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�+��;�+�+V3@�3������sf������&�D3�;q<0�<P3xA(�A�3�3�A��4���+������;�;�)�����<������������������������������������������������������������������������A���������B b:	)Effectiveness of social assertiveness training on the adaptability and marital satisfaction in couples incompatible
Mohammad Bakhshi Mashhadlu; Ph. D. Candidate in Psychology, Department of  Humanities, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
Tavakool Mousazadeh; Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
Mohammad Narimani; Professor of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran


Abstract: 
The purpose of this study was to investigate the Effectiveness of social assertiveness training on the adaptability and marital satisfaction in couples incompatible. For this purpose, 30 couples who were assigned to counseling centers in the city of Ardabil under the supervision of the psychology system in the years 2017-2018 were randomly assigned to two groups: social assertiveness training intervention group (15 couples) and control group (15 couples). The first intervention group received social assertiveness training and the second group did not receive any training. The data were collected from the adaptability scale and family bonding and standard marital satisfaction questionnaire. Their results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of social assertiveness training intervention and the control group in the difference between the pretest-posttest scores, the adaptability with marital satisfaction and the marital satisfaction(P<0/01). In other words, the mean difference between the pretest and posttest scores of adaptation and marital satisfaction in the social assertiveness training group was more than the control group. The results of this study, along with other research findings, indicate that social assertiveness training skills affect the increase of adaptability and marital satisfaction in maladaptive couples.
Keywords: Effectiveness, assertiveness training, adaptability, marital satisfaction, couples incompatible

Introduction
Family is the footstone of the great human society and plays a fundamental role in the strength of social relationships and growth of individual members of society. Levy considers family as a social unit that is formed based on marriage (Sarookhani, 1991). What are important in a marriage is marital satisfaction and a situation in which couples have in the most of the time feelings resulting from happiness and satisfaction from each other in the interpersonal interactions (Ashtiani & Ahmadi, 2009). In the other words, what is important in a marriage is marital compatibility and satisfaction with marriage. Marital satisfaction has been defined as such: a) couple�s agreement concerning the issues that may bring acute problems, b) common interests and activities, c) showing open and frequent affection and mutual trust, d) little complaint, and e) rare complaint from loneliness, misfortune, resentment (kareni, Kombes, 2016). Hence, one of the most important factors influencing on the survival, durability and growth of a family is healthy relationships based on compatibility and understanding between couples. Marital compatibility is one of the most important factors influencing on family and family life is formed during the daily interactions between couples and the very interactions give meaning to family life and determines the expectations of family members from each other (Mehrabizadeh & colleagues). Marital compatibility has a major impact on many dimensions of individual and social life of couples including mental health (Khodabakhshi, 2013). Overwhelming acceleration of recent transformations and developments of extensive and complex human communications network and quick social and cultural changes have created numerous problems over compromise and compatibility of couples and other members of family. High statistics of family disputes and divorce in the recent decade suggest lack of adaptability and marital dissatisfaction between couples (Shahgholian, 2007). Also, evaluation and comparison of family function among couples satisfied with marital living and couples dissatisfied with the living and divorcing indicate that each of the couple�s lack of familiarity with psychological skills and accepting family roles play an impressive role in leading the couples to incompatibility and divorce (bahari, 2001). Also, the life of couples who are hopeful and have a successful and ideal marriage results into a cold and without intimacy relationship because of not being aware of life skills (Fathi, 2006). 
Research findings imply that several factors influence of adaptability and marital satisfaction, among the influential factors are assertiveness training skill. Assertiveness means defending oneself rights and expressing thoughts and feelings that is performed directly, honestly and appropriate. Assertive people respect for themselves and others, they aren�t passive and while respect for others� desires and needs, wouldn�t permit to the other people to abuse them and make violent relationship with them (Klinge, 1990; translated by Mohamadkhani, 2011). 
The aim of assertiveness training is change in the person herself/himself rather than changing other people in order to express her/his needs, feelings and thoughts and stay safe against possible hurts. That is, sometimes it is possible that an individual despite of using assertive behaviors wouldn�t reach to her desire, but she wouldn�t disappointment from the negative response and makes her assertive request from other person until achieve to a solution for te problem (Amirhoseini, 2008). 
One of the advantages of assertiveness is the positive feeling that a person has about herself. Assertive people in comparison with compatible and aggressive ones have a better feeling about themselves. They feel self-esteem and see themselves honorable and dear. Also assertive people�s life is meaningful. They permit to others to think and act independent and themselves in addition to disclosing their desires, avoid bully, consistency, domination, despicability and abjection. Of course, it is worth noting that though assertive behavior generally has positive results, but to which some people show negative response; so, in every situation, before making decision to perform an assertive behavior, first its outcomes has to be considered (Hossein zadeh, 2009). Research have indicated that assertiveness training results in improving self-assertiveness, self-esteem, interpersonal interactions and communicative skills and increases individual compatibility (Leen& colleagues, 2004). Assertiveness is one of the most significant and fundamental social skills that is important in establishing, maintaining and cohering interpersonal relationships. In general, self-assertiveness can be considered as ability to honestly express opinions, feelings and attitudes without feeling anxious. Self-assertiveness also includes defending from oneself rights in a form that other people�s right wouldn�t be violated (World Health Organization, 2006). Self-assertiveness cause that one makes close and intimate relationship with others in which while respecting for the others� privacy and rights, a person keep immune herself from the others� abuse (Alberti & Amons, 1975). Non-assertive behaviors (self-assertiveness) such as shyness, isolation, submissiveness, inefficiency in the interpersonal interactions, in one hand, and aggressive behaviors, harshness, explosive and responsive behaviors, in the other hand, is considered a kind of disorder in social interactions.  In the other hand, compatibility and interaction in interpersonal relationships has given double psychological and social importance to the necessity of paying attention to self-assertiveness yet through proper self-assertiveness can insist on realizing individual rights and express self feelings positively and effectively; it is attempted to avoid displaying social conflicts and wouldn�t hurt other�s rights as much as possible. So, the necessity of attention to self-assertiveness and training it imply individual and social mental health (Harji et. Al., 2005). Therefore, it seems that couples by entering in the new marital world each party needs a series of new psychological skills until while respecting for the personal world of the other party respect for her/his needs and individual space. For the reason discussing psychological skill and awareness of some of social interactions principles of self-assertiveness, have a particular importance in marital compatibility. Thus, the main question of the present study is that if assertiveness training has impact on level of cognitive adaptability, sense of affinity and martial interactions in the couples demanding divorce?
The research hypotheses are as following:
determining effectiveness of assertiveness training method on increase of adaptability level in incompatible couple
 determining effectiveness of assertiveness training method on increase of marital satisfaction level in incompatible couple

Methodology
Method of the present research is experimental and using pretest- posttest plan with control group. In experimental plans maximum control is applied on internal validity variables. From volunteer people who have necessary preparation in order to participate in intervention plan and qualify for included criteria, two test and control group were selected. Social problem solving sessions were implemented for test group. 

Statistical population and sample 
Statistical population of the present research include all couples refer to the counseling centers of Germi city in order to solve marital problems and conflicts under the supervision of the psychological system during 2017-18. In this research available sampling method has been used, such that after announcement among volunteers who desired to attend the plan and qualified to participate in the sessions, 30 couples who obtained least scores in marital satisfaction questionnaire and family adaptability and had more incompatible marital situation were selected, and by random assignment allocated to two test group (12 couples in test group of assertiveness training method) and control group (12 couples). Conditions to enter into the groups also included having at least 5 years of shared life history, age range of 26 to 55, requesting divorce, attending in all sessions until the end of treatment and not receiving individual counseling services during the treatment sessions. Using psychiatric and psychotropic drugs also was considered exclusion criteria from the study. 

Research tools
1. Adaptability and family affinity scale (FACES-3): this scale has been designed and developed in order to evaluate family acting and is among the most applied scales used to measure family structure. This scale that is third review of adaptability and family affiliation has been designed by Olson and colleagues (1985) in order to measure two main dimensions of �Circumplex� model, i.e. family �affiliation�, �adaptability� and is a self-report questionnaire including 20 items that 10 measures affiliation and 10 measures adaptability in family. Also Olson has assumed that difference between a person�s perceptions concerning how a family acts and ideally a family how must to act, provide direct measurement of satisfaction with family. Therefore, this scale has been designed in the way that both obtain description of the perceived situation (current situation) and ideal situation in the family system and by calculating the two score, obtain satisfaction with family. The more this difference, the less satisfaction with family. Regarding the psychometric features of the test, validity for affiliation and adaptability dimensions has been reported .77 and .62, respectively. Also in the research by Mazaheri and colleagues (2008) the present scale validity by Cronbach's alpha for affiliation and adaptability dimensions was obtained .74 and .75, respectively (cited fron Mazaheri & colleagues, 2008). 
2.  Standard questionnaire of marital satisfaction �Enrich�: to examine marital satisfaction, Enrich questionnaire was used. This questionnaire has been applied as a valid tool in several researches to measure marital satisfaction. The aim of this questionnaire is to determine working scopes and strengths of marital relation. Enrich questionnaire is available in the form of 115 and 125 items, too, that is applied to evaluate potential problematic grounds or to identify strengths and productiveness. Also it is used to recognize couples who need counseling and reinforcing their relationship. In Iran short test form with 47 items was standardized. In the current study its 47 items version was used. Researchers by classifying related questions have divided the above 47 questions by 9 components including: personality issues, dual relation, solving conflict, financial management, leisure time activities, sexual relation, parenting, relationship with relatives and friends and religious orientation that each of the components measure a particular dimension of marital satisfaction. Questions of this questionnaire were codified according Likert five-point scale from 1 to 5. Meanwhile, some of the questions were scored in reverse order. In the Enrich questionnaire of marital satisfaction, answering to questions was as 5-degree Liker spectrum from 5 = totally agree to 1 = totally disagree. The least and highest scores are 47 and 235, respectively. And people who scored under 150 have a level of marital incompatibility. For Cronbach's alpha Olson and colleagues have reported .92 and Soleimanian and Navabi nejad have reported .95. 

Findings
In order to use parametric statistics techniques, distribution of standard variable values has to be normal that is tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Among the assumptions that is considered in analyzing multivariable variance, is assuming normality distribution using the test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Also for the end, Box test was used to examine the homogeneity presumption of variance-covariance matrix of the research variables in the studied groups. 

Table 1: result of normality test of variable standard
factorSignificance levelError valueConfirming hypothesis conclusionadaptability.086.05H0normalMarital satisfaction.201.05H0normal
Considering the results of table (1) because the value of significance level for all variables of the research is higher than error value .05, consequently these variables have normal distribution. 
Table 2: result of Box test to examine homogeneity presumption of variance-covariance matrix of the research variables
BOX SMFsignificance6.5891.135.365

Table 2 shows that value of significance level is (P> .05) that indicates that homogeneity requirement of variance-covariance matrix has been met well. (F= 1.135, P>.05)

Table 3: results of testing significance of multivariable variance analysis in incompatible couples




grouptestvalueFHypothsis dfError dfp
Piley effect1.4121.43227.00Lambda Vikles.04322.71227.00Hoteling effect7.8427.49227.00Rooting 6.9347.82227.00
As table (3) indicates Lambda Wikis value is .043 that this value is significant in the (Pd".01) level. The smaller Lambda Wiki, it implies that there is a significant difference between the two groups. 
Table 4. average and standard deviation of marital interactions in terms of assertiveness method among the studied groups
variableAdaptability dimensions                             groupPre-test controlPost-test controlPre-test experimentPost-test experiment����� �� �assertivenessadaptability17.105.3317.355.2317.154.8723.635.14Family affiliation 16.135.4116.154.8717.354.8322.465.63total33.234.7933.506.5434.502.4546.095.23
Table 5: results of test of variance analysis of adaptability multivariable
Source of changesSum of squares dfAverage of squares F�model184566.631184566.635914.47.001group2726.0612426.0687.37.001error72072831.19
According tabe (5) and considering the value F = 87.37 and also in view of significance level of test error for confidence level .99 is less than .01, therefore it can be said that assertiveness method increases level of adaptability in incompatible couples then the third hypothesis also is confirmed. 



Table 6: average and standard deviation of marital satisfaction in terms of assertiveness method among studied groups
variabledimensions of marital satisfaction                               groupPre-test controlPost-test controlPre-test experimentPost-test experiment����� �� �Assertiveness method
Idealized distortion11.033.2110.434.1110.234.1312.193.01Marital satisfaction20.216.5420.775.1420.236.1423.046.02Personality problems20.233.6520.184.4320.134.2223.155.13Communication18.185.218.124.6717.127.5220.097.31Solving conflict21.287.4122.018.1023.196.4225.625.29Financial management18.124.0118.016.1916.235.3115.996.92Leisure time activity18.984.0319.027.0114.314.1317.216.43Sexual problems24.898.1225.076.6520.336.0430.365.21parenting18.164.0318.195.0220.134.3222.085.34Family and friends23.535.0223.323.0317.927.1224.825.14Role of equality18.194.0418.175.4122.026.3223.627.04Religious orientation18.824.0319.023.8717.344.0120.386.06total231.6232.34232.3128.46219.2836.43258.5532.03
Table 7: results of test of analysis of multivariable variance of marital satisfaction
Source of changesSum of squares dfAverage of squares F�model174205.021174205.026179.02.001group1068.641164.237.03.102error5465.132822.43According the results of table (7) and considering the value of F=7.03 and also that significance level of the test error for confidence level .95 is higher than .05, thus, it can be said that assertiveness method increases marital satisfaction in incompatible couples then the fourth hypothesis is confirmed. 

Discussion and conclusion
The present research aims to examine effectiveness of assertiveness training on increase of adaptability level and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples. According the findings of this study, the first hypothesis, �assertiveness training method impacts on increase of adaptability level in incompatible couples�, was confirmed. Results obtained from the mentioned hypothesis are consistent with another researches such as (Krasa et. al. 2016; Zare, Abbaspoor and Yousefi, 2016; bashi Abdol Ababdi and colleagues. 2016; Fazeli and colleagues, 2015; Sasanpoor, Shahverdian and Ahmadi, 2015; Sasanpoor, Shahverdian and Ahmadi, 2013 and Tavangar, YazdKhasni and Abedi, 2012). To justify the issue, it can be said that training assertiveness method in fact is training social skills by which couples form more intimate interpersonal relationships such that we observe the ability of verbal and non-verbal convey of feelings, thoughts, emotions without experiencing much levels of anxiety or feeling guilty and without violating others� dignity and position. Assertiveness training neither is training aggressiveness that consequently others rights and dignity is violated nor training passive behavior that is ignoring oneself natural and legal rights. In the other words, training assertiveness skill is training the skill of respect for self, respect for mutual relationships and respect for oneself and others value system in which both parties not only have a high compatibility and adaptability but while making adaptability, they are able to achieve to common desires and expectations. Hence, results of the research showed that the method of assertiveness training had significant impact on increase of adaptability level in incompatible couples. 
Also second hypothesis of this study, �assertiveness training method has impact on increase of marital satisfaction in incompatible couples� was confirmed. Results obtained from the mentioned hypothesis are consistent with other studies such as (Krasa et. al. 2016; Zare, Abbaspoor and Yousefi, 2016; bashi Abdol Ababdi and colleagues. 2016; Fazeli and colleagues, 2015; Sasanpoor, Shahverdian and Ahmadi, 2015; Sasanpoor, Shahverdian and Ahmadi, 2013 and Tavangar, YazdKhasni and Abedi, 2012). To explain training the assertiveness method it can be said that as a supportive treatment that requires making a strong relationship between couples can help to growth of close interpersonal relationships, sympathy, regulating emotions and become a efficient interpersonal skill between incompatible couples. Such that in this relationship while respect for others� privacy and rights, a person keeps herself immune from the others� abuse. It seems that couples by entering in the new marital world each party needs a series of new psychological skills until while respecting for the personal world of the other party respect for her/his needs and individual space. Hence, by training assertiveness skill it can be taught to incompatible couples that state their desires and opinions and suggest their emotions effectively and in a positive way and as a result of freely expression of mutual desires and expectations, achieve to valuable feeling and satisfaction with marital relationships. Hence, the research results showed that assertiveness training method had a significant impact on increase of marital satisfaction level in incompatible couples. 
In general, results if this study has indicated that assertiveness skill method has impact on increase of adaptability and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples. In the other words, assertiveness skill method better has been able to impact on adaptability and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples and improves it. 

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 . Corresponding Author: tavakoolmousazadeh@gmail.com
 . Roy's Largest Root









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