����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 104.21.45.146  /  Your IP : 108.162.241.38
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/0-0-Manuscript-2015-03-03.doc
��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������q`	���bjbjqPqP	4::Jq����������������/�/�/�/��0��xaj82828282823)353�`�`�`�`�`�`�`$�bhJeZ�`Q��>33�>�>�`��8282�2a�O�O�O�>�
�82�82�`�O�>�`�O�OV_W@��#X82,2ЋZ�U��/vI��Wg[THa0xa�Wx�etL��e#X#X��e��X�=3x�6z�O/9�+;�=3=3=3�`�`�N�=3=3=3xa�>�>�>�>���D'�,�����,�������������Passive smoking increases the incidence of preterm delivery and low birth weight



Samir K. Roy1, Nirmalya K. Sinha2,3, Kusumita Mandal4 Smarajit Maiti5,6,*




1M.D, Residential Medical Officer & Clinical Tutor, Dept. Of Pediatrics, Bankura Sammilani
Medical College, Bankura-722101, West Bengal, India.

2Part Time Teacher, Dept. Of Nutrition, Raja N.L. Khan Women�s College, Midnapore-
721102, West Bengal, India.

3Core Member, Agricure Biotech Research Society, Mahatabpur, Midnapore-721101, West
Bengal, India.

4M.D., Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Pathology, KPC Medical College, Calcutta

5M.Sc., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Dept. Of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell & Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Oriental Institute of Science & Technology, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India.

6Founder and Secretary, Agricure Biotech Research Society, Mahatabpur, Midnapore-
721101, West Bengal, India.




Running head: Passive smoking impairs pregnancy outcome


*Correspondence (request for reprint) Author:

Dr. Smarajit Maiti, Associate Professor and Head, Post Graduate Dept. Of Biochemistry &
Biotechnology, Cell & Molecular Therapeutics Lab, Faculty, Dept of Biotechnology, OIST,
Vidyasagar University, Midnapore.
Email: maitism@rediffmail.com
 ABSTRACT
Objective: Tobacco exposure has detrimental health effects. The exposure even at a passive form during pregnancy is critically vulnerable for the mother as well as for the developing foetus. Present study was aimed to evaluate the association of maternal passive tobacco exposure on the gestational outcome and the birth weight of the neonate. Methods: This study was conducted in the Post-natal ward of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Bankura Sammilani Medical College, in Eastern India. Randomly selected inborn singletons 196 neonates (96 passively exposed to tobacco smoke and 100 non-exposed) and their mothers were considered. The gestational period, anthropometric measurement and birth weight were recorded. The statistical analyses were done by using the SPSS software. Normally distributed data was tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Birth weight differences were analysed by student�s t test. Pearson�s chi-square test was used to determine significant differences within categories. Pearson correlation (P <0.05) was considered as significant. To estimate the relationships among variables logistic regression analysis was done 
Results: The mean birth-weight difference of the neonate from exposed mothers and non-exposed mothers were 0.202 kg (95% CI; 0.074-0.329) with a t value of 3.114 and p<0.01. And the mean birth weight of the preterm group were significantly (t= 6.122 and 5.223; p<0.001) lower then the corresponding term birth group (95% CI 0.529 and 0.513 respectively) Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (odds ratio = 2.233, 95% confidence interval: 1.162, 4.292, p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present outcome is very important for the evaluation of association between passive smoking with the pregnancy/fetal and birth outcome. Incidences and practices of any form of tobacco exposure should be eradicated. 
Key words: Passive smoking, preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal and child health 

INTRODUCTION
Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is an important risk factor in the paediatric associated with low birth weight (LBW) infants [1-8], preterm birth [2,9], intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) [9] and respiratory diseases [10] during infancy. In utero exposure to tobacco is implicated in the aetiology of many adults' diseases including obesity, diabetes and hypertension [7,9]. Smoking also causes long-term risk of maternal health problems such as: heart disease, cancer, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and higher maternal mortality [10]. Quitting from smoking during pregnancy prevents these detrimental effects [3]. 
While, active maternal tobacco smoking has well established adverse perinatal outcomes, the effects of passive maternal smoking, also called environmental tobacco exposure (ETS) are less studied [11]. Exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy has adverse effects on the mother and infant [12].  It is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes including LBW [3,7,9,13,14], small for gestational age infants [7,9], congenital anomalies [11,15], increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) [16], higher risk of IUGR [1], increased risk of severe infections [17]. It is also responsible for female depressive symptoms during pregnancy [18]. Cigarette smoke resulted in decreased gluconeogenic activity, and altered lipid metabolism [19].

Reports reveal that the free radical of different oxygen and nitrogenous species (ROS and RNS) are generated as a result of both active and passive tobacco exposures [20]. That makes compounding effects on the foetus. This early exposure even sustains anomalies to their adulthood [21]. Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem in many developing countries including India and China [22]. It increases the rate of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide [5].
	In this background, the present investigation elucidates the influence of passive smoking on the gestation period birth/and health outcomes of the children. This investigation will focus and address the maternal and neonatal health outcome worldwide. It is also important to recognize the multi-factorial etiology of LBW for developing its effective control program. 
METHODS
Study location and human participants
The present study was conducted under the strict observation of the registered medical practitioner in the special care, neonatal unit of Pediatrics, Department/Labor room and Post-natal ward of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Bankura Sammilani Medical College, West Bengal in Eastern India.
Ethical consideration
The study was conducted by a registered doctor and health professional and it was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee. The researcher explained the study to the potential participants. The anonymity of the participants was kept reserved.
Inclusion criteria
Randomly selected inborn singletons 196 neonates without congenital defects were considered from several successive cases of live birth. The exposed group consists of 96 postnatal women who experienced SHS or passive tobacco exposure at home because of a husband or other housemate who smoked inside the house throughout the pregnancy. The non-exposed group included 100 women who did not experience SHS or any form of tobacco exposure during pregnancy. The women were interviewed by standard questionnaire method within 24 hours after delivery. Mothers� home exposure to passive smoking was defined as 5 or more cigarettes smoked per day by others in the mother�s presence [23]. Women who were healthy (no history of acute or chronic diseases), had accurate information about their last menstrual period. Mothers were included with age (18-35 yrs), pre-pregnancy weight >40 kg and height >140 cms.  
Socioeconomic status
The socioeconomic status and related demographic profile of mothers of the selected children were assessed by revised Kuppuswami�s socioeconomic status scale [24]. Mainly, socioeconomic marginalized mothers were included in the experiment. 
Gestational age of mother
Gestational age was calculated as total duration (weeks) of pregnancy from the first date of the last menstrual period for the birth of the baby. The preterm birth was considered as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks� of gestation [25].
Anthropometric measurements
All anthropometric measurements were made by the trained professionals using the standard techniques [26]. The babies with <2,500 g are designated as LBW [25].
Statistical analysis
The statistical analyses were done by using the SPSS for Windows statistical software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 2001). Normally distributed data was tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The difference between birth weight of neonate of the mothers exposed to passive smoking or non-exposed to any form of tobacco smoking was analysed by student�s t test and the data were expressed as means and standard deviations. Pearson�s chi-square test was used to determine significant differences within categories. Pearson correlation P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. To estimate the relationships among variables logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of preterm delivery and LBW infants.
RESULTS
A total of 196 mothers, (96 passively exposed and 100 non-exposed to tobacco smoke) who were housewife and belonging to a low socioeconomic group were included in this study.
The mean difference of the birth weight of the neonate from exposed mothers and non-exposed mothers were 0.202 kg (95% CI; 0.074-0.329) with a t value of 3.114 and p<0.01. This showed that passive smoking during gestational period had a role in reducing the birth weight (Table 1a).
Division between term and preterm birth of both exposed and non-exposed group exhibits a significant finding. When 33 neonates (34%) were found to be low birth weight in the exposed group, 19% was LBW in the non-exposed category (Table 1b). And the mean birth weight of the preterm group were significantly (t= 6.122 and 5.223; p<0.001) lower then the corresponding term birth group (95% CI 0.529 and 0.513 respectively) (Table 1b). In addition, the preterm neonates of both exposed and non-exposed group were LBW but the corresponding term birth resulted in just above the normal birth weight (> 2.500 kg). The mean birth weight differences between the two preterm and two term categories of exposed or non-exposed group suggest that exposed preterm was lower by 0.134 kg than non-exposed preterm and exposed term was lower by 0.117 kg (Table 1b). These differences were not found to be significant possibly due to the low sample size and inter-individual variability.
In low birth weight category when 31.25% came from exposed group, 16% came from non-exposed group. And in normal birth weight category, 68% came from exposed group and 84% came from non-exposed group (�2 = 6.342 and 5.94 respectively, p<0.05) (Table 2).
Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (odds ratio = 2.233, 95% confidence interval: 1.162, 4.292, p<0.05) and LBW (odds ratio = 2.386, 95% confidence interval: 1.200, 4.744, p<0.05). This findings support a positive association between passive smoking and the risk of LBW and preterm births (Table 3).
Another important finding of our study with logistic regression analysis, smoking exposure may not directly cause low birth weight but affect by preterm delivery (Wald-42.267, Constant-21.497). This finding may be apparent and need some further investigation for concluding remarks. Most probably smoking has deleterious effect on gestation; induce labor prematurely (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke has been associated with increased levels of nicotine and cotinine in the serum or urine of the mother, neonate and in the amniotic fluid [27]. These substances constitute a hazard to the foetus as they cross the placental barrier and may act to inhibit foetal growth [27-29]. In addition, Chelchowska et al. [30] suggested that smoking during pregnancy may increase lead concentrations in maternal blood and foetal exposure to low doses of lead in utero may be a serious risk factor causing lower birth weight. However this need some elaborate investigation. The relation between maternal smoking and foetal development is thought to arise from a direct toxic effect of smoke or from an indirect effect mediated by a reduction in maternal weight gain. 
Exposure to residential environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy is associated with LBW of neonates. Hence, there is an urgent need to increase awareness about health hazards of ETS during pregnancy and bring about behavioural changes accordingly as a one of the strategies to reduce LBW deliveries in different developing countries i.e. India [31]. The evidence in the United States suggest that population-level intervention using a smoking-ban improved maternal and foetal outcomes, measured as maternal smoking and preterm births [32]. Educational anti-tobacco campaigns and quit smoking initiatives should target both mothers and fathers to ensure smoke-free living conditions and a healthy environment for all family members [13]. The mean birth weight was not significantly different when the values are compared from the participants who quit smoking during pregnancy to non-smoking participants, suggesting that stopping smoking during pregnancy is beneficial [33]. Our results should reinforce the importance of smoking prevention during and after pregnancy in both parents, which could reduce many complications in children's health with a high medical, social and economic cost [6]. Active or passive exposure to smoke during pregnancy and lower hemoglobin levels are associated with an increased risk of premature deliveries and lower birth weight. Stopping smoking during pregnancy prevents these detrimental effects [3]. Second hand tobacco smoke (STS) contains a number of known or suspected reproductive toxins, and human exposure to STS is prevalent worldwide [15].
Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major health hazard as it contains lower doses of the toxins that smokers' inhale [34]. Tobacco can reduce the anthropometric measurements of the newborn and increased rate of LBW infants, irrespective of maternal BMI [7,9]. ETS exposure in the workplace should be minimized to protect pregnant women from its adverse effects [5].
Socioeconomic status (SES) is inversely associated with perinatal outcomes. A certain fraction of this association is likely to be attributed by the tobacco exposure [35]. Smoking may be considered as one of the links between the lower maternal education and adverse perinatal outcomes. Therefore, tobacco-interventions in lower educated women should be primarily focussed on maternal smoking to reduce preterm birth, LBW and SGA [35]. Because of the strong association of active smoking with fetal growth retardation, increasing interest has focused on whether there is also an association with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) [36].
In the present study the group of newborn infants exposed to passive smoking had a mean birth weight 202 gm lower than non-exposed infants. This is consistent with another study which showed that the birth weight of babies of passive smoking-exposed mothers was 189g lower than that of babies of the non-exposed mothers [37]. Similarly, a study in Denmark showed that maternal exposure to passive smoking was associated with a reduction in birth weight of 120 g per pack of cigarettes smoked per day by the father. The present study not only showed birth weight retardation as adverse outcome but also a significant association with preterm delivery is found. We found that, exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy increased the risk by 2-fold of having a low-birth-weight infant (<2500g). This finding is consistent with an earlier study, in which exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of having a low birth weight infant (relative risk 1.953, 95% CI: (1.140-3.346) [38]. The study also showed passive smoking definitely affects birth weight. Preterm Delivery occurred 2-fold in smoking exposed mother than non-exposed mother (relative risk-1.809, 95% CI 1.108-2.953). 
Poor socioeconomic status predominant in the present study site and it has a great impact of the pregnancy outcome. Some earlier studies indicate that female of the reproductive age are very prone to anaemia [39,40] which is a good indicator of poor health condition. They are sensitive to different infectious diseases like tuberculosis which are augmented in smoking individuals, especially in women [41] and carcinogenic tissue damage due to heavy metal toxicity [42] and parasitic infections etc. Health impairment in the presence of these factors aggravates the situation during pregnancy. The growth of the foetus has taken place on the maternal nutrient depletion. Some recent work in this geographical are revealed that the growth status of the infants were poor in respect to standard growth references [43,44]. This is due to the poor nutritional status among the preschool children of this area [45,46] possibly for the reason of illiteracy, lack of health awareness, ignorance and poor immunization practice [47] etc. This vicious cycle of malnutrition in mother and child sustains. The other factors like smoking, drug-abuse, infectious-diseases, low antenatal care and environmental pollution make the condition more vulnerable.
In our study incidence of low birth weight is 31.25% and preterm baby is 34.38% in smoking exposed mother. Whereas in non -exposed mother these values are 16% and 19% respectively. The results definitely show significant association in between smoking exposure and birth weight. Another important finding of our study with logistic regression analysis, smoking exposure does not directly cause low birth weight but result in preterm delivery. Most probably smoking has deleterious effect on gestation, induce labor prematurely. This is apparent to conclude and we assume more investigations are necessary in this aspect. Limitations of our study are quantification and variety of smoking could not be measured. Smoking exposure in which trimester most severely affect the birth weight also was not critically evaluated. 
In conclusion, the present outcome is very important for the evaluation of association between passive smoking with the pregnancy/fetal and birth outcome. The understanding of how several factors attributing to LBW, vary by socio-demographic/ economic status and by maternal determinants will make it easier to design global interventions that are more integrated and effective.
Acknowledgements: All authors sincerely wish sound health for mother and their children.
Conflict of interest: None 

REFERENCES

Horta BL, Victora CG, Menezes AM, Halpern R, Barros FC. Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1997;11(2):140-51.
Krstev S, Marinkovi J, Simi S, Kocev N, Bondy SJ. The influence of maternal smoking and exposure to residential ETS on pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective national study. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(9):1591-8.
Ribot B, Isern R, Hern�ndez-Mart�nez C, Canals J, Aranda N, Arija V. Effects of tobacco habit, second-hand smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy on newborn's health. Med Clin (Barc). 2014;143(2):57-63.
Deshmukh JS, Motghare DD, Zodpey SP, Wadhva SK. Low birth weight and associated maternal factors in an urban area. Indian Pediatr. 1998;35(1):33-6.
Misra DP, Nguyen RH. Environmental tobacco smoke and low birth weight: a hazard in the workplace? Environ Health Perspect. 1999;107 Suppl 6:897-904.
Alonso Ojembarrena A, Cano Fern�ndez J, Gir�n Velasco A, Yep Chullen G, S�nchez Bayle M. Birth weight and familial smoking. An Pediatr (Barc). 2005;63(2):116-9.
Wahabi HA, Mandil AA, Alzeidan RA, Bahnassy AA, Fayed AA. The independent effects of second hand smoke exposure and maternal body mass index on the anthropometric measurements of the newborn. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1058.
Ko TJ, Tsai LY, Chu LC, Yeh SJ, Leung C, Chen CY, Chou HC, Tsao PN, Chen PC, Hsieh WS. Parental smoking during pregnancy and its association with low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth offspring: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Neonatol. 2014;55(1):20-7.
Wahabi HA, Alzeidan RA, Fayed AA, Mandil A, Al-Shaikh G, Esmaeil SA. Effects of secondhand smoke on the birth weight of term infants and the demographic profile of Saudi exposed women. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:341.
Merritt TA, Mazela J, Adamczak A, Merritt T. The impact of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure on pregnancy outcomes, infant health, and the threat of third-hand smoke exposure to our environment and to our children. Przegl Lek. 2012;69(10):717-20.
Salmasi G, Grady R, Jones J, McDonald SD; Knowledge Synthesis Group. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(4):423-41.
Hawsawi AM, Bryant LO, Goodfellow LT. Association Between Exposure to Secondhand Smoke During Pregnancy and Low Birthweight: A Narrative Review. Respir Care. 2015;60(1):135-140.
Pogodina C, Brunner Huber LR, Racine EF, Platonova E. Smoke-free homes for smoke-free babies: the role of residential environmental tobacco smoke on low birth weight. J Community Health. 2009;34(5):376-82.
Norsa'adah B, Salinah O. The Effect of Second-Hand Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy on the Newborn Weight in Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci. 2014;21(2):44-53.
Meeker JD, Benedict MD. Infertility, Pregnancy Loss and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Relation to Maternal Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2013;9(1):41-49.
Wang M, Wang ZP, Zhang M, Zhao ZT. Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(3):513-21.
Hofhuis W, Merkus PJ, de Jongste JC. Negative effect of passive smoking on the (unborn) child. Ned Tijdsch voor Geneeskd, 2002, 146(8):356�359.
Mbah AK, Salihu HM, Dagne G, Wilson RE, Bruder K. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of antenatal depression: application of latent variable modeling. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16(4):293-302.
Canales L, Chen J, Kelty E, Musah S, Webb C, Pisano MM, Neal RE. Developmental cigarette smoke exposure: liver proteome profile alterations in low birth weight pups. Toxicology. 2012;300(1-2):1-11.
Bernhard D, Wang XL. Smoking, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases�do anti-oxidative therapies fail? Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(16):1703-12. 
 Stone WL, Bailey B, Khraisha N. The pathophysiology of smoking during pregnancy: a systems biology approach. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2014;6:318-28. 
Metgud CS, Naik VA, Mallapur MD. Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn--a community based study in rural Karnataka, India. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40040.
Dejmek J, Solansk y I, Podrazilov� K, Sr�m RJ. The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(6):601-6.
Kumar N, Gupta N, Kishore J. Kuppuswamy's socioeconomic scale: updating income ranges for the year 2012. Indian J Public Health. 2012;56(1):103-4.
Tucker J, McGuire W. ABC of preterm birth Epidemiology of preterm birth. BMJ. 2004; 329: 675-678.
Lohman TG, Roche AF. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. In: Martorell R, editor. Chicago: Human Kinetics Books. 1988.
Luck W, Nau H, Hansen R, Steldinger R. Extent of nicotine and cotinine transfer to the human fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid of smoking mothers. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1985; 8:384�395.
Mochizuki M, Maruo T, Masuko K, Ohtsu T. Effects of smoking on fetoplacental-maternal system during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 149:413�420.
Mochizuki M, Maruo T, Masuko K. Mechanism of foetal growth retardation caused by smoking during pregnancy. Acta Physiol Hung. 1985; 65:295�304.
Chelchowska M, Ambroszkiewicz J, Jablonka-Salach K, Gajewska J, Maciejewski TM, Bulska E, Laskowska-Klita T, Leibschang J. Tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy increases maternal blood lead levels affecting neonate birth weight. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;155(2):169-75.
Khattar D, Awasthi S, Das V. Residential environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and low birth weight of neonates: case control study in a public hospital in Lucknow, India. Indian Pediatr. 2013;50(1):134-8.
Page RL 2nd, Slejko JF, Libby AM. A citywide smoking ban reduced maternal smoking and risk for preterm births: a Colorado natural experiment. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21(6):621-7.
Nijiati K, Satoh K, Otani K, Kimata Y, Ohtaki M. Regression analysis of maternal smoking effect on birth weight. Hiroshima J Med Sci. 2008;57(2):61-7.
Abusalah A, Gavana M, Haidich AB, Smyrnakis E, Papadakis N, Papanikolaou A, Benos A. Low birth weight and prenatal exposure to indoor pollution from tobacco smoke and wood fuel smoke: a matched case-control study in Gaza Strip. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16(8):1718-27.
van den Berg G, van Eijsden M, Vrijkotte TG, Gemke RJ. Educational inequalities in perinatal outcomes: the mediating effect of smoking and environmental tobacco exposure. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37002.
Windham GC, Eaton A, Hopkins B. Evidence for an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and birthweight: a meta-analysis and new data. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1999;13(1):35-57. 
Windham GC, Hopkins B, Fenster L, Swan SH. Prenatal active or passive tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of preterm delivery or low birth weight. Epidemiology. 2000;11(4):427-33.
Hruba D, Kachlik P. Influence of maternal active and passive smoking during pregnancy on birth weight in newborns. Central European Journal of Public Health, 2000, 8:249�252.
Sinha NK, Chattopadhyay JC, Das PK, Maiti S, Maiti K. Prevalence of anemia and its possible attributing factors in psychologically healthy women of reproductive ages in Midnapore (Jangalmahal-area). India. Indian J Community Health. 2013;25(3): 226-232.
Sinha NK, Haldar JP. Correlation between haemoglobin level and anthropometric variables: A study on women of reproductive age group, West Bengal. Anthropologist. 2015;19(1):185-192.
Maiti S, Patra S, Nandi D, Bandyopadhyay B, Mondal KC, Pati BR. Tuberculosis: Studies on role of gender, age and drug addiction in eastern part of India. SAARC J Tuber Lung Dis HIV/AIDS. 2010;VII(2):1-9.
Maiti S, Chattopadhyay S, Deb B, Samanta T, Maji G, Pan B, Ghosh A, Ghosh D. Antioxidant and metabolic impairment result in DNA damage in arsenic-exposed individuals with severe dermatological manifestations in Eastern India. Environ Toxicol. 2012;27(6):342-50.
Sinha NK, Das S, Bose K, Nandi DK. A Longitudinal growth study of weight among Lodha and Non-Lodha infants and young children of Lodhasuli,West Bengal, India. Antrocom. 2010;6(2):135-140.
Sarkar A, Samanta M, Sinha NK, Samanta P, Das S, Bose K. A longitudinal study of weight gain among Santal and Non-Santal infants of Kankabati gram panchayat, West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Biological Science. 2010; 16:29-33.
Sinha NK, Maiti K, Samanta P, Das DC, Banerjee P. Nutritional status of 2�6 year old children of Kankabati grampanchayat, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health. 2012; 41(2):60-4.
Sinha NK, Maiti S. Prevalence of undernutrition among underprivileged preschool children (2-6 yrs) of Midnapore town, India. MJPCH.2012;18(1):58-69.
Ray A, Sinha NK, Maiti S, Roy SK, Maiti K. Reciprocity between partial immunization and malnutrition significantly impairs health of preschool children. Indian Journal of Maternal and Child Health. 2013;15(1).



Table 1a. Comparison of mean�sd newborn birth weight (kg) between exposed and non-exposed women to second-hand smoke
Second-hand smoke exposureNBirth weight (kg)Mean difference (95% CI)t valueP valueExposed962.546�0.4730.202
(0.074-0.329)3.114P<0.01Non-exposed1002.737�0.433


Table 1b. Comparison of mean�sd newborn birth weight (kg) in either a preterm or a term birth condition between exposed and non-exposed women to passive smokeing.
Second-hand smoke exposureGestational periodNBirth weight (kg)Mean difference (95% CI)t valueP valueExposedPreterm332.188�0.4580.529
(0.358-0.701)6.122P<0.001Term632.718�0.370Non-exposedPreterm192.322�0.4010.513
(0.318-0.708)5.223P<0.001Term812.835�0.382
Table 2. Chi-square statistics of the categorical maternal variables like gestation periods / exposed or non-exposed to smoking and neonatal variables i.e. birth weight

Obstetric / neonatal profileFrequency (%)PQT`atw���������3	4	�	��������s��Z?Z?Z4h��h_J�B*CJH*OJPJQJaJmH	phsH	1h_J�h_J�B*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	1h_J�B*CJH*OJPJQJ\�aJmH	phsH	7h_J�h_J�B*CJH*OJPJQJ\�aJmH	phsH	4h_J�h_J�B*CJOJPJQJ\�aJmH	phsH	7h_J�h_J�5�B*CJOJPJQJ\�aJmH	phsH	h_J�h_J�5�CJOJQJaJh_J�hs45�CJOJQJaJQRST������2	3	�	�	�	�	

U
V
 r�������������������������������d��7$8$H$gd_J�d�gds4���	�	�	



T
U
V
W
x
�
�

 !������ε�ε��Ο�������hM�h4h�cGh�cGB*CJOJPJQJ\�aJmH	phsH	7h_J�h_J�5�B*CJOJPJQJ\�aJmH	phsH	4h��h��B*CJH*OJPJQJaJmH	phsH	+h�cGB*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	1h_J�h_J�B*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	4h��h_J�B*CJH*OJPJQJaJmH	phsH	+h_J�B*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	�������S����su���fN������������������$��d�`��a$gde	$��d�`��a$gd�>�
$d�a$gd�]N$
��d�a$gd�T
$d�a$gd�\�d�gds4d�gd_J�d��7$8$H$gd_J���"������
�
&�кС��qaK6$"hI0CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@(hI0hI0CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@+h�ThEj�5�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@h_J�hEj�5�CJOJQJaJh_J�h�Z�5�CJOJQJaJh_J�hs45�CJOJQJaJh_J�h_J�5�CJOJQJaJ1h_J�h_J�B*CJOJPJQJaJmH	ph�sH	+h�cGB*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	1h_J�h_J�B*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	+hu5�B*CJOJPJQJaJmH	phsH	&FMNVW\pv��fu��JWah������hqs{|���Ʊ�����{�{o`o`o`o`o`o`o`o`o`Ʊhfb�h�\�CJOJQJaJh�\�CJOJQJaJht	Ih�,*CJOJQJaJh�,*CJOJQJaJhfb�hI0CJOJQJaJhI0CJOJQJaJ(hI0hEj�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@+h�ThEj�5�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@"hI0CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@"h�TCJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@!|������������� ��|}~���t��������������پ����o\Lh�TCJOJQJaJmH	sH	$h�skh�TCJOJQJaJmH	sH	"h�TCJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@+h�ThEj�5�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@h�TCJOJQJaJh�N�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�_�CJOJQJaJh�_�CJOJQJaJhUwkh�dbCJOJQJaJh�P�CJOJQJaJh�dbCJOJQJaJhfb�h�dbCJOJQJaJtu�����$%->NTU\^bcq��̷���~r~cWKcW�?3Wh�]NCJOJQJaJh�DCJOJQJaJhT-�CJOJQJaJh�*	CJOJQJaJhfb�h*�CJOJQJaJhe	CJOJQJaJhfb�h$^�CJOJQJaJh�Z�h}=CJOJQJaJh�Z�h�TCJOJQJaJhEj�CJOJQJaJ(hI0h�Z�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@h�Z�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	'h�Z�h�Z�5�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	hEj�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	qwxy�������
TYZ[�����������x��iZ�N�BN�N�he	CJOJQJaJh �CJOJQJaJhfb�hKvfCJOJQJaJhfb�h�fCJOJQJaJhfb�he	CJOJQJaJhfb�h58CJOJQJaJhfb�h$^�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�\.CJOJQJaJh�*	h�]NCJOJQJaJhfb�h�]NCJOJQJaJ"h�]N5�B*CJOJQJaJph�h�e�h�]N5�CJOJQJaJh�@CJOJQJaJ$_cdfkl���!(-./ABdg�������ʾʾ�ٯ��ٯ����y�yj[yOyhT-�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�c�CJOJQJaJhfb�h$^�CJOJQJaJhfb�h?V�CJOJQJaJh�@CJOJQJaJh�B�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�c�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�fCJOJQJaJh�gKCJOJQJaJhfb�h�gKCJOJQJaJhe	CJOJQJaJh�]NCJOJQJaJhfb�hKvfCJOJQJaJ��������
 (*WZ]lmnoptu�������������������Ӹ����v�v�gv�Ǹ�Xhfb�hw�CJOJQJaJh�*	h�*	CJOJQJaJhfb�hab�CJOJQJaJh �CJOJQJaJhfb�h�fCJOJQJaJh�!�CJOJQJaJh�gKCJOJQJaJhfb�h�!�CJOJQJaJhT-�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�4�CJOJQJaJhfb�hmZ1CJOJQJaJhfb�hX�CJOJQJaJ�������./GLMNO���������CKUk���Ǹ���֩֩�ǎp��aR����aah�skhT-�CJOJQJaJh�skh�gKCJOJQJaJh�skh�>�CJOJQJaJh�skh9`CJOJQJaJh�skhWH1CJOJQJaJhe	CJOJQJaJhnU~h�gKCJOJQJaJh�gKh�gKCJOJQJaJhfb�hw�CJOJQJaJh�gKCJOJQJaJhfb�h�gKCJOJQJaJhfb�h58CJOJQJaJ NO*����
   �#�#�$�$�%�%r&�&�)�)F*a++/����������������������$��d�`��a$gdUwk
$d�a$gd�&�$��d�`��a$gd �d��7$8$H$gd�.]
$d�a$gd�]Nklmn��������$()+$��������ĵ�ӗ��ӦӋ{k{\MAh}=CJOJQJaJhfb�h}=CJOJQJaJhfb�h�CJOJQJaJh�e�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�.]CJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�.]CJOJQJaJh�skhY:�CJOJQJaJh�skh�!\CJOJQJaJh�skh �CJOJQJaJh�skh9`CJOJQJaJh�skh�CJOJQJaJh�skhWH1CJOJQJaJh�skhT-�CJOJQJaJ��� 
   � !n!q!�!�!�!�!"""�"�"p#r#u#v#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#$$W$\$^$t$�$�$����ʻ����������������ٯ��|���m^�h �hyBCJOJQJaJh �h:!�CJOJQJaJh�K,CJOJQJaJhfb�h�K,CJOJQJaJh|0CJOJQJaJh �CJOJQJaJhyBCJOJQJaJht	Ih�&�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�&�CJOJQJaJh�&�CJOJQJaJh:!�CJOJQJaJhfb�h:!�CJOJQJaJ$�$�$�%�%�%6&;&k&p&�&�&H'm'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'(�()))1)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)���������嬠�����������vgvg[h�&�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�"%CJOJQJaJhfb�h�	�CJOJQJaJhfb�h}=CJOJQJaJhUwkCJOJQJaJh�f�CJOJQJaJhfb�h/CJOJQJaJhfb�h�f�CJOJQJaJh|0CJOJQJaJhfb�h_�CJOJQJaJhfb�h:!�CJOJQJaJh:!�CJOJQJaJ!�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)***)*E*F*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*T+_+`+a+���Ǹ��������ǝ�pd�Uǝ��Ih�"%CJOJQJaJhUwkhUwkCJOJQJaJha�CJOJQJaJhfb�ha�CJOJQJaJhfb�h/CJOJQJaJhfb�h�	�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�"%CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJhUwkh�"%CJOJQJaJhUwkCJOJQJaJhUwkhYmCJOJQJaJhUwkh�&�CJOJQJaJhUwkh�CJOJQJaJa+1,<,E,P,�,�,--�-�-!.,.c.d.k.v.�.�.�.*/000j0N1X1�1�1�1�1�1�12'2*2/22�2������������и��иܸ����}n}n}n}n}n}n}nhfb�h�k�CJOJQJaJhfb�h}=CJOJQJaJh�{h�H8CJH*OJQJaJh��h�H86�CJOJQJaJh�H8CJOJQJaJh�3�CJOJQJaJhYmCJOJQJaJhL�CJOJQJaJh�{CJOJQJaJhUwkCJOJQJaJh#�CJOJQJaJ&+/j0�24&4;7u=�>�ADFKTN�O(PDPEPQPRP�����������������$a$gd�R�d��7$8$H$gd�'���d��7$8$H$`��gdTT+$��d�`��a$gdz+�$��d�`��a$gd�U�
$d�a$gd�]N$��d�`��a$gdUwk�2�2�2�2�3�34%4&4�4�4�4�455G5M5T5\5^5k5�5�5�5�5I6y6���ʻʬ���p�a�a�p�apQpapEha�CJOJQJaJh�skh�E�5�CJOJQJaJh�skhYmCJOJQJaJh�skh�E�CJOJQJaJh�skh�&�CJOJQJaJh�skhab�CJOJQJaJhfb�hg�CJOJQJaJhfb�hwb]CJOJQJaJh�U�hLCJOJQJaJh�U�hUwkCJOJQJaJh}=CJOJQJaJhfb�h}=CJOJQJaJhuwECJOJQJaJy6�6�697;7e8s8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�899 9Z9_9:$:/:<:=:?:J:p:�:
;����ĵ���ĂĂ�v�gĎĎ�X�v�vL�h%NhCJOJQJaJh�U�h�@�CJOJQJaJhfb�h��CJOJQJaJha�CJOJQJaJh�U�CJOJQJaJh�E�CJOJQJaJh�&�CJOJQJaJh�U�h�&�CJOJQJaJh�U�hwb]CJOJQJaJhfb�hwb]CJOJQJaJh�skh�gKCJOJQJaJh�skhYmCJOJQJaJh�skhab�CJOJQJaJ
;;;;�;�;�;�;�<�<�<�<�<�<n=s=>>>>> >�>�>�>�>�>?#?H?c??�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?o@�@�����ʾ��٠٠��٠٠��y�y�y�y�m�m�y�yh�yVCJOJQJaJhr�CJOJQJaJhfb�h;>�CJOJQJaJhrCJOJQJaJhfb�h�CJOJQJaJhfb�hw�CJOJQJaJh�sCJOJQJaJhfb�h�I�CJOJQJaJh�U�CJOJQJaJhfb�hwb]CJOJQJaJh�E�CJOJQJaJ*�@�@�@�@�@�@�@~A�A�A�AnB�B�B�B�C�C�C�C�C�C
DDDD%D&DgDjDqD�D�DwE|E�E�E�E�E�E�EFF)F4F�����е����К��������ܚ������Кp��������h�Oh�@�CJOJQJaJh�Ohz+�CJOJQJaJh�sCJOJQJaJh�Oh�OCJOJQJaJh;>�CJOJQJaJhB
�CJOJQJaJhfb�h;>�CJOJQJaJh�yVCJOJQJaJhz+�CJOJQJaJhr�CJOJQJaJh�@�CJOJQJaJ+4F5FAFCFDFWF�FGG�G�G�G�GHH*HkHlHvH�H�H�HoIwIxIyIzI�I�I�I�I$J?JDJmJ�J�J�J�K�K�L�L�L�L/M4M7MSMYM�M5N9N=N���;�����������������������������������������������h�skhDY�CJOJQJaJhDY�CJOJQJaJh�skh_�CJOJQJaJh�skhz+�CJOJQJaJh�skhm2]CJOJQJaJh�OCJOJQJaJhm2]CJOJQJaJh�Oh�OCJOJQJaJh_�CJOJQJaJ4=NQNRNSNTN�N�N�N9O:O�O�O�O�O�O�O�O&P(P=PBPDP����ó��������o�o_PAh�vPhm2]CJOJQJaJh�vPh�vPCJOJQJaJh.4�h�vP5�CJOJQJaJh�vPCJOJQJaJmH	sH	'h.4�h�'�5�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�'�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�1�CJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�pCJOJQJaJmH	sH	$h�skh�pCJOJQJaJmH	sH	h�skCJOJQJaJh�skhm2]CJOJQJaJh�skhz+�CJOJQJaJDPEPPPQPRPbV�Y�]�^�^_._N_x_�_�_�_�_.`/`�`�`�`�`�`�`�`Fa�aybad���;���͠�;;;�͑͑��͑m^O�h�Rh�R�CJOJQJaJh�Rh�RCJOJQJaJ(h�Rh�RCJOJPJQJaJmH	sH	hO�h�R�CJOJQJaJhnU~h�R�CJOJQJaJh�v3h�R�CJOJQJaJh�h�R�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�R�CJOJQJaJh�R�CJOJQJaJh�t2CJOJQJaJhfb�h}=CJOJQJaJhB
�CJOJQJaJRPQ�S�T>U�UtVUWjXCY;Z[�[�\,]�]�^_�_�`Fa�azb����������������������*$
&F
�2�(�
P�x�4 �#\'�*�.2�5@9d��a$gd�R$
&Fa$gd�R�$
&Fa$gd�R�zbYc�cNd�d�e"f�f�g�h\i�ik�k�lDm�m�n�ospyq5rs�s�����������������������$
&Fa$gd_�$
&Fa$gd_�$
&Fa$gd�yV$
&Fa$gd�R�$
&Fa$gd�R�adbdud�d�d�d�d�d�f�g�g�hk�k�l�lCmDm�m�m�n�n�no/o0o]o^o�o�o�o�o�o�o�����������帩�����t�tetetetetethOW�h_�CJOJQJaJh_�CJOJQJaJh_�h_�CJOJQJaJhB
�h�yVCJOJQJaJh�yVh�v3h�yVh�v3h�yVCJOJQJaJhfb�h�yVCJOJQJaJh|{jh�R�CJOJQJaJh�Oh�R�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�R�CJOJQJaJh�R�CJOJQJaJ!�o�o�opp?pHpSpWp`papfpgpmpnpqpsp�p�pTqUq]qyqbucudueufugunuoupu�u�u�u�u������������������������ǻ�����pcp�hUwk5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h:!�5�CJOJQJaJh�5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�w�5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�g�CJOJQJaJhfb�hO�CJOJQJaJh�OCJOJQJaJhB
�h�R�CJOJQJaJh_�h_�CJOJQJaJh_�CJOJQJaJh(D^h_�CJOJQJaJ#�s�tcudueufu�u�u�uv$v,v4v������������$$Ifa$gdfb�$a$gdfb�$a$gd�O$a$gd�R�$
&Fa$gd_��u�u4v5v<vXv_vnvyv�v�v�v�v�v�v
www3w4w�w�w�w�wx����еШ�����~��qaR?R�$h�h�$CJOJQJaJnH	@tH	@h�h�$CJOJQJaJh�h�_-5�CJOJQJaJh:!�5�CJOJQJaJhUwk5�CJOJQJaJh�5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�5�CJOJQJaJhUd�5�CJOJQJaJhUwkCJOJQJaJhfb�h:!�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�*rCJOJQJaJhfb�h�*r5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�e5�CJOJQJaJ4v5v=v@vLv8,,,$$Ifa$gdfb��kd$$If�l�ֈ��B=#t��#�������Q����
t��0�6������������������������������4�4�
la�LvRv`vfvmv����$$Ifa$gdfb�mvnvzv~v�v7+++$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�$$If�l4�ֈ��B=#t��#���`Q`�`�
t��0�6������������������������������4�4�
la��v�v�v�v�v���+�kd�$$If�l4�ֈ��B=#t��#��� Q � �
t��0�6������������������������������4�4�
la�$$Ifa$gdfb��v�v�v�v4wOwbwdwvw�w�w�w�����������$$Ifa$gd�$$a$gdfb��w�w�w%$$Ifa$gd�$�kd�$$If�l�֞���>m-���#�Tn�<�������
t��0�6����������������������������������4�4�
la��w�w�w�w�w�w�w�w�������$$Ifa$gd�$	$Ifgd�$�w�w�w$$$Ifa$gd�$�kd�$$If�l4�֞���>m-���#`-n'�`�`�`$
t��0�6����������������������������������4�4�
la��w�w�w�w�w�w�w������$$Ifa$gd�$	$Ifgd�$�w�wx$$$Ifa$gd�$�kd$$If�l4�֞���>m-���# Tn<� � � 
t��0�6����������������������������������4�4�
la�xxxx$x2x8x@x�������$$Ifa$gd�$	$Ifgd�$@xAxBx$$$Ifa$gd�$�kd<$$If�l4�֞���>m-���#`Tn<�`�`�`
t��0�6�������������������4�4�
la�BxGxJxVxWxXxYx������$$Ifa$gd�$	$Ifgd�$YxZx[xy$$a$gdfb��kd�$$If�l4�֞���>m-���# Tn<� � � 
t��0�6�������������������4�4�
la�xZx[x\xex{xyyyz���8�N�f�p�r���������$�&�0����ǻ���Ǎ�{�n�U@U@U@U@U(hfb�h�g�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@1hfb�h�g�B*CJOJPJQJaJnH	@phtH	@hUwk5�CJOJQJaJ"hfb�h�g�5�CJH*OJQJaJUhfb�hUd�5�CJOJQJaJh�W�5�CJOJQJaJhUd�hUd�CJOJQJaJhUd�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�g�5�CJOJQJaJh�5�CJOJQJaJh�_-5�CJOJQJaJh�h�$CJOJQJaJyy#y1y�������$$Ifa$gdfb�$a$gdfb��2P valueExposed
(n=96)Non-exposed
(n=100)Low birth weightYes30 (31.25)16 (16.00)6.342P<0.05No66 (68.75)84 (84.00)Preterm birthYes33 (34.38)19 (19.00)5.940P<0.05No63 (65.62)81 (81.00)
Table 3: Association between second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy and obstetric and neonatal indices
Obstetric / neonatal profileSecond-hand smoke exposureP valueOR (95%CI)RR (95%CI)LBW2.386 (1.200-4.744)1.953 (1.140-3.346)P<0.05Preterm birth2.233 (1.162-4.292)1.809 (1.108-2.953)P<0.05



Table 4: Effect of gestation and secondhand smoke exposure on low birth weight (Logistic regression)
WalddfP valueGestation42.2671P<0.001Secondhand smoke exposure2.1011P>0.05Constant21.4971P<0.001
���*�8�P�`�A55555$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�$$IfT�l4��,�\���Q�&!�&�
�&l�&B
t��0�������[6����������������������4�4�
la�bp�(���������T`�b�d�f����kd
$$IfT�l4��,�r����Q�&!�&��&��&l�&B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T$$Ifa$gdfb�f�h�j�l�n�p������$$Ifa$gdfb�p�r�����+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd<$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T�����������$$Ifa$gdfb���������+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd^$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T�����������$$Ifa$gdfb�������
�+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�
$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T
� �"�$����$$Ifa$gdfb�$�&�(�*�+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T*�,�.�0����$$Ifa$gdfb�0�2�N�P�+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T0�2�B�L�V�X�����������������������<�@�n�T��ҹ�����몝�~�cTDTDThfb�h�w�5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�w�CJOJQJaJ4hfb�h�w�5�B*CJOJPJQJaJnH	@phtH	@h� kh�K�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�K�5�CJOJQJaJh�5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�g�CJOJQJaJ1hfb�h�K�B*CJOJPJQJaJnH	@phtH	@1hfb�h�g�B*CJOJPJQJaJnH	@phtH	@(hfb�h�g�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@P�R�T�V����$$Ifa$gdfb�V�X�`�v�+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������Tv����������$$Ifa$gdfb���������+$$Ifa$gdfb��kd$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T�����������$$Ifa$gdfb���������+##$a$gdfb��kd*$$IfT�l��,�r����Q'!'�'�'l'B
t��0�������[6��������������������������4�4�
la�bp�2�����������T����,�<�>�@�V�l�n����b�����kdL$$IfT�l4��F��	����	���B
t��0�e6�����������������4�4�
la��T$$Ifa$gdfb�n�p�x�������[OOOO$$Ifa$gdfb��kd$$IfT�l4��\��	�����	���� B
t��0�e6���������������������4�4�
la��T�������D�R�]QQQQ$$Ifa$gdfb��kd�$$IfT�l��\��	����	��B
t��0�e6���������������������4�4�
la��TR�T�V�X�Z�\�&�(�2�]UUUUUII$$Ifa$gdfb�$a$gdfb��kdw$$IfT�l��\��	����	��B
t��0�e6���������������������4�4�
la��TT�V�\�n���$�&�H�J�������������
������Ŷԝ���yj�����hfb�h�*rCJOJQJaJhfb�h�w�CJOJQJaJ(hfb�h�w�CJOJPJQJaJnH	@tH	@1hfb�h�w�B*CJOJPJQJaJnH	@phtH	@h� kh�*rCJOJQJaJh� kh�w�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�w�5�CJOJQJaJh�5�CJOJQJaJhfb�h�K�CJOJQJaJ2�8�H�J�^�l�p���7����kd&$$IfT�l��,�\��k�He'u''�'
t��0�������o6����������������������4�4�
la�bp�(���������T$$Ifa$gdfb�p��������������7�����kd($$IfT�l��,�\��k�He'u''�'
t��0�������o6����������������������4�4�
la�bp�(���������T$$Ifa$gdfb�����������
�C7777$$Ifa$gdfb��kd*$$IfT�l��,�\��k�He'u''�'
t��0�������o6����������������������4�4�
la�bp�(���������T
���C;$a$gdfb��kd,$$IfT�l��,�\��k�He'u''�'
t��0�������o6����������������������4�4�
la�bp�(���������T21�h:p�9���. ��A!��"��#��$��%��������$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�Q5��5��#v�#v�#v�#vQ#v�#v�:V�l
t��0�6�,�5��5��5��5�Q5��5���$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�Q5��5��#v�#v�#v�#vQ#v�#v�:V�l4
t��0�6�+�+�+�5��5��5��5�Q5��5���$$If�!vh5��5��5��5�Q5��5��#v�#v�#v�#vQ#v�#v�:V�l4
t��0�6�+�+�+�5��5��5��5�Q5��5��
$$If�!vh5�<5�n5�/5��5��5��5�##v<#vn#v/#v�#v�#v�#v#:V�l
t��0�6�,�,�5�T5�n5�<5��5��5��5�$$If�!vh5�<5�n5�/5��5��5��5�##v<#vn#v/#v�#v�#v�#v#:V�l4
t��0�6�+�+�+�+�,�5�-5�n5�'5��5��5��5�$)$$If�!vh5�<5�n5�/5��5��5��5�##v<#vn#v/#v�#v�#v�#v#:V�l4
t��0�6�+�+�+�+�,�5�T5�n5�<5��5��5��5�/��a$$If�!vh5�<5�n5�/5��5��5��5�##v<#vn#v/#v�#v�#v�#v#:V�l4
t��0�6�+�+�+�+�,�5�T5�n5�<5��5��5��5�/�/�/�/�/��S$$If�!vh5�<5�n5�/5��5��5��5�##v<#vn#v/#v�#v�#v�#v#:V�l4
t��0�6�+�+�+�+�,�5�T5�n5�<5��5��5��5�/�/�/�/�$$If�b!vh5�!5��
5�l5�B#v!#v�
#vl#vB:V�l4�,
t��0�������[6�+�+�+�,�5�!5��
5�l5�B9�a�bp�(���������T2$$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l4�,
t��0�������[6�+�+�+�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T $$If�b!vh5�!5��5��5�l5�B#v!#v�#v�#vl#vB:V�l�,
t��0�������[6�,�5�!5��5��5�l5�B9�a�bp�2�����������T�$$If�!vh5��	5��5�B#v�	#v�#vB:V�l4
t��0�e6+�+�,�5��	5��5�B�T�$$If�!vh5��	5��5��5�B#v�	#v�#vB:V�l4
t��0�e6+�+�,�5��	5��5�B�T�$$If�!vh5��	5��5��5�B#v�	#v�#vB:V�l
t��0�e65��	5��5�B�T�$$If�!vh5��	5��5��5�B#v�	#v�#vB:V�l
t��0�e65��	5��5�B�T$$If�b!vh5�u5�5��5�#vu#v#v�#v:V�l�,
t��0�������o6�,�5�u5�5��5�9�a�bp�(���������T$$If�b!vh5�u5�5��5�#vu#v#v�#v:V�l�,
t��0�������o6�,�5�u5�5��5�9�a�bp�(���������T$$If�b!vh5�u5�5��5�#vu#v#v�#v:V�l�,
t��0�������o6�,�5�u5�5��5�9�a�bp�(���������T$$If�b!vh5�u5�5��5�#vu#v#v�#v:V�l�,
t��0�������o6�,�5�u5�5��5�9�a�bp�(���������T�����������666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>666666666666666666666666666�6666666666�666666666666hH66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666�6J@�J�9�Normald��CJ_HaJmH	@sH	@tH	DA@�D
Default Paragraph FontRi@�R0Table Normal�4�
l4�a�(k�(
0No Listj���j�K��
Table Grid7:V�0H�O�H�K�
No SpacingCJ_HaJmH	@sH	@tH	D�OD�R� List Paragraph
��^��m$�e"�	�R0HTML PreformattedA
�2�(�
P�x�4 �#\'�*�.2�5@9d�� CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH	sH	<��1<�R0
 Char CharOJPJQJ^JJq����QRST������23����UV r����������S����s	u���fNO*����
 ������r��!�!F"a#+')(�)++/.i4�5x88=BHE�FG8G9GEGFGH�H�IPJ�J�KgL|MUNMO$P�P�Q>R�R�S.TU�UXV�V�WkX�X`Y�Y�Z4[�[�\�]n^_`�`�aVbcd�d�e�fGg/hi�iujvjwjxj�j	kkk6k>kFkGkOkRk^kdkrkxkk�k�k�k�k�k�k�k�k�k�k�kFlaltlvl�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l	m
mmm
mm!m$m0m6mDmJmRmSmTmYm\mhmimjmkmlmmmnn5nCnFnNnOnPnXn_nknsntnunvnwnxnynzn{n|n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n	ooooo%o0o1o2o3o4o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�op'p.p/p=pQpeplpmpnpopppqp�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�pqqq$q&q-q.q7q>q@qHqIqLq�0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���@0���0���0���@0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0����0���0����0����0����0����0���0����0����0���0����0����0����0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0���0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0	��� 0
��� 0��� 0��� 0
��� 0��� 0��� 0���� 0���� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0���� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0��� 0���� 0���� 0 ��� 0!��� 0"��� 0#��� 0$��� 0%��� 0&���� 0'��� 0(��� 0)��� 0*��� 0+���� 0,���� 0-���� 0.����0��0���0���0���0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0����0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� � 0��� � 0��� �0��� �0���0���0���0���0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0����0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� � 0��� � 0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0����0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� � 0��� � 0��� �0��� �0���0���0���0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� �0����0��� �0����0��� � 0��� � 0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0���0���0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� �0��� �0��� � 0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0���0���0���0���0���0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��� �0��QRST�23����U����S���LqI�00�I�00�I�00�I�00�K�00�K�00�\�I�00�K�00�I�00�I�0	0�K�0	0�I�00�I�00�K�00�K�0	�ߙI�0�I�0�I�00�K�00�I�00�-6�tPI�00�K�00X
��	�&|tq��k��$�)a+�2y6
;�@4F=NDPad�o�ux0�T��=@BCDEFGHIKLMNOQRSTUVWZ[]l~��N+/RPzb�s4vLvmv�v�v�w�w�w�w�wx@xBxYxy�`�f�p���������
�$�*�0�P�V�v���������n���R�2�p���
��>AJPXY\^_`abcdefghijkmrstuvwxyz{|}��������������?�8�@�����������0�(	�
��B
�S����	?���_GoBackELqELq��?���$���T$���&���T&����&����&���'���T'����'����'���(���T(����(����(���)���T)����)����)���*���T*����*����*���+���T+����+����+��,��T,���,���,��-��T-���-���-��.��T.���.��k��Tk���k��Tf��f���f��� ��� ��!��\!���!���!��"��\"���"���"��#��\#���#���#��$��\$���$���$��%��\%��##+������7;CLL��������������9�9RR^W^WiW�Y�Y�]�]�]$^$^�^�^__#_!c!c�c�c�dLeLeXfMhMhQh�i�iLq	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789;:<=>)00����:BJTT��������������9�9RRgWnWnW�Y�Y�]�]�],^,^�^�^"_%_%_'c'c�c�c�dQeQeefPhShSh�i�iLq	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789;:<=>=>*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags	�PlaceType�=?*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags	�PlaceName�:*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�Street�B;*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�country-region�8<*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�City�;
*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�address�9"*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�State�9=*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�place�x��?>=<;<=;<=;??><==<;=?>=;=;=<=";;=;=<=;<=<=;"=<=<="
=;==;==<"=;TYcky�������{������8@[egp�
����������1; S]jo��������0<�*�*_,j,#3-3�7�7DDFGKGPGWG\GcG�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�GHHH&H*H/H3H8H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H
I%I*I�I�I�I�I�I�I�I�I�I�I�I�I6J=JPJUJ�J�J�J�J�J�JK	K
KK"K)KdKkKmKqK�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�KgLiLL�L�L�LYM`MaMiM|M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�MaNgNkNsN-O3O4O7OMOTO�OPP	P$P+PjPtP�P�P�P�P�P�P�PQ�Q�Q�Q�Q�R�R�R�R�R�RzS�S�S�S�S�S�S�STT	T
TTT.T2T7T=TBTGTVT\T�T�T�T�T�T�TUUU!U3V7VmVuV�V�V�V�V�V�VWWpWtW�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W1X6XNXVX�X�X`YfY�Y�Y�Y�Y�YZAZFZ|Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z[[A[F[J[P[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[\\\\\\-\1\;\�\�\�\�\�\�\�]�]�]�]C^I^R^Y^n^u^�^�^�^�^�^�^_
____"_'_0_4_=_A_M_Q_V_�_�_(`/`3`<`A`F`�`�`HaSasa{a|a�a�a�a�a�aVb[b_bfbcc)c.c2c7cIcOc�c�c�c�c
dd�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�dfeie�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�eofvf�f�f�f�f�f�fgg*g2gGgMgQgXgfgmg�g�g�g�g9h>hBhIhUh]h�h�h�h�hii/i=iti}i�i�i�i�i�j�j�k�k<lDl�p�p�p�pqqLquw���1��
V]r���VX���"�"�5�5>>g@j@FFHH�H�H�I�ICJFJ�J�JaKcKxK{K]LeLoMrMLNSN=O@OPPVP]P�P�P�Q�Q0R3R�R�R�S�S�T�T�U�UFVIV�V�V~W�W\X`X�X�X[[�\�\�]�]`^c^�^�^````�`�`�a�aGbJb�c�c�d�dxe|e|ffgg8g:g�i�i�i�imjpjyj�j�k�k�kElnmvmLq3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333M��J��	G:G�GH�H�H�I�I�J�JaK�KFLgLYM|M5NUN-OMO�O$P}Q�QR>R�R�RuS�S�S.T�TU�U�U3VXV�V�VpW�W?XkX�X�XGY`Y�Y�YxZ�Z[4[�[�[�\�\�]�]A^n^�^_�_`�`�`sa�a�bc�cd�d�dgf�f*gGg�g/h�hi�i�i<jxj�j�kFlmmn4o�oqp�pIqLq``aatw��������3Wex��
 !����������"�F6GIqLq�w��������������4�(�����������I\)|b1��������������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H����@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho��P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^��`���CJOJQJ^JaJo(.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�p�L�^�p`�L��h�H.�
�@���^�@`����h�H.�
����^�`����h�H.�
���L�^��`�L��h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�����^��`����h�H.�
�P�L�^�P`�L��h�H.h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�p���^�p`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h����^�`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJ^Jo(�h�Ho�h�P���^�P`���OJQJo(�h�H���w��4�(I\)����������������	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@��B�	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	@	<�g!�}�"x �$9�)��C�Y[MO
�M�u.R����p�]�|)p+I0,%	�*	�O�T/58ryB9`Ym�Re	�$�O�#�"%Q&�,*TT+�K,�_-�\.|0WH1mZ1�t2s4�H8}=�@�D�pDuwEQ
F�cGt	ItgJ�gKL`;M�M�]N�vP�yV�4X�!\�.]m2]wb]�db�id�e�fKvf%Nh� k�skUwk�*r�sVs$x�{nU~�	�_��f��e��k�fb�r��4��:!��1�`��z+�#��R��<�{��>��s���u5�h�JW��~�Ej���X��U��1�_J� �`��!��g���3��;�B
��4�a�t���X��B��1�DY�ab��&��9�O��K�Y:�#��F��c�?V�g��\�(�Ud�*������E�|y��I���.4���_��*�hX��P��c�w��'�^�$^��w��@�T-��N��Z��=��u��R�L��W�_�;>�xj�j	kkk6k>kFkGkOkRk^krkxkk�k�k�k�k�k�k�k�k�kFlaltlvl�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l�l	m
mmm
mm!m$m0mDmJmRmSmTmYm\mhmimjmkmlmnn5nCnFnNnOnPn_nsntnunvnwnxnynzn{n|n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n�n	ooooo%o0o1o2o3o4o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�o�op'p.p/p=pQpeplpmpqp�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�pqqq$q&q-q.q7q>q@qHqIqLq���y?^�����y?^����������y?^����y?^�����@��F�F��vv�F�FL�'�(HICnJq @ 0 d@ R �@ ���Unknown������������G��:�Ax�	�Times New Roman5��Symbol3&��:�Cx�	�Arial7&���@	�Calibri?5�	�:�Cx�	�Courier New;��Wingdings"q���h��2�3G'��b`9���b`9�!�������24dqq
2�q���HP	�$P����������������������?V�2��INTRODUCTION	N K Sinhaxyz����Oh��+'��0`�������	��
(
4@HPX�INTRODUCTIONN K SinhaNormalxyz39Microsoft Office Word@��9"@j�v�S�@���U��b`����՜.��+,��0�hp|�������
����9q�
INTRODUCTIONTitle	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry��������	�F v��U���Data
�������������.1Table������eWordDocument����4SummaryInformation(�������������DocumentSummaryInformation8���������CompObj������������q������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
����	�FMicrosoft Office Word Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit