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Evaluation of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire in a community and clinical population of children and adolescents

Dikeos Dimitris1, Soldatou Alexandra2, Kontopoulou Foteini3, Zelios George1, Haviara Fotini1, Papavasiliou Antigone3, Lazaratou Helen1



1 1st Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
2 2nd Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
3 Department of Pediatric Neurology, Pendeli Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece




Corresponding author:
Alexandra Soldatou, M.D.Assistant Professor of PediatricsUniversity of Athens Medical School2nd Department of Pediatrics �P. & A. Kyriakou� Children�s Hospital
Thivon & Levadias Str.
11527 Athens
GREECE���������������������� 
phone: +30 210 7793000fax: +30 210 7774383
Corresponding author's email:
alex_soldatou@hotmail.com


ABSTRACT 
Objectives: To evaluate the use of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) in a community and clinical population of children and adolescents and to record their sleep problems; to develop a Greek version of the CSHQ and to assess its psychometric properties. Methods: The CSHQ was translated in Greek and it was administered to the parents of 576 children 1 � 17 years old. Internal consistency was measured based on Cronbach's �. Differences in the scores were assessed by ANOVA followed by t-tests. Age-dependent analysis was performed for children younger than 4 years and older than 12 years in the clinical population. Results: Cronbach's � were 0.745 for the total and 0.708 for the control sample. The range of Cronbach's � if item deleted was 0.725 to 0.753. Cronbach's � of the subscales extended from 0.502 (sleep anxiety) to 0.735 (bedtime resistance). For children younger than 4 years, � was 0.732; for children older than 12 years it was 0.878. Conclusions: The Greek version of the CSHQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in community and clinical populations. Previous findings that CSHQ is a useful tool for toddler and clinical groups are confirmed. For the first time very satisfactory psychometric properties of the CSHQ for a clinical adolescent group are demonstrated. 
Keywords: CSHQ, parental report, scale validation, sleep disorders, sleep problems
INTRODUCTION
One of the most common problems expressed to pediatricians at well child visits are concerns about sleep. According to parental report, 20 � 30 % of the pediatric population has sleep disturbances one or more times during childhood [1]. Sleep disorders are especially prevalent among children and adolescents with psychiatric and neurological disorders [2].
Sleep-related problems have potentially important negative effects on the child's physical and mental health [3], through their impact on growth and metabolism, and their relation to behavior, emotional and cognitive development, learning, memory and attention [4].  Young children who suffer from sleep disturbances have higher injury rates and more injury-prone behavior; sleep loss has been linked to poor eating habits and obesity in children; the causes of disruptions in sleep are age-dependent and can impact school attendance and performance, daily activities, emotional status and family dynamics; there is an association between children's sleep problems and parental daytime sleepiness and functioning [5-7]. 
Although sleep disturbances are common in children and adolescents, most pediatric professionals do not use a systematic screening, identification, or referral process to detect them. Therefore, only 2 to 3 % of children with sleep disorders are identified and treated [8].
Reports by caregivers are a time- and cost- effective way of collecting data in research and clinical settings. Sleep questionnaires correspond well with actigraphy and daily parental sleep diaries [9]. The agreement rates between the questionnaire and actigraphy or diary may be lower the less recent the period covered by the questionnaire is, because the answers may be influenced by memories, experiences, and expectations (recall bias); consequently, the validity of a questionnaire may be improved by asking about a recent period (eg. the last week) [9].  Parental reports are reliable in terms of bedtime and nocturnal interactions, sleep-onset time, and sleep duration but not so for sleep quality measures or night awakenings [10-11]. Among the main sleep screening instruments in use in the pediatric population are the Children�s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CHSQ), the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire and the Child Sleep Questionnaire. The CHSQ was developed in the United States of America [12], but has been successfully adapted in other languages (Chinese, Hebrew, Dutch, German, Italian, and Portuguese) and its use has been tested in the respective populations [13 � 18]. 
To our knowledge there is no standardized screening instrument validated for use in the Greek pediatric population and, consequently, there are no epidemiological data on sleep patterns in the population of children in Greece. 
The main goal of our study was to develop and evaluate a Greek translation of the CSHQ. Secondary aims were the evaluation of CSHQ in age-dependent groups and in groups defined by clinical characteristics and the assessment of sleep disorders among clinical groups. 
METHODS
Description of the Scale
The design of the original version of the CSHQ is based on common clinical symptom presentations of the most prevalent pediatric International Classification of Sleep Disorders diagnoses. The CSHQ is a comprehensive, parent-report sleep screening instrument for school-aged children (4 years through 12 years). The CSHQ consists of 33 sleep-disturbance items and 3 items asking for information about sleep patterns (i.e., bedtime, morning wakeup time, and daily total sleep duration). Parents are asked to recall the child's sleep behaviors over a "typical" recent week. The CSHQ yields both a total score ('total sleep disturbance') and eight conceptually grouped subscale scores, based on the major medical and behavioral sleep disorders in this age group: bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, parasomnias, sleep-disordered breathing, daytime sleepiness, and night awakenings. Items are rated on a 3-point scale: "usually" ( 5 � 7 times per week), "sometimes" ( 2 � 4 times per week), or "rarely" ( 0 � 1 time per week). The original version of the CSHQ has shown satisfactory psychometric properties in US children [12]. For the purposes of this study, we developed a Greek version of the CSHQ by translation and back translation, according to the guidelines of the World Health Organization [19].
Sample Characteristics
Following approval of the project by the institutional review committee of our Hospital and the Hellenic Pedagogical Institute of the Ministry of National Education, the Greek CSHQ was given to the parents of 576 children, 13 months to 17 years old. All parents were informed on the research nature of the project and all agreed to participate. Of the 576 sampled children, the parents of 566 (98.26%) returned valid questionnaires for statistical analysis. The sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. The control sample consisted of 200 children recruited from schools. The clinical sample consisted of 366 children; 159 children with psychiatric disorders were recruited from a Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) and 207 children with neurodevelopmental disorders were recruited from a Pediatric Neurology Department (PND) of a Pediatric Hospital. Among the children of the clinical sample, 320 had an established diagnosis. There were 128 children with specific developmental disorder (mainly disorders of scholastic skills), 30 with pervasive developmental disorder, 31 with epileptic syndromes, 39 with cerebral palsy, 36 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 56 with �other diagnosis�. �Other diagnosis� includes mainly children with mild developmental delay and reported symptoms, which did not fall into a specific diagnostic category. Fourty of these children were on medication; 29 received antiepileptic drugs, 5 antipsychotic drugs and 6 methylphenidate HCL (Concerta).    
Statistical Analysis
The internal consistency of the scale was measured based on Cronbach's � for the entire scale and for all-but-one items if any one was deleted ("� if item deleted"), as well as for each subscale score and separately for the age-groups of children younger than 4 years and for those older than 12 years in the clinical samples (CMHC and PND). Differences in the total score and subscale scores among the subgroups of our sample were assessed by ANOVA followed by post hoc tests; to this aim an age- and sex- matched sample was selected. The comparison of the three groups (CMHC, PND and control) was based on a specifically selected age- and sex- matched sample. This sample consisted of 78 children aged 7 � 8 years old of which 20 were chosen from CMHC (15 male, 5 female), 19 from PND (12 male, 7 female), and 39 from the control group (27 male, 12 female).
All assessments were performed by using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 13. Statistical significance was set at 5%.

RESULTS
The total CSHQ score (mean + SD) was 44.47 + 6.62 for all subjects. The CMHC subjects scored 45.12 + 7.05, the PND 44.76 + 7.02 and the controls 43.60 + 5.78. The entire scale's Cronbach's � was 0.745 for the total, 0.708 for the control, 0.741 for the CMHC, and 0.773 for the PND samples (Table 2). Cronbach's � when any one of the items was removed from the calculation ranged from 0.725 to 0.753. Cronbach's � of the subscales ranged from 0.502 (sleep anxiety) to 0.735 (bedtime resistance) (Table 2). 
When reliability analysis in the clinical groups (CMHC and PND) was performed for children younger than 4 years, � for the entire scale was 0.732, and for the subscales it ranged from 0.458 to 0.748.  Respective numbers for children older than 12 years were 0.878 (range 0.572 to 0.825) (Table 3). 
As shown in Table 4, the control and clinical groups' total scores did not differ significantly. However, comparison of the control and clinical groups subscale results revealed that the CMHC group demonstrated the least bedtime resistance, whereas the PND the greatest (P=0.002), and that the PND group took the longest time to fall asleep, and the control the shortest (P=0.012). 
To further investigate the potential effect of diagnosis and treatment on sleep of children of the clinical sample, we first compared patients receiving pharmaceutical treatment to those who did not. Since patients on antipsychotic drugs and methylphenidate HCL (Concerta) were few, we compared children with epilepsy on antiepileptic medication to those not receiving any. Between the two groups, a difference in daytime sleepiness was found. Consequently, the group of children on medication was excluded in our comparison of patients with various diagnoses. The ANOVA and the Tukey�s honestly significant difference test, which followed, showed that the only diagnosis with any impact on sleep variables was cerebral palsy (CP). Children with CP showed a worse score on daytime sleepiness (compared to children without diagnosis), on parasomnias (compared to children without diagnosis and children with specific developmental disorders), and on sleep disordered breathing (compared to practically all other groups).

DISCUSSION
In this paper, we report the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the CSHQ assessed on a control sample, as well as on two clinical populations of children. The internal consistency coefficients for the entire scale were satisfactory, above 0.70, for all samples. The internal consistency was highest for the PND (0.773) followed by the CMHC (0.741) subjects and lowest for controls (0.708), in spite of the fact that age margins were much wider in the former groups than in the latter. As the total score was not strikingly different among groups, we may assume that the internal consistency measure is higher for clinical groups of children due to the fact that, for children suffering from psychiatric or neurological disorders, parents are possibly more careful when completing the scale than are parents of control children. Owens et al showed comparable values for CSHQ: internal consistency for their community sample was 0.68 and for a pediatric sleep disorders clinic sample was 0.78 [12]. Liu et al reported similar psychometric properties for the Chinese version of the CSHQ with Cronbach's � being 0.80 [13]. 
Analysis of our subscale data revealed alpha coefficients from 0.502 (sleep anxiety) to 0.735 (bedtime resistance). Sleep duration also revealed a high alpha coefficient value (0.649), whereas nighttime awakenings an alpha coefficient on the low side (0.555). Owens et al reported similar values for their control group with alpha coefficients ranging from 0.36 (parasomnias) to 0.70 (bedtime resistance) [12]. It is noteworthy that their highest values were also, similarly to our results, for bedtime resistance and sleep duration (Table 2). These findings are consistent with previous research conclusions showing that parental reports of bedtime, nocturnal interactions and sleep duration are more reliable than those of sleep quality measures or night awakenings [10-11]. 
Although the CSHQ is a sleep screening instrument designed for school aged children 4 � 12 years old, we expanded our clinical sample to include children aged less than 4 and more than 12 years old, in order to assess the properties of this instrument in these age groups as well. Age-dependent analysis revealed satisfactory findings. Alpha coefficients for the toddler and teen groups were calculated at 0.732 and 0.878 respectively. Based also on the relevant � coefficients of the subscales (Table 3) it seems that the CSHQ is very reliable for the adolescent group but less so for children under 4 years old. Indeed, the problems faced by parents of toddlers regarding their sleep are qualitatively different than those faced by parents of older children [20]; this might be the explanation for the somewhat lower reliability measures of the CSHQ in this age-group. Our findings corroborate previous reports of assessing the CSHQ in toddlers [21] and of using an adapted version of the CSHQ to assess infant's sleep [22]. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of testing the validity of the questionnaire in the adolescent group. 
There were no statistically significant differences noted among our groups' total scores. However, comparison of their subscale results (Table 4) revealed that the CMHC group demonstrated the least bedtime resistance, whereas the PND the greatest (P=0.002). This finding might be due to routine practices at the CMHC; the staff is sensitive to sleep hygiene issues and provides appropriate parental counseling. Another difference that emerged is that the PND group took the longest time by parental report to fall asleep, and the control the shortest (P=0.012). The latter group's short sleep onset delay is probably due to the fact that children fall asleep quickly after a tiring day at school. 
The results of ANOVA to compare the sleep measures of children with established diagnoses were not indicative of large differences. The group of children with cerebral palsy had differences on some subscale scores (parasomnias, daytime sleepiness and sleep disordered breathing), which have been reported in other studies as well [23, 24].  However, due to the size of the group of children with this diagnosis (N=32) these differences had no impact on our main findings.  
Limitations
The parents of the children who participated in this study reside in the metropolitan area of Athens. There was no population from rural Greece, where children might demonstrate differences in their sleep habits. However, our sample was drawn from areas of Athens with wide differences regarding average socioeconomic status.
The sex and age percentages differed among our clinical and control groups. In order to make comparisons, sex and age matched groups were selected.  In addition, due to the large range of age in the clinical groups, calculations for specific age groups were performed on a limited number of subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
This is a report on the development and assessment of the use of the Greek version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), one of the most widely used questionnaires in pediatric populations. Our results provide proof in favor of the use of this standardized instrument for screening and research purposes in the Greek language. Furthermore, the validity of the CSHQ was also tested for specific age groups as well as two clinical groups of children. Previous findings that CSHQ is a useful tool for various clinical groups are confirmed. Differences in sleep habits among the three groups (controls and the two clinical sets of subjects) were found to be mild. In addition, for the first time, very satisfactory psychometric properties of the CSHQ for a clinical adolescent group are demonstrated. 

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Table 1. Characteristics of the sample
NMale / Female (%F)Age in years (mean +  SD)Controls200  92 / 108 (54.0%)7.45 + 0.26CMHC159 117 / 42 (26.4%)6.36 + 2.52PND207 134 / 73 (35.3%)8.11 + 3.68Total566343 / 223 (39.4%)7.38 + 2.69~������������					\	]	�	�	

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la�x�CMHC = Community Mental Health Care Center, PND = Pediatric Neurology Department

Table 2. Internal consistency (Cronbach's �)
Present studyOwens et al, 2000Entire scale    Total sample (N=566)0.745        CMHC    (N=159)0.741        PND        (N=207)0.773        Controls (N=200)0.708Subscales  (for total sample)    Bedtime resistance0.7350.70   Sleep duration0.6490.69   Sleep anxiety0.5020.63   Nighttime awakenings0.5550.54   Parasomnias0.5760.36   Sleep-disordered breathing0.5830.51   Daytime sleepiness0.5640.65   Sleep onset delayNANA = not applicable (subscale comprises of only one item)
CMHC = Community Mental Health Center, PND = Pediatric Neurology Department

Table 3. Reliability of the Greek CSHQ (Cronbach's �) for children of the clinical sample, < 4 years and > 12 years old
< 4 years (N=45)> 12 years (N=29)Entire scale0.7320.878Bedtime resistance0.7210.629Sleep duration0.5840.584Sleep anxiety0.4580.637Nighttime awakenings0.4590.661Parasomnias0.7480.764Sleep-disordered breathing0.7420.825Daytime sleepiness0.6740.572Sleep onset delayNANANA = not applicable (subscale comprises of only one item)
Table 4. Comparison of three age- and sex- matched samples (controls, CMHC and PND) regarding CSHQ total score and subscale scores
CMHCPNDControlsF (df = 2,73)PBedtime resistance6.74 + 1.459.72 + 3.687.82 + 2.256.7560.002 aSleep duration3.53 + 1.393.61 + 1.193.36 + 1.100.332n.s.Sleep anxiety5.47 + 1.436.61 + 1.826.33 + 1.912.165n.s.Nighttime awakenings3.10 + 0.313.61 + 0.983.51 + 0.912.096n.s.Parasomnias7.89 + 1.767.55 + 1.048.02 + 1.510.617n.s.Sleep-disordered breathing3.37 + 0.893.00 + 0.003.31 + 0.611.933n.s.Daytime sleepiness13.89 + 3.1813.28 + 2.1113.61 + 2.740.237n.s.Sleep onset delay1.16 + 0.501.55 + 0.781.10 + 0.384.6810.012 bTotal score42.89 + 5.8845.33 + 5.4144.18 + 5.750.847n.s.CMHC = Community Mental Health  Center, PND = Pediatric �B�D�^�`�b��f����kdp$$If�l��F��;� ���
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la�Neurology Department, CSHQ=  Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, n.s. = non significant

a, b: Statistically significant differences among groups (when the overall ANOVA was statistically significant)
   a : controls vs. CMHC, p= 0.031; PND vs. CMHC, p= 0.004
   b : controls vs. PND, p = 0.030


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