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               Biochemical studies on the poison gland and poison sac of Apis florea F. worker
			       Neelima R. Kumar and Anita Devi*
           Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh India- 160014


*Corresponding author: Anita Devi
Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:anniekadian@gmail.com" anniekadian@gmail.com
Phone number: 91-9467377746





















INTRODUCTION 
The main gland associated with the sting in workers of Apis florea is the venom gland. It lies in the posterior part of the abdomen and is in the form of a pair of long tubules. Before entering the poison sac these tubules combine into a common duct. This duct joins the anterior end of poison sac, where the venom is stored until required. The poison sac tapering in shape at posterior   end discharges directly into the bulb of the sting shaft. There are no valves or closing   mechanisms.
Recent reports suggest the presence of secretory cells in the proximal part of the reservoir [1]. The final toxin is a mixture of secretions from the two parts of the venom apparatus. The present study was designed to understand the difference in the nature of secretions from the acid gland and the secretory cells of the venom sac.
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
The paper embodies studies on biochemical comparison of sting gland and reservoir of poison apparatus of honeybee.
Study Material
The honey bee Apis florea workers were taken for the present study.
Study Area
Apis florea workers were collected from the nests made on branches of bushes, hedges and trees from village Khuda Lahora near Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Sample Collection
A random sample of worker bees was collected from the hive. The sting gland was gently pulled out along with the sting. 
Sample Preparation
The sting gland was put on a slide in a drop of saline. The chitinous structures were carefully removed with a needle. The glands and reservoir were separated with the help of a blade. Glands and reservoir were separately homogenized. Seventy glands and seventy reservoirs were pooled in different homogenizing tubes in 1.0 ml of saline and electrically homogenized. Samples S and R were prepared for the gland and reservoir respectively.
Biochemical Study
Different macromolecules were estimated by standard procedures. Glucose was estimated by the method of Nelson (1944) [2] and Somogyi (1945) [3], glycogen by Seifter�s method [4], lipids by the method of Fringes and Dunn [5], cholesterol by Zlatkis method [6] and proteins by Lowry�s method [7]. Amino acid assay was done by paper chromatography [8]. Both acid and alkaline phosphatases were estimated by method of Bergmeyer [9], glucose- 6- phosphatase by the method of Freeland and Harper [10] and hexokinase by the method of Crane and Sols [11].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Honey bees provide a variety of useful products such as honey, bee wax, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. The medical applications of bee venom have led to the emergence of a novel branch of medicine referred to as Apitherapy. The intent of the present investigation was to obtain more information about the venom producing gland. The results of various biochemical tests performed on the two compartment of the venom gland are presented in Figures 1-4 and Table 1.
The venom apparatus in the honey bee is located in the posterior portion of the abdomen, between the workers rectum and ovaries. It consists of a secretary filamentous region, connected to a reservoir at its distal end, in which the venom is stored [12-14].
The composition of bee venom has interested scientists mainly because of its medicinal significance. Banks and Shipolini [15] reported that bee venom was essentially protein. It was observed in the present study that protein concentration was more in the poison gland than in the reservoir (0.440�0.2266 mg/ml and 0.390�0.0320 mg/ml respectively) of the Apis florea workers as shown in the Fig 1. 
Saraf [16] reported that there is highest amount of protein in the venom apparatus of Apis dorsata. Stinging accidents also report that the stings of Apis dorsata are more painful and toxic than the stings of other species of Apis. 
The results of paper chromatography for free amino acid analysis of the venom extract from venom gland (poison gland) and venom sac (reservoir) are shown in the Table 1. It was observed that there were four amino acids spotted in case of poison gland which were analyzed to be Histidine, Serine, DL-Aspartic Acid and DL-Valine. The amino acids spotted in reservoir were five and these were analyzed to be L- Lysine, Glycine, L-Proline, glutamic acid and DL-Tryptophan. 
According to Dotimas and Hider [17], the venom is a complex mixture of enzymes, polypeptides and low molecular weight components. Low molecular weight compounds present in bee venom are amino acids, catecholamines, sugars and minerals. 55 enzymes in the bee venom, venom sac, sacless whole body extract and whole body commercial extracts were reported [18]. 
During the present   investigations   activities of different   enzymes present in the poison gland and reservoir of Apis florea were compared as shown in Fig 2. The activity of acid phosphatase was found to be more in poison gland as compared to the reservoir. 
Acid phosphatases are a type of enzyme which act at low pH and are used to free attached phosphate group from other molecules during digestion. Among the hydrolytic enzymes, the highest activity in the bee venom was recorded for acid phosphatase, which was cytochemically detected throughout the length of secretory filament and surrounding the canaliculi of the distal region of reservoir [1]. The acid phosphatase was considered to be a typical secretion product, since it was present in the cytoplasm as well as in the canaliculi of the secretory cells. 
Alkaline phosphatases are responsible for removing the phosphate group from many molecules such as nucleotides and   proteins at high pH. The ultrastructural observations demonstrated its presence in the secretory vesicles and nuclei of the venom gland secretory cells. Venom alkaline phosphatase was found to be temperature dependent [19]. 
The activity of alkaline phosphatase (Fig 2); was found to be more in the reservoir than in the poison gland. Hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase are the enzymes which cause phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of 6 carbon compounds respectively. The activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was not observed in the poison gland or reservoir. This is in accordance with earlier studies where glucose-6-phosphatase was not observed in any venom secretion of honey bee [20].
The activity of hexokinase as shown in Fig 2 was observed to be more in the poison gland than in the   reservoir. According to Crane [21], bee venom comprised 88% water. The glucose, fructose and phospholipid content of the venom were similar to those in the bee s blood. Estimation of glucose in the two compartments of the venom apparatus revealed higher glucose content (0.189�0.00131 �g/ml) in the poison gland than in the reservoir (0.321�0.00719 �g/ml) as shown in Fig 3. 
CONCLUSION
This finding coupled with the greater activity of hexokinase in the poison gland suggests greater secretory activity of the filamentous gland as compared to the reservoir. Other workers have also suggested that the poison gland is the principle contributing structure for bee venom. Glycogen was not detected in either the poison gland or reservoir. This observation is supported by absence of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the two compartments of the venom apparatus. The concentration of total lipids was more in the poison gland while cholesterol was more in the reservoir. This finding gets support from the suggestion that the secretory cells of the reservoir probably contribute to the synthesis of steroid pheromones of alarm/ warning or defenses secreted along with venom.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh for financial support and required laboratory facilities. We also wish to acknowledge Mr. Mahender P. Kamboj and Ms. Mandakini Singla for their help in final form of this manuscript.
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Dotimas EM, Hider RC (1987) Honeybee venom. Bee World. 68: 51-70.
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