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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������y�	��l[bjbjE�E�	�'�'�7S4���������d����ggg���Lg�H� 5 E E E l!l!l!%H'H'H'H'H'H'H$RK��M`KHl!h!l!l!l!KHE E #`H�1�1�1l!	E E %H�1l!%H�1�1�5@|�AE �����S���g�*��@HvH0�H�@�TN..�TN$�A�A0TN�Bl!l!�1l!l!l!l!l!KHKH�1l!l!l!�Hl!l!l!l!��������������������������������������������������������������������TNl!l!l!l!l!l!l!l!l!�	�:	ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY ON THE PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD OF NINE WHEAT CULTIVARS IN SINDH

1*Ansari, S., 1Mahar, A.R., 2Rajpar, I., 2Khaskhely, N.

1Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs Sindh, Pakistan

2 Department of Soil Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Sindh, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author: E�mail: Samreen.ansari762@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The effects of salinity tolerance on the growth and yield of nine wheat cultivars, namely: NR�281, NR�267, NR�376, NR�306, NR�239, NR�310, Chakwal�50, Wafaque�2001, and Margala were examined in the field at the Centre for Bio�Saline Agriculture (CBSA), Sind Agriculture University, Tandojam during 2013�2014. The wheat cultivars were grown in plots having size 5m x 4.5m (22.5 m2) with five replications employing Randomized Complete Block Design. The finding revealed that two cultivar, i.e., Chakwal�50 and NR�376 were the best salt tolerance species at salinity level EC 9.1 and 12.1 (dsm-1) while, NR�281, NR�306, and Wafaque�2001 were less salt tolerance wheat cultivars. However, Margala and NR�267 were moderate tolerance wheat cultivars. 

Keywords: Salinity, Wheat, Cultivars, Soil

INTRODUCTION

Soil salinity has vast socioeconomic effects on the agricultural community, which lead to poor values of life, health problems, migration, and collapse of houses, damage to transport and communications (Ijaz and Davidson, 1998). About 3/4 part of the globe is engaged with brackish water (Flower and Flower, 2005). Saline soils contain high quantity of soluble salts (USSL, 2005) which is hazardous to crop production, especially where ground water irrigation has been used for agriculture cultivation. However, the salt tolerance of plants may vary significantly from species to species (Flower, 2004).

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cereal crop of the world. It is a HYPERLINK "file:///\\\\wiki\\Monocot" \o "Monocot"mono�cot plant belongs to Poaceae family. In Pakistan, it is widely broadcast at a large scale throughout the country, i.e., around 8.2 million ha annually (Ashraf, 1994; FAO, 1999; Shirazi et al., 2001). Wheat is a one of the second most cultivated crops among the cereals (Datta et al., 2009; Homa et al. 2013) and a major source of proteins and carbohydrates, i.e., it encompass of 60�80% protein, 2�2.5% glucose, 1.5�2% fat and 2�3% minerals which is major source of food for human beings (Munns and Tester, 2008; Al�Musa et al., 2012).  Growth, yield, and quality of wheat is affected by salinity (Ganndhav et. al., 2005; Bera et. al., 2006; Agnihotri et. al., 2006; Turki et al., 2012). The high level of salt contents often caused serious problems to agricultural production and land development (Kumar et al., 2012). For example; increase in salinity may decrease potassium (K), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESR) which adversely decreased the rate of water into plants which affects on plant height, spike length, number of spikelet�s and yield, i.e., straw and grain (Azoz et al., 2004; Asha and Dhingra, 2007; Kalhoro et al., 2016). Salinity is major threats to agriculture of Pakistan, which effects on soil fertility, i.e., every year around 0.04million ha of agriculture land becomes less productive (Rafiq, 1990; Qureshi, 1993; Ghassemi et al., 1995). 

There is an urgent need to identify the suitable salt tolerance wheat cultivars which can easily grow in saline soil and provide higher yields. Hence, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of soil salinity (9.1 and 12.1 ECe (dS m-1) levels on the growth and yield of nine wheat cultivars in order to identify which variety of wheat is less effective to salt contents and suitable to cultivate in saline soils.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Site: The experiment was conducted during 2013�2014 in the field at the CBSA (Centre for Bio�Saline Agriculture), Soil Science Department, SAU, Tando jam in collaboration with the department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur. 

Data Collection: Cultivars were sown in plot size 5m x 4.5m (22.5m2) on clay loam and clay soil using a randomized complete block designed (RCBD) with five replications. Nitrogen as urea (46% N) was added @ of 120 kg/ha in three split doses and phosphorous (SSP; 18% P2O5) @ 60 kg/ha before sowing. The application of the first split of nitrogen (1/3 N) was done at the time of sowing, the second split of nitrogen (1/3 N) at flowering stage and the final third split of nitrogen (1/3 N) at milky stage. Furthermore, seven irrigations were applied, depending upon the crop condition and requirement of water. Agronomic practices, i.e., weeding hoeing, thinning, irrigation, and plant protection measures were carried out at appropriate times. At the time of harvesting five plants of each variety from each treatment were selected at random for recording following parameters: (i) Plant height (cm) (ii) Number of Tillers (iii) Ear Head Length (cm) (iv) Grain Weight 100gm and (v) Grain Weight 1000gm.

Statistical Analysis: The significant difference of soil salinity at P > 0.01 in plant height, number of tillers, ear head length, 100 and 1000 grain weight among nine wheat cultivars were determined employing the Analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS

Physico�chemical characteristics of clay loam and clay soil was examined before sowing the seed. The average soil analysis data of 0�20, 20�40 and 40�60 depth (cm) are given in table 1.





Table 1:	Physio-chemical properties of soil determined before sowing.

Soil propertySalinity 9.1 ECSalinity 12.1 ECDepth (cm)0�2020�4040�600�2020�4040�60Sand % 28.41Sand % 25.0Sand % 27.50Sand % 35.42Sand % 20.5Sand % 23.0Silt % 31.62Silt % 32.2Silt % 32.50Silt  % 30.01Silt % 40.2Silt % 42.2Clay % 39.01Clay % 42.8Clay % 40.00Clay % 32.15Clay % 39.3Clay % 34.8Textural classClay LoamClayClay LoamClay LoamClay LoamClay Loam�pH5 (H2O)7.917.527.408.127.527.37�ECs (dS m-1)9.107.605.4512.108.508.10�ESP5.986.758.554.635.445.03�SAR4.815.326.514.114.194.51OM%1.040.930.810.110.880.75

Effects of Salinity Level on the Plant Height: The results highlighted that two wheat cultivar such as NR�310 and Margala obtained a highest plant height, i.e., 99.40cm and 99.20cm at E.C 9.1 dSm-1 salinity level. On the contrarily, the lowest plant height (83.60cm) was founded in NR�281 at E.C 9.1 dSm-1 salinity level. Likewise, the height plant height (83.40 cm) Margala and the lowest one in NR�276 (i.e., 79.20cm) at E.C 12.1 dSm-1 salinity level (Table 2).

Table 2: Effects of salinity level (i.e., E.C 9.1 and 12.1 ECs dSm-1) on nine wheat cultivars at plant height cm

CultivarsSalinity level 1
(E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1)Salinity level 2
(E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1)NR�28183.60     81.80  NR�27697.40  79.20    NR�37697.80  82.60NR�30690.20    81.80NR�23995.40    83.80NR�31099.40    82.00Chakwal�5093.00    82.40Wafaque 200189.06    82.40Margala99.20    83.40

Effects of Salinity Level on the Number of Tillers: The effects of salinity level on the number of tillers showed that that wheat cultivar Margala bears the highest number of tillers, i.e., 10.40 and 6.20 at E.C 9.1 and 12.1 dSm-1 salinity levels. However, the results of less bearing the number of tillers may varied such as wheat cultivars NR�276 and NR�306 (i.e., each bears; 4.40) at E.C 9.1 dSm-1 salinity level and NR�276 and NR�310 (i.e., each 2.40) at E.C 12.1 dSm-1 salinity level respectively (Table 3).

Table 3:  Effects of salinity level (i.e., E.C 9.1 and 12.1 ECs dSm-1) on nine wheat cultivars at number of tillers

CultivarsSalinity level 1
(E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1)Salinity level 2
(E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1)NR�2814.60  2.80NR�2764.40  2.40NR�3765.40  2.80NR�3064.40   3.20NR�2396.20   4.40NR�3108.60   2.40Chakwal�506.805.60Wafaque 20015.003.20Margala10.40    6.20
Effects of Salinity Level on the Ear Head Length: The effects of salinity level on ear head length indicated that the wheat cultivar Margala attained the highest ear head length, i.e., 13.72 cm at E.C 9.1 and 6.20 at E.C 9.1 and NR�376 (17.23 cm) at 12.1 dSm-1 salinity levels. In contrast, the cultivar NR�281 grows ear head length up to 9.62cm at E.C 9.1 dSm-1 salinity level and NR�276 (i.e., 6.14cm) ear head length at E.C 12.1 dSm-1 (Table 4).

Table 4:  Effects of salinity level (i.e., E.C 9.1 and 12.1 ECs dSm-1) on nine wheat cultivars at ear head length (cm)

CultivarsSalinity level 1
(E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1)Salinity level 2
(E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1)NR�2819.26    7.14   NR�27613.18   6.14   NR�37611.82   17.23NR�30611.26   7.28NR�23911.43  7.42NR�31013.43 7.18Chakwal�5011.72  7.70Wafaque 20019.98  7.22Margala13.72    7.72
Effects of Salinity Level on Grain Weight at 100gm: The result showed that the Margala  was the most suitable wheat cultivar which produced higher grain weight at 100gm (i.e., 42.28gm) at E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1 and Chakwal�50  (i.e. 39.14gm) at salinity level (E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1). On the contrarily, two wheat cultivars namely; NR�239 and NR�376 (i.e., 17.74gm) were was less productive (i.e., 29.41gm) at salinity level E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1 and E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1 respectively (Table 5).

Table 5:  Effects of salinity level (i.e., E.C 9.1 and 12.1 ECs dSm-1) on nine wheat cultivars on Grain Weight 100gm

CultivarsSalinity level 1
(E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1)Salinity level 2
(E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1)NR�28131.4018.72  NR�27634.1833.18  NR�37633.4917.74NR�30630.4820.68NR�23929.4137.88NR�31039.0033.70Chakwal�5032.2239.14Wafaque 200132.8623.04Margala42.28   30.70
Effects of Salinity Level on Grain Weight at 1000gm: The highest grain weight @ 1000gm was determined in two wheat cultivars, such as; Margala (395.02) and NR�276 (371.92) at E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1 at salinity level (E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1). Likewise, the highest grain weight @ 1000gm was recorded at salinity level 2 (E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1) in wheat cultivars; NR�239 (296.10) and Chakwal�50 (294.76). In contrast, the lowest one grain weight @ 1000gm was obtained in two wheat cultivars, i.e., NR�310 (274.72) at the salinity level 1 at E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1 and in NR�306 (150.44) at salinity level 2 i.e., E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1 (Table 6).

Table 6:  Effects of salinity level (i.e., E.C 9.1 and 12.1 ECs dSm-1) on nine wheat cultivars on grain weight at 1000gm  

CultivarsSalinity level 1
(E.C 9.1 ECs dSm-1)Salinity level 2
(E.C 12.1 ECs dSm-1)NR�281316.20183.14NR�276371.92195.94NR�376356.86178.00NR�306346.66150.44NR�239347.06296.10NR�310274.72289.46Chakwal�50370.20294.76Wafaque 2001314.98183.94Margala395.02178.00
DISCUSSIONS

The effects of the higher level of salinity have been recorded for plant height, number of tillers, ear head length, 100, 1000 grain weights in the (Table. 2-6). The highest reduction in plant height was noted for the cultivar NR�267 from 97.40 to 79.20, the number of tillers reduced from 8.60 to 2.40, ear head length decreased from 13.180 to 6.140 in the NR�267, while, highest reduction in grain weight (100 gm) noted in cultivar NR�376, similarly, the lowest 1000 grain weight (150.44 gm) under higher salinity condition was observed in cultivar NR�306. These findings are in agreement with many research scholars documented in the literature. 

Furthermore, it was observed that the reduction in grain weight under salt stress might be a result of insufficiency of food storage (Gorham et al., 1985; Mass and Poss, 1989; reduced yield and yield components (Maas & Grieve, 1990; Maas et al. 1996; Grieve et al., 1993; Francois et al., 1994); or food deficiency because of reduction of tallness, vegetative development & level of plant photosynthesis (Kamkar et al., 2004), seed filling in final growth phase of plant (El�Hendawy et al., 2005; Francoise et al., 1994). Similar observations have been reported by Ali Akber and Behnam Naserian (2007), who conducted experiment in the two field conditions, observed significant difference for plant height, number of tillers, ear head length and 1000 grain weight. Akram et al., (2002) also concluded that salinity reduced the spike length, number of spikelet/spike, number of grain/spikelet, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant. Reasons for reduction in growth have been well documented in the earlier literature, for example, a hypothesis given by Munns et al., (1995) that salinity has two phases which responses to growth. They suggested that in the first phase, there would be a great amount of reduction in growth rate resulted by the salt outside the roots i.e. because of �osmotic� reaction. 

Later on, there would be further reduction in growth when salt will accumulate up to toxic levels within plants i.e. a �salt�specific� response. The occurrence of salt in the soil solution may decrease the availability of H2O to plants, the so-called �physiological drought� because of less water potential (Bernstein, 1975; see also Gorham, 1993b). The cultivar NR�310 showed highest Plant height (Table. 2), while stood on 2nd for number of tillers (Table.3), ear head length (Table.4), 100 grain weight at the Salinity level 1 (Table. 5). The same cultivar NR�310 indicated a good potential for salt tolerance at the salinity level two. 

Keeping overall performance of all cultivars, the cultivar NR�239 and NR�310 shown better performance for all parameters at both salinity levels, similarly the Chakwal�5- produced lowest 100 and 1000 grain weight in comparison to the cultivars NR�310, although the difference was non-significant. The cultivar NR�239 performed excellent at the salinity level 2 ECe 12.1 for 100 & 1000 grain weight. The NR�267 illustrated a healthy potential for tolerance at lower salinity level ECe 9.1, although it did not show stability at the higher level of salinity for grain yield. The Margala revealed solidity in tolerance for number of tillers at lower salinity level except for the same parameter at the salinity level 2. But the same variety did not show good potential for salt tolerance at the higher level of salinity.



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