relay-intercropping (Vandermeer, 1992; Ofori and Stern, 1987):

This paper describes Tef - Tomato intercropping practice initiated at Tahtay Maychew District, which has now being spreaded to neighboring Districts, its benefits and challenges from farmers and researchers standpoint. Topics for further investigations were identified based on the information generated from this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Site Description
This study was undertaken at My-Brazio Kebelle of the Tahtay Maychew District in central zone of Tigray. The District has an altitudinal range of 1992-2333 meters and is located at 39o36�E longitude and 13o47�N latitude. The annual mean temperature ranges from 15-20oC. While the average annual rainfall ranges from 728-800 mm. Tahtay-Maichew is 262 kilometers away from Mekelle, capital city of Tigray national regional state of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia. The District has an area of 57,468 ha of land and 19 rural kebeles (My-Brazio is one of them) while a total population of about 99, 184 people. Crop production and livestock rearing are the main agricultural activities of the people. Moreover, cereals are major crops followed by pulses, oilseeds and vegetables in decreasing percent of coverage (TMOARD, 2017).


 
Study procedures
Researchers paid a visit to My-Brazio kebelle and had discussion with the development agents and volunteer farmers. Two development agents and three farmers participated in the discussion. Topics considered for discussion include farmer�s background information, origins of the tef-tomato intercropping practice and the drivers, description of the tef-tomato intercropping, the benefits of the new crop combination and the challenges.

Personal observations on to tef-tomato intercropped fields in the same kebelle were also held. The statuses and stages of the tomato seedlings inside teff fields were scrutinized. Pictures that show variable stages of the tef crop and tomato seedlings were taken as proof of the existence of the novel crop combination that farmers exercise in the kebelle. 

Information gathered from farmers and the development agents were prepared into a format that would serve reporting of the innovation and the findings were tried to somehow relate to published literature in the same field. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	
Description of the intercropping (crop combinations)
Tef planting or sowing does not start with the onset of the rainy season like that of wheat and barley. Instead, it is planted in the first to second week of July. According to farmers tef fields need to accumulate enough moisture before planting. The series of plowings followed by furrows are expected to hold enough water before the planting operation. Farmers cover seeds very lightly by pulling woody tree branches or pressing the seeds lightly just after sowing or pack the seedbed before sowing, a practice expected to conserve moisture and helps stand establishment. So land planted to tef can be expected to hold more residual moisture than those of barley or wheat. 

Tef is mainly planted as a single crop in a field but sometimes is planted in a multiple cropping system. In such case Tef can be seen growing in combination with rapeseed,�safflower�and Niger seed (TMOARD, 2017). Tef is also relay-cropped with maize and sorghum (Seyfu, 1997). Farmers in Tahtai and La'elai Maichew Districts of the central zone of Tigray are however trying out new crop combinations (Hailu, 2012); probably driven by shrinking land holdings or the demand for more food or the recent government plan to double production or the interest to enforce zero grazing. 
In the Tahtay-Maichew District, many farmers regularly plant vegetables, particularly tomato as intercrop in tef fields and this practice was tried and replicated into other crops. The farmers claim that the tef-tomato started around 2016. In fact, similar intercropping practices like tef-niger seed, sorghum-faba bean, sorghum-finger millet and maize-faba bean are also common. A description of the innovative tef-tomato intercrop is presented along with the benefits envisaged by farmers and researchers as well as the challenges that this practice may present to the introduction of modern technologies like row-planting (reduce seed rate), herbicides and use of harvesters. 
The description of the new combination of tef and tomato was entirely based on the information our contact farmers in the My-brazio kebelle provided us. All farmers preferred to exercise the intercropping with Kuncho tef variety and an improved tomato seed that they got through the extension service of the Tahtay Maichew District. Farmers first follow the recommended land preparation procedures (three times plough) for planting tef and then sow the seeds in rows at recommended rates. All other recommended agronomic practices including fertilizer were followed up. Tomato seeds are then broadcasted to the field in the same day. 

Farmers only apply Karate for tef shoot fly control it should be helping the tomato seedlings from pest attack. Weed control in the intercropped field is exclusively done by hand and there was no use of the herbicide 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). 2, 4-D is effective against a broad variety of broad-leafed plants (Kennepohl et al., 2010) and tomato, a broad-leafed plant itself, will be affected by the herbicide. Farmers in the kebelle are aware of this fact and preferred to hand weed tef with tomato intercrops. The farmers didn�t use Pallace 45 OD either. Pallace 45 OD is an herbicide registered in Ethiopia for the control of grass and annual broad-leafed weeds of wheat and teff (MOA, 2017). Farmers of the My-Brazio kebelle, however, claim that Pallace 45 OD damages tef plants and were not using it on their tef. As Pallace 45 OD was also recommended for annual broad-leafed weeds, it is incompatible with the new crops combination. 
Before tef matures, the tomato seedlings remain dwarfed by the dense tef stands. The tiny tomato seedlings, farmers thought, will not pose a serious competition threat to the tef stands. The tomato plants will only be released from the competition pressure after tef matured. In some fields tomato plants have started flowering and in other fields tomato seedlings were in a very active stage of vegetative growth following tef maturity. Tomato plants remain in the field for about a year and farmers harvest tomato fruits from mid October to May depending on the type of the soil. The tomato crop receives no additional water and fertilizer and instead depends on nutrient that has been applied for the tef crop. Life cycle increase of the tomato crop might be due to small amount of fertilizer left-over�s from the tef crop. After tef maturity there might not be much phosphorus left-over in the soil and might be one possible reason for the increased life-span of the tomato plant. Conducting soil test to check and quantify carry-over effects is very important. 

Tomato is a shallow rooted plant and its roots require soil temperatures below 26 degree Celsius for optimal growth (Lampel, 2011). Temperatures probably rise above 26 degree Celsius in the long dry period and tomato plants might shift to developing a deeper and more robust root system thus diverting their precious energy and delaying fruit ripening and hence extending its lifecycle. Investigations into the root behavior (its spread and depth) of intercropped tomatoes will definitely verify this hypothesis.

Benefits of the new crop combination
Farmers identify three main benefits of the tef-tomato intercropping although need to be substantiated with data. The foremost and main one is the higher yield farmers get from tef and tomato, with no additional expenses except guarding. Farmers think the yield of tef is not affected by the addition of tomato. The second benefit concerns the diversified income farmers get from the new crop combinations. Farmers claim that they get weekly cash from the sale of tomato fruits so as to spend on consumable items for their households that they would otherwise have been forced to sell grains or other produce. When the tomato fruits are in high demand in the market, merchants visit homestead of farmers to buy fruits right from the field. The third benefit according to the farmers� respond is that it helps to enforce zero grazing especially if farmers plant the tef-tomato intercrops in clusters. Earlier farmers were not accepting zero grazing and nowadays tef - tomato intercropping has become the means to promote zero grazing. Development agents, agricultural experts and model farmers from Laelay-Maichew District have once visited the tef-tomato intercropping practices in the My-Brazio kebelle so as to introduce farmers to the zero grazing schemes. Their first observation of the tef-tomato intercropping convinced the visitors to adopt the tef-tomato intercropping in Laelay-Maichew District.

A field that would have remained bare throughout the dry season is covered by tomato plants. Though not a complete ground cover, as the tomato plants are scattered, they indeed provided some percent of cover i.e. the tomato plants cover its growing area both horizontally and vertically such as to exclude light from reaching the ground. Ground cover also plays an important role in protecting valuable soil resources from wind erosion, nutrient cycling and maintaining biodiversity (Tindel, 2017).

The tef-tomato intercropping practice also shows us that there is ample moisture in accessible layers of the field (soil) that plants with deeper root system can exploit. This is a typical case very much related to the work of Fukai and Trenbath (1993) description of most productive intercrops where the component crops vary greatly in growth period so that their utmost need for growth resources occur at different times.  The difference in maturity and harvest between tef and tomato lessens competition and promotes efficient exploitation of resources as indicated by Trenbath (1986). According to Kirkegaard et al. (2007) water stored deep in the soil profile is generally considered valuable to crop yield when it is available during grain filling. Ability to utilize such water resources, which is beyond the reach of annual crops, with careful selection of crops and timing might help farmers to cope with climate change induced rainfall variability. 

The tef-tomato intercropping is also a means to effectively utilize water resources and left-over fertilizers from the tef crop. National recommendations of tef include 46 Kg N and 46 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (Okubay et al., 2014). The fact that tomato thrive without any additional fertilizers applied shows that certain part of the fertilizer applied for tef should be staying in the soil to later on support the growth  of tomato throughout the dry season. Tomato intercropping with tef therefore supports the efficient utilization of the left-over fertilizer that would have otherwise leached into the deeper layers of the soil or lost to the air.

Challenges of the innovation
The practice of tef-tomato intercropping has been found to be compatible with the current recommendations of row-planting on tef. Some farmers even appreciated the spaces created by the row-planting as ideal spots for the tomato seedlings. Challenges to the innovation were however envisaged and are discussed below.
Free grazing is much affecting the diffusion of the innovation amongst farmers that have developed a great deal of interest in the intercropping practice. In fact, other farmers have also tried it with other crops.
Herbicide use is also getting limited among farmers that took on this innovation. Farmers cannot even use the herbicide 2, 4-D on to their tef fields intercropped with tomato. Similar tends were evident with Pallace 45 OD. Its incompatibility with newer technologies might in the long run limit its spread.
Mechanization has become an agenda of the extension wing of the ministry of agriculture and it might not be possible to combine harvest tef intercropped with tomato unless and otherwise some other arrangements that allow mechanical-harvesting are developed.

Conclusion and recommendation
The practice of tef-tomato intercropping started by farmers of May-Brazio kebelle has now being spreaded to Laelay-Maichew, Medebay-Zana and Tahtay-Koraro Districts. Farmers seemed to benefit from the practice though the practice is incompatible with improved production packages like the use of herbicides. 
It is therefore recommended that comprehensive studies should be conducted to identify drivers for the innovation, estimate the amount of moisture left from tef crop, fertilizer carry-over effects, study tomato root biology, yield per plant, response to diseases and insect pests, frost, quantify income and determine its diffusion among farmers in the same and neighboring Districts.




Acknowledgements

The authors of this report would like to thank the of Agricultural and Rural Development office of Tahtay Maychew District for provision of important background information of the area. Moreover, special thanks goes to both the Kebelle Administrative office and its Development Agents who have been facilitating for possible communication (for the success of gathering data about the tef - tomato intercropping) with authors. Hence they made it possible for authors and communicate with some farmers in advance to share their experience/level of adoption/ on an innovation (tef - tomato intercropping practice).
















References
Anil, L., J. Park, R.H. Phipps and F.A. Miller, 1998. Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage: review of potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass and Forage Science, 53: 301-317.
 HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847" Elke Kennepohl HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847" \l "aff1" \o "Affiliation: 1" ,�  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847" Ian C. Munro HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847" \l "aff2" \o "Affiliation: 2" ,  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847" James S. Bus. Phenoxy Herbicides (2,4-D). pp. 1829-1847, In:  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123743671" \o "Go to Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition) on ScienceDirect" Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (3rd Edition). Academic press.
Eskandari, H., A. Ghanbari and A. Javanmard, 2009. Intercropping of cereals and legumes for forage production. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 1: 07-13.
Fujita, K., K.G. Ofosu and S. Ogata, 1992. Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume- cereal cropping system. Plant and Soil, 144: 155-175.
Fukai, S., and B.R., Trenbath, 1993. Processes determining intercrop productivity and yields of component crops. Field Crops Research, 34, 247�271. 
Ghanbari, A., and H.C., Lee, 2003. Intercropped wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and bean (Vicia fabaL.) as a whole-crop forage: effect of harvest time on forage yield and quality. Grass and Forage Science, 58(1): 28-36.
Giday O, Gibrekidan H, Berhe T (2014) Response of Teff (Eragrostis tef) to Different Rates of Slow Release and Conventional Urea Fertilizers in Vertisols of Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Adv Plants Agric Res 1(5): 00030. DOI: 10.15406/apar.2014.01.00030.
Hoshikawa, K., 1991. Significance of legumes crops in intercropping, the productivity and stability of cropping system. pp. 173-176. In: C. Johanson, K.K. Lee and K.L. Saharawat, (eds.). Phosphorus Nutrition of Grain Legume in the Semi Arid Tropics. ICRISAT. 
Jensen, E.S., 1996. Grain yield, symbiotic N2 fixation and interspecific competition for inorganic N in pea-barley intercrops. Plant and Soil, 182: 25-38.
Lampel, J. 2011. BHG020-Why won�t my tomatoes ripen?!?.  HYPERLINK "https://www.growingagreenerworld.com/bhg020-why-wont-my-tomatoes-ripen/" https://www.growingagreenerworld.com/bhg020-why-wont-my-tomatoes-ripen/. Accessed 22 October 2017.
Mahapatra, S.C., 2011. Study of grass-legume intercropping system in terms of competition indices and monetary advantage index under acid lateritic soil of India. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1(1): 1-6.
MOA. 2017. List of registered pesticides in Ethiopia.  HYPERLINK "http://www.moa.gov.et/documents/93665/4536019/List+of+Registerd+Pesticide+January+2017.pdf/46f37907-0467-4f21-a231-2de2a831afce" http://www.moa.gov.et/documents/93665/4536019/List+of+Registerd+Pesticide+January+2017.pdf/46f37907-0467-4f21-a231-2de2a831afce accessed 17 October 2017.
Ofori, F. andW.R. Stern, 1987. Cereal-legume intercropping system. Advance in Agronomy, 41:41-90.
Seyfu Ketema. 1997. Tef, Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy,
Tindel, D. 2016. Ground Cover. Queensland Government, Australia.  HYPERLINK "https://www.qld.gov.au-/environment/land/vegetation/mapping/groundcover" https://www.qld.gov.au-/environment/land/vegetation/mapping/groundcover. Accessed 20 October 2017.
TMOARD (Tahtay Maychew Office of Agriculture and Rural Development Report), 2017.
Trenbath, B.R., 1986. Resource use by intercrops. pp. 57-81. In: C.A. Francis (eds.). Multiple Cropping. Macmillan, New York. 
Valdez, F.R. , and S.C. , Fransen, 1986. Corn-sunflower intercropping as silage crop. Journal of Dairy Science, 69: 138-142.
Vandermeer, J.H., 1992. The Ecology of Intercropping. Publisher: Cambridge University Press.
Willey, R.W., 1990. Resource use in intercropping systems. Journal of Agriculture and Water Management, 17: 215-231.
















Annex 1. Farmer�s Background information
Prist Tewele Welay 
Woreda;Tahtay-Maichew  
Kebelle; My-Brazio 
Kushet; Adi-Lhay
Age; 48 Years
Educational level; 4th grade.
Family size; 8 (Number of Females- One and Number of male children- five out of which four are students)
Abadi Brhan 
Woreda;Tahtay-maichew  
Kebelle; My-Brazio 
Kushet; Adi-Lhay
Age; 58 Years
Educational level; illiterate
Family size; 7 (Number of Females- three and number of male children- two; out of the five children four are students (two female and two male students))

Name of farmer; Belay Mesfin 
Woreda;Tahtay-Maychew  
Kebelle; My-Brazio 
Kushet; Adi-Lhay
Age; 63 Years
Educational level; stage two (Adult non formal education of stage II)
Family size; 6 (Number of Female- one and number of male children- three; out of the four children two are students.  













 PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 9




/7?GHIJK���̺�̨��{o]J5(hA�h�5�B*CJOJQJaJph%h��h�B*CJOJQJaJph#hA�h�5�CJOJPJQJaJhA�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJOJQJaJh�w5�CJOJPJQJaJhA�5�CJOJPJQJaJ#h�[=hA�5�CJOJPJQJaJ#h({h({5�CJOJPJQJaJ#h�[=h�5�CJOJPJQJaJh({5�CJOJPJQJaJ#h�[=h({5�CJOJPJQJaJJKrt������
\]������������������������	d��gd�[=
$d�a$gd�[=
$d�a$gd�$d��a$gd�	d��gd�	d��gdA����	�	�
�
'GPXx34>F�
�
4SDfijk����������ظظب�����ظؘؘ�Șب��؈s�ch�QlB*CJOJQJaJph(h�J�h�5�B*CJOJQJaJphh�B*CJOJQJaJph�Ph�HzB*CJOJQJaJphh�4)B*CJOJQJaJphhP|�B*CJOJQJaJphh�B*CJOJQJaJph%h��h�B*CJOJQJaJph(h��h�5�B*CJOJQJaJph i���������c}��������+CHNmno����#2>]����ô����������������������������y���������� h�[=h�QlCJOJPJQJaJh�QCJOJQJaJh�[=hICJOJQJaJh�[=hC!,CJOJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJOJQJaJh�[=h�Ql5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJh�J�CJOJQJaJh�J�B*CJOJQJaJph,��	
m���������(,4�������+8ELh�����������������������������������⒆w��h�[=h�%)CJOJQJaJh�%)CJOJQJaJh�[=h�G%CJOJQJaJ h�[=h`W�CJOJPJQJaJh�[=CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�[=CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�QlCJOJPJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJOJQJaJh�[=h`W�CJOJQJaJ(��-.DU�����bc��� � � � �#�������������������$d��-DM�
����a$gd�[=$d��a$gd�[=$
��d�a$gd�[=
$d�a$gd�[=�d�^�gd�[=$�d�^�a$gd�[=
%2AX^degw�,-.CUZ��������������
����Ӹ��Ġĸđӑ�qӑe�ӑ��eYӑӑӑhvCJOJQJaJh�^�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�Ql5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�CJOJQJaJh�%)CJOJQJaJh�!�CJOJQJaJh� %CJOJQJaJh�[=h�G%CJOJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJOJQJaJh�[=h�%)CJOJQJaJh�%)h�%)CJOJQJaJ"

"#_`m������������#&04<rt����������������Ͻ����񑠑���v���j�^h�QlCJOJQJaJh�kCJOJQJaJh�[=h�^�CJOJQJaJhvCJOJQJaJh�[=h�CJOJQJaJh�^�CJOJQJaJ h�[=h�Ql0JCJOJQJaJ#h�[=h�Ql0J6�CJOJQJaJ#h�[=h�0J6�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJH*OJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJOJQJaJ#���������"�����
m{�����$C��� � ���²���v���j�^���^�^O�h�[=h�6�CJOJQJaJhSzCJOJQJaJh/�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�[=CJOJQJaJh�[=h`|�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�QlCJOJQJaJh�[=h�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�Ql5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJ%h�[=h�QlB*CJOJQJaJph�h�[=hDfCJOJQJaJhDfCJOJQJaJ� � � � � !_!`!g!h!�!�!�!�!""\"d"i"p"�"�"�"�"�"���ô�������~�~�oZEZEZEZ)h�[=h\6AB*CJOJPJQJaJph)h�[=h�
�B*CJOJPJQJaJphh�[=h\6ACJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJhM$CJOJQJaJh�~�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�
�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�uOCJOJQJaJh$aCJOJQJaJh�h�uO5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�uO5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJ�"5#7#L#N#f#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#$$$$$$$ $I$��ɺ����ɍ��v�a��N<�N�#hM$B*CJOJPJQJaJph%h�[=h��B*CJOJQJaJph)h�[=h��B*CJOJPJQJaJph,h�[=h\6A5�B*CJOJPJQJaJphh�[=h��CJOJQJaJh�[=he:CJOJQJaJh�[=h�C�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�
�CJOJQJaJhM$CJOJQJaJ)h�[=h\6AB*CJOJPJQJaJph)h�[=h�C�B*CJOJPJQJaJph�#�#�%�(++�.�2�2�4�45�:�:�<�<G@H@�B�B�B#D�D����������������������$�d�^�a$gd�[=
$d�a$gd�[=$d�-DM�
����a$gd�[=$d��-DM�
����a$gd�[=I$K$c$d$r$v${$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$%%.%<%�%�%�%�����{�{�{l`lQlBlQlh�[=hg_�CJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJh�~�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�C�CJOJQJaJ%h�[=h�C�B*CJOJQJaJph%h�[=h��B*CJOJQJaJphhM$B*CJOJQJaJphh�[=hM$CJOJQJaJ#hM$B*CJOJPJQJaJph)h�[=h\6AB*CJOJPJQJaJph/h�[=h\6A6�B*CJOJPJQJ]�aJph�%�%�%�%�%�%&&&&2&Q&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&'^'a'�'�(�(�(�(�()))I)��������Ǭ�����񝑝��v�gXvXh�[=h�s�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�3�CJOJQJaJh�o�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�uOCJOJQJaJh'CJOJQJaJh�[=h6CJOJQJaJh�[=h
�CJOJQJaJh�RjCJOJQJaJh�1	CJOJQJaJh�[=hg_�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�C�CJOJQJaJh�[=hMv�CJOJQJaJ I)e)h)�)�)�)�)
**,*-*<*^*r*s*�*+++(+1+:+v+�+�+�+�+�+�+�+�+�+	,,�����ֻ����廬��s�s���d�dUd�h�[=h�\pCJOJQJaJh�[=h�N�CJOJQJaJh�[=hMv�CJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJh�[=h�6�CJOJQJaJhgX�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�=�CJOJQJaJhy�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�s�CJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJhd	'CJOJQJaJ!,d,e,�,�,�,�,�,�,-.-5-;-A-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-....'.F.G.I.�.�.�.�.�.�.	//�������������Ǹ֬�����������֝�pdphf�CJOJQJaJhf�h�CJOJQJaJhf�h�3hCJOJQJaJhf�h8HyCJOJQJaJh�[=h�3hCJOJQJaJh�k�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�3�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�C�CJOJQJaJh>�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�N�CJOJQJaJ$//'/+/-/T/s/}/�/�/�/�/�/�/`0l0w0x0�01e1�1�1�12(232<2�2�������ǻ�����񠑂��s�sdsUh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�3�CJOJQJaJh�[=hU$�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�\#CJOJQJaJh�[=h6w�CJOJQJaJhf�h6w�CJOJQJaJh�:CJOJQJaJh�qCJOJQJaJhf�h�3hCJOJQJaJhf�CJOJQJaJhf�h�CJOJQJaJhf�h�\#CJOJQJaJ�2c3d3i3p3�4�455$5C5Y5z5{5�5�5�5�5�56 6M6X6h6m6����񳣔�y��j��jy��y[L�Lh�[=h�d�CJOJQJaJh�[=hf�CJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJhGACJOJQJaJh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJh�[=he:CJOJQJaJh�h�5�5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h6w�CJOJQJaJ,h�[=h�S�B*
CJOJPJQJ\�aJph;&/h�[=h�S�;�B*
CJOJPJQJ\�aJph;&h�[=h�S�CJOJQJaJm6y6�6�6;7E7u7v7w7�7�7�7�78#8,8Y8x8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�89	9999A9H9L9Z9_9e9�����������⸬���������p����������������hGAhGACJOJQJaJh�[=hGACJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJh�[=h`+CJOJQJaJhGACJOJQJaJh�[=hf�CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�[=he:CJOJQJaJh�[=h�d�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�[=CJOJQJaJ+e9g9n9v9|9�9�9�9�9�9:":+:9:@:_:a:�:�:�:�:�:�:;;=;K;L;b;�;�;<F<H<X<]<�<�<�<2=]=��������������������ʻ��������������|�k h�[=h�6�CJOJPJQJaJh�<0CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�RCJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�2�CJOJPJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJh�[=h�2�CJOJQJaJh�[=h`+CJOJQJaJhp�CJOJQJaJh�[=h��CJOJQJaJhCw�CJOJQJaJ']=i=j=�=�=�=>0>B>a>�>�>�>�>z?�?�?�?�?E@F@H@N@�@�������÷��æ��q�q�q`RA h�[=h�^�CJOJPJQJaJh�<0CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h.
�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�X�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�RCJOJPJQJaJ%h�[=h�V�B*CJOJQJaJph h�[=h�V�CJOJPJQJaJh�<0CJOJQJaJh�[=h`+CJOJQJaJh�[=h�6�CJOJQJaJ h�[=h�6�CJOJPJQJaJhw>�CJOJPJQJaJ�@�@�@�@�@�@AAAA
AA�A�A�A�A�AB$B&BVB�B�B�B�B�B����῭�����኿��኿�yhWE#h�hh5�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�x�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�uPCJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h	*bCJOJPJQJaJ h�[=hPT&CJOJPJQJaJ#h�[=hhCJH*OJPJQJaJ#h�[=hhCJH*OJPJQJaJ h�[=hhCJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�^�CJOJPJQJaJh�<0CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�S�CJOJPJQJaJ�B�B@C_CeCfC�C�C�C�CD	D#DbD�D�D�D�DhE�E�F�F�F�F/G��п�����~m�m~m_mNm_m h�[=h�l�CJOJPJQJaJh9�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=hy�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=hhCJOJPJQJaJ h�[=hPT&CJOJPJQJaJhw>�CJOJPJQJaJ hg�hPT&CJOJPJQJaJ hg�hI9�CJOJPJQJaJ hg�h�x�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�x�CJOJPJQJaJhI9�CJOJPJQJaJ�D-F/G0GNG�HJJJJJJJ~LL�L�L�L�L�L�L�L�L����������������������$d��-DM�
����a$gd�[=$�dh^�a$gd�8�$�^�a$gd�8�
$d�a$gd�[=/G0G:GMGNG`G}G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�H�HI"IHINI�I�I�I�I�I�IJJJJ��������|k�k�k�k���]Oh�8�CJOJPJQJaJh�RCJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�l�CJOJPJQJaJh=qkCJOJPJQJaJh�q�CJOJPJQJaJh�[=CJOJPJQJaJhw>�CJOJQJaJhw>�CJOJPJQJaJh9�CJOJPJQJaJh�5�CJOJPJQJaJ#h�h�uP5�CJOJPJQJaJ h�[=h�uPCJOJPJQJaJJJJJJJIJOJPJzJ�J�J�J�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�KL
LLLYL[L]L^LeLrL|L~LL�L�L�L����ѵ����������������������������t�hh=qkCJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJhTwth�8�B*ph�Ph�#Yh�8�CJOJQJaJh�8�h�8�CJOJQJaJh�8�CJOJQJaJhTwth�8�CJOJQJaJh�8�5�CJOJQJaJhTwth�8�5�CJOJQJaJ h�[=h^�CJOJPJQJaJh^�CJOJPJQJaJ%�L�L�L�L�L�L�L�L�LyM�P8Q�Q\R4S������������}�
&F
���>�d�^��`�>�gd�q�$
&F
���>�d�^��`�>�a$gd�q�
&F
���>�d��-D9DM�
����^��`�>�gd�q�
&F
���>�d��^��`�>�gd�q�$�d�^�a$gd�[=$d��-DM�
����a$gd�[=�L�L�L�L�LyMzM�M�M�M�MONQNTNUN�N�N�N�N(O)O*O+O,O-O�O�O�O�O�O�O�O���ɸ������������������������r_%jh�[=hC!,CJOJQJUaJ-h�[=hC!,B*CJKH$OJPJQJaJph...)h�[=hC!,B*CJOJPJQJaJph2jh�[=hC!,B*CJOJPJQJUaJph h�[=hC!,CJOJPJQJaJh�[=h�Ql5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h=qkCJOJQJaJh=qkCJOJQJaJh^�CJOJQJaJ�OYPZP�P�P�P�P�P�P8Q0R1R\R/T�޶��g��V�J;�h�[=h�q�CJOJQJaJh�q�CJOJQJaJ h�[=hC!,CJOJPJQJaJKh�[=hC!,0JB*CJOJQJaJeh@fHph...q�
����r��@Qh�[=hC!,0J>*B*CJH*OJQJaJeh@fHph...q�
����r��@Nh�[=hC!,0J>*B*CJOJQJaJeh@fHph...q�
����r��@%jh�[=hC!,CJOJQJUaJh�[=hC!,CJOJQJaJ
4S0T4U�U�V�W�X`Y�Y�Z%[�������^� $
&F
���>�d��-DM�
����^��`�>�a$gd�q�$
&F
�0�d��-DM�
����`�0�a$gd�q�
&F
���>�d��-D9DM�
����^��`�>�gd�q�$
&F
���>�d�^��`�>�a$gd�q�$
&F
���>�d��^��`�>�a$gd�q�
&F
���>�d��^��`�>�gd�q�
/T0T4U`UaU�UVV]V^V�V�V�V�V�W�WbXcX�X�XyY�YZZnZ��ɹ��鞊��r�_�_N_�>�_�h�[=hC!,6�CJOJQJaJ h�[=hC!,0JCJOJQJaJ%jh�[=hC!,CJOJQJUaJ/h�[=hC!,;�B*
CJOJPJQJ\�aJph;&'h�[=hC!,0JCJOJPJQJ\�aJ5jh�[=hC!,B*
CJOJPJQJU\�aJph;&h�[=hC!,CJH*OJQJaJh�[=hC!,CJOJQJaJ h�[=hC!,CJOJPJQJaJ,h�[=hC!,B*
CJOJPJQJ\�aJph;&nZoZ�Z�Z�[�[�\�\]]]]],]@]F]M]N]P]U]���̩̽�~ocSCo3ococh�[=h�[=5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�5�CJOJQJaJh�h�5�CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�[=CJOJQJaJ-h�[=h^�B*CJKH$OJPJQJaJph...'h^�B*CJKH$OJPJQJaJph...'h�3hB*CJKH$OJPJQJaJph...h�[=h�q�CJOJQJaJh�[=hC!,CJOJQJaJ h�[=hC!,0JCJOJQJaJ%jh�[=hC!,CJOJQJUaJ%[�[!\~\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\�\]]]]�����������������������d��-D9DM�
����^���gd�[=$
&F
���>�d�^��`�>�a$gd�q�
&F
���>�d�^��`�>�gd�q�],]@]X]l]}]�]�]^^7^K^\^j^�^"_#_A_Y_m_~_�_�_I`�����������������������$�d�^�a$gd�[=$
&Fd�a$gd�q�$�d�^�a$gd�U]X]^]b]c]d]l]r]w]x]}]�]�]�]�]�]^%^,^4^7^=^A^B^C^G^H^K^Q^V^W^\^_^j^{^"_#_1_A_G_N_O_Y___c_d_e_m_s_x_y_~_�_�_�_J`K`���������������������������������������������h�[=h�uOCJOJQJaJ"h�[=h�[=5�6�CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�[=CJH*OJQJaJh�q�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�[=5�CJOJQJaJh�[=h�[=CJOJQJaJ8I`J`K`M`N`P`Q`S`T`V`W`X`Y`Z`v`w`x`y`z`������������������$a$$a$	d��gd�x�
$d�a$gd�[=$d�-DM�
����a$gd�[=K`L`N`O`Q`R`T`U`W`Y`Z`[`r`s`t`u`w`x`y`z`����������������h�[=h�uOCJOJQJaJh��hg�mHnHuh�l�jh�l�Uh[Eh�x�h�g1jh�g1U21�h:p#D���/ ��=!��"��#��$��%�������j���������666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>666666666666666666666666666�6666666666�666666666666hH66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666�62���� 0@P`p������2(�� 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p��8X�V~ OJPJQJ_HmH	nH	sH	tH	J`�J#D�Normald��CJ_HaJmH	sH	tH	hh���	Heading 1d��d�d@&[$\$"5�CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\�^JaJ0DA`�D
Default Paragraph FontRi�R0Table Normal�4�
l4�a�(k �(
0No ListV���V���Heading 1 Char"5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\^JaJ0H�`�H��
No SpacingCJ_HaJmH	sH	tH	4U@�4�N�0	Hyperlink	>*ph�\^"\�2�0Normal (Web)d��d�d[$\$CJOJPJQJaJX�2X%�
entry-metad��d�d[$\$CJOJPJQJaJ4@B4�x�0Header

�H�$6��Q6�x�0Header CharCJaJ4 @b4�x�0Footer

�H�$6��q6�x�0Footer CharCJaJD�@�D�Ql List Paragraph
��^��m$�O���Qlst.X@��.�Ql@Emphasis6�]�PK!����[Content_Types].xml���j�0E����ж�r�(��΢Iw},��-j��4	��w�P�-t#bΙ{U�����T�U^h�d}㨫��)��*1P�'��	�^��W��0)��T�9<�l�#��$yi}��;�~@��(��H����u�*Dנz��/0�ǰ��$��X��3aZ����,�D0j~�3߶�b��~i>���3�\`�?�/�[���G��\�!�-�Rk.�s�Ի�..���a濭?��PK!�֧�6_rels/.rels���j�0���}Q��%v/��C/�}�(h"���O�
����=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_����6L�R�7`������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e��е�����PK!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xml�M
� @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ��C�AǠҟ����7��՛K
Y,�
�e�.���|,���H�,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW��)�E�+&
8���PK!����Ptheme/theme/theme1.xml�YOo�6��w toc'vu�ر�-M�n�i���P�@�I}��úa��m�a[�إ�4�:lЯ�GR��X^�6؊�>$�������!)O�^�r�C$�y@�����/�yH*��񄴽)�޵��߻��UDb�`}"�qۋ�Jח���X^�)I`n�E���p)���li�V[]�1M<������O�P��6r�=���z�gb�Ig��u��S�eb��O������R�D۫����qu	�g��Z����o~ٺlAp�lx�pT0���+[}`j���zA��V�2�F���i�@�q�v�֬5\|��ʜ̭N��le�X�ds���jcs���7���f����
��W��+�Ն�7����`���g�Ș��J���j|��h(�K��D-����
dX��iJ�؇(��x$(��:��;�˹!�I_�T��S1�����?E��?�����?ZBΪm���U/������?�~����xY���'���y5�g&΋/����ɋ�>���G�M�Ge���D�����3Vq%'#q�����$�8��K�����)f�w9:ĵ��
x}r�x����w���r�:\TZaG�*�y8I�j�bR��c|XŻ�ǿ�I
u3KG�nD1�NIB�s���
��R��u���K>V�.EL+M2�#'�f��i~�V��vl�{u8��z��H�
�*���:�(W�☕
~��J�T�e\O*�tHG��HY��}KN�P�*ݾ˦���TѼ�9/#��A7�qZ��$*c?���qU��n��w�N��%��O��i�4=3ڗP��
����1�P�m\\9���������Mؓ�2a�D�]�;Yt�\��[x����]�}Wr��|�]��g-���
eW�
�)6-r��CS�j��
i�d	�DЇA�ΜIqbJ#x�꺃6k���#��A�Sh��&ʌt(Q�%��p%m��&]�caSl=�X�����\P�1�Mh�9�M��V�dDA��aV�B��[݈fJ�íP|8�քA�V^��f
�H��n���-��"�d>�z��n��NJ�	�ة�>�b���&����2��v����Kyϼ��D:����,AGm��\nz��i�Ù��.uχYC�6�OMf��3o�r��$��5�����NH�T[XF64�T,ќ���M0�E)`#�5�XY�`�פ;��%�1�U�٥m;���R>QD����D�cp�U�'��&LE�/p���m���%]�����8fi��r�S4�d7y\�`�J�n���ί�I�R��3U�~7+���׸#��m�q�BiD���������i*�L6�9�m�Y&���i���HE��=(K&�N!V�.K�e�LD�ĕ�{D	����vEꦚde��NƟ��e�(�MN9ߜR�6����&3(��a���/D��U�z�<�{ˊ�Y��ȳ����V���)�9�Z[��4^n��5���!J��?��Q�3�eBo�C����M����m<�.�vp�����IY�f���Z�Y_p�[�=al-�Y�}Nc͙���ŋ4vfa��vl����'S��A�8�|�*u�{��-�ߟ0%M0�7%����<���ҍ���PK!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M
�0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5
6?$Q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{��P����8�g/]�QAsم(����#��L�[������PK-!����[Content_Types].xmlPK-!�֧�6+_rels/.relsPK-!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!����P�theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!
ѐ��'�	theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]�
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<a:clrMap xmlns:a="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main" bg1="lt1" tx1="dk1" bg2="lt2" tx2="dk2" accent1="accent1" accent2="accent2" accent3="accent3" accent4="accent4" accent5="accent5" accent6="accent6" hlink="hlink" folHlink="folHlink"/>zX�����	---0��
�� �"I$�%I),/�2m6e9]=�@�B/GJ�L�O/TnZU]K`z`1345789:;=>?@ABCDEFGIJLMOPSU��#�D�L4S%[]I`z`26<HKNQRTyE�E�E�EOFPFTF�F�F�F(G*G,G�G�G�GYH�HN]N�N�ObP�PRnR�RzXX��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��')0!����8�@�����������0�(	�
��B
�S����	?�KST_djAGHOwz����(+LO��rucijq���
�
�
�
��S\����289@_gu{|���������������krw}�����������AD������JM��tw���������05����OR��	CG~�� � !
!!!\!b!c!f!�!�!�!�!:"="$#'#M$V$�$�$�$�$-%4%C%J%�%�%�%�%�%�%&&&&D&G&L&S&�&�&'
'q't'�'�'j(m(�)�)�)�)**c+i+A-D-�-�-.!.v0y0�0�0_1m1�1�1�1�1�1�1 2#2]2`2y2�2w4}4�4�4j5o5t5|5_6b6�6�6�6�6L8O8�8�8�8�899�9�9":%:�:�:c;f;�=�=�=�=�>�>^?a?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�? A#A}B�B�B�B�BC�C�CXD[D�E�E�E�E�G�G�H�H�H�H�H�HIII!I"I,IIINI�I�I�I�I\JdJ�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J4K9K=KGKKKPKfKjKlKvKwKzK�K�K�K�K0L9L�L�L�L�LoM|M�M�M�N�N�PQQQ`QeQfQlQtQwQyQ�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�R�R�R�R%S-S�S�S!T+T,U1U2U8U9U>U@UUUXU_UdUjUlUrUtU|UVVVVV4V7V>VCVIVKVQVSV[V9W?WAWVWYW`WeWkWmWsWuW}WKXKXMXMXNXNXPXQXSXTXVXWXxX{X{�RFTF�G�G�L�LNNtSwS�S�SFUMU�U�U%V,VGWNW�WFXKXKXMXMXNXNXPXQXSXTXVXWXxX{X333333333333��BB�D�DREyE�H�HI8I�I�I8J\JK4K�K0L*M4M�M�M�N�NeO�O�Q�Q�R�R{S�S�S!TWT~TU�UV�V#W�WKXKXMXMXNXNXPXQXSXTXVXWXxX{XsP4���2���������;9�Z�����������'�#�	������������F�'�0*\���������%-��n����������3/�/�rJ����������5�TJ+����������s^V&��(����������Q8Wؕ�����������]Gn��b����������ZH^r<`̫����������������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(o��p����p^�p`���CJOJQJo(����@����@^�@`���CJOJQJo(��������^�`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����P����P^�P`���CJOJQJo(��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h����^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h����^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h����^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���5o(.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�p�L�^�p`�L��h�H.�
�@���^�@`����h�H.�
����^�`����h�H.�
���L�^��`�L��h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�P�L�^�P`�L��h�H.
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�p�L�^�p`�L��h�H.�
�@���^�@`����h�H.�
����^�`����h�H.�
���L�^��`�L��h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�P�L�^�P`�L��h�H.
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�p�L�^�p`�L��h�H.�
�@���^�@`����h�H.�
����^�`����h�H.�
���L�^��`�L��h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�P�L�^�P`�L��h�H.�����^��`���OJPJQJ^Jo(-������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H����@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H��
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�p�L�^�p`�L��h�H.�
�@���^�@`����h�H.�
����^�`����h�H.�
���L�^��`�L��h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�P�L�^�P`�L��h�H.�������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����p����p^�p`���CJOJQJo(����@����@^�@`���CJOJQJo(��������^�`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJQJo(����P����P^�P`���CJOJQJo(��h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�p���^�p`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h����^�`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�P���^�P`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h� ���^� `���OJQJo(�h�H��sP4�]Gn�5�T�F�'s^V;9�'�#ZH^r3/�/�Q8W%-������������������������������������������������																											zO																										�sn�																										�a��&`�&`�� ��&`���&`�L���XUoS@��XUoH>�1�;�,�XUo�H0�xG>�&`�Z0C�&`�z�G�&`}t9H�XUo�5J�&`��P�>T�XUow->W�&`SZ]�XUo��i�&`3�m�XUo%1n�&`�XUo�,��&`��|��QI>�1	�kh�J[EGA�wv�tM$`+�\#� %�G%PT&'d	'�%)�4)C!,�?/�<0�g16�:e:�[=\6A=,D�uOkVP�uP�R$a	*bDf�3h�Rj=qk�Ql�\p�qD(x�Cy8HySz�Hz({�g|�8�.
�f��C�.��C�p�`W�Mv�#D�y��z�70�NN��2�g�^���(��m��s���gX��V�Y��A�g_��J�y�/��k��X�
��3��6�j��S��k���Y,��)��
��_��N�
�%��q�6w��d�U$��^�7��!��~�>��5��^��o�nO���`|��<�I9�w>�Cw�f�P|��l����=��x���#�9�KXMX�@@;f;`�@;@;zX�@��Unknown������������G��* ��Times New Roman5��Symbol3.��* ��Arial7.���{ @�Calibri?=�	�* ��Courier New;��WingdingsA���� B�Cambria Math"1���hr�Z�%�\>�-
K-��-
K-���������0XX2�Q���HP	�$P�����������������������uO2!xx���ismail - [2010]DELL8	
����Oh��+'��0`�������	��
(
4@HPX�ismail - [2010]Normal.dotmDELL62Microsoft Office Word@Ff@�q�M�@n*�"w�-
K����՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,��0�hp��������
���home�-XTitle| 8@_PID_HLINKS�A46=8Hhttps://www.qld.gov.au-/environment/land/vegetation/mapping/groundcoverW"�http://www.moa.gov.et/documents/93665/4536019/List+of+Registerd+Pesticide+January+2017.pdf/46f37907-0467-4f21-a231-2de2a831afceW7%Hhttps://www.growingagreenerworld.com/bhg020-why-wont-my-tomatoes-ripen/Way8http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123743671WBFhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847WES	Fhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847aff2BFhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847WEPFhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847aff1BFhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743671000847W	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV����XYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry��������	�F��#w���1Table��������WLWordDocument��������4�SummaryInformation(����~DocumentSummaryInformation8�������������CompObj������������y������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����	�F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit