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��ࡱ�>��	����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	��l�bjbj���	;����@�+���������������������837<�H-*s�/EEE@L� ��!|�,�,�,�,�,�,�,r/�2F�,��!@@�!�!�,��EE�-`$`$`$�!��E�E(�`$�!�,`$`$�&'E�����������"��&(-0H-�&Z2`#Z2'Z2�'�!�!`$�!�!�!�!�!�,�,`$�!�!�!H-�!�!�!�!��������������������������������������������������������������������Z2�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�	�:	Effect of stretching during the inter-set rest periods on the kinematics and kinetics of high and low velocity resistance loading schemes: implications for hypertrophy

Nur Ikhwan Mohamad1,3, Eric Helms2, Kazunori Nosaka 1, John Cronin 1,2


1 School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia

2 Sport Performance Research in New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium Institute, Auckland, New Zealand

3 Faculty of Sports Science, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjung Malim, Malaysia



























Corresponding Author
Eric Helms
Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand
AUT University
17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
Tel: (64) 021638466
E-mail: eric.helms@aut.ac.nz
Abstract
Background: Muscle time under tension (TUT) during a session is thought an important strength and hypertrophic stimulus. TUT can be achieved not only through resistance training; but, from stretching as well. Session TUT can be efficiently increased if stretching is undertaken during inter-set rest periods.  However, there is concern that stretching may interfere with resistance training adaptation. Consequently the purpose of this study was to determine if the session kinematics and kinetics differed significantly between sets of squats equated by volume when inter-set stretching was performed. 
Methods: Squats were performed at 35% 1RM to simulate high velocity training and at 70% 1RM, near to failure, to simulate hypertrophy training. Twelve male student-athletes were recruited for this study. Squat average force (AF), peak force (PF), average power (AP), peak power (PP), work (TW) and total impulse (TI) were quantified during the eccentric and concentric phases of the two interventions, one involving stretch during the inter-set rest period and the other without stretching. Results: Total session kinematics and kinetics differed by ~0-7% between interventions; however, none of these differences were found to be significant (P < 0.05). 
Conclusion: It was concluded that lower limb active inter-set stretching of 6 x 12-15 s duration during a ~90 s rest period did not adversely affect squat kinematics and kinetics for either low load high velocity squat sets or moderate load, near to failure squat sets. 

Key words: Muscle Stretching Exercises, Resistance Training, Biomechanics, Hypertrophy
Introduction
Stretching as it relates to resistance training has primarily been observed to have negative performance effects acutely  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Kokkonen, 1998 #50" 1-4]. However, tension is a stimulus for hypertrophy, which can be achieved not only via external resistance, but also through stretching  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Goldspink, 1995 #25" 5,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Coutinho, 2004 #27" 6]. We previously hypothesized that stretching in the inter-set rest periods during resistance training could maximize the hypertrophic stimulus of training in a time efficient manner  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mohamad</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>61</RecNum><DisplayText>[7]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mohamad, Nur Ikhwan</author><author>Nosaka, Kazunori</author><author>Cronin, John</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Maximizing hypertrophy: Possible contribution of stretching in the interset rest period</title><secondary-title>Strength and Conditioning Journal</secondary-title></titles><pages>81-87 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181fe7164</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>hypertrophy</keyword><keyword>stretching</keyword><keyword>rest period</keyword><keyword>time under tension</keyword><keyword>stretch-induced hypertrophy</keyword><keyword>00126548-201102000-00013</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>1524-1602</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/Fulltext/2011/02000/Maximizing_Hypertrophy__Possible_Contribution_of.13.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Mohamad, 2011 #61" 7]. The logical step to follow this supposition was to examine whether or not this protocol could negatively impact the kinematics or kinetics of the training session, which in turn could negatively impact muscle growth.  
A strength training session consists of work and rest periods in its simplest form. It would make sense that to improve strength and power an understanding of how to maximize the effects of the work and rest periods to produce the desired neuromuscular adaptation associated with various loading schemes is needed. With the advent of linear position transducer and force plate technology there is an increased awareness of the kinematics and kinetics associated with a single repetition, set and workout  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crewther</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[8]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crewther, Blair T</author><author>Cronin, John</author><author>Keogh, Justin W L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The contribution of volume, technique, and load to single-repetition and total-repetition kinematics and kinetics in response to three loading schemes</title><secondary-title>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>1908-1915</pages><volume>22</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>volume</keyword><keyword>technique</keyword><keyword>loading</keyword><keyword>kinematics</keyword><keyword>kinetics</keyword><keyword>repetitions</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><work-type>original </work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>22/08/2009</access-date><modified-date>22/08/2009</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Crewther, 2008 #1" 8]. Improving the mechanical (kinematic and kinetic) understanding of the training stresses that will be imposed upon muscle is important, as it is thought that strength and power adaptation is mediated by mechanical stimuli and their interaction with other hormonal and metabolic factors. In terms of rest, apart from research that has investigated the effect of rest durations between sets on kinematics and kinetics  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Denton, 2006 #2" 9,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Richmond, 2004 #4" 10] there has been a lack of research that has investigated how athletes might optimise the rest period to enhance session kinematics and kinetics.  That is, there may be activities that can be engaged in during the rest period that may enhance the ensuing set and total workout kinematics and kinetics.  The net result could be a session with increased mechanical, hormonal and metabolic responses and hence the opportunity for improved strength and/or power adaptation.  
Of interest therefore is how one may engage in activity during the rest period that maximises the mechanical stimuli associated with a training session to optimise the outcomes of training.  Of specific interest is the role of stretching in the rest period between sets as a means of increasing hypertrophic adaptation and subsequent strength and power performance. In order to achieve this some understanding of the stimuli that determine hypertrophic adaptation is needed. There is no doubt that there are many interacting factors responsible for hypertrophic adaptation.  To ensure that protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation, appropriate loading needs to optimize: the muscles mechanical, metabolic and hormonal responses; signalling pathways; nutrition; and, recovery  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Burd, 2009 #7" 11-13]
 In terms of maximizing the mechanical stimuli for adaptation, loading the muscle with moderate to high loads (high forces/tensions i.e. > 60-70% 1RM) with 8-12 repetitions per set for one to three sets per exercise, is thought fundamental to the development of maximal strength and an important stimulus for muscle hypertrophy  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Kraemer, 2002 #12" 14,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Ratamess, 2009 #15" 15].  Furthermore slow to moderate repetition velocities are recommended  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kraemer</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kraemer, William J</author><author>Adams, Kent </author><author>Enzo, Cafarelli</author><author>Dudley, Gary A</author><author>Dooly, Cathryn</author><author>Feigenbaum, Matthew S</author><author>Fleck, Steven J</author><author>Franklin, Barry</author><author>Fry, Andrew C</author><author>Hoffman, Jay R</author><author>Newton, Robert U</author><author>Potteiger, Jeffrey</author><author>Michael H. Stone,</author><author>Ratamess,  Nicholas A</author><author>Triplett-McBride, Travis</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults</title><secondary-title>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</secondary-title><short-title>Position Stand</short-title></titles><pages>364-380</pages><volume>34</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>hypertrophy</keyword><keyword>strength</keyword><keyword>power</keyword><keyword>loading</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>1530-0315 0195-9131 </isbn><work-type>Position Stand</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://0-vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.library.ecu.edu.au/hww/shared/shared_main.jhtml?_requestid=45035</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>file:///D:/ENDNOTE%20LIBRARY/PDF%20COPY/ACSM%20Position%20Stand.pdf</url></pdf-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Kraemer, 2002 #12" 14], with slow tempos of 1-5s concentric and 1-5s eccentric  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keogh</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText>[16]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keogh, Justin W L</author><author>Wilson, Greg J</author><author>Weatherby, Robert E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A cross-sectional comparison of different resistance training techniques in the bench press</title><secondary-title>Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>247-258</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>acute stresses</keyword><keyword>alternative weight training techniques</keyword><keyword>enhancement of muscular function</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>August 1999</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>Original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>09/01/2009</access-date><modified-date>09/01/2009</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Keogh, 1999 #16" 16]. In terms of time under tension, these slower tempos and contraction velocities result in significantly greater time under tension  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Keogh</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText>[16]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Keogh, Justin W L</author><author>Wilson, Greg J</author><author>Weatherby, Robert E</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A cross-sectional comparison of different resistance training techniques in the bench press</title><secondary-title>Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><pages>247-258</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>acute stresses</keyword><keyword>alternative weight training techniques</keyword><keyword>enhancement of muscular function</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>August 1999</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>Original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>09/01/2009</access-date><modified-date>09/01/2009</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Keogh, 1999 #16" 16] than other forms of resistance strength training e.g. power training. However, the importance of these higher loading intensities (> 70% 1RM) in inducing maximal strength and hypertrophic changes, may be questioned in relation to some research in this area that has found strength and hypertrophic adaptation with lighter � higher velocity loads  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Dahl, 1992 #17" 17,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Moss, 1997 #20" 18].
Given that force is the product of mass and acceleration, it may be that the higher velocities and accelerations associated with lighter load training may compensate for the lighter mass, the subsequent force thereafter not substantially different to a more typical higher load hypertrophic program. Certainly when heavy load-low velocity (HLLV ~70% 1RM) and light load-high velocity (LLHV ~ 35% 1RM) loading schemes are equated by volume and compared, superior kinematics and kinetics are for the most part associated with the LLHV scheme  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cronin</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cronin, J B</author><author>Crewther, B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Training volume and strength and power development</title><secondary-title>Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport</secondary-title></titles><pages>144-155</pages><volume>7</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>kinematics</keyword><keyword>kinetics</keyword><keyword>volume</keyword><keyword>squat</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year></dates><work-type>Original</work-type><urls><pdf-urls><url>file:///D:/ENDNOTE%20LIBRARY/PDF%20COPY/Cronin%20and%20Crewther,%202004.pdf</url></pdf-urls></urls><research-notes>used to justify the used of 12 subjects. similar study. The importance of higher load intensities for hypertrophy..</research-notes><language>english</language><access-date>22/02/2008</access-date><modified-date>22/02/2008</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Cronin, 2004 #21" 19]. Thus, in this investigation we examined the effects of stretching on both HLLV taken near to failure, and LLHV training.
In terms of mechanical loading, Toigo and Boutellier  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Toigo</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>22</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Toigo, Marco</author><author>Boutellier, Urs</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Human Movement Sciences, and Institute of Physiology, ETH Zurich, and University of Zurich, Y23 K 12, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland&#xD;&#xD;mtoigo@biol.ethz.ch</auth-address><titles><title>New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations</title><secondary-title>European Journal of Applied Physiology</secondary-title><alt-title>Eur j appl physiol</alt-title></titles><pages>643-663</pages><volume>97</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Exercise</keyword><keyword>Skeletal muscle</keyword><keyword>Cellular mechanotransduction</keyword><keyword>Skeletal muscle satellite cells</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>15/07/2006</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-6319 (Print) 1439-6327 (Online)</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://0-www.springerlink.com.library.ecu.edu.au/content/ut3850281p36l84n/fulltext.html</url><url>file:///D:/ENDNOTE%20LIBRARY/IMAGES/421_2006_238_Fig1_HTML.gif</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00421-006-0238-1</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language><access-date>5/08/2007</access-date><modified-date>17/09/2007</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Toigo, 2006 #22" 20] identified the distinct role of active tension in generating muscle hypertrophy, reporting that time under tension is one of the important stimuli in promoting cross-sectional or radial growth of skeletal muscle. They summarized that elongated muscles placed under tension triggered protein synthesis, which is important for muscle growth and is the reverse process to what can be observed during muscle atrophy associated with immobilisation. Certainly the literature on stretch induced hypertrophy  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Goldspink, 1995 #25" 5,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Coutinho, 2004 #27" 6], the effect of stretch on hypertrophic signalling pathways  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Sakamoto, 2003 #29" 21,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Russ, 2008 #30" 22] and stretch activated channels  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Spangenburg</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText>[22, 23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Spangenburg, Espen E</author><author>McBride, Todd A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Inhibition of stretch-activated channels during eccentric muscle contraction attenuates p70S6K activation</title><secondary-title>J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><pages>129�135</pages><volume>100</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><work-type>original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>4/10/2009</access-date><modified-date>4/10/2009</modified-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Russ</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Russ, David W</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Active and passive tension interact to promote akt signaling with muscle contraction</title><secondary-title>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</secondary-title></titles><pages>88-95</pages><volume>40</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>cellular signaling</keyword><keyword>electrical stimulation</keyword><keyword>glycogen</keyword><keyword>muscle fatigue</keyword><keyword>neuromuscular activation</keyword><keyword>stretching</keyword><keyword>tut</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>January 2008</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>9/04/2009</access-date><modified-date>9/04/2009</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Russ, 2008 #30" 22,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Spangenburg, 2006 #33" 23] support this contention.  Furthermore stretching of muscle has produced greater hormonal responses  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Perrone, 1995 #35" 24,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Takarada, 2004 #36" 25] and metabolite accumulation due to the restricted blood flow associated with stretch  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Meyer</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>39</RecNum><DisplayText>[26, 27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>39</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">39</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Meyer, Ronald A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Does blood flow restriction enhance hypertrophic signaling in skeletal muscle?</title><secondary-title>J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><pages>1443-1444</pages><volume>100</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>May 1, 2006</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>ori review&#xD;</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://jap.physiology.org</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1152/japplphysiol.01636.2005</electronic-resource-num><language>english</language><access-date>9/04/2009</access-date><modified-date>9/04/2009</modified-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Poole</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>41</RecNum><record><rec-number>41</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">41</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Poole, D C</author><author>Musch, T I</author><author>Kindig, C A</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>In vivo microvascular structural and functional consequences of muscle length changes</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</secondary-title></titles><pages>H2107-H2114</pages><volume>272</volume><number>5</number><keywords><keyword>blood flow</keyword><keyword>stretch</keyword><keyword>occlusion</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>9/04/2009</access-date><modified-date>9/04/2009</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Meyer, 2006 #39" 26,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Poole, 1997 #41" 27].  It would seem stretch in and of itself and the subsequent time under tension can have substantial influence on hypertrophic adaptation. 
 It seems that moderate to high forces and time under tension, particularly during lengthening contractions, and the subsequent hormonal and metabolic responses are important stimuli for the radial growth of muscle.  Therefore if hypertrophy is the goal of training it would seem important to maximize these stimuli during a training session.  There is no doubt that this occurs throughout the work periods during a resistance strength training session, however it may be that what practitioners do during the rest period may provide an additional hypertrophic response, this contention providing the focus of this investigation.  There seems compelling reasons to stretch (active and/or passive) during the inter-set rest periods whilst hypertrophic strength training, as it is likely to increase the total time under tension of the muscle, which may have a number of mechanical, neural, metabolic and hormonal advantages as compared to not stretching. However, at this stage it is yet to be determined if the stretching protocol will adversely affect the kinematics and kinetics of the ensuing sets (i.e. magnitude of the tension) given variables such as force are also thought critical to adaptation. The status of the stretching literature does not assist this understanding in any great depth as to the negative influence of stretching on a traditional strength session. The literature for the most part has focused on the influence of stretch on one off expressions of force and power over excessively long stretch durations  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Rubini, 2007 #42" 2,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Young, 2006 #46" 3].  Consequently the purpose of this study was to determine if the session kinematics and kinetics of two loading schemes (HLLV and LLHV) would differ significantly when stretching is undertaken during the inter-set rest periods.

Materials and methods
Subjects: Twelve recreationally trained male student-athletes volunteered to participate in this research. Subject mean (�SD) age, height, mass and 1RM squat strength were 26.0 (3.5) years, 173.4 (5.9) cm, 79.3 (10.2) kg and 119.8 (30.5) kg respectively. All subjects recruited were considered injury free as indicated by no lower limb and spine injury recorded for the past two years and had at least six months strength training experience.  Subjects completed an informed consent form prior to the experiment. Ethics approval from the Human Research Committee of Edith Cowan University was also obtained prior to commencing the study. 
Design: In this acute randomized within-subject cross-over design, 12 recreationally trained male student-athletes were recruited to investigate the effects of load on set and session free weight squat kinematics and kinetics, with and without stretching during the inter-set rest periods. Two loading schemes were equated by volume (3 sets of 12 reps at 70% 1RM vs. 6 sets of 12 reps at 35% 1RM) and the dependent variables of interest that were quantified during the eccentric and concentric phases were: average force (AF), peak force (PF), average power (AP), peak power (PP), work (TW) and total impulse (TI). The average repetition value for each set as well as the total set and session values of each of the variables for both the eccentric and concentric phases were then used for statistical analysis.
Equipment: Subjects performed the squat on a force plate (400 Series, Fitness Technology, Australia) in a Power Cage (FT 700, Fitness Technology, Australia). The Olympic bar was interfaced with the Ballistic Measurement System (BMS, Fitness Technology, Australia), which consisted of a position transducer (Celesco, PT5A-0150-V62-UP-1K-M6, USA), computer interface (XPV Interface, Fitness Technology, Australia) and the BMS software (BMS, Version 2007.2.3, Innervations, Australia). Sampling frequency of the BMS system was set at 200 Hz. Inter-set rest durations were determined by an electronic stopwatch.
Procedures: The procedures involved one familiarisation and four testing sessions. The testing sessions were randomized to eliminate any learning, order or fatigue effects that could confound the statistical analysis. A minimum of 72 hours rest was given between all sessions to ensure full recovery. Participants were asked to replicate exercise and dietary intake 24-hours prior to each testing occasion.
Preliminary Assessments and Familiarisation: During the first session, technique and maximum squat strength (1RM) were assessed and anthropometric measurements taken. The anthropometric variables of interest included standing height (cm) and body mass (kg). Movement for the half-squat was analysed and corrections to technique were made as necessary.  Participants were asked to provide their estimated half-squat 1RM based on previous performance. A five minute general warm-up was undertaken. Each participant was then required to perform two warm-up sets of 8 reps at 50% of estimated 1RM and 3 reps at 70% of estimated 1RM respectively. After a five minute rest each subjects 1RM was determined (4-5 minute rest in between 1RM lifts). 
Squat Technique: The squat movement began from a standing position with the feet approximately shoulder width apart. The squat was initiated by a controlled downward eccentric knee bend until the tops of the thighs became parallel with the floor and the butt touched a band at this height, which was followed by a concentric phase. 
Stretching exercise: The exercises involved stretching the quadriceps, hamstrings and gluteals muscle groups, which were performed in a standing position next to the Power Cage during the 90 s inter-set rest period. Subjects actively stretched each limb for 15 s i.e. 6 x 12-15 s stretches each rest period. Thus total duration of stretching time for 35% 1RM loading was 450 s and 180 s for 70% 1RM loading scheme.
Intervention: Subjects were randomly allocated to one of four interventions [(35% of 1RM (stretch and non-stretch) and 70% of 1RM (stretch and non-stretch)]. Participants warmed up as described previously prior to each testing session e.g. jogging and warm-up sets. The subjects then performed either 6 sets of 12 reps at 35% of 1RM or 3 sets of 12 reps at 70% of 1RM loading. A 90 s inter-set rest period was used for both conditions. For the stretching intervention sessions, subjects utilized the 90 s of the rest period to stretch the muscles described previously, before continuing the next squat set. 
Data Analysis: The force plate was synchronized with a linear position transducer attached to the bar to measure the various dependent variables of interest at a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. The eccentric (maximum to minimum vertical displacement), and concentric (minimum to maximum vertical displacement) phases were determined from the linear position transducer. All variables of interest (AF, PF, AP, PP, TW and TI) were calculated for each eccentric and concentric contraction for each set and session, via the BMS software data analysis program. The summed repetition and set values for each session were used as the total session kinematics and kinetics and compared between loading schemes.
Statistical Analysis: Means and standard deviations were used to represent centrality and spread of data.  The analysis of interest was whether the stretching intervention affected the session kinematics and kinetics of each loading scheme (i.e. 35% 1RM with and without stretch and 70% 1RM with and without stretch).  With this in mind Paired sample t-test comparisons were used to determine if significant differences existed between the dependent variables (eccentric and concentric AF, PF, AP, PP, TW and TI) across the two loading schemes. The percent difference between loading schemes were calculated (% Difference = (1 � Lowest Variable/Highest Variable)*100.   An alpha level of 0.05 was set to assess statistical significance for all tests.

Results 
As can be observed from Table 1 (eccentric contraction) and Table 2 (concentric contraction) the percent differences between variables for the 35% 1RM condition ranged from 0.13 to 7.08% and most of the variables apart from average force (3.53%) and impulse at 100 ms (0.13%) were less after the stretching intervention. However, none of these values were statistically significant. 

Insert Table 1 about here

Insert Table 2 about here

With regards to the 70% 1RM condition, it can be observed from Table 3 (eccentric contraction) and Table 4 (concentric contraction) that the percent differences between variables for the 70% 1RM condition ranged from 0.09 to 6.95%.  Interestingly the stretching intervention at this load had less of a negative effect than at the lighter load, seven of the variables greater after stretching. However, once more none of these percent differences were statistically significant. 

Insert Table 3 about here 

Insert Table 4 about here

Discussion
There is a substantial body of literature that has documented that static stretching may negatively influence kinematics and kinetics, and athletic performance  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Kokkonen, 1998 #50" 1-4]. However, closer investigation of this research indicates that most of the protocols use stretch protocols/durations unlike those used in sporting performance where stretching is used to prepare the muscle for performance rather than changing the extensibility of the musculo-tendinous unit. Furthermore, the literature for the most part has focused on the influence of stretch on one off expressions of force and power  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Young, 2003 #52" 4,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_28" \o "McBride, 2007 #54" 28].  The results obtained from this study certainly contradict these findings as we found no statistically significant differences in stretching and non-stretching conditions for total session kinematics and kinetics of the eccentric and concentric phases over two loading schemes. That is, a 15 second passive-active stretching protocol of the quadriceps, hamstring and gluteals in the inter-set rest period, did not significantly affect the total session kinematics and kinetics when compared to the non-stretching intervention.
There was a trend for the stretching to have a greater negative effect on the variables in the 35% 1RM condition.  This may be attributed to the greater stretch durations as compared to the 70% 1RM condition (450 s vs. 180 s).  It is interesting to note however, that even with substantially longer stretch durations, the ensuing kinematics and kinetics were not substantially affected (p > 0.05). These findings may be explained by a number of factors already alluded to.  First, this study used stretch durations of less than 30 seconds, other studies having found that such stretch durations did not have a negative effect on muscle force production  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Kokkonen, 1998 #50" 1,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Behm, 2001 #57" 29]. Second, while other studies  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Kokkonen, 1998 #50" 1,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Behm, 2001 #57" 29] have used mostly passive stretching alone (i.e. holding an extended range of motion with little or no neural activation), our study used a combination of passive and active stretching.  In this study the subjects passively extended the involved muscles (e.g. hamstring muscles) to end range of motion and then activated (isometric contraction) the already stretched muscles. Thus this type of contraction may be more advantageous in optimising ensuing kinematics and kinetics. Third, as alluded to previously a lot of the research reports the effect of stretch on one off expressions of force  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Kokkonen, 1998 #50" 1,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Young, 2003 #52" 4,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Behm, 2001 #57" 29] and not multiple expressions as was the case in this study.  That is, it maybe that the initial contractions are affected by stretch and other contractions less so. Certainly visual analysis of our data supports such a contention especially in the 70% 1RM loading scheme.  Finally, in this study different stretches were cycled over multiple muscles in the inter-set breaks and not one or two muscles only as in other studies  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Kokkonen, 1998 #50" 1,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Behm, 2001 #57" 29].   This cycling over the muscle groups would decrease the likely negative effect of static stretching.  Certainly if the athlete was stretching the antagonist of the exercising agonist, the effect on session kinematics and kinetics would be expected to be minimal  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_28" \o "McBride, 2007 #54" 28,  HYPERLINK  \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Edwards, 2007 #60" 30]. Another variation of this would be to stretch the lower body whilst training the upper body and vice versa. The net effect of such work:rest paradigms warrants further investigation.
Stretching in the inter-set ret periods is a means by which the total time under tension of a session may be increased.  For example, in the stretching intervention the total time under tension of the muscles used for squats was increased by ~180 s for the 70% 1RM condition and 450 s for the 35% 1RM condition.  The threshold durations and adaptive effect of such stretch training however, needs a great deal more investigation.  
Conclusions: The principle findings of this study were that a stretching intervention did not significantly affect session kinematics and kinetics of a squat when performed at either higher velocities or lower velocities when sets were performed closer to failure. This finding carries intriguing implications for novel ways to maximize session TUT to promote hypertrophy. The next step for future research would be to perform a longitudinal randomized control research design to ascertain the validity of this contention. Furthermore, the differential influences of active and passive tension/stretching also need investigation and how one can maximize tension during the work period also is worthy of research i.e. using weights to stretch muscles at extended positions e.g. pause training at long muscle lengths. Once a greater understanding of these questions is gained, the application of the findings into long-term training protocols assessing hypertrophic adaptation is suggested.
References

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TITLES OF TABLES
Table 1:  Average total eccentric values (mean � SD) for the 35% 1RM schemes with no stretching (NS) and stretching (S) interventions between sets. 
Table 2:  Average total concentric values (mean � SD) for the 35% 1RM schemes with no stretching (NS) and stretching (S) interventions between sets. 
Table 3:  Average total eccentric values (mean � SD) for the 70% 1RM schemes with no stretching (NS) and stretching (S) interventions between sets. 
Table 4:  Average total concentric values (mean � SD) for the 70% 1RM schemes with no stretching (NS) and stretching (S) interventions between sets. 








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��������Ʊȱֱױرٱ��������������������������������������������������������������������ȼ�h�V�jh�iUmH	sH	h:~E5�mHnHsH	uh:~Eh:~E5�mHnHsH	uh:~EmHnHsH	uh:~Eh:~E6�mHnHsH	uGٱ���J�n�o�}��������������@�A�C�D�F�G�I�J�L�M�d�e�f�g�j�k�l������������������������Ž�������h	{?mHnHuh:~Ejh:~EUh/�jh/�Uh�{h�>g5�\�h�>g5�\�h,~�h�>gh�>ghth�>g5�	h�V�5�	h�>g5� �����@�B�C�E�F�H�I�K�L�h�i�j�k�l������������������$a$	d��gd�>g$d��a$gd�>gdhgd�>g90P1�h:p�mE��. ��A!�"�#��$��%��������D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kokkonen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><DisplayText>[1-4]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kokkonen, Joke</author><author>Nelson, Arnold G.</author><author>Cornwell, Andrew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance</title><secondary-title>Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport</secondary-title></titles><pages>411-415</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Physiological aspects</keyword><keyword>Research</keyword><keyword>Muscles_Physiological aspects</keyword><keyword>Muscle strength_Research</keyword><keyword>Stretch (Physiology)_Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year></dates><isbn>0270-1367</isbn><work-type>Original</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&amp;contentSet=IAC-Documents&amp;type=retrieve&amp;tabID=T002&amp;prodId=AONE&amp;docId=A53551784&amp;source=gale&amp;srcprod=AONE&amp;userGroupName=cowan&amp;version=1.0</url></related-urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>25/09/2008</access-date><modified-date>25/09/2008</modified-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Rubini</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum><record><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">42</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rubini, Ercole C</author><author>Costa, Andre L L</author><author>Gomes, Paulo S C</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The effects of stretching on strength performance</title><secondary-title>Sports Medicine</secondary-title></titles><pages>213-244</pages><volume>37</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>stretching</keyword><keyword>performance</keyword><keyword>strength</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><work-type>Original Article</work-type><urls><pdf-urls><url>file:///D:/ENDNOTE%20LIBRARY/PDF%20COPY/Rubini,%20Costa%20and%20Gomes%202007.pdf</url></pdf-urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>18/03/2008</access-date><modified-date>18/03/2008</modified-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Young</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>46</RecNum><record><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Young, W </author><author>Elias, G</author><author>Power, J</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of static stretching volume and intensity on plantar flexor explosive force production and range of motion.</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</secondary-title></titles><pages>403-411</pages><volume>46</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>stretching</keyword><keyword>power</keyword><keyword>ROM</keyword><keyword>force output</keyword><keyword>force</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>September 2006</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>31/10/2008</access-date><modified-date>31/10/2008</modified-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Young</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>52</RecNum><record><rec-number>52</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">52</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Young, W B</author><author>Behm, D G</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of running, static stretching and practice jumps on explosive force production and jumping performance</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</secondary-title></titles><pages>21-27</pages><volume>43</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>power</keyword><keyword>stretching</keyword><keyword>running</keyword><keyword>static stretching</keyword><keyword>jumps</keyword><keyword>explosive</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>March, 2003</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>Original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>31/10/2008</access-date><modified-date>31/10/2008</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>sD���y������K�	_ENREF_1f
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_ENREF_29D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Behm</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>57</RecNum><DisplayText>[1, 4, 29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>57</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">57</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Behm, D. G.</author><author>Button, D. C.</author><author>Butt, J. C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. / Facteurs relatifs a la reduction de la force musculaire apres une longue periode d &apos; etirement statique et passif</title><secondary-title>Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology</secondary-title></titles><pages>261-272</pages><volume>26</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>*BIOMECHANICS</keyword><keyword>*MUSCLE contraction</keyword><keyword>*ELECTROMYOGRAPHY</keyword><keyword>*QUADRICEPS muscle</keyword><keyword>*STRETCHING exercises</keyword><keyword>SYSTEME-NEUROMUSCULAIRE</keyword><keyword>MUSCLE</keyword><keyword>CONTRACTION-MUSCULAIRE</keyword><keyword>ETIREMENT</keyword><keyword>FORCE-MUSCULAIRE</keyword><keyword>ELECTROMYOGRAPHIE</keyword><keyword>ELASTICITE-MUSCULAIRE</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year></dates><pub-location>United States</pub-location><isbn>10667814</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://articles.sirc.ca/search.cfm?id=S-783939</url><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=s3h&amp;AN=SPHS-783939&amp;site=ehost-live</url><url>http://www.humankinetics.com/</url></related-urls></urls><language>english&#xD;French</language><access-date>19/03/2010</access-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kokkonen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kokkonen, Joke</author><author>Nelson, Arnold G.</author><author>Cornwell, Andrew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance</title><secondary-title>Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport</secondary-title></titles><pages>411-415</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Physiological aspects</keyword><keyword>Research</keyword><keyword>Muscles_Physiological aspects</keyword><keyword>Muscle strength_Research</keyword><keyword>Stretch (Physiology)_Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year></dates><isbn>0270-1367</isbn><work-type>Original</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&amp;contentSet=IAC-Documents&amp;type=retrieve&amp;tabID=T002&amp;prodId=AONE&amp;docId=A53551784&amp;source=gale&amp;srcprod=AONE&amp;userGroupName=cowan&amp;version=1.0</url></related-urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>25/09/2008</access-date><modified-date>25/09/2008</modified-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Young</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>52</RecNum><record><rec-number>52</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">52</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Young, W B</author><author>Behm, D G</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of running, static stretching and practice jumps on explosive force production and jumping performance</title><secondary-title>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</secondary-title></titles><pages>21-27</pages><volume>43</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>power</keyword><keyword>stretching</keyword><keyword>running</keyword><keyword>static stretching</keyword><keyword>jumps</keyword><keyword>explosive</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>March, 2003</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>Original</work-type><urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>31/10/2008</access-date><modified-date>31/10/2008</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>sD���y������K�	_ENREF_1sD���y������K�	_ENREF_4uD���y������K�
_ENREF_29�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Behm</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>57</RecNum><DisplayText>[1, 29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>57</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">57</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Behm, D. G.</author><author>Button, D. C.</author><author>Butt, J. C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. / Facteurs relatifs a la reduction de la force musculaire apres une longue periode d &apos; etirement statique et passif</title><secondary-title>Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology</secondary-title></titles><pages>261-272</pages><volume>26</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>*BIOMECHANICS</keyword><keyword>*MUSCLE contraction</keyword><keyword>*ELECTROMYOGRAPHY</keyword><keyword>*QUADRICEPS muscle</keyword><keyword>*STRETCHING exercises</keyword><keyword>SYSTEME-NEUROMUSCULAIRE</keyword><keyword>MUSCLE</keyword><keyword>CONTRACTION-MUSCULAIRE</keyword><keyword>ETIREMENT</keyword><keyword>FORCE-MUSCULAIRE</keyword><keyword>ELECTROMYOGRAPHIE</keyword><keyword>ELASTICITE-MUSCULAIRE</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year></dates><pub-location>United States</pub-location><isbn>10667814</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://articles.sirc.ca/search.cfm?id=S-783939</url><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=s3h&amp;AN=SPHS-783939&amp;site=ehost-live</url><url>http://www.humankinetics.com/</url></related-urls></urls><language>english&#xD;French</language><access-date>19/03/2010</access-date></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kokkonen</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="pxrapa9wjwe2eaewres5px5kpvs9zzaawzwr">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kokkonen, Joke</author><author>Nelson, Arnold G.</author><author>Cornwell, Andrew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance</title><secondary-title>Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport</secondary-title></titles><pages>411-415</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Physiological aspects</keyword><keyword>Research</keyword><keyword>Muscles_Physiological aspects</keyword><keyword>Muscle strength_Research</keyword><keyword>Stretch (Physiology)_Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year></dates><isbn>0270-1367</isbn><work-type>Original</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&amp;contentSet=IAC-Documents&amp;type=retrieve&amp;tabID=T002&amp;prodId=AONE&amp;docId=A53551784&amp;source=gale&amp;srcprod=AONE&amp;userGroupName=cowan&amp;version=1.0</url></related-urls></urls><language>english</language><access-date>25/09/2008</access-date><modified-date>25/09/2008</modified-date></record></Cite></EndNote>sD���y������K�	_ENREF_1uD���y������K�
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