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�JfA?A?A?w/t�"t�".JA?w/.JA?A?�?�?�"��������������=Z�?J/KT�K�?mP�>.mP�?�?mPt�?<
w/w/A?w/w/w/w/w/TJTJ?(w/w/w/�Kw/w/w/w/��������������������������������������������������������������������mPw/w/w/w/w/w/w/w/w/�>::	@December, 1 2018
Editorial in chief
Journal of Plant research
Dear Editor 
     I am herewith submitting a manuscript for your consideration of publication in �Journal of Plant research�. Manuscript is entitled �Consortium of rhizobacteria and Trichoderma viride to mitigate root knot nematode wilt coinfection in gherkin)�.
It has not been published elsewhere and that it has not been submitted simultaneously for publication elsewhere.
Type of contribution:
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and it is full length research papers which mainly focus on management of nematode induced disease complex in gherkin in open field conditions.
Nematodes are emerging pests in horticultural crops; nematode infestation in horticultural crop has been a neglected area of research in fact due to non appearance of visible symptoms and difficulty for damage assessment.
Nematodes are sedentary parasites which cause great loss and damage to horticultural crops. Nematodes also interact with soil borne pathogen (fungi and bacteria) which leads to nematode induced disease complex. Keeping this in view, experiments were conducted on interaction between M. incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis on gherkin and effective management of the nematode disease complex by combination of rhizospheric bioagents enriched in vermicompost. 
	Thus the standardization of a suitable consortia formulation and mode of delivery of BCAs in gherkin makes it a potential IPM and IDM component and can be extended to other horticultural crops for successful nematode disease complex management.
Date of preparation: January 2015 to September 2016(Experiment was conducted) after following months manuscript has been prepared.
Number of text pages: 14vpages
Number of tables: 2


Number of Authors:
Mr. Kamalnath.M (Corresponding author)
Research scholar,
Mahaveer Jain College,
Jayanagar 3rd Block, 
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560 011
Mail id:  HYPERLINK "mailto:sankamal86@live.in" sankamal86@live.in
	
Dr M.S Rao
Principal scientist
Division of Entomology and Nematology,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560 089
Contact no: 080-28466311
Mail id:msraobio45@gmail.com	

Dr R Umamaheswari
Scientist
Division of Entomology and Nematology,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560 089
Contact no: 080-28466495
Mail id: umanema369@gmail.com
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,

   














Consortium of rhizobacteria and Trichoderma viride to mitigate root knot nematode wilt coinfection in gherkin 
M. Kamalnath1, 2, M. S. Rao2 and R. Umamaheswari2
1Mahaveer Jain College, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560 011
2Nematology Laboratory, Division of Entomology and Nematology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (ICAR-IIHR), Hessarghatta Lake post, Bengaluru, India-560 089
	
Abstract - Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L., Cucurbitaceae) is called as the pickling cucumber as the fruits are used for preparing pickles for a delicacy savored by people in America, Australia and Europe. It is a profitable commercial crop in southern states of India. Sustainable production of gherkin is extremely hindered by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis nematode induced disease complex. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the biocontrol of this disease complex using rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida IIHR PP-17 and nematophagous fungi Trichoderma viride IIHR TV-2 enriched with de-oiled neem cake. Five liters of consortia formulations of P. putida IIHR PP-17 and T. viride IIHR TV-2 were used to enrich the 1 tons of de-oiled neem cake. This organic substrate was enhanced for 15 days at 25% humidity levels and used for the soil application. It was applied initially at 0.5 tons ha-1 at time of planting and 0.25 tons ha-1 at monthly intervals for 3 months. The results revealed 56-63% decrease of M. incognita population in roots and 40-64% decrease in the disease infestation on gherkin in the plots which were treated with de-oiled neem cake enhanced with consortia formulation. These treatments also increased crop yield by 28.45%.

Key words: Gherkin, Pseudomonas putida, Meloidogyne incognita, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bio-management. 







INTRODUCTION

Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) belongs to the subgenus Melo and grown from Africa. Its wild form known as C. anguria var. I is extensively spread in the northern parts of southern Africa (Matsumoto and Miyagi, 2012). The fruits and leaves are used up as vegetable in the United States, Brazil, India and southern Africa (Welman, 2003, Mangan et al., 2008;). Gherkin is extremely vulnerable to Meloidogyne incognita infection and recorded yield losses to the tune of 38-43% (Nagesh et al., 2005). Ecofriendly production of gherkin is more susceptible by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and co-infection by the wilt fungi Fusarium oxysporum m f. sp. melonis (Rao, 2013). 
Plant parasitic nematodes are known for their synergistic effect with fungal pathogens  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Bergeson, 1972). Nematode wounding of the root paves easy entry of the other fungal or bacterial pathogen (Sarathchandra et al., 1995). 
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) rallies seed emergence, root colonization, stimulates the plant growth and suppress plant diseases. Several earlier studies revealed successful management of crop rhizosphere with PGPR as bioagent of plant pathogens with substantial reduction in plant disease (Ganeshan and Manojkumar., 2005). 
PGPR are familiar to improve the growth promotion and control phytopathogens by siderophore effect (Loper, 1988; Paulitz and Loper, 1991; Dwivedi and Johri, 2003).  Induction of growth promoting substances and antagonist against pathogenic microbes was testified by Ramamurthy et al, (2001) due to PGPR. 
Several efforts have been made to use Trichoderma spp. for the management of plant parasitic nematodes and fungal diseases (Rajinikanth et al., 2013; Kapoor et al., 2010). Simon and Anamika (2011) reported that use of the microbial agent�s viz. T. viride and P. fluorescens reduced nematode disease complex in Chick pea due to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri and M. incognita and increased plant growth.
In a broad-spectrum, controlling of nematode disease complex with a single bioagent might not solve the entire issue because single bioagent might not be active in all soil ecosystems. Combinations of bio agents along with diverse plant colony habitation may be beneficial for the control of various plant diseases via many approaches of disease inhibition. Besides, various bio agents with different organisms involved in various temperatures, moisture conditions and pH may colonize roots and induce the plant growth promotion (Backman et al., 1997).
Keeping this in view, current study was planned to study the combined effect of consortium of PGPR and nematophagous fungi enhanced de-oiled neem cake to manage nematode disease complex caused by M. incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis in gherkin under open field conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Enrichment of organic materials
Liquid formulation of P. putida (IIHR-PP-17) and T. viride (IIHR TV 2) available at Department of Entomology and Nematology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, were used up for de-oiled neem cake (Agro Extracts, Bangalore, India) enrichment. De-oiled neem cake contains organic nitrogen - 1.5%, Phosphorus - 0.15%, Potash -0.5% to 1.8% and Oil - 4%. Five liters of consortia formulation were enriched in 1 ton of each of de-oiled neem cake (Ling et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010). The enrichment process was done under shade without exposure to direct sunlight, covered and optimum humidity (25%) was kept for 15 days. Once in two days, the heap was mixed thoroughly to ensure uniform enrichment (Rao et al., 2017). 

Field evaluation
Neem cake supplemented with P. putida (IIHR-PP-17) and T. viride (IIHR TV 2) was evaluated under field conditions in two different trials from during September to November 2016 and July to September 2017 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India in Gherkin (cv. Ajax). Enriched formulations were applied to the field respect to the treatments in the plots of size 10x1 m2. 
Initial M. incognita and wilt fungal (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis) population was estimated as 198�30 J2 per 100 cc of soil and 3.0 x103 CFU/g soil, respectively for the first trial and 201�15 J2 per 100 cc of soil and 2.2x103 CFU/g soil, respectively for the second season.  Treatments were followed as
T1- Seed treatment of Consortia formulation of P. putida IIHR-PP-17 and T. viride IIHR TV-2 (1% A.S); T2- T1+ Soil application of 0.5 tons ha"1 of de-oiled neem cake enhanced with 5 l of P. putida IIHR-PP-17 before planting followed by application at 0.25 tons ha"1 at monthly interval;  T3- T1+ Soil application of 0.5  tons ha"1of de-oiled neem cake enhanced with 5 l of T.viride IIHR TV-2, before planting followed by application at 0.25 tons ha"1 at monthly interval; T4- T1+ Soil application of 0.5 tons ha"1of de-oiled neem cake enhanced with 5l Consortia of P. putida IIHR-PP-17 and T. viride IIHR TV-2 before planting followed by application at 0.25 tons ha"1 at monthly interval; T5- Soil application of 0.5 tons ha"1of deoiled neem cake alone , before planting followed by application at 0.25 tons ha"1 at monthly interval; T6- Carbofuran (1 kg a.i/ha) + Carbendazim (0.1%/ha) ; T7- untreated seeds sown in the plot treated as control. Experiments were repeated for eight times in randomized block design.
Annotations of root galling index of M. incognita on a 1-5 scale (Heald, 1989), percentage of disease incidence by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Cao et al., 2011) and increase in yield percentage of gherkin at time of harvest were documented. 
Colonization of gherkin roots were analyzed at uprooting plants after 3 months. Colonization of roots by P. putida IIHR-PP-17 and T.viride IIHR TV-2 was measured by  serial dilution technique. One gram of root sample was rinsed, powdered and the Colony forming unit was evaluated as per standard pour plate method using standard serial dilutions method. Freshly prepared King�s B agar media and Trichoderma specific media (Josie et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2010) were poured into each plate and allowed for solidification. Concentrations up to 10-5 concentration were made and 1 ml from each of 10-3 to 10-5 concentrations were taken, then spread into the corresponding petri dishes (Rao et al., 2017). Five repeats for respective concentration were incubated at 28(10 C. 
Subsequently 36 hours, for P. putida IIHR-PP-17, pale green fluorescent light emitting colonies on King�s B media  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>King</Author><Year>1954</Year><RecNum>1990</RecNum><DisplayText>(King, Ward, &amp; Raney, 1954)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1990</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1990</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>King, E. O.,</author><author>Ward, M. K.,</author><author>Raney, D. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Two simple media for demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein</title><secondary-title>J. Lab. Clin. Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J. Lab. Clin. Med</full-title></periodical><pages>301-307</pages><volume>44</volume><dates><year>1954</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "King, 1954 #1990"King et al, 1954) were measured and for T. viride IIHR TV-2, the growth rate and colony morphology on Trichoderma Specific medium was observed after 5 days as per Samuels, 2004. Colony Forming Unit was calculated as per the procedure.
	Data from the field efficacy were analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.3. Homogeneity variances were pooled from the repeated trials.  Each treatments means was calculated using Duncan�s multiple range tests. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Seed and substrate application of neem cake enhanced with consortia formulation of P. putida IIHR PP-17 and T.viride IIHR TV-2 proved the most effective in the control of nematode disease complex caused by M. incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis on gherkin under field conditions. There was a maximum of 57% of reduction in the population of M. incognita, 44.92% of disease incidence by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and substantial increases in the yield of 28.45% (Table 1).            
Neem cake application proved very significant role in effective control of nematodes as it is stated to prevent the way of pathogens through a different method including the exhibition of various antimicrobial mixtures  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Alam and Khan, 1980). 
Root and soil colonization of P. putida IIHR PP-17 and T.viride were more compatible when applied along with neem cake in compared to different treatments. Increased root and soil colonization of P. putida and T.viride showed increase in the reduction in the root knot nematode disease complex(Table 2).
There is a substantial increase in the harvest yield of gherkin (Table 1) compared to control. This might be due to the  growth promoting function of P. putida and T. viride which is been well recognized by Manjula et al., 2004. P. putida has been showed as best candidate in the control of root-knot nematodes (Siddiqui et al.,1999; Parveen et al.,1998) and pathogenic microorganisms  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Cronin, 1997 #1876"Cronin et al, 1997;).
It was observed that application of P. putida IIHR PP-17 and T. viride IIHR TV-2 by neem cake did not distress the root colony habitation. Relatively neem cake eased in the improved colony habitation of both P. putida IIHR PP-17and T. viride IIHR TV-2 (Table 2). 
Rao et al., 201proved that the P. putida IIHR Pp-2 enriched with Farm yard manure showed maximum reduction in nematode disease complex in okra. Similarly, P. putida exhibited higher level of siderophores and antibiotics against pathogenic fungus Fusarium causing negative effect on the pathogen (Elad and Baker, 1985 and Tari and Anderson, 1988). In radish, P. putida strains revealed significant reduction in   F. oxysporum f. sp. raphanin (De boer et al., 2003). Recent studies on P. putida 1A00316 deciphered the production of different types of volatiles that proved antagonism against M. incognita (Zhai et al., 2018). 
T. viride is a promising candidate as a biocontrol agent as proved by many researchers. It produces several enzymes to kill soil borne pathogens (Faruk, et al., 2002; Harman, et al., 2004; Monte, 2001; Kamlesh and Gujar 2002; Rajinikanth et al., 2016). 
Several researchers reported that the Trichoderma species produce various extracellular enzymes such as �-1, 3- glucanase, �-1, 6-glucanase, protease, and lectin either might be responsible for the reduction of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cicero (Bunker and Mathur, 2001; Jayalakshmi et al., 2009; Shabir et al., 2013).
Inbar et al., 1994 reported that Trichoderma secretes various secondary substances such as glioviridin and gliotoxin against various pathogens.
Thus, exhibition of multiple modes of action like production of secondary metabolites, sideropores, anbibiotics, volatiles and enzymes by P. putida IIHR PP-17 and T. viride IIHR TV-2 might have played a role in management of nematode induced diseases complex 

CONCLUSION

In summary, the combined approach of neem cake enhanced with P. putida IIHR PP-17 and T.viride IIHR TV-2 showed significant reduction in the nematode disease complex in gherkin. Further investigations are needed to understand the mechanism between the microbes and organic matter. Microbial consortia with organic material have a huge potential for sustainable agriculture where priorities are set for reducing the usage of chemicals.












TREATMENTSRoot galling index on    1-5 ScaleNematode populationDisease
Incidence (%)% increase in yield
Soil/100ccRoot/gT14.2�0.31112.23�1.2140.23�1.2975.67�0.4410.87�0.11T22.8�0.8072.46�2.4234.10�0.9770.45�0.7919.51�0.44T32.2�0.1570.93�0.8332.12�0.7765.78�0.5124.39�0.92T41.5�3159.87�0.8221.51�1.4144.92�1.0228.45�0.94NC3.7�0.16120.29�0.9741.23�0.9078.45�0.464.23�0.96CHEMICAL2.4�0.1574.57�2.4334.56�1.9349.45�0.4217.39�9.76CONTROL5�0.31198�1.6850.86�0.5588.0�1.040.00C D 5%0.442.261.641.500.77


Table 1: Effect of bioagent consortia enriched with neem cake against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis diseases complex in gherkin


Treatments were represented by eight replicates, each with ten plants. Average no of plants � standard deviation.











Table 2: Rhizosperic density of T.viride IIHR �TV and P.putida IIHR-PP 17 under field conditions.


TreatmentsSoil density of P.putida IIHR-PP-17 (X103 CFU/g)Soil density of T.viride IIHR TV-2 (X103 CFU/g)SoilRootSoilRootT12.8�0.071.6�0.151.75�0.121.3�0.13T24.2�0.83.1�0.1100T3004.2�0.154.5�0.22T42.91�0.032.5�0.073.2�0.164.2�0.23NC0000Chemical 0000Control 0000CD 5%0.050.120.130.22Treatments were represented by eight replicates, each with ten plants. Average no of plants � standard deviation.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru, India, for providing required facilities to conduct the experiments. The financial support from Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, is greatly acknowledged. The study is a part of the PhD research of the senior author.





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ppp�p�p�p�p�p(q*q5q6q7q;q<qvq�q�q�q�q�q�q�q8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8@9`9d9j9n9o9u9v9w99�9�9�9�9�9�9�9::������������������������νܽܽ�ܱ�ν������������ʝʝʝʝΝν�h��h�9�h>[h�9�\�	h�9�\�h�}�h�9�6�\�U	hxH@\�h,�h�9�6�hxH@h�9�h�@�h�9�6�\�hr#�h�9�\�	h�@�\�	huK\�huKhuK\�huKhuK6�\�>. Root dip treatment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma spp., in the control of root rot-root knot disease complex in chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 17: 67-75.
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Parasitol.</full-title></periodical><pages>301-314</pages><volume>32</volume><dates><year>1972</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Sidhu</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sidhu, G.S.,</author><author>Webster, J.M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Predisposition of tomato to the wilt fungus (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fusarium oxysporum lycopersici</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) by the root-knot nematode (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Meloidogyne incognita</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title>Nematologica</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nematologica</full-title></periodical><pages>436-442</pages><volume>23</volume><dates><year>1977</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mai</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1775</RecNum><record><rec-number>1775</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1775</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mai, W.F.,</author><author>Abawi, G.S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Interaction among root-knot nematodes and Fusarium wilt fungi on host plants</title><secondary-title>Ann. Rev. Phytopath.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ann. Rev. Phytopath.</full-title></periodical><pages>317-338</pages><volume>25 </volume><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bergeson</Author><Year>1972</Year><RecNum>1773</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bergeson, 1972; Mai &amp; Abawi, 1987; Sidhu &amp; Webster, 1977)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1773</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1773</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bergeson, G.B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Concepts of nematode-fungus associations in plant disease complexes</title><secondary-title>A review. Exptl. Parasitol.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>A review. Exptl. Parasitol.</full-title></periodical><pages>301-314</pages><volume>32</volume><dates><year>1972</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Sidhu</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sidhu, G.S.,</author><author>Webster, J.M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Predisposition of tomato to the wilt fungus (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fusarium oxysporum lycopersici</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) by the root-knot nematode (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Meloidogyne incognita</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title>Nematologica</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nematologica</full-title></periodical><pages>436-442</pages><volume>23</volume><dates><year>1977</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mai</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1775</RecNum><record><rec-number>1775</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1775</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mai, W.F.,</author><author>Abawi, G.S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title> Interaction among root-knot nematodes and Fusarium wilt fungi on host plants</title><secondary-title>Ann. Rev. Phytopath.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Ann. Rev. Phytopath.</full-title></periodical><pages>317-338</pages><volume>25 </volume><dates><year>1987</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Muller</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>2052</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alam &amp; Khan, 1980; Mankau, 1962; Muller &amp; Gooch, 1982)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2052</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2052</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Muller, R.</author><author>Gooch </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Organic amendments in nematode control. An examination of literature</title><secondary-title>Nematropica </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nematropica</full-title></periodical><pages> 319 - 326</pages><volume>12</volume><dates><year>1982</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mankau</Author><Year>1962</Year><RecNum>2051</RecNum><record><rec-number>2051</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2051</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mankau, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of organic soil amendments on nematode populations</title><secondary-title>Phytophathology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phytophathology</full-title></periodical><pages>881-882</pages><volume>53</volume><dates><year>1962</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Alam</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2053</RecNum><record><rec-number>2053</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2053</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alam, M. M. </author><author>Khan, A. M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of organic amendments on the growth and chemical composition of tomato, egg plant, chilli and their susceptibility to attack by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Meloidogyne incognita</style></title><secondary-title>Plant and Soil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Plant and Soil</full-title></periodical><pages>231-236</pages><volume>57</volume><dates><year>1980</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Muller</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>2052</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alam &amp; Khan, 1980; Mankau, 1962; Muller &amp; Gooch, 1982)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2052</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2052</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Muller, R.</author><author>Gooch </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Organic amendments in nematode control. An examination of literature</title><secondary-title>Nematropica </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nematropica</full-title></periodical><pages> 319 - 326</pages><volume>12</volume><dates><year>1982</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Mankau</Author><Year>1962</Year><RecNum>2051</RecNum><record><rec-number>2051</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2051</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mankau, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of organic soil amendments on nematode populations</title><secondary-title>Phytophathology </secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phytophathology</full-title></periodical><pages>881-882</pages><volume>53</volume><dates><year>1962</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Alam</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2053</RecNum><record><rec-number>2053</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2053</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alam, M. M. </author><author>Khan, A. M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of organic amendments on the growth and chemical composition of tomato, egg plant, chilli and their susceptibility to attack by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Meloidogyne incognita</style></title><secondary-title>Plant and Soil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Plant and Soil</full-title></periodical><pages>231-236</pages><volume>57</volume><dates><year>1980</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Johnson</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>2116</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cronin et al., 1997; Johnson, Stockwell, Burgett, &amp; Sugar, 1993; Xu &amp; Gross, 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2116</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Johnson, K. B.,</author><author>Stockwell, V. O.,</author><author>Burgett, D. M., </author><author>Sugar, D. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dispersal of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Erwinia amylovora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudomonas fluorescens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by honey bees from hives to apple and pear blossoms </style></title><secondary-title>Phytopathology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phytopathology</full-title></periodical><pages>478-484</pages><volume>85</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cronin</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1876</RecNum><record><rec-number>1876</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1876</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cronin, D.</author><author>Moenne-Loccoz, Y.</author><author>Fenton, A.</author><author>Dunne, C.</author><author>Dowling, D. N.</author><author>O&apos;Gara, F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Role of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol in the Interactions of the Biocontrol Pseudomonad Strain F113 with the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis</title><secondary-title>Appl Environ Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Appl Environ Microbiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1357-61</pages><volume>63</volume><number>4</number><edition>1997/04/01</edition><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0099-2240 (Print)&#xD;0099-2240 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16535571</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16535571</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1389549</custom2><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>2118</RecNum><record><rec-number>2118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu, G.W.,</author><author>Gross, D.C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field evaluations of the interactions among  fluorescent pseudomonads, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Erwinia carotovora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and potato yields</style></title><secondary-title>Phytopathology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phytopathology</full-title></periodical><pages>423-430</pages><volume>76</volume><dates><year>1986</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Johnson</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>2116</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cronin et al., 1997; Johnson, Stockwell, Burgett, &amp; Sugar, 1993; Xu &amp; Gross, 1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2116</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2116</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Johnson, K. B.,</author><author>Stockwell, V. O.,</author><author>Burgett, D. M., </author><author>Sugar, D. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dispersal of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Erwinia amylovora </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudomonas fluorescens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by honey bees from hives to apple and pear blossoms </style></title><secondary-title>Phytopathology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phytopathology</full-title></periodical><pages>478-484</pages><volume>85</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cronin</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1876</RecNum><record><rec-number>1876</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">1876</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cronin, D.</author><author>Moenne-Loccoz, Y.</author><author>Fenton, A.</author><author>Dunne, C.</author><author>Dowling, D. N.</author><author>O&apos;Gara, F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Role of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol in the Interactions of the Biocontrol Pseudomonad Strain F113 with the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera rostochiensis</title><secondary-title>Appl Environ Microbiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Appl Environ Microbiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1357-61</pages><volume>63</volume><number>4</number><edition>1997/04/01</edition><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0099-2240 (Print)&#xD;0099-2240 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16535571</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16535571</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1389549</custom2><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Xu</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>2118</RecNum><record><rec-number>2118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zapv20ve2ds5fue5xr95wf51vr002aswdxfv">2118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xu, G.W.,</author><author>Gross, D.C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field evaluations of the interactions among  fluorescent pseudomonads, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Erwinia carotovora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and potato yields</style></title><secondary-title>Phytopathology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phytopathology</full-title></periodical><pages>423-430</pages><volume>76</volume><dates><year>1986</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>�$$If�!vh#v�#v/#vI
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