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��ࡱ�>��	vx����qrstu����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	���bjbjs�s�	���b
�������JJ�����T��������y�%���J#��%�%�%�%607T�7, I"I"I"I"I"I"I$�M�cPRFI���7�5"6�7�7FI���%�%?J,<9<9<9�7^��%��%LD�<9�7 I<9<9v;�;�%�����&rd���8j�;8DkJ<�J�;,�Px8��P�;�;v�P�8=�7�7<9�7�7�7�7�7FIFI<9�7�7�7�J�7�7�7�7���������������������������������������������������������������������P�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7J	S:	Growth and Yield of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Under Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Sources in Western Kenya


Fanuel Kawaka1, 2*, Mathews Dida1, Peter Opala3, Omwoyo Ombori4, John Maingi5, Alice Amoding6 and John Muoma7

1Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya
2Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P.O. Box 90420, Mombasa, Kenya
3Department of Soil Science, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya
4Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
5Department of Microbiology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
6Department of Soil Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
7Department of Biological Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega, Kenya

*Corresponding author:  HYPERLINK "mailto:fkawaka@tum.ac.ke" fkawaka@tum.ac.ke, +254 720 968 281

ABSTRACT
Depletion of soil nutrients due to continuous cultivation without adequate external fertilization is one of the challenges facing many smallholder farmers in western Kenya. This study was conducted to assess the effects of organic (water hyacinth compost), inorganic (urea) nitrogen sources and commercial Rhizobia inoculant on the yield of Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for two consecutive seasons in the short rains (2013) and long rains (2014). The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated four times. Triple Superphosphate (TSP) was applied to all treatments except the compost to ensure that that soil had adequate Phosphorus (P). Yellow and Rose coco bean varieties grown with urea and inoculated with commercial Rhizobia inoculant gave significantly higher yield of 382 kg ha-1 and 341 kg ha-1 respectively in the short rains season (SR). In the long rains (LR) season bean yields were high in water hyacinth compost (1526 kg ha-1) and control with non limiting P (1300 kg ha-1) treatments. Commercial Rhizobia inoculant did not significantly increase in yield in the SR and LR seasons. There was no significant influence on soil properties after two seasons of continuous cultivation of common bean and application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. These results demonstrate that water hyacinth compost improved bean yield in the LR season. However longer field testing and economic analyses are required before it can be recommended as a substitute for inorganic N source among smallholder farmers. 

Keywords: Rhizobia; inorganic; organic; smallholder; water hyacinth 





1. Introduction
The decline in soil fertility due to continuous cultivation without adequate addition of external inputs is a major challenge facing many smallholder farmers sub-Saharan Africa  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Seck</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><DisplayText>[1,2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzezz55dgdaxpcex2wovxrrfp9xw59z0tept" timestamp="1453030817">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Seck, Papa Abdoulaye</author><author>Tour�, Ali A</author><author>Coulibaly, Jeanne Y</author><author>Diagne, Aliou</author><author>Wopereis, Marco CS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Africa�s rice economy before and after the 2008 rice crisis</title><secondary-title>Realizing Africa�s Rice Promise, Oxfordshire and Boston: CAB International</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Realizing Africa�s Rice Promise, Oxfordshire and Boston: CAB International</full-title></periodical><pages>24-34</pages><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mucheru-Muna</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2339</RecNum><record><rec-number>2339</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="50wxdpzd9vd5r7e9t5b595djrfpttrxw9avp" timestamp="1474479979">2339</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mucheru-Muna, Monicah</author><author>Mugendi, Daniel</author><author>Kung�u, James</author><author>Mugwe, Jayne</author><author>Bationo, Andre</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of organic and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield and soil chemical properties in a maize cropping system in Meru South District, Kenya</title><secondary-title>Agroforestry Systems</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Agroforestry Systems</full-title></periodical><pages>189-197</pages><volume>69</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>0167-4366</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[1,2]. In addition, continued conventional farming practices have resulted into economic and environmental concerns such as low soil productivity, pollution and high cost of inorganic fertilizers. These challenges require the adoption of sustainable alternative food production practices that do not compromise environmental stability. Common bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) is recognized as a legume crop that could ensure food security in Sub-Saharan Africa if challenges associated with its production are addressed  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Namugwanya</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Namugwanya, Margaret</author><author>Tenywa, John Stephen</author><author>Otabbong, Erasmus</author><author>Mubiru, Drake N</author><author>Masamba, Twaha Ali</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Development of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Production Under Low Soil Phosphorus and Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sustainable Development</secondary-title></titles><pages>128</pages><volume>7</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1913-9071</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]. The crop improves soil fertility through addition of biologically fixed nitrogen, enhancement of soil organic matter and prevention of nutrient leaching  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mothapo</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>[4]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mothapo, NV</author><author>Grossman, JM</author><author>Maul, JE</author><author>Shi, W</author><author>Isleib, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Genetic diversity of resident soil rhizobia isolated from nodules of distinct hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) genotypes</title><secondary-title>Applied soil ecology</secondary-title></titles><pages>201-213</pages><volume>64</volume><dates><year>2013</year></dates><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><isbn>0929-1393</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]. In Kenya, dry bean production is predominantly by small-scale farmers and has been on the decline in recent years. The low bean yields have been attributed to many constraints, of which soil infertility is among the limiting factors  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Namugwanya</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Namugwanya, Margaret</author><author>Tenywa, John Stephen</author><author>Otabbong, Erasmus</author><author>Mubiru, Drake N</author><author>Masamba, Twaha Ali</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Development of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Production Under Low Soil Phosphorus and Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sustainable Development</secondary-title></titles><pages>128</pages><volume>7</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1913-9071</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]. Nitrogen (N), the nutrient taken up by beans in the largest amounts among the essential plant nutrients is a major constraint to its productivity on many smallholder farming systems  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>CIAT</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText>[5,6]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zaz5sp9vsr9dxlefzf1ppzzut5wvv5p29zws">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CIAT</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Schwartz, H.F</author><author>Pastor-Corrales, M.A</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Bean production problems in the tropics</title></titles><section>726</section><dates><year>1989</year></dates><pub-location>Cali, Colombia</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Vance</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vance, Carroll P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and phosphorus acquisition. Plant nutrition in a world of declining renewable resources</title><secondary-title>Plant physiology</secondary-title></titles><pages>390-397</pages><volume>127</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><publisher>Am Soc Plant Biol</publisher><isbn>1532-2548</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[5,6]. However, small-holder farmers who are the major dry bean producers in Kenya rarely apply N fertilizers relying mainly on the ability of the bean to fix N despite beans being poor nitrogen-fixers  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hardarson</Author><RecNum>169</RecNum><DisplayText>[7,8]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>169</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tzezz55dgdaxpcex2wovxrrfp9xw59z0tept" timestamp="1453783719">169</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hardarson, Gudni</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Methods for enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation</title><secondary-title>Plant and Soil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Plant and Soil</full-title><abbr-1>Plant and Soil</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1-17</pages><volume>152</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><isbn>1573-5036</isbn><label>ref1</label><work-type>journal article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016329</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/bf00016329</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kabahuma</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>4</RecNum><record><rec-number>4</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">4</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kabahuma, Mercy Kasuzi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7,8].
There are several options that are available to manage nitrogen deficiency on smallholder farms. Chemical fertilizers are often considered to offer immediate solution to nutrient deficiencies in soil  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chaia</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>849</RecNum><DisplayText>[9,10]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>849</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">849</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chaia, Eugenia E</author><author>Wall, Luis G</author><author>Huss-Danell, Kerstin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Life in soil by the actinorhizal root nodule endophyte Frankia. A review</title><secondary-title>Symbiosis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Symbiosis</full-title></periodical><pages>201-226</pages><volume>51</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>0334-5114</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gentili</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>850</RecNum><record><rec-number>850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gentili, Francesco</author><author>Wall, Luis G</author><author>Huss-Danell, Kerstin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on nodulation are seen already at the stage of early cortical cell divisions in Alnus incana</title><secondary-title>Annals of botany</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annals of Botany</full-title></periodical><pages>309-315</pages><volume>98</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>0305-7364</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9,10], but these fertilizers are expensive and most small-holder famers cannot afford them. The other options that are used to replenish N include use of organic materials such as crop residues, animal manures and agroforestry tree prunings  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mathu</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>253</RecNum><DisplayText>[11]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>253</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">253</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mathu, Samuel</author><author>Herrmann, Laetitia</author><author>Pypers, Pieter</author><author>Matiru, Viviene</author><author>Mwirichia, Romano</author><author>Lesueur, Didier</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Potential of indigenous bradyrhizobia versus commercial inoculants to improve cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L. wilczek.) yields in Kenya</title><secondary-title>Soil Science and Plant Nutrition</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Soil Science and Plant Nutrition</full-title></periodical><pages>750-763</pages><volume>58</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>2012/12/01</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher><isbn>0038-0768</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2012.741041</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/00380768.2012.741041</electronic-resource-num><access-date>2014/11/03</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]. Application of these organic materials to soils has multiple benefits such as increasing the soil organic carbon content, soil microbial activity, and improves the soil structure and the nutrient status  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sanni</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>607</RecNum><DisplayText>[12]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>607</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">607</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sanni, KO</author><author>Adesina, JM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Response of water hyacinth manure on growth attributes and yield of Celosia argentea L (Lagos Spinach)</title><secondary-title>Journal of Agricultural Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Agricultural Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>1109-1118</pages><volume>8</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]. However, most of the commonly available organic materials on smallholder farms are often of inadequate quantity and of poor quality to meet the crop nutrient demand  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Opala</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>64</RecNum><DisplayText>[13]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>64</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">64</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Opala, P.A. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Management of organic inputs in East Africa: A review of current knowledge and future challenges</title><secondary-title>Archives of Applied Science Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Archives of Applied Science Research</full-title></periodical><pages>65-76</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]. The use of non-traditional, largely unexploited, organic resources to augment common organic inputs in crop production has therefore received considerable research attention in the recent past  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Opala</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>792</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>792</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">792</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Opala, P. A.</author><author>Okalebo, J. R.</author><author>Othieno, C. O.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of Organic and Inorganic Materials on Soil Acidity and Phosphorus Availability in a Soil Incubation Study</title><secondary-title>ISRN Agronomy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ISRN Agronomy</full-title></periodical><pages>10</pages><volume>2012</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/597216</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>597216</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.5402/2012/597216</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]. One such organic material is the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a water weed that is abundant in Lake Victoria. The effect of the water hyacinth infestation has negative impact on the economic status of the local fishing community as the weed kills fish due to oxygen depletion. Despite these problems, studies have shown that water hyacinth is rich in N and macronutrients that are essential for plant nutrition  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gunnarsson</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>102</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">102</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gunnarsson, Carina C.</author><author>Petersen, Cecilia Mattsson</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Water hyacinths as a resource in agriculture and energy production: A literature review</title><secondary-title>Waste Management</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Waste Management</full-title></periodical><pages>117-129</pages><volume>27</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0956-053X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X06000109</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.12.011</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]. However, the potential of water hyacinth compost as an alternative source of N compared to the inorganic fertilizers on smallholder farms in western Kenya has not been evaluated. The current study evaluated the effect of water hyacinth compost and inorganic N fertilizer on the yield of common bean. 

2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Site 
Field studies were conducted in Kisumu (0o 05�353  S,�0o 34o 41.32��E) and Kakamega (0��172 �25.573 �N, 34��452 �50.023 ) counties. The two sites were selected based on agro-climatic conditions and prevalence of common bean cultivation. Kakamega county is located at an altitude of 1585 metres above sea level, within a high potential agro-ecological zone�and has an annual rainfall of 1200-2100mm. Kisumu county is located at an altitude of 1300 meters above sea level and has an annual relief rainfall of 1200-1300 mm. Soils at Kakamega and Kisumu are classified as Nitisols and Arenosols respectively  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Jaetzold</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText>[16]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jaetzold, R.</author><author>Schmidt, H.</author><author>Hornetz, R. </author><author>Shisanya, C. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Farm Management Handbook of Kenya</title><secondary-title>Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya</full-title></periodical><volume>II</volume><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]. Initial soil characteristics of the two sites are shown in Table 1. 


Table  SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1: Initial surface (1-20 cm) soil properties Kakamega and Kisumu 

Soil propertyKakamegaKisumu                       ValuepH4.986.10% Nitrogen (N)0.240.11% Organic Carbon (OC)2.661.32Potassium (cmol/kg)0.931.39Magnesium (cmol/kg)1.391.17Calcium (cmol/kg)3.083.02Aluminum (cmol/kg)2.560.62Manganese (ppm)75.238.3Phosphorus (ppm)2835% Sand15.6871.84% Clay66.8818.16Texture ClaySandy Loam

2.2 Experimental Layout 
The experiment was established during the short rains (SR) of 2013 and long rains (LR) of 2014 in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Commercial (Rose coco) and farmer preferred (Yellow bean) varieties were planted at inter-plot spacing of 40 cm � 15cm on a 2.4 m � 3 m plots and managed using recommended agronomic practices  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Adama</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>102</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zaz5sp9vsr9dxlefzf1ppzzut5wvv5p29zws">102</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Adama, D.,</author><author>Tahir, A.D.,</author><author>Mamadou, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nodulation in Situ of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) And Field Outcome of an Elite Symbiotic Association in Senegal</title><secondary-title>Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>810-818</pages><volume>4</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]. External soil fertility amendment inputs either inoculated or none inoculated (1) Triple Superphosphate (TSP), (2) urea and (3) water hyacinth compost were applied every season for two seasons. An absolute control with no external input was also included. Urea and water hyacinth compost were applied to provide 100 kg N ha-1. Uniform TSP was applied at a rate of 60 kg ha-1 to all treatments with no compost input to ensure non limiting soil P. The commercial Rhizobium inoculant was applied at the rate of 100 g for 15 kg of seeds in the appropriate treatments. All the nutrient inputs were applied at the time of planting. The average chemical analysis of water hyacinth compost is shown in Table 2. Soil was sampled and analyzed in the SR and LR using established procedures  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Okalebo</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>391</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Okalebo, J. R.</author><author>Gathua, K. W.</author><author>Woomer, P. L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Laboratory methods of soil analysis: A working manual, second edition</title><secondary-title>TSBR-CIAT and SACRED Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TSBR-CIAT and SACRED Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]. Four plants were randomly selected from each plot and dug out at 7 weeks after emergence and separated into shoots and roots. The plant shoots were oven-dried at 70�C for 48 h for dry weight determination. At maturity, pods were harvested from each experimental plot, excluding the outer rows and the outer guard plants in each row, shelled and tagged for yield assessment. The grains were sun-dried until a constant weight was established. Yield parameters determined included the number of pods per plant and total HYPERLINK "http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=grain+yield" \t "_blank"grain yield. Seed yield per hectare was extrapolated from the HYPERLINK "http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=seed+yield" \t "_blank"seed yield per plot.

Table 2: Mean chemical composition of water hyacinth compost used in this study
Chemical propertyValue pH8.37% Nitrogen (N)1.33% Organic Carbon (OC)12.23Potassium (cmol/kg)25Sodium (cmol/kg)2.1Phosphorus (ppm)280Calcium (cmol/kg)20.65Magnesium (cmol/kg)9.33Zinc (ppm)2.96Iron (ppm)1.29

2.3 Data Analysis
All data on Shoot Dry Weight (SDW), nodules, pods and yield were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using General Linear Models Procedure of SAS software version 9.1  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>SAS</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>45</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>45</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="davdwaa2gp05eieewax5d5d0taps9arz95ed">45</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>SAS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SAS/Stat user�s guide: Version 9.1.3. SAS Inst., Cary, NC.</title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19] and means separated using the Least Significance Differences of means (LSD) at p < 0.05. 

3. Results
3.1 Soil Properties 
After continuous cultivation and application of organic and inorganic nitrogen, no significant difference in soil properties was observed in most treatments in the SR and LR seasons (Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). The average soil pH increased in the LR in response to organic and inorganic inputs compared to the SR. Soil N and organic carbon were lower while Ca, K and P were higher compared to the critical values. Initial soil pH ranged from 4.98 (Kakamega and 6.10 (Kisumu) with clay and sandy loamy texture respectively. The soil texture was sandy loam in Kisumu with a higher amount of sand (71.84%) compared to the high clay content (66.88%) in Kakamega. The water hyacinth compost contained high amounts of Phosphorus, organic Carbon, Calcium, Potassium and a basic pH.



Table 3: Mean soil characteristics in the SR season at Kisumu

TreatmentpHNOCCaMgKAlMnP1Rose Coco-I5.63b0.09abc0.92ab8.87bc1.26bc1.23ab2.05bcde39.73bcd14.17abcd2Rose Coco NI5.58ab0.10a1.22ab6.31bc1.20bc0.81ab1.58cde46.59bcd14.60abcd3Rose Coco TSP-I5.59b0.12c1.31ab5.38a1.30bc1.00ab1.13a53.65cd19.47cd4Rose Coco TSP-NI5.75b0.14bc1.32b4.58ab1.24bc1.07ab1.00ab47.78bcd22.85bcd5Rose Coco  TSP UREA-I6.03a0.15ab1.45a2.66bc1.23bc1.40a0.64e42.57bcd36.36a6Rose Coco TSP UREA-NI5.58a0.11c1.29ab6.24ab1.45a0.96ab0.74a60.33a15.37d7Rose Coco WH-I6.10ab0.13a1.37ab5.14c1.25bc1.60ab0.74e47.90bcd44.61abc8Rose Coco WH-NI6.13b0.09bc1.03ab7.30ab1.56ab0.93ab1.97e86.80bc7.78bcd9Yellow bean-I5.61ab0.13ab1.42ab6.58bc1.12bc0.54ab1.20bcde37.56bc30.60abcd10Yellow bean-NI5.55ab0.11ab1.34ab5.18ab1.21c0.71ab1.31cde50.62b15.98abc11Yellow bean TSP-I5.68b0.12ab1.33a5.39ab1.21c0.86b1.12bcd60.60d32.98abcd12Yellow bean TSP-NI5.72b0.12bc1.31ab6.51bc1.14bc0.80ab1.04bc64.25bcd39.59bcd13Yellow bean  TSP UREA-I5.70ab0.13ab1.34ab6.61ab1.23c0.94ab1.12bcd63.39b40.53abc14Yellow bean  TSP UREA-NI5.64ab0.12ab1.32ab6.12ab1.23bc0.84ab1.20bcde58.99bcd30.95abcd15Yellow bean WH-I6.12ab0.13ab1.32ab6.13ab1.18c0.90ab1.17bcde62.25b38.35ab16Yellow bean WH-NI6.17ab0.12ab1.32ab6.00ab1.23bc0.90ab1.14bcd57.86bcd31.43abcdLSD (5%)0.500.030.423.090.240.910.5021.8526.08Means within a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5�]� < 0.05; LSD is the Least Significant Difference of means, I-Rhizobia Inoculation; NI-Non Rhizobia Inoculation, TSP- Triple Superphosphate; WH-Water Hyacinth 
Compost 

 Table 4: Mean soil characteristics in the LR at Kisumu

Treatments pHNOCCaMgKAlMnP 1Rose Coco-I5.70a0.24d1.77b4.47a1.26abc1.24abc2.00c78.90abcde44.00abcd2Rose Coco NI5.63ab0.16d1.44b5.65a1.08a0.70ab1.76c54.15abcde31.00abcd3Rose Coco TSP-I6.26ab0.12ab1.30ab7.31a1.29abcd1.10a0.99a64.10abc65.00bcd4Rose Coco TSP-NI5.93ab0.13cd1.34b7.60a1.41bcd1.19cd0.96ab60.30bcde64.50d5Rose Coco  TSP UREA-I6.04ab0.14a1.49a5.88a1.07abcd1.02abc0.99ab53.65a98.50bcd6Rose Coco  TSP UREA-NI5.65ab0.19cd1.31b6.81a1.29bcd0.99bcd0.93bc87.00cde42.50cd7Rose Coco WH-I6.18ab0.25cd2.15b5.55a1.24bcd0.98abc1.76c86.05e52.00a8Rose Coco WH-NI6.12ab0.16bc1.48b4.60a1.06abc0.79abc1.29c55.55a34.31bcd9Yellow bean-I5.68ab0.13cd1.44b4.44a1.03d0.55cd1.09bc66.55abc38.60bcd10Yellow bean-NI5.63ab0.13cd1.37b4.30a1.11d0.89abcd1.20c69.00abc41.85ab11Yellow bean TSP-I5.98ab0.16d1.44b6.58a1.02cd0.77d1.25c78.08abcde61.22bcd12Yellow bean TSP-NI5.88b0.13d1.33b7.56a1.02bcd0.86abcd1.06bc78.44abcde72.34bcd13Yellow bean  TSP UREA-I6.00ab0.13cd1.36b7.75a1.29bcd1.05bcd0.98bc69.20abcd67.17bcd14Yellow bean  TSP UREA-NI5.84ab0.13d1.34b6.12a1.03bcd0.69bcd0.99c77.19ab55.60ab15Yellow bean WH-I6.14ab0.16cd1.43b5.61a1.08ab0.81abc1.22c77.65abcde58.20abc16Yellow bean WH-NI6.12ab0.13d1.27b7.05a1.07cd0.78cd0.95c83.42abcde72.07bcdLSD (5%)0.630.060.564.120.260.410.5823.7235.22
Means within a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5�]� < 0.05; LSD is the Least Significant Difference of means, I-Rhizobia Inoculation; NI-Non Rhizobia Inoculation, TSP- Triple Superphosphate; WH-Water Hyacinth Compost 



Table 5: Mean soil characteristics in the SR at Kakamega
Treatment pHNOCCaMgKAlMnP1Rose Coco-I5.39bcde0.26abcd2.21a2.87de1.27ef1.12a1.68d86.90abc20.00ab2Rose Coco NI5.15bcde0.21abcd1.94b3.16abc1.19f1.21a2.13abcd55.10bcd15.96b3Rose Coco TSP-I5.22abcd0.21a2.43ab2.63cde1.14def1.26a1.34bcd75.30a23.54ab4Rose Coco TSP-NI5.29bcde0.20abcd1.64ab4.10bcde1.09ef1.19a2.30abcd56.70bcd14.67b5Rose Coco  TSP UREA-I5.88bcde0.23abcde1.97ab4.36cde1.36def1.33a2.07cd80.90abc18.67ab6Rose Coco  TSP UREAN-I5.54bcde0.17abcde1.91ab2.86bcde1.28ef1.25a2.16abcd49.10cd29.92ab7Rose Coco WH-I5.19a0.18ab1.91ab2.89ab1.23bcdef1.24a1.62abcd69.30ab22.58ab8Rose Coco WH-NI5.21ab0.17abcde2.27ab3.16cde1.18cdef1.28a2.29abcd50.70cd26.67ab9Yellow bean-I4.88abc0.21e2.11ab4.63bcde1.80ab1.20a2.15abcd62.11abcd19.73ab10Yellow bean-NI4.81bcde0.15cde1.70ab3.89e1.71abcd1.25a1.84bcd60.02d19.11ab11Yellow bean TSP-I5.42de0.08abcd1.89ab3.07a1.67a1.25a2.05abcd66.40abcd22.11ab12Yellow bean TSP-NI5.18e0.12bcde2.14ab2.53abcde1.61ab1.34a1.75abcd39.33abcd32.00ab13Yellow bean  TSP UREA-I5.25bcde0.11abc1.74ab4.01abcd1.70ef1.39a2.48a66.30bcd27.96ab14Yellow bean  TSP UREA-NI4.98de0.21abcde2.09b3.73abcde1.65abcde1.32a2.68abcd51.77bdc35.54ab15Yellow bean WH-I5.16bcde0.22de2.31ab4.01abcd1.15ab1.34a2.78ab54.54abcd26.67ab16Yellow bean WH-NI4.98cde0.18abcd1.57ab3.92abcde1.47abc1.30a2.10abc58.15cd28.63aLSD (5%)0.520.100.761.420.380.521.0128.5219.11
Means within a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5�]� < 0.05; LSD is the Least Significant Difference of means, I-Rhizobia Inoculation; NI-Non Rhizobia Inoculation, TSP- Triple Superphosphate; WH-Water Hyacinth Compost 




Table 6: Mean soil characteristics in the LR at Kakamega

Treatment pHNOCCaMgKAlMnP1Rose Coco-I4.94fg0.18abc2.49h6.88e1.52b1.33abc1.78abcd75.98def21.98a2Rose Coco NI5.31h0.29abc2.15fg7.05g1.85gh1.42ab1.80ab89.00cd30.00d3Rose Coco TSP-I4.93fg0.25bc1.59abc7.97g1.62bcd1.47a1.49bcde75.97def58.97k4Rose Coco TSP-NI4.56ab0.20abc2.11ef7.05g1.16a0.93cd1.45bcde81.00b44.00h5Rose Coco  TSP UREA-I4.75abc0.23abc2.27abc7.83b1.29cde1.21abc1.04efg78.00a41.67b6Rose Coco  TSP UREAN-I5.20fg0.27c2.53g8.80g1.58gh1.02bcd1.42bcde79.66cde38.00h7Rose Coco WH-I5.29gh0.22abc2.47def9.84ef1.44efg1.25abc0.63gh98.24cde48.04e8Rose Coco WH-NI4.90bcde0.15abc1.95ab6.72cd1.12bc1.22abc0.39h76.87cde29.97f9Yellow bean-I5.08bcd0.35abc2.26h5.61bc1.26bcd1.00cd1.87ab79.71g31.11g10Yellow bean-NI5.25cdef0.21abc2.40bcde10.70de1.20def1.09abcd2.15a79.00fg46.00i11Yellow bean TSP-I5.23def0.23a1.72def9.15h1.52fg0.76d1.08efg69.07cde33.07h12Yellow bean TSP-NI5.10bcd0.24abc2.34abcd8.30a1.36fgh1.12abcd1.26cdef70.80cde27.00c13Yellow bean  TSP UREA-I5.01a0.31abc2.51cdef7.21g1.21h1.04bcd1.55bcde82.02efg39.91g14Yellow bean  TSP UREA-NI4.56def0.23ab2.55ef7.95h1.13gh0.96cd1.80abc77.95g23.95bc15Yellow bean WH-I5.47ef0.23ab2.30ab7.01fg1.06fgh1.29abc1.24def74.36c34.01e16Yellow bean WH-NI5.06h0.30abc2.18a5.60e1.06gh0.92cd0.73fgh70.00cde47.00jLSD (5%)0.210.150.190.730.180.410.545.931.83

 Means within a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5�]� < 0.05; LSD is the Least Significant Difference of means, I-Rhizobia Inoculation; NI-Non Rhizobia Inoculation, TSP- Triple Superphosphate; WH-Water Hyacinth Compost 
3.2 Bean growth and Yield: 
The growth and yield of beans varied between treatments in the SR and LR seasons across the two sites (Tables 7 and 8). The DW was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in inoculated Rose coco control with P at Kisumu and inoculated Yellow bean with urea at Kakamega in SR. The average DW of bean plants in Kakamega was high compared Kisumu in all the treatments in the LR.  Bean plants grown with urea treatments produced the least number of nodules in all the seasons. Water hyacinth compost and control with P treatments had more nodules compared to other treatments. The number of pods was high in inoculated Rose coco beans grown with water hyacinth and Yellow bean with absolute control in Kisumu in SR.  Kakamega had fewer pods in  none inoculated Yellow beans treated with water hyacinth and urea. More pods were found in inoculated Yellow beans treated with water hyacinth compost, non inoculated urea and absolute control in LR. Bean yield was high in inoculated Yellow and Rose coco bean plants treated with urea (382 kg ha-1 and 341 kg ha-1) in Kisumu and Kakamega respectively in the SR. None inoculated Rose coco with water hyacinth compost had higher yield (1583.4 kg ha-1) compared to the other treatments in  Kakamega. At the end of the LR season yield increment of 1525.8 kg ha-1 and 1299.9 kg ha-1  was recorded in inoculated Rose coco grown with water hyacinth compost and control with P respectively (Figure 1). However inoculated Yellow bean grown with urea and Rose coco in absolute control produced the least yield increment of 446.4 kg ha-1 in the LR. Rhizobium inoculation had no significant influence on bean yield in different treatments in the SR and LR seasons.


Table 7: Yield of common bean in the short rains (SR) 

KisumuKakamegaTreatments DW
(g plant-1)Nodules
per plantPods
per plantYield
(kg ha-1)DW
(g plant-1)Nodules
per plantPods
per plantYield
(kg ha-1)1Rose Coco-I12.4bc60ed13efgh129.1fg5.5c87a14abc323.5abc2Rose Coco NI7.9efg14f15cdefg266.2b4.7c73ab12bcde182.5fg3Rose Coco TSP-I17.0a78ab13fgh120.7g6.0bc61b16ab250.4def4Rose Coco TSP-NI11.4bcd77abc11h181.1defg4.9c59b13abcd269.3bcd5Rose Coco UREA-I6.9fg9f18bc256.7bc5.8bc3c14abc341.0a6Rose Coco UREA-NI14.0ab19f14defgh265.0b4.5c7c11cde326.8ab7Rose Coco WH-I5.7g63cde23a193.0de5.5c60b17a244.0def8Rose Coco WH-NI10.1cdef72bcd16cdef202.3cd5.6c92a9def238.9def9Yellow bean-I8.3defg91a21ab133.8efg5.0c74ab11bcde221.4defg10Yellow bean-NI7.5efg16f14defgh195.9cd7.0bc11c9def235.4def11Yellow bean TSP-I7.1efg59e18bc143.3defg8.7b86a13abcd152.8g12Yellow bean TSP-NI12.0bc84ab15cdefg198.3cd4.9c81a10cdef254.2cde13Yellow bean UREA-I5.6g6f16cde382.0a14.0a7c11cde290.0abcd14Yellow bean UREA-NI10.3cde10f15cdefg312.1b4.9c4c8ef287.1abcd15Yellow bean WH-I6.8fg90a17cd184.2def5.7bc74ab14abc245.8def16Yellow bean WH-NI8.0efg55e12gh202.3cd4.8c60b6f191.3efgLSD (5%)3.414.43.661.73.119.44.771.4CV (%)2217141830222517
Means within a column followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different at 5�]� < 0.05; LSD is the Least Significant Difference of means, CV-Coefficient of Variation; I-Rhizobia Inoculation; NI-Non Rhizobia Inoculation, TSP- Triple Superphosphate; WH-Water Hyacinth Compost 
 Table 8: Yield of Common bean in the long rains (LR)

KisumuKakamegaTreatmentDW
(g plant-1)Nodules
per plantPods
per plantYield
(kg ha-1)DW
(g plant-1)Nodules
per plantPods
per plantYield
(kg ha-1)1Rose Coco-I6.3defg13cd7g95.7h13.3bcd19c11a1069.6g2Rose Coco NI6.0fg4e9efg223.4fg14.8bc18cd13a691.7g3Rose Coco TSP-I7.8cdef13cd13cdefg251.9efg16.5ab37a13a1419.1cd4Rose Coco TSP-NI6.2efg10d13cdefg423.4bc13.9bcd12de16a1006.0b5Rose Coco UREA-I9.3bcdef3e16cdef258.4ef12.0cd4f14a1196.9bc6Rose Coco UREA-NI9.5bcdef13cd11defg486.1ab13.3bcd4f12a1063.9bc7Rose Coco WH-I9.8bcd17ab6g530.9a15.0abc16cde12a957.6cde8Rose Coco WH-NI10.9abc14bc8fg383.6cd15.9ab28b13a1583.4a9Yellow bean-I3.8g3e18cd177.7g18.4a16cde15a656.8g10Yellow bean-NI14.2a13cd29a92.2h10.9d10ef14a807.2efg11Yellow bean TSP-I12.0ab12cd19bcd188.6fg14.2bcd10ef15a698.2fg12Yellow bean TSP-NI9.1bcdef12cd16cdef319.1de14.0bcd18cd13a893.4cde13Yellow bean UREA-I12.4ab3e17cde423.4bc13.2bcd5f15a695.0g14Yellow bean UREA-NI9.9bc3e27ab426.2bc14.9abc5f13a796.2efg15Yellow bean WH-I8.9bcdef18a21abc470.2ab16.6ab30b14a879.4def16Yellow bean WH-NI9.6bcde4e19bcd453.2abc13.3bcd21c15a1191.0bLSD (5%)3.63.8980.43.76.44.2182.1CV (%)2424351515241811
Means within a column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5�]� < 0.05; LSD is the Least Significant Difference of means, CV-Coefficient of Variation; I-Rhizobia Inoculation; NI-Non Rhizobia Inoculation, TSP- Triple Superphosphate; WH-Water Hyacinth Compost 





Key: YB-Yellow bean, RC-Rose coco, I-Inoculated, NI-Non Inoculated 

Figure 1: Mean yield increment in the long rains (LR) season 


4. Discussion 
After two seasons of application of organic compost and growing of common bean, no significance influence on soil properties was observed at the two sites. Lack of change in the soil properties could be attributed to the long term effect of compost application in soil. These results corroborates similar previous studies that demonstrated slow N mineralization from organic compost in the short term  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wadhwa</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText>[20,21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wadhwa, M</author><author>Bakshi, MPS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products</title><secondary-title>RAP Publication</secondary-title></titles><volume>4</volume><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Diacono</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>2347</RecNum><record><rec-number>2347</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="50wxdpzd9vd5r7e9t5b595djrfpttrxw9avp" timestamp="1475837812">2347</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Diacono, Mariangela</author><author>Montemurro, Francesco</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. A review</title><secondary-title>Agronomy for Sustainable Development</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Agronomy for Sustainable Development</full-title></periodical><pages>401-422</pages><volume>30</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>2010//</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1773-0155</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009040</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1051/agro/2009040</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[20,21]. Diacono and Montemurro (2010) further reported that significant cumulative and residual effect of compost application is usually visible after 4-5 years of continuous application. The current study was conducted for two seasons that may be considered too short to assess the effect of compost on soil properties. In addition, only a fraction of the N and P in compost is readily made available in soil as a larger part remains to be mineralized  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Eghball</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eghball, Bahman</author><author>Ginting, Daniel</author><author>Gilley, John E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Residual effects of manure and compost applications on corn production and soil properties</title><secondary-title>Agronomy journal</secondary-title></titles><pages>442-447</pages><volume>96</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><publisher>American Society of Agronomy</publisher><isbn>1435-0645</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]. Bean plants grown with urea in the SR had high DW due to enhanced vegetative growth that could have been supported by the immediate release of N from inorganic fertilizer. Total shoot and plant biomass always increase in response to added soil N  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zatylny</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">8</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zatylny, AM</author><author>St-Pierre, RG</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nitrogen uptake, leaf nitrogen concentration, and growth of saskatoons in response to soil nitrogen fertility</title><secondary-title>Journal of plant nutrition</secondary-title></titles><pages>209-218</pages><volume>29</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><publisher>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher><isbn>0190-4167</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]. Similarly, Balemi and Negisho  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Balemi</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rd2vw09v62a5tcexpvn5xpefp9sfrfw5w0xr">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Balemi, Tesfaye</author><author>Negisho, Kefiyalew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Management of soil phosphorus and plant adaptation mechanisms to phosphorus stress for sustainable crop production: a review</title><secondary-title>Journal of soil science and plant nutrition</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of soil science and plant nutrition</full-title></periodical><pages>547-562</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>SciELO Chile</publisher><isbn>0718-9516</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24] and Turuko and Mohammed  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Turuko</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rd2vw09v62a5tcexpvn5xpefp9sfrfw5w0xr">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Turuko, Meseret</author><author>Mohammed, Amin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Dry Matter Yield and Yield Components of Common Bean (&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus vulgaris&lt;/i&gt; L.)</title><secondary-title>World Journal of Agricultural Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>World Journal of Agricultural Research</full-title></periodical><pages>88-92</pages><volume>2</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2333-0678</isbn><accession-num>doi:10.12691/wjar-2-3-1</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjar/2/3/1</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25] demonstrated increased DW of Common beans in soils with adequate amount of P. Soil P plays a vital role in enhancing cell division during the growth of plants. Plants in the water hyacinth compost and control with P treatments produced more nodules confirming that compost reduces Aluminium toxicity and promotes nodulation  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lawson</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>11</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lawson, Innocent YD</author><author>Muramatsu, Kikuo</author><author>Nioh, Ichio</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of organic matter on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of soybean grown under acid and saline conditions</title><secondary-title>Soil science and plant nutrition</secondary-title></titles><pages>721-728</pages><volume>41</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1995</year></dates><publisher>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher><isbn>0038-0768</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]. Slow mineralization of the water hyacinth compost could have further led to reduced release of N that favoured the proliferation of nodules. Since adequate soil P improves total and active nodules  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ganeshamurthy</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ganeshamurthy, AN</author><author>Sammi Reddy, K</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of Integrated Use of Farmyard Manure and Sulphur in a Soybean and Wheat Cropping System on Nodulation, Dry Matter Production and Chlorophyll Content of Soybean on Swell Shrink Soils in Central India</title><secondary-title>Journal of Agronomy and crop science</secondary-title></titles><pages>91-97</pages><volume>185</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><publisher>Wiley Online Library</publisher><isbn>1439-037X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[27], water hyacinth compost could have supplied sufficient P that supported the formation of nodules. Legume nodulation is an energy driven process and requires P to provide nutrition for N fixation. The low number of nodules observed in the plants grown with urea resulted from the inhibitory effects of N. Soil N inhibits nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in many legume crops including common bean  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Salvagiotti</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText>[10,28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Salvagiotti, Fernando</author><author>Cassman, Kenneth G</author><author>Specht, James E</author><author>Walters, Daniel T</author><author>Weiss, Albert</author><author>Dobermann, A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nitrogen uptake, fixation and response to fertilizer N in soybeans: A review</title><secondary-title>Field Crops Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>1-13</pages><volume>108</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><isbn>0378-4290</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gentili</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gentili, Francesco</author><author>Wall, Luis G</author><author>Huss-Danell, Kerstin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on nodulation are seen already at the stage of early cortical cell divisions in Alnus incana</title><secondary-title>Annals of botany</secondary-title></titles><pages>309-315</pages><volume>98</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><publisher>Annals Botany Co</publisher><isbn>0305-7364</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[10,28]. High soil N levels inhibit early cell divisions in the cortex thus inhibiting nodulation. The high number of pods in the water hyacinth compost treated plants corroborates the findings of other authors. These authors reported that addition of organic compost increases the number of pods in different crop legumes  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Azimzadeh</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText>[29,30]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Azimzadeh, Y</author><author>Shirvani, M</author><author>Shariatmadari, H</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Green manure and overlapped rhizosphere effects on Pb chemical forms in soil and plant uptake in maize/canola intercrop systems: a rhizobox study</title><secondary-title>Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal</secondary-title></titles><pages>677-690</pages><volume>23</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><publisher>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher><isbn>1532-0383</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Azimzadeh</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Azimzadeh, Yaser</author><author>Shirvani, Mehran</author><author>Shariatmadari, Hossein</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Rhizosphere and green manure effects on soil chemical attributes and metal bioavailability as a function of the distance from plant roots in mono and mixed corn and canola cultures</title><secondary-title>Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science</secondary-title></titles><pages>1066-1081</pages><volume>62</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher><isbn>0365-0340</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29,30]. 
Higher bean yield in the urea treatments in the SR at the two sites could have resulted from the readily available N in it. The bean yield was significantly higher in water hyacinth compost plants at Kakamega during the LR. This could be due to the provision of additional soil benefits besides N by the organic compost that promoted plant growth and yield  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [2,31,32]. In a similar study, Mucheru-Muna et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mucheru-Muna</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2339</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2339</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="50wxdpzd9vd5r7e9t5b595djrfpttrxw9avp" timestamp="1474479979">2339</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mucheru-Muna, Monicah</author><author>Mugendi, Daniel</author><author>Kung�u, James</author><author>Mugwe, Jayne</author><author>Bationo, Andre</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of organic and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield and soil chemical properties in a maize cropping system in Meru South District, Kenya</title><secondary-title>Agroforestry Systems</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Agroforestry Systems</full-title></periodical><pages>189-197</pages><volume>69</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>0167-4366</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2] demonstrated that organic compost supplies essential plant nutrients by alleviating Al toxicity and producing organic acids which complex with Al increasing nutrient availability and crop yield. The readily decomposed form of the water hyacinth compost used in this study could have further improved yield. Application of readily decomposed organic material has been shown to improve crop tolerance to root rots and hence crop yield  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Otieno</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Otieno, PE</author><author>Muthomi, JW</author><author>Nderitu, JH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of rhizobia inoculation, farmyard manure and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, nodulation and yield of selected food grain legumes</title><secondary-title>African Crop Science Conference Proceedings</secondary-title></titles><pages>305-312</pages><volume>8</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[33]. The yield increment in compost treatments at the end of the LR season may be attributed to gradual release of nutrients by the compost over prolonged periods of time  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Okalebo</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>22</RecNum><DisplayText>[34]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Okalebo, JR</author><author>Othieno, Caleb O</author><author>Woomer, Paul L</author><author>Karanja, NK</author><author>Semoka, JRM</author><author>Bekunda, MA</author><author>Mugendi, Daniel N</author><author>Muasya, RM</author><author>Bationo, Andr�</author><author>Mukhwana, EJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Available technologies to replenish soil fertility in East Africa</title><secondary-title>Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities</secondary-title></titles><pages>45-62</pages><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><isbn>1402057598</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[34]. The high amount of organic carbon and a basic pH of the water hyacinth compost could have further supported the high bean yield. Organic matter increases moisture retention of soil and nutrient dissolution particularly P and N over time  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Otieno</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Otieno, PE</author><author>Muthomi, JW</author><author>Nderitu, JH</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of rhizobia inoculation, farmyard manure and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, nodulation and yield of selected food grain legumes</title><secondary-title>African Crop Science Conference Proceedings</secondary-title></titles><pages>305-312</pages><volume>8</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[33]. Addition of organic residues with alkaline pH such as water hyacinth compost could be a low-input strategy of reducing lime requirements in acidic soils  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Naluyange</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><DisplayText>[35,36]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">23</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Naluyange, Victoria</author><author>Ochieno, Dennis MW</author><author>Maingi, John M</author><author>Ombori, Omwoyo</author><author>Mukaminega, Dative</author><author>Amoding, Alice</author><author>Odendo, Martins</author><author>Okoth, Sheila A</author><author>Shivoga, William A</author><author>Muoma, John VO</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Compatibility of Rhizobium inoculant and water hyacinth compost formulations in Rosecoco bean and consequences on Aphis fabae and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum infestations</title><secondary-title>Applied Soil Ecology</secondary-title></titles><pages>68-77</pages><volume>76</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><isbn>0929-1393</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mokolobate</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wa0festz4zwf9oevxejvw25s0ssfd9peraas">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mokolobate, M</author><author>Haynes, R</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparative liming effect of four organic residues applied to an acid soil</title><secondary-title>Biology and Fertility of Soils</secondary-title></titles><pages>79-85</pages><volume>35</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><isbn>0178-2762</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[35,36]. There were low yields of plants in the control with no P and urea treatments. Low yields in the absolute control could be due lack of external nutrient replenishment. The heavy rains in the LR season could have resulted in rapid solubility that led to N loss through leaching and run off. Bationo et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bationo</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText>[37]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rpv2pt5sys0axrewfssxfw0mfzwvrfz9f0tf">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bationo, Andre</author><author>Hartemink, Alfred</author><author>Lungu, Obed</author><author>Naimi, Mustapha</author><author>Okoth, Peter</author><author>Smaling, Eric</author><author>Thiombiano, Lamourdia</author><author>Waswa, Boaz</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Knowing the African soils to improve fertilizer recommendations</title><secondary-title>Improving soil fertility recommendations in Africa using the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT)</secondary-title></titles><pages>19-42</pages><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>Springer</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[37] pointed out that regular use inorganic fertilizer does not increase crop yield but just sustain them. Inoculation of beans with commercial Rhizobium inoculant did not improve yield across the two seasons. Similarly, Kawaka et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kawaka</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>[38]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="rpv2pt5sys0axrewfssxfw0mfzwvrfz9f0tf">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawaka, Fanuel</author><author>Dida, Mathews M</author><author>Opala, Peter A</author><author>Ombori, Omwoyo</author><author>Maingi, John</author><author>Osoro, Newton</author><author>Muthini, Morris</author><author>Amoding, Alice</author><author>Mukaminega, Dative</author><author>Muoma, John</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Symbiotic efficiency of native rhizobia nodulating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in soils of Western Kenya</title><secondary-title>International scholarly research notices</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International scholarly research notices</full-title></periodical><pages>1-8</pages><volume>2014</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><publisher>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[38]  reported the occurrence of resident Rhizobia in soils of western Kenya with superior nitrogen fixation than commercial inoculants. High population of ineffective rhizobia soil also limits the effectiveness of the introduced inoculum strains  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [38,39,40]. Since no significant differences on soil properties was observed across the two seasons, long term experiments are therefore needed to ascertain the effect of water hyacinth compost on soil. The improved yield in water hyacinth compost treatments during the LR demonstrates benefits that can be derived from water hyacinth compost. However more field testing and economic analysis is required before it can be recommended for adoption as a substitute for inorganic N source among smallholder farmers.

Conclusions
The study showed limited significant changes in soil properties at the end of the SR and LR seasons across the two sites. This observation suggest that long term field experiments are required to ascertain the effect of water hyacinth compost on soil. The improved yield in water hyacinth compost treatments during the LR demonstrates benefits that can be derived from water hyacinth compost. However more field testing and economic analysis is required before it can be recommended for adoption as a substitute for inorganic N source among smallholder farmers in western Kenya.

Acknowledgment
The work was supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Inter-University Council for East Africa (IUCEA) through the Lake Victoria Research Initiative (VicRes), National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), the �rskov Foundation (Scotland, UK) and Association of African Universities (AAU) Small Grants for Theses and Dissertations Programme

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=>Lp|������	�	�	89GH�����··¬������������{t{t{�dThXy>h{Y-5�CJOJQJaJhXy>hR^�5�CJOJQJaJhXy>h�r�hXy>hg_�hXy>hg_�5�CJOJQJaJhXy>h�$CJOJQJaJhXy>hY@8OJQJhXy>h�,�OJQJhXy>h�9�OJQJhXy>h;BOJQJhXy>h�Y�OJQJhXy>hV#�OJQJhXy>OJQJmHnHujhXy>hV#�OJQJUHf�������XYd}����������
  �#�����������������²��p\H\FU'hXy>hXy>CJOJQJaJmHnHu'hXy>hXy>CJOJQJaJmHnHuhXy>h"�CJOJQJaJ%jhXy>h"�CJOJQJUaJhXy>h�,�5�CJOJQJaJhXy>h7e5�CJOJQJaJhXy>hg_�5�CJOJQJaJhXy>h{Y-CJOJQJaJ hXy>h��CJOJPJQJaJhXy>h��CJOJQJaJhXy>h�t�CJOJQJaJ��
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