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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	��j�bjbj����	A~ΐΐ_��+�������\\��333����GGG8D��G�I� (� � � � �!�!�!�H�H�H�H�H�H�H$�L�MO:"I-3�!�!�!�!�!"I��� � �OIt+t+t+�!h�R� 3� �Ht+�!�Ht+t+6�E�"dH� ����`�̦�:�G,*�F�HeI0�I�F��O,*H�O8dH�O3dH��!�!t+�!�!�!�!�!"I"It+�!�!�!�I�!�!�!�!���������������������������������������������������������������������O�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!\	e:	Research study on development of the indicators to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts of tourism on Protected Areas of Mongolia 
Navchaa Tugjamba, PhD, associate professor, University of the Humanities, Mongolia
tnavch@humanities.mn
Erdenetuul Sereeter, PhD, associate professor, University of the Humanities, Mongolia	
tuul46@yahoo.com
Abstract
The Protected Area Network of Mongolia cover over 14.5 percent of the total country's territory and has become major destinations for rapidly growing tourism and recreational activities for its natural beauty, rare species of wildlife and historical and cultural heritage sites. According to the Millennium Development Goals, the Government of Mongolia made the legislative commitment to set aside 30% of its territory as protected areas by 2015. 
With the increasing number of incoming tourists, more and more organizations are expanding their operations into the rural areas. As a result, over 80 percent of protected areas are occupied by tourism and related activities which impose such adverse impacts as environmental pollution, land degradation, loss and damage of historic and cultural heritage sites. On the other hand, tourism is the main source for funding Protected Area administrations. Therefore, it is crucial to develop indicators to assess the environmental and socio-economical impacts of tourism on Protected Areas. Development of such indicators will enable the policy makers, project initiators and project beneficiaries to duly monitor, evaluate the project implementation in order to promote and sustain positive outcomes while preventing and minimizing adverse impacts. 
Even though is it noticed that positive impacts of tourism sectors such as increase of contributions to Mongolian GNP and increase the permanent and temporary working places, also the negative impacts are challenging due to domestic visitors'' travelling behavior and awareness, mostly in the protected areas. It is visible in OVNP, for instance wastes from camping and soil degradations from driving.      
The research analysis of tourism development in OVNP explores that the growth of foreign tourists' number is 4 percent and domestic visitors' growth is 10 percent per annum.   
Field research study was conducted on "Orkhon Valley" National Park in order to verify the development and implementation plan of proposed methodologies and indicators. 
The main paper consists of four chapters and "Introduction" part explores the understanding of Protected Areas, legal framework of tourism activities on Protected Areas (PA), in case of Mongolia and challenging issues of tourism development on PAs. The comparative studies on assessment indicators of tourism impacts to PAs made in case of international and national levels. For the purpose of defining and developing the indicator sets of tourism impacts on PAs, we studied environmental and socio-economical  indicators sets of EU, Australia, New Zealand, USA and Taiwan and as well as "Mongolian Tourism Master Plan", "Tourism strategic Plan of Mongolia", tourism plan for PAs, research studies of "Environmental Innovation-2"projects, "Eco label" program (developed by National Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Mongolia) and "Environmental Indicators of Mongolia" Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism, Mongolia and other sources. 
Chapter II describes the "Indicators of environmental and socio-economical impacts of tourism on PAs". Moreover, this part explains the indicators' frame and limitations, application principles, estimating units and evaluation periods. The indicator set consists of the following subsets: 
 7 criteria with 24 indicators of environmental impacts of tourism, 
8 criteria with 22 indicators of socio-cultural and economic impacts of tourism
6 criteria with 14 indicators of management and infrastructural impacts of tourism on PAs. 
Chapter III identifies the assessment methodologies of the indicators. Environmental, socio-cultural and economic indicators would be evaluated by -3 up +3 scores. -3 shows the lowest negative impact and +3 expresses the most positive impacts. 0 means no tourism impacts.   
Final chapter includes the legal frame of indicator application. And some recommendations and options to make change in legal documents and related regulations for the purpose of maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts of tourism on PAs were included. Guidelines were developed for assessing and applying the indicators to tourism development policy planning effectively.

Acknowledgement 
We would like to express our gratitude to the office of �Strengthening Protected Area Network in Mongolia� UNDP project,  Department of Protected Area's Administration and Department of Tourism, MNET, "Orkhon Valley" National Park Administration and other organizations and specialists for supporting the research study and kind cooperative work. We hope that this paper would be helpful for developing sustainable tourism on PAs and improving the participation of the stakeholders to natural conservation and further tourism development issues. 

Editing team
I. Introduction
1.1 Brief description of the Protected Area in Mongolia
The status of the Protected Area was defined by Washington Convention, in 1940. Regarding to the classification systems, which used in many countries, IUCN defined the official classification in involved 10 categories in 1978 such as: Scientific Reserve, National Park, Natural Monument/National Landmark, Nature Conservation Reserve, Protected Landscape, Resource Reserve, Anthropological Reserve, Multiple Use Management Area, Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Site (Natural). 

Now days, new classification system on Protected Areas which developed by IUCN, WWF and Monitoring Centre is used in many countries. It classified the following categories: 
Strictly Protected Area
National Park
Natural Reserved area
Conservation of natural features-for biosphere
Protected landscape
Reserved Area. 

Until 1990, Mongolia used the category of Strictly Protected area and Reserved area for hunting.  Since the 1990s, the area of Mongolia designated as protected area has been expanded significantly, from less than 10 to the current total of 65 protected areas, which now cover a total of over 22 million hectares, or approximately 14% of the country�s surface. Of Mongolia�s 65 protected areas, there are: 
(1) 12 Strictly Protected Areas (IUCN categories Ia and Ib) covering an area of 10,494,283 ha 
(2) 23 National Parks (IUCN category II) covering an area of 9,481,622 ha 
(3) 21 Nature Reserves (IUCN category III) covering an area of 2,373,359 ha 
(4) 9 National Monuments (IUCN category III) covering an area of 109,545 ha. 

As part of its commitment to the Convention on Biodiversity, the Government of Mongolia made a legislative commitment to conserve 30% of the country (46.9 million ha) in protected areas by 
2030.

The Protected Areas which cover a total of over 22 million hectares, or approximately 14% of the country�s surface has becoming main tourism destinations in Mongolia. Due to lack of appropriate management of natural resources usage, conservational planning and management, tourism cannot contribute well for Protected Area development. Overcrowd of tour camps, soil erosion, water pollution, waste accumulation and other negative issues are emerging in these areas. Most challenging issues are to reduce environmental, socio-cultural negative impacts of tourism, improve the awareness of public and establishing effective management on Protected Areas. 
Orkhon valley National Park (OVNP) is one of Mongolian main tourism destinations regarding to natural beautiful landscape and including numerous cultural and historical remains and sites. Based on its natural beautiful landscape and historical importance for Mongolia, Orkhon Valley was registered as a National Park in 1996 and was recognized by the UNESCO World Heritage as a cultural landscape in 2004.�

1.2. Tourism development analysis of the current situation in OVNP
Analysis of the tourists and visitors growth dynamics 
Most of the international tourists visit in the Protected areas in Mongolia and over 20 percent of them travel along the OVNP. Research study finds that international tourists' average annum growth is 4.0 percent and 80 percent of them visit in Kharkhorin, 3-5 percent of the tourists visit in Ulaantsutgalan waterfall; 2-5 percent in Khuisiin Namain nuur and 1-3 percent of the international tourists travel to Tuvkhun temple, respectively. 
Table 1.1. Growth of the international tourists   
DestinationsYear20002005200620072008200920102011Kharkhorin687313866143251438813901122821301214513Tubkhun70110130150180190195200Ulaantsutgalan260370400420460480520540Khuisiin naiman nuur30125200220260290310350Khotont120130130140140150150Khashaat153855781062300total723314591152001534614996134601429318053Source: Protection administration of OVNP 
The annual growth of the domestic visitors is approximately 10 percent. Intensive growth is registered in Tubkhun temple and Kharkhorin.  
Most of the international tourists are from European countries (German and French tourists). 
Also, the research study explores that most of the tourist spend 1-7 days in OVPN and it is transit route for them. The study shows that the walking trip and horse trip are included in the main trip itinerary of 25 tour operations.
Main attractions what are included in the itineraries are Erdenezyy monastery, Ulaan tsutgalan water fall, Shurangiin tsohio rock, Khuisiin Naiman nuur, Turkish monuments, Khar balgas ruin and Tubkhun temple. 
Analysis of main tourism attractions and resources assessment
One of the main attractions is archeological site in OVNP and around 20 common sites are involved in the trip itinerary. 
At the result of the recreational assessment of OVNP, this area is evaluated as an attractive and pleasurable to develop tourism. 

Evaluation of tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is one of main part to tourism planning in the Protected Areas. 
Based on the internationally accepted methodology, main tourism destinations TCC is estimated (Table.1.2). 
'Table 1.2. Tourism carrying capacity in some destinations of OVNP 
Name of the DestinationAreaAccommodations and number of beds Domestic tourists /summer monthsInternational tourists / summer monthsNumber of tourists per day
Density of the visitors (Person
/ha/time)Recreational capacity

(Person
/ha/time)Recreational Average capacity per day
(persons/ha)Annual recreational capacity

(persons/ha)Ulaantsutgalan waterfall2 hectareGuest house -12
 192 beds/night14200100007407,5 22,554065880Tuvkhun temple50 hectare265 beds -tour camp
100 beds-gust houses15002009257,723,155467635Khuisiin Naiman Nuur100 hectare8 eco ger-35 beds2205403701,54,510813176
For the future, the detailed TCC estimation in OVNP is recommended to tourism management planning maintenance. 





II. Methodology and method
Based on the comparative study and field study, the editing team developed the indicators to assess the tourism environmental, socio-economical impacts on the protected areas, in Mongolia. The following tables decribe the indicators and its evaluation methodologies. 
Environmental values of tourism in Protected Areas. The impacts of tourism must be monitored in order to protect local people�s wellbeing, and to ensure the long term viability of the natural area tourism products.
Table 2.1. Indicators of environmental impacts of tourism on Protected Areas
IssuesThemesIndicatorsEvaluation score



Environmental impact
To achieve appropriate usage of land and land management development regarding tourism in Protected Areas

Area affected by tourism in Pas (%) From -3 up to +3Landscape changes, changes in soil resulting from tourism developmentFrom -3 up to +3Numbers of tour camps and distance between tour camps in PAs From -3 up to +3Land management for tourism development From -3 up to +3To reduce transport related impacts due to tourism Tourism impacts on transportation and infrastructure development From -3 up to +3Types of tourism transportation From -3 up to +3Accessibility to reach certain transportations to tourism attractions and sites From -3 up to +3Consumption of energy and promoting the renewable energy resources usage Types of energy sources used by tourism facilities, accommodationsFrom -3 up to +3Usage of renewable energy resourcesFrom -3 up to +3Water consumption and conservation of water resources Water use by tourismFrom -3 up to +3Impacts on water quality From -3 up to +3Water saving program development and rainwater harvesting for household consumption From -3 up to +3Quality of wastewater and waste treatment services of tourism accommodations (or in tourism areas)From -3 up to +3Waste management and recyclingWaste production by tourism From -3 up to +3Environmental impactsRecycling program application of tour camps, communities and involvement in From -3 up to +3Indicators of tourism impacts in biodiversity  Erosion of biodiversity resulting from visitor�s frequentation in protected areasFrom -3 up to +3Forest covered area and affected area  From -3 up to +3Incentives and participation of tourists and tourism sectors for fauna and flora conservation and regenerationFrom -3 up to +3Natural conservation managementCreation of parks and tourism attractive complexes From -3 up to +3Plans of prevention of natural risks in tourism zonesFrom -3 up to +3Impacts of special interested tourism in Protected areas From -3 up to +3Environmental performance of tourism accommodations constructionFrom -3 up to +3Road signs and main itineraries for tourism destinations in Pas From -3 up to +3Promotion of ecotourism products From -3 up to +3Tourist tax revenues and public expenditure for tourism development and conservationFrom -3 up to +3Environmental certification of tourism companies and �eco-labels� of accommodations in PAsFrom -3 up to +3
Table 2.2. Methodology of indicators assessment
ThemesIndicatorsAssessing MethodologyData sourcesReporting period


To achieve appropriate usage of land and land management development regarding tourism in Protected Areas
Area affected by tourism in Pas (%) Compared percentage of tourism affected area with total PAs area Administration of the Special Protected areaAnnuallyLandscape changes, changes in soil resulting from tourism development

Changes of wilderness and landscape, scale  and frequency of soil erosion regarding land use for tourism activities  Administration of the Special Protected areaBy the implementation term of SPAs management planNumbers of tour camps and distance between tour camps in PAs Number of each type of tourism establishments by type (collective and private) distance between and  average square meters taken by unit (Mongolian standard)Administration of the Special Protected areaAnnuallyLand management for tourism development Depends on the special protected areas specialty, skiing park, fishing sites and golf etc. Management plan of SPAs administration and its� implementation Implementation period of Government operational plan
To reduce transport related impacts due to tourismTourism impacts on transportation and infrastructure development Frequency of tourism transportation during the peak season Registration data of SPAs entrance AnnuallyTypes of tourism transportation Atmospheric pollution of transports for tourism by pollutant and type of fuel, level of emissionRegistration data of SPAs entranceAnnuallyAccessibility to reach certain transportations to tourism attractions and sites Total length of the road, types and transportation services constructions Information network of SPAsEvery 4 yearsConsumption of energy and promoting the renewable energy resources usageTypes of energy sources used by tourism facilities, accommodationsTypes, sources of energy for using tourism purpose Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyUsage of renewable energy resourcesSolar energy usage and natural cooling scheme usage for tour facilities and tour camps constructionLocal government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyWater consumption and conservation of water resources Water use by tourismWater use by tourism infrastructures' Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyImpacts on water quality Sources of water usage of tourism and quality and quantities changes due to tourism in water Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyWater saving program development and rainwater harvesting for household consumption Amount of water for using irrigation, bathing and sanitation purpose from rain water and recycling water Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyQuality of wastewater and waste treatment services of tourism accommodations (or in tourism areas)Amount of waste water for technology of waste water treatment  Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyWaste management and recyclingWaste production by tourism Total waste generation per year (amounts & per capita), Seasonal variation of waste generation in the zone (amounts & per capita); types of waste collecting and recycling Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyRecycling program application of tour camps, communities and involvement in Generation of hazardous waste and treatment Local government and tourism organizationsAnnuallyIndicators of tourism impacts in biodiversity  Erosion of biodiversity resulting from visitor�s frequentation in protected areastrends in disturbance of fauna and flora species in selected areas caused by tourism and recreation activitiesAdministration of the Special Protected area  and rangers "Environmental notebook"3-5 yearsForest covered area and affected area  Comparison of total forest covered area and tourism affected area, by percentage in the SPAs, and changes due to Administration of the Special Protected area  and rangers "Environmental notebook"3-5 yearsIncentives and participation of tourists and tourism sectors for fauna and flora conservation and regenerationSupport to reserve and participate any conservational activities in natural wilderness, fauna and floraAdministration of the Special Protected area  and rangers "Environmental notebook"3-5 yearsNatural conservation managementCreation of parks and tourism attractive complexes Total area under tourism and recreational activities and new establishments  Ministry of Nature, Environment and TourismImplementation period of Government operational planPlans of prevention of natural risks in tourism zonesPlans of prevention of natural risks in tourism zones and its implicationsAdministration of the Special Protected areaBy the implementation term of SPAs management planImpacts of special interested tourism in Protected areas Type of special interested tourism and timing frequency of tourists Administration of the Special Protected area  and rangers "Environmental notebook"By the implementation term of SPAs management planEnvironmental performance of tourism accommodations constructionTypes of tour camps construction and materials for usedAdministration of the Special Protected area Reports on EIA for tour camps By the implementation term of SPAs management planRoad signs and main itineraries for tourism destinations in Pas Conservational and reservation activities in parks and renovation of road signs,  expenditures to maintain/restore the site per year (as costs of environmental regeneration of the nature)Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism, Administration of the Special Protected areaBy the implementation term of SPAs management planPromotion of ecotourism products number of eco-tourism products and services; number of establishments for eco-tourismAdministration of the Special Protected area and tourism organizationsBy the implementation term of SPAs management planTourist tax revenues and public expenditure for tourism development and conservationTourist tax revenue / public expenditure for tourism development and as % of total tax revenue; Public expenditure for conservation of tourist sites and on environmental information and education in tourism receiving regions                            Administration of the Special Protected area and local governments AnnuallyEnvironmental certification of tourism companies and �eco-labels� of accommodations in PAsnumber of ecolabels for tourism accommodation by level of implementation Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism, National Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2-3 year
Indicators to assess the socio-economic impacts of tourism on Protected Areas. Indicators to assess the socio-economic impacts of tourism in Protected Areas can be divided the following sections: a/ economic, b/ social and c/ cultural. These indicators should be evaluated by specialists of Conservational Administration of SPA, annually and suppose to be used for tourism development policy making in PAs. 

Table 2.3.Indicators of socio-economic impacts of tourism on Protected Areas
IssuesThemesIndicatorsEvaluation scoreEconomic impactsTo develop tourism as the contributor for local income generationContribution to local income generationFrom -3 up to +3Contribution to small and medium businessFrom -3 up to +3Contribution to local employmentFrom -3 up to +3Social impactsTo organize tourism for social safety and social effectiveness in PAs Overcrowd of populationFrom -3 up to +3Information and education of Laws and regulations on PAs From -3 up to +3Social safetyFrom -3 up to +3Cultural impactsTo use nomadic culture and traditional lifestyle as the tourism products and develop and conserve  cultural heritages Preserving the traditional lifestyleFrom -3 up to +3Interrelation between  traditional and foreign cultures From -3 up to +3
Table 2.4. Assessment methodology of socio-economic impacts of tourism 
IndicatorsDetailsAssessment methodologyContribution to local income generationGrowth of tourism income related to PAsDefined by income growth by PAs entrance fee.Percentage of tourism sector of PAs' in local income generation Defined as the percentage of taxation share of tourism organizations  in local taxation incomePercentage of tourism in family income generation*Defined as the percentage of tourism related income generation in annual household incomeAmount of direct and indirect investment through tourism to local communitiesDefined by economic values of direct and indirect investments by purpose of tourism development Contribution to small and medium businessGrowth of tourism accommodationsDefined by growth of tour camps, hotels and "ger" camps numberGrowth of with direct and indirect employment related to tourism Defined by the growth of tourism services in PAsContribution to local employmentPercentage of tourism share in local employment Defined as the percentage of tourism related employers in total employment of the region/aimag, soum.The growth of newly established temporary and permanent employment positions in tourism season Defined by growth of newly established temporary and permanent employment positionsOvercrowd of populationPopulation unnatural growth*Defined by the numbers of immigrating people due to tourismRemoteness and accessibility of social care servicesDistance from social cares services and number of doctors, policemen for residents in PAs Residents in PAs vs. total local residents number Defined as the percentage of local residents live in PAs area or population density of PAs. Information and education of Laws and regulations on PAsInformation board and it's accessibility Defined by information sharing and progress in PAs websites 
Social safetyGrowth, numbers and type of crime and any illegal acts in tourism zone Defined by growth of crimes and illegal acts in PAsGrowth and numbers of youths affected by drugs and gambling *Defined by growth and numbers of youths affected by drugs and gambling.Social distractions due to tourismDefined as how many times social destructions were happened and its reasons Growth of constructions , towns and buildings with national architectures*Defined by growth in numbers of buildings, constructions with national architectures stylish.Preserving the traditional lifestyleNumbers of traditional culture promoting activities in tourism packages Defined as the percentage of tourism packages in tour operator's productions.Number growth of organizations which use national dresses Defined as growth of national dresses using tourism organizations Growth of the trips and events to show local history, culture and tradition Defined by growth in numbers of trips and events including and promoting local traditional cultures and lifestyle. Percentage and level of historical and cultural sites damages and erosion *Defined as the percentage of tourism impacts or damages due to exceeding level of tourism capacity. Interrelation between  traditional and foreign culturesProportion of cultural eventsEvents of traditional cultures vs. modern cultural events.Growth of newly introducing religions *Defined by growth of newly establishing religion centers PS: * Not necessary to estimate in SPAs which tourism development is poor. 

Indicators of assessing management and infrastructure impacts of tourism in PAs. Indicators of assessing tourism impacts have been divided a/ management, b/infrastructural and investment project, regarding to tourism development situation. Indicators should be assessed annually by Conservational Administration of SPAs for monitoring purpose.  

Table 2.5. Indicators of assessing management and infrastructure impacts of tourism 
IssuesPrinciplesCriteriaIndicators













Management
Improve the local people's participation in Community-Based Tourism development and protect their interest and right

StructureActivities of CBT in terms official and non-official organizationsTransparency of regulations and rules of CBT organizations and represent local residents interests and right

Policy and program Implementation of short and long term plan for developing CBT basic principles Interaction of main goals and plans of CBT organizations with local development policy 
Education and advertisementNumber of workshops and seminars in local sustainable development and participation levelCertified by "Green certificate": it is voluntary for the organizations, which exit in SPAs and its buffer zone-mandatory for tourism organizations
Voluntarily involved in "Green certification"Number of organizations with "Green certificate"Tourism organizations with "Green certificate"Percentage of tourism organizations with "Green certificate"To proof the "Green certificate", annuallyNumber and growth of percentage "Green certified" organizations*Code of ethics for touristsLevel of introducing and implementing the "Code of ethics for tourists"Published "Code of ethics for tourists"Disturbed numbers of "Code of ethics for tourists"Percentage of "Code of ethics for tourists" distribution to domestic tourists *

Strategic plan and assessmentPre-planned the Investment and infrastructural development projects; accessibility of EIA report results and other related information for public
Development of long term Investment strategy in SPAs and its' buffer zonesDefined orientation of investment and infrastructural projects Results of EIAAssessed numbers of EIAInformation sharing and accessibility of Investment Projects to publicTransparency and information sharing about the development projects PS: * Not necessary to estimate in SPAs which tourism development is poor. 

Based on the estimation of environmental impacts of tourism on PAs, evaluate each indicators by the scores between (-3) - (+3) scores.  
-3-2-10123Too high negative impactsNegative impactLow negative impactsNo impactsLow positive impactPositive impactToo high positive impact
III. Results and findings
Tourism impacts on Protected Area and the result of the field study 
Tourism impacts on Protected Areas can be not only divided by direct, indirect or classified by the environment, socio-economical cultural, management and infrastructural impacts. 
The team worked in the field to apply and evaluate the indicators to assess of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of tourism on protected areas in the case study area for short period.
The site of investigation: �Orkhon Valley� National Park- Kharkhorin, Khujirt and Bat-Ulziit soum, Uvurkhangai aimag.
Table 3.1. Envvironmental impacts of tourism
ImpactsTourism impacts on �Orkhon Valley� National Park Cause SoilAlteration to structure and composition through loss of organic litter
Physical erosion of soils and parent material
Reduced soil moisture
Reduced soil pore space
Reduced microbial activity
Due to climate condition, tourism business is seasonal. There is any tour camp works during winter time.  Infra structure development is poor. Because of the lack of paved road, it is common to drive through local and unaccepted road to access at National Park and travel internal area.  Soil erosion, from poorly designed or managed roads and trails. Road and transport problem is so serious during rainy period.    Geological features (e.g. caves, dunes, river margins, glacial features and rock formation)Physical damage (breakage, graffiti etc)
Reduced visual appear
Soil erosion and changes in hydrology in certain areaRegarding to the global climate change, weather is becoming more arid and sand movement is intensified. Soil is more degraded.

Water resourcesDirect impact
Water quality deterioration.
Indirect impacts
Water depletion
Lowering of water tableMost of the tour camps own the accepted well. It is hard to account the amount of water usage because of water consumption calculator. No monitoring of waste water removal. However, implementation of natural resources and sites conservation policy  is progressed well in the Special Protected Areas, the mining sites and gold explorations near and in the buffer zone of the  National Park, water pollution is increasing, level of water is lowering and population of fishes are decreasing dramatically during the  last few years. 
Waste managementDirect impact
Loss of ground cover
Reduced biomass
Land degradation
Indirect impact
Reduced visual appearThe serious negative impact of tourism is waste, generally produced by domestic tourists and visitors. According to the SPA rangers� observations and experiences, main problem of tourism is related with domestic tourists and visitors. They camp anywhere and make firework and leave waste.  It might be cause of no organized and accepted camping sites in the National Park.WildlifeAlteration to animal behavior :
Change of food web,
Change of parental/reproduction behavior
Disruption of habitat
Hunting and injuring
Right now, there are no impacts on wildlife from tourism, according to the SPA rangers� observation. Number of wild animals is increasing, last years. 

VegetationDirect impacts
Loss of ground cover
Reduced height, growth
Reduced biomass
Loss of species
DeforestationAll tour camps, �Eco ger� and local people harvest trees for firewood to cook, heat and camping might be main cause of deforestation due to tourism negative impact. Usage of renewable energy resourcesSupplying certain amount of energy needs by renewable resources, such as solar energy, windmill etc.Only one tour camp, �Talbiun� uses solar energy for outside lighting and it is around 10 percent of the total energy consumption.  Most of tour camps are supplied by central energy network. 
Table 3.2. Socio-economical impacts of tourism  
ImpactsTourism impacts on �Orkhon Valley� National ParkLivelihood improvement
Level of  local people livelihood
Structure of family income
Structure of family budget
Impact of cost
Employment, tourism employment
There are positive impacts of tourism to local employment, income generation and improvement of livelihood. But livelihood improvement regarding to tourism is only limited by few �Eco ger� owners. Most of tour camps hire service workers from Ulaanbaatar, because of local people uneducated and unqualified situation. 
By the observation, cost of main type of production is quite high. Income impact
Economic growth of local area
Travel budget and it�s components
Taxation
There is no positive impact of tourism to local economic growth due to most of tour camps are registered in Ulaanbaatar. They pay only tax for rent of land and water consumption to soum. Nothing to pay at SPA. Demography
Migration, overcrowd
Unbalanced numbers of local people and tourists
Marriage, percentage of marriage with foreigners
Employment of children and womenNo impacts for demographic migration, introduction of new religion and foreign culture. 
Regarding to local governor officers information, main causes of demographic migration are other reasons, such as forest resources, mining sites. Cultural impacts
Nomadic culture and tradition
National pride
Impacts of religion
Foreign cultural impact
 By the observation, there is maintenance of nomadic culture, tradition and national pride. And local people are accepted it. 
Regarding to discussion, there are almost no impacts to children and women to their employment, education and behavior. Teenagers used to work as local guides /horsemen/. Due to new rule, youths above 16, work as guides. Social impacts
Crime, social safety
Social negative phenomena
Development of service sectors
Change of traditional consumption
Social distraction
Gender issues
Socio negative impacts of tourism are relatively low. Only domestic tourists and visitors over usage of alcohol is problem in these soums.  Policy and institutional impacts
Infrastructure
Budget for natural conservation and renovation
Small and medium business development
Technology
Until now tourism cannot influence to development  infrastructure and service sector in the Orkhon Valley National park
For the policy and institutional impacts, there is great lack of interconnection and interrelation between local people, local governors, tourism organizations,  administration of the Protected areas and administration of �World heritage-Orkhon Valley Cultural heritage�
Environmental sustainability
The team worked in the field to apply and evaluate the indicators to assess of the environmental impacts of tourism on protected areas in the case study area for short period (Table 3).
Table.3.3. Tourism environmental impacts at OVNP
ImpactsNegative impactsNo impactIndicators-3By percentage-2By percentage-1By percentage0By percentageAir pollution0037.149.53583.3Degradation of fresh water24.849.5716.72969.0Waste water37.1511.9716.72764.3Waste1228.61126.2716.71228.6Degradation of biodiversity49.537.1511.93071.4Soil degradation and inappropriate usage of land37.1716.71228.62047.6
The table shows that accumulation of waste is most negative impacts in OVNP. A major source of the waste is domestic tourists' travelling behaviour and lack of awareness. 

IV. Conclusions and recommendations
We would like to recommend some changes and additional issues in related existing legal documents with the purpose of applying the developed indicator assessments and improving the positive impacts of tourism, preventing and reducing the negative impacts of tourism on PAs.  

Table 4.1 Recommended changes in legal documents
!Laws and rulesRelated article/ Change and addingLaws of Mongolia1Law on Protected Area (1994)Regularly assessing the indicators of tourism impacts2Law on Buffer Zone of Protected Area (1997) Developing  and implementing the policy planning and incentive mechanisms to reduce tourism negative impacts and to promote sustainable ecotourism  3Law on Tourism (2000)  It is mandatory to certify by "Green certificate" for ecotourism developing tour operations and tour camps, hotels and voluntary for other tour organizations.
To give financial support for introducing environmental friendly technology  
Domestic tourists and travelers have to follow the PAs administration regulations and have to pay entrance fee.  Ministerial orders, regulations1 "General Regulation to establish the Buffer Zone Committee of PA"(Order number 112, date : 17.09.1998)  Buffer Zone Committees have to set up the CBT organization in the structure and take responsibility to certify the "Tourism Green Certification" 2"Temporary rule for land use and permitting the license in PAs of Mongolia" (Order number 218, date: 26.10.2010) The tour organizations have to register in local government for renting land in PAs and its' buffer zones 3"Regulation of tourism activities in Protected Areas "( Order number 117, date: 07.08.2002) Article 1.3: The tour organizations and individuals have been certified by "Green certificate" for doing tourism business in PAs and its 'buffer zones. 
Article 4: "Give recommendations and involve in assessing the indicators and estimate the impacts of tourism on PAs" 4"Regulation of service payment on PAs" (Order number 117, date: 07.08.2002)
To add the article: �PAs administration might be regulate itself to get the entrance payment from four  wheel vehicles" 
To change the entrance payment for foreigners in PAs by 5000  tugrug.  
4.2. Recommendations and guideline to apply the indicator assessment of tourism impacts on PAs 
To implement and apply the indicator assessment of tourism impacts on PAs, it is essential to create the appropriate model and define clearly who, when, where how will monitor and evaluate. 

Table 4.2 Stakeholders who involve in assessing the indicators of tourism impacts
GovernmentNGOs, scientistsTourism organizationsLocal representatives TouristsMinistry of NETEnvironmental NGOsTour operators and travel agenciesLocal governorInternational touristsNational Inspection and Auditing OrganizationTourism NGOsHotels, tour campsLocal peopleDomestic tourists and travelersPAs administrationsCommunity based tourism OrganizationsSchoolRangersResearch Institutes and scientists
According to international practices, all levels and types of stakeholders cooperate and involve in assessment. However, stakeholders' involvement is important, it would be more appropriate to choose government incentives dominant model based on the PAs administration, in Mongolian condition. 

Priorities of the projects and activities 
Based on the defining the indicators of tourism impacts, we would like to recommend the following important projects and programs to be implemented for the further: 
Trainings on tourism negative impact assessment and monitoring 
Methodological Trainings on "Tourism Green Certification"
Organizing the cooperative meetings and workshops for PAs administration and tourism organizations 
To develop website for promoting environmental friendly tourism in all PAs administration 
PAs administrations should initiate the special tourism programs; tour packages for international and domestic tourists, for the further should develop the online booking system of the trips.
Tourism marketing and advertisement program development for reducing tourism negative impacts. 
























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