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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	����bjbj����	>ΐΐz)g�����������e$e$e$����y$y$y$8�$�m&\y$l���&�&(�&�&�&�0�0�0�������"���x�e$�0|0�0�0�0����&�&�	&�8=8=8=�0��z
�&e$�&�8=�0�8=8=r9GT[ 
9H�&�����#���y$"2��G��<�0l��G�<��2P<�9H9Hb<�e$�K`q�0�08=�0�0�0�0�0��<8��0�0�0l��0�0�0�0��������������������������������������������������������������������<��0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�	�:	Effective substitution of acetosyringone with simple sugars In A.tumefaciens mediated indica rice transformation
Venkata.Ramana Rao Mangu, Sai Krishna Repalli, Chaitanya Kumar Geda and G.J.N.Rao
Division of Crop Improvement, National Rice Research Institute,
Cuttack -753 006, Odisha, India.
Abstract
The efficient vir gene induction as well as determination of host range properties of A.tumefaciens was known to be mediated by the synergistic action of certain sugars and phenolic molecules like acetosyringone. In our efforts to optimize A.tumefaciens mediated transformation of indica rice, high level of transient GUS expression was obtained with vir helper strain LBA4404/pSB1 containing pCAMBIA1301 binary vector in absence of acetosyringone but supplementation with simple sugars. The studies were extended employing two super virulent A.tumefaciens strains LBA4404/pSB1 and EHA105 and media were supplemented with different sugars like D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose, sucrose, maltose in both preinduction and co-cultivation media. The transient GUS assay was based on number of stained spots, intensity of staining at each spot and appearance time of the stained spots. Though genotype specific variance was observed for the expression levels at both the bacterial and rice genotype levels, it can be stated that supplementation of sugars both at preinduction and co-cultivation levels with any of three sugars i.e. galactose, mannose and glucose, can effectively substitute acetosyringone in A.tumefaciens mediated transformation of indica rices.  This study had resulted in formulation of a viable protocol which is devoid of acetosyringone for efficient transformation of indica rices. The simple protocol include the preinduction of A.tumefaciens cells in AB minimal medium supplemented with 0.5% of glucose or 0.5% galactose or 0.5% mannose and co-cultivation medium (modified MS) containing 3 % of maltose or 3%glucose and supplemented with either 0.5% D-glucose or 0.5% of galactose or 0.1% mannose. 
Key words: A.tumefaciens, monosaccharides, disaccharides, MS, Murashig-Skoog, GUS 
Introduction
	The processing and transfer of T-DNA from A.tumefaciens to plant cells is mediated by the combined functions both the chromosomal genes (chv) and a cluster of vir genes (VirA,-B,-G,-C,-D and-E) which reside in the Ti plasmid of A.tumefaciens. However, in coordination with the monosaccharide transporter chv and in presence of phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone and sugars molecules (36, 38, 4, 35, 26, 14),VirA autophosphorylates and subsequently transphosphorylates the virG (16, 17). The vir G protein, the product of the virG gene of the Ti plasmid, function as a positive transcriptional regulator for the expression of its own and other vir genes after being phosphorylated by VirA protein. However, the intracellular concentration of virG is known to be a rate limiting factor for vir gene induction; moreover, virG is also an environmental sensor as it is responsive to different environmental stimuli (37,40,43). The number of copies and the type of vir G can influence efficiency both of vir gene induction and infection (16, 17). Based on this observation,  super virulent A.tumefaciens strains were developed either by introducing modifications in the activation state of vir genes including virG product (12,13) or  by addition  of the virulence region of  pTiB0542 into a small,DNA-carrying plasmid (19) that is used in binary vector system (3,11) which  were  successfully employed in transformation of  several recalcitrant  plant sps. including rice.  It was demonstrated that additional copy number of vir G can result in proportional, acetosyringone�independent increase in vir gene expression (31) and increase in the transient transformation frequency of rice, celery, and carrot tissues (24). Reports indicate that multiple copies of virG in A.tumefaciens can result in high level of vir gene induction by acetosyringone in LB rich media at alkaline pH(25)  and  presence of a mutated virGN54D allele gene in A.tumefaciens can result in two-to several fold increase in the transient transformation of rice and soybean(18).  In addition, Turk et al., (39) found a maximum vir gene induction response at pH 5.3 for an octopine and leucinopine strain and the at pH 5.8 for nopaline and agropine strain. Al-Moerbe et al., (2) reported that the carbon source is necessary for maximum levels of vir gene induction.Cangelosi, et al., (6) demonstrates that this is true regulatory (as opposed to nutritional) effect that it is specificity of sugars that are recognized chvE.
In comparison to dicotyledonous plants cells, monocotyledon plant cells may not produce adequate amount of these phenolic compounds (33) for efficient induction of vir genes. But, the reports indicate (44, 41) that vegetative parts and rice scutellum/ scutellum derived calli from mature seeds possess vir gene inducing ability.  Bytebier, et al., (5) had demonstrated the wound response in asparagus, a monocot, a factor that can be used for transformation. The essential presence of vir inducing compounds in the successful transformation of monocotydons support this hypothesis (10, 15). All the successful attempts to generate transgenics in both japonica and indica rices were obtained by co-cultivating explants in co cultivation medium supplemented with a range of concentrations (50�M�400�M) of acetosyringone (29, 10, 8, 1). Moreover, Chen et al., (7) successfully produced the fertile transgenic plants by coincubation with a potato suspension culture which was rich in phenolic compounds like acetosyringone and sinapinic acid. Veluthambi et. al., (41) reported that opines stimulated the induction of vir genes. In addition, Shimoda et.al (32) reported that the aldose group and non metabolized sugar molecules like 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 6-deoxy-D-glucose markedly enhanced the expression of vir genes when levels of phenolic inducers were limited. 
It is evident from these studies that the presence of sugar molecules can enhance the expression of vir genes when levels of phenolic inducers were limiting. The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of different sugars (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, sucrose, maltose) on the frequency of transformation efficiency in indica rice in the absence of phenolic compounds like acetosyringone. The study also aims to study the feasibility of substituting acetosyringone with an optimal concentration of sugars without compromising on the transformation efficiency.
Materials and Methods
Explants, tissue culture media 
The mature seeds of six elite indica rice cultivars Pusa Basmati1, Swarna (MTU 7029), Samba Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Lalat, IR64 and IR36 were dehusked, and surface sterilized as described by Vijayachandra et al., 1995. The seeds were inoculated in test tubes containing semisolid (0.75% agar) MS medium (27) containing sucrose or maltose (30gl-1), with 2, 4-D (2mgl-1) at pH 5.8.The cultures were incubated under dark at 25�20C. After 3-4 weeks, the embryogenic calli were sub cultured on fresh media with same media constituents. After 3-4 days of sub culturing on the fresh medium, calli were selected for transformation experiments.
Bacterial strains and vectors and their growth conditions 
The binary vector pCAMBIA1301 that contains hygromycin B at right border and GUS reporter at the left border was introduced into vir helper A.tumefaciens strains LBA4404/pSB1 (19) and EHA105 (13) respectively by triparental mating, using the trans conjugative helper plasmid pRK2013(9). The antibiotics used for A.tumefaciens strain LBA4404/pSB1/pCAMBIA1301 plates were kanamycin (100mgl-1) tetracycline (10mgl-1) rifampicin (10mgl-1) and for EHA105/pCAMBIA1301, Kanamycin (50 mgl-1) and rifampicin (10 mgl-1) respectively. All liquid media used for culture of A.tumefaciens contained half the strength of the above specified antibiotic concentrations.
Pre culture and induction of Agrobacterium 
The A.tumefaciens preculture was prepared by streaking one loop full of bacterial culture from the glycerol stock on YEP solid medium and was incubated at 280C for 2 days. After two days of culture, a single colony was restreaked on AB minimal medium supplemented with respective sugars as described (table1). After two days of culture, two to four pure single colonies were inoculated in 25 ml of AB minimal medium (pH 7.0)supplemented with respective sugars in different concentrations (table 3-8) and bacterial cultures were allowed to grow on a orbital shaker (220 rpm) for 48 hr at 250C.
From this preculture, 250�l was inoculated into 50 ml of AB minimal medium (pH 7.0) supplemented with different kinds of sugars and acetosyringone (100�M) as described (table 3-8). The cultures were kept on an orbital shaker (220 rpm) for 16 to 18 hr at 250C. The final optical density was made up to 0.6 by adjusting the volume with AB-minimal medium. 
Co-cultivation of explants with A.tumefaciens 
Pilot experiments were conducted to assess the cell type requirements for different genotypes for obtaining efficient transformation and the results suggested that requirements varied among genotypes. The calli were derived from mature seeds of all genotypes. For genotypes like Pusa Basmati1, the requirement was type I white or cream compact calli, while for genotypes like Swarna, BPT 5204, Lalat, IR64 and IR36, cream compact or pale yellow color callus was the pre requisite. The regeneration potential of the calli from different genotypes was also assessed and regeneration-competent calli were only selected. 
The selected calli were co-cultivated with  the bacterial suspension for 30-60 minutes (by immersion) at 250C under continuous shaking (80-100rpm) and then excess of bacterial cells were removed and were transferred to MS co-cultivation  medium (pH 5.8) supplemented with  different concentration of sugars in different combinations as described (table1) . The calli were incubated at 250C in darkness for 3 days. At the end of the third day, the calli were washed thrice with sterile distilled water containing cefotaxime (250 mgl-1) and carbencillin (250 mgl-1) and blot dried on a sterile blotting paper, later the calli from each experiment were transferred to MS selection medium supplemented with cefotaxime (150 mgl-1) carbencillin (150 mgl-1) and hygromycin B (30 mgl-1) as described (table1). The selection was continued for 3 cycles of 2 weeks each.  At the end of the third cycle, GUS histochemical assays were performed to test for stable integration of GUS gene. 
GUS histochemical assay
The histochemical GUS assays were performed as per Rube et.al (31). The frequency of transient transformation was calculated as the ratio (in %) of the number of calli showing blue spots to the total number of calli taken for staining. By observing under microscope, distinction could be made between small spots representing one or few GUS expressing cells and large spots that represent a complete cell cluster expressing the GUS.
Results
Requirements of sugars vs. acetosyringone: 
The results of the experiments conducted to find out the requirement of sugars vis a vis acetosyringone in both pre induction and co-cultivation media for the transient GUS expression using both A.tumefaciens strains LBA4404/pSB1 and EHA105 (harboring pCAMBIA1301 binary vector) were presented in table 3.  High levels of transient GUS expression were observed in all treatments that included acetosyringone either at pre induction or co-cultivation medium or both (Fig1.A, C).The same pattern of transient expression was observed on acetosyringone free media (both preinduction as well as co-cultivation). With A.tumefacien strain LBA4404/pSB1, high levels of transient GUS expression was observed when compared to EHA105 (Fig1.B, D).
Effect of sugars on transient Gus expression
Experiments were designed to study the influence of different concentrations of  carbon sources i.e. sucrose, D-maltose, D-glucose at both pre induction (0.5%-5%)  as well as co-cultivation media(1%-5%) on transient expression on Pusa basmati1 employing both LBA4404/pSB1 and EHA105.The higher levels of transient GUS expression were obtained when the bacterial cells were preinduced at 0.5% minimal sugar concentration followed by co-cultivation on MS medium supplemented with 3% (D-glucose or maltose or sucrose). Higher sugar levels (> 0.5%) in preinduction and (>3%) in co-cultivation media did not show any significant enhancement of transient transformation efficiency (Table 4). Of the two A.tumefaciens strains evaluated, LBA4404/pSB1 showed higher levels of transient GUS expression when compared to EHA 105 in the present set of experimental conditions (Fig1. E, F & G, H). With EHA105, high levels of transient GUS expression were observed when both preinduction as well as co-cultivation media were supplemented with either 3% (D-glucose or maltose) while the expression levels are poor with sucrose (Fig 1. G, H). In addition, more intense blue spots were observed on maltose derived calli than sucrose derived calli.
When the studies were extended to study the feasibility of enhancing GUS expression levels, two more sugars i.e., D-galactose, and  D-mannose were evaluated at preinduction stage and calli derived from either sucrose or D-maltose were employed (Table 5). The results revealed high levels of the transient GUS expression could be induced with both strains by supplementation of preinduction medium with either D-galactose or D-mannose followed by co-cultivation on medium containing either 3% (sucrose or D-maltose or D-glucose). In GUS expression studies intense blue colour was observed irrespective of the carbon source (sucrose/ maltose) used for generating callus.  (Fig.1 I, J, K, and L).
Effect of different sugars combinations on transient Gus expression
The preliminary studies demonstrated that the supplementation of >0.5% of D-glucose and D-galactose and >0.1%D-mannose didn�t show any significant enhancement in transient GUS expression levels. In addition to this, the calli were turned into brown when the co-cultivation media was supplemented in higher levels (0.5%) of D-mannose (data not shown). From the results, it is evident that both the A.tumefaciens stains showed enhanced levels of the transient transformation with supplementation of any of the three sugars i.e. D-glucose (0.5%), D-galactose (0.5%) or D-maltose (0.1%) in co cultivation media (Table6). Where as A.tumefaciens strain EHA105 showed similar levels of expression with the sucrose derived calli, when the co-cultivation medium was supplemented with D-glucose (0.5%) or D-galactose (0.5%) or D-maltose (0.1%) thus demonstrating the necessity of supplementation for sucrose derived calli (Fig.1  D,K,L). 
Effect of sugars on transformation efficiency in different genotypes. 
The refined protocol was evaluated over a number of popular indica genotypes (Table 7) and both strains were preinduced on AB minimal medium with 0.5% of (D-glucose or D-galactose or D-mannose) followed by co-cultivation on MS medium (containing regular carbon source in the form of either 3% (sucrose or D-maltose) was further supplemented with 0.5% D-glucose or 0.5% D-galactose or 0.1% D-mannose.  In addition, the medium containing 3% D-glucose was supplemented with either 0.5% D-galactose or 0.1% D-mannose (Table 7).  Genotypic differences were observed for level of transient expression and also intensity of the spots. The results indicate that in all the genotypes the transient expression levels obtained by the use of sugars were comparable with the levels expressed with 100(M acetosyringone in the media and the hierarchal order of the genotypes based on their overall response to three sugars were summarized in Table 7. For LBA4404/pSB1, the order was PB1> IR64> IR36> Lalat> BPT5204> Swarna, while the order for EHA105 was IR64> PB1> IR36> Lalat> BPT5204> Swarna indicating that almost similar results were obtained with both the strains.  When number of blue spots were taken into account, the hierarchial order of the genotypes for LBA4404/pSB1 was PB1> IR64> IR36> Lalat> BPT5204> Swarna while for EHA105, the order was IR36> IR64> PB1> Lalat> BPT 5204> Swarna. Similar observations were recorded for the time of appearance of blue spots also for both LBA4404/pSB1 (PB1> R64> IR36> Lalat> BPT5204> Swarna) and EHA105 (PB1 and IR36 /IR64 >Lalat>BPT 5204>Swarna) (Fig. 1. N, O, P).
 In addition, the stable integration of the hygromycin was established in calli of Pusa Basmati1 that were selected on selection media contains 30 mgl-1   (Fig M) over 3 cycles (Table 8). The stable integration of GUS gene was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (data not shown).
Discussion
The objective was to study the feasibility of developing a protocol that is free of acetosyringone through use of simple sugar molecules. This study assumes significance as  addition of different concentrations (50�M � 400�M) of acetosyringone (29,10,8,1) in both pre induction and co-cultivation media was the most widely adopted practice in A.tumefaciens mediated transformation of rice so far, irrespective of the explants/media / A.tumefaciens strains employed.  
The reported use of potato suspension culture, a rich source of phenolic compounds (7) supports such a view.  However, carbon source was recognized as a major factor in vir gene induction (2, 6).  The positive influence of sugars during preinduction as well as co-cultivation for enhancing transformation rates in japonica rice was also reported (10). The results obtained in the present study are in agreement with the earlier studies on the influence of sugars (table 3).
The reported observation of Rashid et al., (29) that transformation of rice is not possible without addition of acetosyringone do not seem to be valid with the results obtained in the present study. The reported success of Raineri et al., (28) in japonica rices using super virulent strains but without addition of acetosyringone supports our view. The agropine type virG gene from pTiBo542 when present in multiple copies was shown to enhance transformation frequencies by several fold (25,30) and .proportional acetosyringone-independent increase in vir gene expression with increase in copy number of the virG gene was also reported (30). The results obtained in the present study can be explained as both the strains employed contain the vir genes from pTiBo542.
In the present study, the A.tumefaciens strain, LBA4404/pSB1 (containing octopine type disarmed Ti plasmid with additional copies of an agropine-type virG gene) induced higher levels of transient expression under all experimental conditions, i.e. without /with addition of acetosyringone.However, the other super virulent strain, EHA105, could not induce high frequency of transient expression when the bacterial cells were pre induced on media containing sucrose followed by co-cultivation on MS medium supplemented with sucrose but higher frequencies of transient expression can be induced by growing EHA105 in D-galactose or D-mannose supplemented media followed by co-cultivation on medium (containing regular carbon source of either 3% glucose or 3% maltose) that was further supplemented with either galactose (0.5%)  or mannose (0.1%) . Moreover, the high frequency of transient expression observed with both LBA4404/pSB1 and EHA105, when grown on LB medium (acetosyringone free) supplemented with low levels of sugars like glucose or galactose or mannose at 0.5% concentration, confirms the finding that sugars can mimic the effect of phenolic compounds (data not shown). 
The observation that the maltose induced calli are more amenable to higher levels transient expression can be attributed to the reduced rate of hydrolysis of the maltose to glucose and glucose-1-phosphate (34, 22) thereby providing a readily metabolized carbon source over a long period in culture and improvement of osmotic stability of the culture medium in comparison to sucrose (21). The positive role scutellar derived callus on vir gene induction observed supports the similar views reported earlier (41).  
The detailed investigations with different genotypes revealed that both A.tumefaciens strains can infect rice tissues with equal efficiency with EHA105 enjoying a slight superiority by inducing more number of stained cell clusters. It is plausible as EHA105 by itself is a vir helper strain as its Ti plasmid is derived from the super virulent Tiplasmid pTiBo542 (13).  
 	Though genotype specific variance was observed for the expression levels at both bacterial and rice genotype level, it can be stated that by preinduction of A.tumefaciens cells in AB minimal medium with 0.5% of glucose or 0.5% galactose or 0.5% mannose followed by co-cultivation of scutellum derived calli (induced on MS medium supplemented with maltose) on medium (containing regular carbon source 3%glucose or 3% maltose or 3% sucrose) that was further supplemented with 0.5 % galactose or 0.1% mannose, high levels of transient expression can be induced in indica rices. With the results being validated over a number of genotypes, it can also be stated that acetosyringone can be effectively substituted by sugars in A.tumefaciens mediated indica rice transformation and the event is independent of both bacterial/rice genotypes. 
The study also demonstrates the isolation of hygromycin resistant calli in the genotypic back ground of Pusa basmati1 by employing the acetosyringone free protocol using A.tumefaciens strain LBA4404/pSB1. The stable integration of GUS gene was confirmed by both histochemical assay and PCR. This conclusive evidence clearly demonstrates the efficacy of different types of sugars, a basic component in media used for both growing A.tumefaciens and host tissues on induction of high frequency infection by Agrobacterium.  This finding will have a significant bearing on the Agrobacterium mediated rice transformation as acetosyringone can be replaced without compromising the transformation frequencies. 
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge kind encouragement of Director, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack and Head, Division of Crop Improvement for extending laboratory facilities. One of the authors M.V.Ramana Rao is grateful to the Rockefeller Foundation and International Rice Research Institute, Philippines for providing a Senior Research Fellowship. The authors are grateful to Rockefeller foundation and International Rice Research Institute for the financial support in the form of grant (IRRI/ ICAR- CRRI collaborative project grant). Two of the authors Saikrishna R & Chaitanya K.G  are thankful to ICAR (NPTC) for providing them the Senior Research fellowship. Authors also wish to express their gratitude to Dr.K.Veluthambi, Madurai Kamaraj University, India for providing bacterial strains. 
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