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The use of performance tests for the physiological monitoring of training in combat sports: a case study of a world ranked mixed martial arts fighter. 























Abstract
Currently there is little data on the changes in physiological performance of combat athletes in response to changes in training during fight preparation. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the use of the 30-s Wingate test as a means of monitoring an athlete�s performance during their fight preparation. A world ranked mixed martial arts fighter volunteered to participate in the eight week study. Upper and lower body anaerobic performance was assessed at baseline and three and six weeks into the preparation phase with the final assessment two weeks after the taper. Upper and lower body maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was measured before and after the eight weeks of fight preparation. Increases in training load were matched by substantial decreases in upper and lower body anaerobic performance during first three and six weeks of the preparation phase. During the tapering period anaerobic performance substantially increased in both the upper and lower body. The upper and lower body VO2 max (14% and 3.3 %) substantially increased after the eight week preparation phase with upper body peak power (10.5%) and maximum heart (4.4%) substantially higher. Our data suggest that Wingate performance is able to track changes in training loads and may assist in the monitoring of performance of high-intensity combat athletes.


Key words: Anaerobic performance, mixed martial arts, training, tapering






Introduction 
The sport of mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full contact sport that has had a rapid rise in popularity and participation in recent years  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ngai</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ngai, K. M.</author><author>Levy, F.</author><author>Hsu, E. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical University, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Injury trends in sanctioned mixed martial arts competition: a 5-year review from 2002 to 2007</title><secondary-title>Br J Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>686-9</pages><volume>42</volume><number>8</number><edition>2008/03/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control</keyword><keyword>Competitive Behavior/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Epidemiologic Methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Martial Arts/*injuries</keyword><keyword>Nevada/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1473-0480 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-3674 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18308883</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18308883</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>bjsm.2007.044891 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/bjsm.2007.044891</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Ngai, 2008 #6" 1]. Although initial attempts were made to ban MMA competitions by the medical community and politicians  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buse</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buse, G. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cannon USAF Clinics, Aerospace/Preventive Medicine, Clovis, NM 88103, USA. george.buse@cannon.af.mil</auth-address><titles><title>No holds barred sport fighting: a 10 year review of mixed martial arts competition</title><secondary-title>Br J Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>169-72</pages><volume>40</volume><number>2</number><edition>2006/01/25</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Head Injuries, Closed/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Martial Arts/*injuries</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1473-0480 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-3674 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16432006</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16432006</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2492032</custom2><electronic-resource-num>40/2/169 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/bjsm.2005.021295</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Buse, 2006 #10" 2], changes in rules and increased fighter safety and an increased acceptance of this style of combat sport  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Garcia</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Garcia, R. S.</author><author>Malcolm, Dominic</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Decivilizing, civilizing or informalizing? The international development of Mixed Martial Arts</title><secondary-title>International Review for the Sociology of Sport</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Review for the Sociology of Sport</full-title></periodical><pages>39-58</pages><volume>45</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>March 1, 2010</date></pub-dates></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://irs.sagepub.com/content/45/1/39.abstract</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1177/1012690209352392</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Garcia, 2010 #5" 3] has seen its popularity outstrip more conventional combat sports such as pro wrestling and boxing  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wertheim</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText>[4]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Equation">39</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wertheim, L.J.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/more/05/22/ultimate0528/index.html</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>The new main event</title></titles><number>22 December 2010</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/more/05/22/ultimate0528/index.html</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>22 May 2007</custom2></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Wertheim, 2007 #32" 4]. Participation in martial arts is seen as an important form of exercise providing individuals with not only physical well-being but a sense of psychological well-being and self-defence training  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Woodward</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[5]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Woodward, T. W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dean Medical Center Urgent Care, 1821 S. Stoughton Rd, Madison, WI 53716, USA. tom.woodward@fammed.wisc.edu</auth-address><titles><title>A review of the effects of martial arts practice on health</title><secondary-title>WMJ</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WMJ</full-title></periodical><pages>40-3</pages><volume>108</volume><number>1</number><edition>2009/03/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Accidental Falls/prevention &amp; control</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/diagnosis/*prevention &amp; control/therapy</keyword><keyword>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/rehabilitation</keyword><keyword>*Exercise Therapy</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Martial Arts/injuries/physiology/psychology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness</keyword><keyword>Protective Devices</keyword><keyword>Sports Medicine/*standards</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-1861 (Print)&#xD;1098-1861 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19326635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19326635</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Woodward, 2009 #7" 5].
MMA is a mixture of oriental martial arts and Western combat sports where opponents use combinations of standing striking techniques such as boxing and kick boxing and grappling and ground fighting techniques such as wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. A match consists of three rounds, each of which has five minutes of continuous full contact fighting followed by a one minute rest period. A fighter can win by knockout, referee stoppage, submission, or outscoring an opponent based upon the judges� decision  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Buse</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Buse, G. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cannon USAF Clinics, Aerospace/Preventive Medicine, Clovis, NM 88103, USA. george.buse@cannon.af.mil</auth-address><titles><title>No holds barred sport fighting: a 10 year review of mixed martial arts competition</title><secondary-title>Br J Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>169-72</pages><volume>40</volume><number>2</number><edition>2006/01/25</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Head Injuries, Closed/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Martial Arts/*injuries</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1473-0480 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-3674 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16432006</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16432006</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2492032</custom2><electronic-resource-num>40/2/169 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/bjsm.2005.021295</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Buse, 2006 #10" 2].
To ensure success in the ring, the modern day MMA fighter needs to be able to combine different fighting techniques with a high level of physical fitness. Although little data exists on the physical fitness of MMA fighters, similar sports such as free style wrestling  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hubner-Wozniak</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText>[6]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hubner-Wozniak, E.</author><author>Kosmol, A.</author><author>Lutoslawska, G.</author><author>Bem, E. Z.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Biochemistry, Jozef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland.</auth-address><titles><title>Anaerobic performance of arms and legs in male and female free style wrestlers</title><secondary-title>J Sci Med Sport</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sci Med Sport</full-title></periodical><pages>473-80</pages><volume>7</volume><number>4</number><edition>2005/02/17</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anaerobic Threshold/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Arm/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Body Size/physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lactic Acid/blood</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Wrestling/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1440-2440 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>15712504</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15712504</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Hubner-Wozniak, 2004 #12" 6], boxing  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Guidetti</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>166</RecNum><DisplayText>[7]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>166</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">166</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guidetti, L.</author><author>Musulin, A.</author><author>Baldari, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University Institute of Motor Sciences, Rome, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Physiological factors in middleweight boxing performance</title><secondary-title>J Sports Med Phys Fitness</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Med Phys Fitness</full-title></periodical><pages>309-14</pages><volume>42</volume><number>3</number><edition>2002/07/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anthropometry</keyword><keyword>Arm/physiology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Boxing/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Hand Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-4707 (Print)&#xD;0022-4707 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12094121</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12094121</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Guidetti, 2002 #166" 7], Muay Thai boxing  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Crisafulli</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText>[8]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Crisafulli, A.</author><author>Vitelli, S.</author><author>Cappai, I.</author><author>Milia, R.</author><author>Tocco, F.</author><author>Melis, F.</author><author>Concu, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Science Applied to Biological Systems, Section of Human Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. crisafulli@tiscali.it</auth-address><titles><title>Physiological responses and energy cost during a simulation of a Muay Thai boxing match</title><secondary-title>Appl Physiol Nutr Metab</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Appl Physiol Nutr Metab</full-title></periodical><pages>143-50</pages><volume>34</volume><number>2</number><edition>2009/04/17</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anaerobic Threshold</keyword><keyword>Carbon Dioxide/metabolism</keyword><keyword>*Energy Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Glycolysis</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Martial Arts</keyword><keyword>Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption</keyword><keyword>Pulmonary Ventilation</keyword><keyword>Recovery of Function</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1715-5312 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>19370044</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19370044</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>h09-002 [pii]&#xD;10.1139/h09-002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Crisafulli, 2009 #16" 8] and karate  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Doria</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Doria, C.</author><author>Veicsteinas, A.</author><author>Limonta, E.</author><author>Maggioni, M. A.</author><author>Aschieri, P.</author><author>Eusebi, F.</author><author>Fano, G.</author><author>Pietrangelo, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University G.d&apos;Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Energetics of karate (kata and kumite techniques) in top-level athletes</title><secondary-title>Eur J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Appl Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>603-10</pages><volume>107</volume><number>5</number><edition>2009/08/28</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Athletes</keyword><keyword>Athletic Performance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Energy Metabolism/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lactic Acid/blood/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Martial Arts/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-6327 (Electronic)&#xD;1439-6319 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19711097</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19711097</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00421-009-1154-y</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Doria, 2009 #13" 9] show a high level of upper and lower body aerobic and anaerobic power is needed to be successful in their sport and reduce the incidence of injury  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Halloran</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText>[10]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Halloran, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Western Connecticut State University, Newtown, Connecticut, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Wrestling injuries</title><secondary-title>Orthop Nurs</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Orthop Nurs</full-title></periodical><pages>189-92; quiz 193-4</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3</number><edition>2008/06/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/etiology/prevention &amp; control</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Cervical Vertebrae/injuries</keyword><keyword>Elbow Joint/injuries</keyword><keyword>Facial Injuries/etiology/prevention &amp; control</keyword><keyword>Health Services Needs and Demand</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Life Style</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness</keyword><keyword>Primary Prevention</keyword><keyword>Range of Motion, Articular</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Safety Management/*organization &amp; administration</keyword><keyword>Shoulder Joint/injuries</keyword><keyword>United States/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Wrestling/*injuries</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>May-Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0744-6020 (Print)&#xD;0744-6020 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18521035</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18521035</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/01.NOR.0000320548.20611.16&#xD;00006416-200805000-00008 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Halloran, 2008 #24" 10]. To achieve the desired level of fitness many professional MMA fighters can train up to three times a day, seven days per week  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Amtmann</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>11</RecNum><DisplayText>[11]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Amtmann, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Applied Health Science Program, Montana Tech, Butte, Montana 59701, USA. jamtmann@mtech.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Self-reported training methods of mixed martial artists at a regional reality fighting event</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>194-6</pages><volume>18</volume><number>1</number><edition>2004/02/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Martial Arts</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14971990</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14971990</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-12902 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Amtmann, 2004 #11" 11]. Furthermore fighters often increase their training intensity while trying to reduce body weight (to make their weight division) leading up to competition. Few data exist on the changes in a fighter�s physical performance in the lead up to a competitive fight. While some sports have had considerable research into athlete preparation for optimal performance, combat sports in particular have been identified as having little or no research in the area of athlete peaking for an upcoming event or competition  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pyne</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText>[12]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pyne, D. B.</author><author>Mujika, I.</author><author>Reilly, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia. David.pyne@ausport.gov.au</auth-address><titles><title>Peaking for optimal performance: Research limitations and future directions</title><secondary-title>J Sports Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>195-202</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3</number><edition>2009/01/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Adaptation, Physiological/physiology</keyword><keyword>Athletic Performance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Sports/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0264-0414 (Print)&#xD;0264-0414 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19153861</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19153861</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>907909811 [pii]&#xD;10.1080/02640410802509136</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Pyne, 2009 #37" 12].  A badly designed and implemented training program in the lead up to an event can be detrimental to training-induced adaptations, and elicit a partial or complete loss of training-induced anatomical, physiological and performance adaptations  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mujika</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>40</RecNum><DisplayText>[13]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>40</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">40</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mujika, I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>USP Araba Sport Clinic, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain. inigo.mujika@usphospitales.com</auth-address><titles><title>Intense training: the key to optimal performance before and during the taper</title><secondary-title>Scand J Med Sci Sports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Scand J Med Sci Sports</full-title></periodical><pages>24-31</pages><volume>20 Suppl 2</volume><edition>2010/09/25</edition><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1600-0838 (Electronic)&#xD;0905-7188 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20840559</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=20840559</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01189.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Mujika, 2010 #40" 13]. 
The difficulty of regular performance tests in monitoring an athlete performance is that the test themselves can be exhausting, invasive and disruptive to an athlete�s preparation. Therefore the primary aim of this study was to examine the use of the 30-s Wingate test as a means of monitoring an athlete�s performance during the final preparation phase. The secondary aim was to monitor an elite MMA fighter�s anthropometric and physiological performance in response to changes in training load during the final preparation phase of training prior to a MMA fight.

















Methods
Study design
All testing was conducted by qualified staff at a nationally recognized and certified university high performance centre. Baseline anthropometric, upper and lower body aerobic and anaerobic performance was measured prior to changes in the participant�s regular training program, eight weeks before the MMA fight. Subsequently, every three weeks during the preparation phase and after two weeks after the tapering phase upper and lower body anaerobic performance was assessed by the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). The WAnT�s were separated by 15 minutes passive rest. The second upper and lower body aerobic tests were conducted six and five days prior to the fight with 24 hr between tests. Final anthropometric measurements were made three days prior to the fight. The participant maintained their normal dietary and fluid intake for the duration of the study. All tests were conducted at the same time of the day to reduce diurnal variation in performance variables  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Souissi</Author><RecNum>139</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>139</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">139</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Souissi, N.</author><author>Driss, T.</author><author>Chamari, K.</author><author>Vandewalle, H.</author><author>Davenne, D.</author><author>Gam, A.</author><author>Fillard, J. R.</author><author>Jousselin, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimizaion, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia. n_souissi@yahoo.fr</auth-address><titles><title>Diurnal variation in Wingate test performances: influence of active warm-up</title><secondary-title>Chronobiol Int</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chronobiol Int</full-title></periodical><pages>640-52</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3</number><edition>2010/06/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Body Temperature</keyword><keyword>Circadian Rhythm/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test</keyword><keyword>Fatigue</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1525-6073 (Electronic)&#xD;0742-0528 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20524806</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=20524806</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3109/07420528.2010.483157</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Souissi, 2010 #139" 14]. 


Participant
A 25-year-old MMA athlete, who has been actively training and competing in MMA events for over 5 yrs and ranked among the top 2 in Australia, volunteered to participate in this case study over the 8 weeks leading up to his fight. The participant was fully informed about the risks and stresses associated with the research protocol, completed a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and signed an informed consent form before the monitoring period started. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the School of Health and Sport Sciences of the University of the Sunshine Coast. The study was approved by the University of the Sunshine Coast Ethics Committee in and performed in accordance with the ethical standards of Harriss and Atkinson  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Harriss</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>173</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>173</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">173</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Harriss, D. J.</author><author>Atkinson, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>International Journal of Sports Medicine - ethical standards in sport and exercise science research</title><secondary-title>Int J Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>701-2</pages><volume>30</volume><number>10</number><edition>2009/11/11</edition><keywords><keyword>*Animal Welfare</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Laboratory</keyword><keyword>Biomedical Research/*ethics</keyword><keyword>*Editorial Policies</keyword><keyword>Exercise/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Informed Consent</keyword><keyword>Therapeutic Human Experimentation/*ethics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-3964 (Electronic)&#xD;0172-4622 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19809942</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19809942</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1055/s-0029-1237378</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Harriss, 2009 #173" 15]


Anaerobic tests
The upper body WAnT was conducted on a modified electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer (EE) (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V., Netherlands). The EE was fixed to a table with the table fixed to the ground to prevent any movement in the EE during the WAnT. Participants sat in a chair (also fixed to the ground) and were advised to keep their feet flat on the ground and remain seated throughout the WAnT. The seat height and back rest were adjusted so that with the crank position on the opposite side to the body and the hand grasping the handles, the elbow joint was almost in full extension (165-175() and the shoulders in line with the centre of the ergometers shaft. The lower body WAnT was conducted on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (Velotron, Racermate, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). A fly wheel braking force corresponding to 5% and 7.5% of the participants body weight was used for the upper and lower body respectively  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "Dotan, 1983 #47" 16,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Inbar, 1996 #48" 17]. 

Prior to the commencement of each WAnT participants completed a 5-min warm-up which included three short sprint efforts followed by a 5 min recovery. Following the warm-up participants stretched for approximately 3 min before the commencement of the test. Participants were instructed to cycle as fast as possible and were given a 3-s countdown before the set resistance was applied. Verbal encouragement was given to the participant to maintain the highest possible cadence throughout both WAnT�s.

Aerobic tests
Lower body cardiovascular fitness (VO2 max) was assessed during a graded exercise test on a treadmill (Woodway, Waukesha, USA). After an initial warm-up of three minutes at 6kmh"1, the test began at 8kmh"1 and speed increased by 1 kmh"1 every 1 min until 16 kmh"1 with grade increasing thereafter until exhaustion. Upper body VO2 max was assessed during a graded exercise test on a modified electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer (EE) (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V., Netherlands). Set-up of the arm crank was as per the upper body WAnT. After an initial warm-up of two minutes at 45 Watts, the test began at 60 Watts and increased one Watt every five seconds until volitional exhaustion or until fly wheel revolutions dropped below 60 rpm. 
Cardiorespiratory-metabolic variables were measured using open circuit spirometry (Parvo-Medics TrueOne� 2400 Metabolic Measurement System, Sandy, UT). Heart rate (HR) was measured via a HR monitor (Polar S610 HR Monitor, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) strapped against the participant�s chest. During the progressive exercise test, each participant was encouraged to give a maximal effort. Maximal values for oxygen consumption were calculated from the average of the last minute of exercise before volitional fatigue. VO2 max was confirmed when three or more of the following criteria were met: (1) a plateau in VO2  despite an increase in running speed/grade or ergometer power; (2) a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) higher than 1.20; (3) a heart rate within 10 bpm of its predicted maximum; (4) a lactate concentration higher than 10 mmol l"1. 

Body composition
The participant s height was measured with a wall-mounted stadiometer (Holtain Ltd, Crymych, Wales). Body mass was measured with a beam balance scale (Avery Ltd, Fairmont, MN) with the participant wearing shorts only. Skinfold thickness was measured by a highly qualified observer on the right side of the body at appropriately marked sites and recorded to the nearest 0.2 mm with a Harpenden caliper (range: 0.00�50.00 mm; minimum graduation: 0.20 mm; accuracy: 99.00%). Skinfold thickness was measured at six sites (triceps, abdominal, subscapular, supraspinale, front thigh, medial calf) according to standardized anatomic locations and methods  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Roche</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>51</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>51</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">51</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roche, A. F.</author><author>Lohman, Timothy G.</author><author>Martorell, Reynaldo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anthropometric standardization reference manual</title></titles><pages>vi, 177 p</pages><keywords><keyword>Anthropometry.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1988</year></dates><pub-location>Champaign, Ill.</pub-location><publisher>Human Kinetics Books</publisher><isbn>0873221214</isbn><call-num>SSAH Quarto GN51 .A58 1988 AVAILABLE&#xD;Herston Medical GN51 .A58 1988 AVAILABLE</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Roche, 1988 #51" 18]. From the sum of skinfolds, body density was calculated using the formula for males aged 20�29 years of Durnin and Womersley  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Durnin</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Durnin, J. V.</author><author>Womersley, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years</title><secondary-title>Br J Nutr</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Nutr</full-title></periodical><pages>77-97</pages><volume>32</volume><number>1</number><edition>1974/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipose Tissue/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>*Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Bone and Bones/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cadaver</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Muscles</keyword><keyword>Obesity</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>*Skinfold Thickness</keyword><keyword>Specific Gravity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1974</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-1145 (Print)&#xD;0007-1145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>4843734</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=4843734</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Durnin, 1974 #50" 19] and percentage body fat estimated using the Yuhasz equation  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yuhasz</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>60</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>60</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">60</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yuhasz, Michael Stephen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physical fitness manual</title></titles><keywords><keyword>Physical fitness Testing.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1977</year></dates><pub-location>London, Can.</pub-location><publisher>University of Western Ontario</publisher><call-num>DBW stack ovrsize GV436.Y86 IN LIBRARY&#xD;DBW stack GV436.Y86 c.2 IN LIBRARY</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Yuhasz, 1977 #60" 20]. Mid-upper arm circumference was measured at the location of the triceps skinfold measurement with the participants arm hanging relaxed at his side. Mid-thigh circumference was determined as the distance halfway between the greater trochanter and lateral epicondyle while the participant was standing. Circumference measurements were to the nearest 0.1 cm with a non-stretchable tape. Upper arm muscle cross-sectional area (UAMA) was then calculated according to the equation: [(MAC - ( x TSF) 2/4(] - 10 where MAC is mid-arm circumference and TSF is triceps skinfold thickness  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Heymsfield</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>61</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Heymsfield, S. B.</author><author>McManus, C.</author><author>Smith, J.</author><author>Stevens, V.</author><author>Nixon, D. W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area</title><secondary-title>Am J Clin Nutr</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Clin Nutr</full-title></periodical><pages>680-90</pages><volume>36</volume><number>4</number><edition>1982/10/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Anthropometry/*methods</keyword><keyword>Arm</keyword><keyword>Creatinine/urine</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mathematics</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Muscles/*anatomy &amp; histology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Neoplasms/pathology</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Skinfold Thickness</keyword><keyword>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1982</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9165 (Print)&#xD;0002-9165 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7124671</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7124671</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Heymsfield, 1982 #61" 21]. Mid thigh muscle cross-sectional area (MTMA) was calculated according to the equation: (4.68 x MTC) - (2.09 x FTSF) - 80.99 where MTC is mid-thigh circumference and FTSF is front thigh skinfold thickness  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Knapik</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>62</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>62</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">62</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Knapik, J. J.</author><author>Staab, J. S.</author><author>Harman, E. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Occupational Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. jknapik@arl.army.mil</auth-address><titles><title>Validity of an anthropometric estimate of thigh muscle cross-sectional area</title><secondary-title>Med Sci Sports Exerc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Sci Sports Exerc</full-title></periodical><pages>1523-30</pages><volume>28</volume><number>12</number><edition>1996/12/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anthropometry</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Femur/anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Reproducibility of Results</keyword><keyword>Thigh/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0195-9131 (Print)&#xD;0195-9131 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8970148</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8970148</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Knapik, 1996 #62" 22]. Total body muscle mass (TBMM) was calculated according to the equation: H x (0.00744 x MAC2 + 0.00088 x MTC2 + 0.00441 x MCG2) + 2.4 x 1 - 0.048 x age + 7.8 where H is height, MCC is mid-calf circumference  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>63</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>63</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">63</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang, Z.</author><author>Zhu, S.</author><author>Wang, J.</author><author>Pierson, R. N., Jr.</author><author>Heymsfield, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Obesity Research Center, St Luke&apos;s-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA. zw28@columbia.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Whole-body skeletal muscle mass: development and validation of total-body potassium prediction models</title><secondary-title>Am J Clin Nutr</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Clin Nutr</full-title></periodical><pages>76-82</pages><volume>77</volume><number>1</number><edition>2002/12/25</edition><keywords><keyword>Absorptiometry, Photon</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>*Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Ethnic Groups</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Potassium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Predictive Value of Tests</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Whole-Body Counting/methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9165 (Print)&#xD;0002-9165 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12499326</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12499326</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Wang, 2003 #63" 23].

Statistical analysis
No statistical analysis could be performed during this study due to the nature of the case study (n=1). Therefore to determine if changes were substantial and meaningful, results were compared to technical error of measurement (TEM) values reported by our laboratory. The TEM value is used to determine the probability that any real change in an individual�s performance is due to training and not artefact from poor participant preparation and/or performance (biological variation) or equipment variation  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gore</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>138</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gore, Christopher John</author><author>Australian Sports Commission.,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physiological tests for elite athletes</title></titles><pages>xiv, 465 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Athletes Medical examination.</keyword><keyword>Athletic ability Testing.</keyword><keyword>Physical fitness Testing.</keyword><keyword>Diagnosis, Laboratory.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year></dates><pub-location>Champaign, IL</pub-location><publisher>Human Kinetics</publisher><isbn>0736003266</isbn><accession-num>11862000</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms RC1225; .P486 2000</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Gore, 2000 #138" 24]. 






Training
An overview of the number of days and hours per day of training are presented in Table 1. Regular training was conducted 4-5 days per week with approximately 14-16 hours of training. The hours and intensity of training increased for the first three weeks of training in the preparation phase and increased further the following three weeks with training on 5-6 days per week. Two weeks prior to the MMA fight, training hours decreased to eight per week and training intensity increased. The last week of the preparation phase consisted of three hours training, with one session of high-intensity exercise. 
Training consisted of:
Technique/drills - kick boxing, wrestling, jujitsu and boxing technique and drills designed to improve fighting skills.
Sparring/wrestling - fighting opponents in the ring with varying work to rest ratios. Regular training consisted of 10 x 5min rounds with 2 min recovery. The number of rounds reduced but intensity via reduced recovery and simulated fight conditions increased over the preparation phase.
Circuit training - consisted of 30-s a station with varying work to rest ratios with increasing intensity (less rest) during the preparation phase. Stations consisted of rope climb, sand bag carry, sledge hammer, kettle bells, 10-m sprints, bike ergometer, jump squats, arm ergometer, tyre flipping, medicine ball throws and rowing ergometer.
Weight training - exercises included deadlift, squat, pull-ups, weighted push-ups, power cleans. Increased weight and intensity with decreasing repetitions during the preparation phase.
Hill sprints - commenced during the preparation phase with 10-s hill climb and 20-s recovery. 
Stretching - static and dynamic stretching before and after every workout to maintain flexibility.



Results
All anthropometric measurements were conducted by the same qualified observer before and after the eight week preparation phase (Table 2). Substantial decreases in body weight and sum of six skinfolds were found after eight weeks. Changes in percent body fat and upper arm muscle CSA were also found although comparisons to TEM data were not possible (due to calculations and not direct measurements). 
Apart from the first upper body VO2 max test, all other VO2 max tests met three of the four criteria for establishing VO2 max. The upper and lower body VO2 max had substantial increases after eight weeks of the preparation phase. The upper body also had substantial increases in HRmax and peak power during VO2 max testing after the preparation phase of training (Table 3).
 Upper and lower body anaerobic performance was assessed before and three and six weeks after the preparations phase with the last tests conducted after the final tapering period (Table 4). For the upper body peak and mean power substantially decreased during the first three and six weeks of the preparation phase and substantially increased after the tapering period. For the lower body peak and mean power substantially decreased during the first three and six weeks of the preparation phase but did not substantially increase above baseline data after the tapering period. Mean power did not substantially decrease during the preparation phase for the lower body but was substantially higher than baseline data after the tapering period.




Discussion
The aim of this case study was to monitor the physical performance of an elite MMA fighter during the final eight weeks of fight preparation and to determine if the WAnT is a suitable method of monitoring changes in training during the preparation phase. The intensity of training increased above regular training levels during the first six weeks of the preparation phase with the last two weeks used as a taper. The increased training load was reflected in reduced Wingate performances during the first six weeks with improved Wingate performances after the taper period. 
The results of the present study indicate that the WAnT may be one possible method of determining the effect of changes in training intensity during an elite athlete�s preparation for a MMA fight.  Presently no single measure has been identified that can accurately assess how an athlete is responding to training  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Borresen</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>144</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">144</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Borresen, J.</author><author>Lambert, M. I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</auth-address><titles><title>The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>779-95</pages><volume>39</volume><number>9</number><edition>2009/08/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Adaptation, Physiological</keyword><keyword>Algorithms</keyword><keyword>Athletic Performance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Fatigue/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lactic Acid/blood</keyword><keyword>*Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19691366</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19691366</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6 [pii]&#xD;10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Borresen, 2009 #144" 25]. While we do not propose that the WAnT can accurately access every athlete�s response to training it does appear in this case study to track changes in training intensity. Indeed a recent review  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Borresen</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>144</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">144</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Borresen, J.</author><author>Lambert, M. I.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</auth-address><titles><title>The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>779-95</pages><volume>39</volume><number>9</number><edition>2009/08/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Adaptation, Physiological</keyword><keyword>Algorithms</keyword><keyword>Athletic Performance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Fatigue/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lactic Acid/blood</keyword><keyword>*Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19691366</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19691366</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6 [pii]&#xD;10.2165/11317780-000000000-00000</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Borresen, 2009 #144" 25] found that the reason many physiological tests fail to monitor changes in training is the absence of a measure of individuality in each athlete�s response to training and that future studies should be directed towards measurements that reflect individual responses.
Our Wingate results show reductions in both upper and lower body anaerobic peak and mean power during the first six weeks of increased training intensity. The overload above normal training levels appears to affect both short term neuromuscular power (PP) as well as the glycolytic power (MP). Although the WAnT has not previously been used to monitor changes in training load, its strong correlation with muscular strength  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Arslan, 2005 #145" 26,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Pearson, 2009 #146" 27] and muscle contractile characteristics  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Morris</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>147</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">147</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Morris, M. G.</author><author>Dawes, H.</author><author>Howells, K.</author><author>Scott, O. M.</author><author>Cramp, M.</author><author>Izadi, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK. mgmorris@brookes.ac.uk</auth-address><titles><title>Muscle contractile characteristics: relationship to high-intensity exercise</title><secondary-title>Eur J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Appl Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>295-300</pages><volume>110</volume><number>2</number><edition>2010/05/15</edition><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-6327 (Electronic)&#xD;1439-6319 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20467873</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=20467873</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00421-010-1496-5</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Morris, 2010 #147" 28] make it a suitable method to assess the effect of training on neuromuscular function. During the two weeks of reduced training (taper) WAnT�s for upper and lower body demonstrated increased anaerobic MP and PP compared to the previous test session (43-87 Watts) and compared to baseline data (20-43 Watts). This super-compensation effect is a typical response after a period of increased training or �over reaching� and is designed to maximise performance leading into competition  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Halson</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>149</RecNum><DisplayText>[29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>149</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">149</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Halson, S. L.</author><author>Jeukendrup, A. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UKDepartment of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>967-81</pages><volume>34</volume><number>14</number><edition>2004/12/02</edition><keywords><keyword>Catecholamines/urine</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/blood</keyword><keyword>Glycogen/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hydrocortisone/blood</keyword><keyword>Research</keyword><keyword>Sports/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Testosterone/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15571428</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15571428</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>34143 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Halson, 2004 #149" 29]. The upper and lower body Wingate values in the present study are similar to other high-intensity combat sports with anaerobic power one of the key performance indicators that differentiate between successful and less successful athletes in sports such as wrestling  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Hubner-Wozniak, 2004 #12" 6,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Yoon, 2002 #153" 30].
The preferential use of the Wingate as a method of monitoring changes in training load and assessing athletic performance in MMA is that it provides 1) a relatively non-invasive, rapid method of testing that is not disruptive to an athlete�s training; 2) is easy to administer 3) and represents similar performance measures used during MMA competition and training. Furthermore the establishment of laboratory based TEM�s where the measurement error for Wingate values are known with the equipment to be used in the monitoring of the athlete ensures the smallest worthwhile changes in performance can be detected in an individual  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gore</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>138</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gore, Christopher John</author><author>Australian Sports Commission.,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physiological tests for elite athletes</title></titles><pages>xiv, 465 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Athletes Medical examination.</keyword><keyword>Athletic ability Testing.</keyword><keyword>Physical fitness Testing.</keyword><keyword>Diagnosis, Laboratory.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year></dates><pub-location>Champaign, IL</pub-location><publisher>Human Kinetics</publisher><isbn>0736003266</isbn><accession-num>11862000</accession-num><call-num>Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms RC1225; .P486 2000</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Gore, 2000 #138" 24]. 
In addition to the WAnT�s, upper and lower body VO2 max tests were performed before the eight week preparation phase and prior to the fight.  While there were small worthwhile changes in lower body VO2 max substantial increases were found in upper body VO2 max. The increase in upper body VO2 max was accompanied by substantial increases in upper body PP, heart rate and lactate concentration. These increases in upper body performance may, in part be due to the substantial increases in upper arm CSA found after the preparation phase. Therefore it appears that the increased training intensity of the preparation phase had a substantial effect on the upper body and to a lesser extent on the lower body. The lower body may have achieved its required upper limit of VO2 max for MMA performance with the present study value of 56.75 ml�kg�min-1 higher or similar to other combat sports  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Guidetti, 2002 #166" 7,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Yoon, 2002 #153" 30,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_31" \o "Franchini, 2007 #170" 31]. Less data is available on upper body aerobic performance in combat sports. The stimulus of increased training intensity substantially increased the upper body aerobic performance (14-15%) with our VO2 max (45.96 ml�kg�min-1) greater than other combats sports such as wrestling (40-41 ml�kg�min-1)  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yoon</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>153</RecNum><DisplayText>[30]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>153</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">153</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yoon, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Korea Sport Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea. jryoon@sports.re.kr</auth-address><titles><title>Physiological profiles of elite senior wrestlers</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>225-33</pages><volume>32</volume><number>4</number><edition>2002/04/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anaerobic Threshold/physiology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Wrestling/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11929352</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11929352</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>320402 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Yoon, 2002 #153" 30].  A high upper body VO2 max is important for the MMA fighter due to the large amount of upper body work required in competitive MMA. 
The preparation phase resulted in small but worthwhile changes in the sum of six skinfolds and subsequently percentage body fat. The participant began the eight week preparation phase with low body fat (8.5%) and required 4.2 kg of weight loss over the eight weeks to qualify for the weight limit. A very gradual weight loss over several weeks coupled with a high-intensity taper has been shown to substantially improve wrestling performance while peaking for a major competition  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lambert</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>171</RecNum><DisplayText>[32]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>171</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">171</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lambert, C.</author><author>Jones, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Louisville, Health and Sport Sciences, Louisville, United States. CPLamb02@louisville.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Alternatives to rapid weight loss in US wrestling</title><secondary-title>Int J Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>523-8</pages><volume>31</volume><number>8</number><edition>2010/06/15</edition><keywords><keyword>*Athletic Performance</keyword><keyword>Dehydration</keyword><keyword>Diet, Reducing</keyword><keyword>Dietary Carbohydrates/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword><keyword>*Weight Loss</keyword><keyword>*Wrestling</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-3964 (Electronic)&#xD;0172-4622 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20544583</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=20544583</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1055/s-0030-1254177</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_32" \o "Lambert, 2010 #171" 32]. In the present study body weight was reduced without compromising total body muscle mass while upper arm muscle CSA was increased and aerobic and anaerobic performance increased.  
In conclusion, the data of this case study suggest that upper and lower body WAnT�s may be able to track changes in training load and therefore used to monitor the performance of elite MMA fighters. The WAnT is a quick, easy to implement test with minimal disruption to an athlete�s training and preparation but laboratories must establish TEM�s to ensure the accuracy of results. Future studies should confirm these results by monitoring larger groups of elite athletes involved in high-intensity sport. 










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��b�c�d�e�f�g�������������������	d��gdI�d�gdI�Table 1. Days and hours per week of regular training and for the preparation phase


Table 2. Anthropometric data before and after the eight weeks of training/monitoring period

Table 3. Aerobic data before and after the eight weeks of training/monitoring period.



Table 4. Anaerobic data before and after the eight weeks of training/monitoring period





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