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���������00000����DDD8|�`�DM4�<���������3�3�3�3�3�3�3$17��9>�30������300���4�%�%�%��0�0��3�%��3�%�%Vf-@�-��������������� Z�-�340M4�-!:�$�!:�-�-�!:0�2���%������3�3�%���M4������������������������������������������������������������������������!:���������� �:	Be Happy: Volunteer Abroad! Realizing materialism and happiness after international volunteer tourism participation.

Jenny L. Ekern & Gordana Pesakovic

International Business Department, Southern New Hampshire University, 2500 North River Road, Manchester, NH, 03106
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Jenny L. Ekern
Email: jenekern@yahoo.com 
Telephone: 608-630-6109

Abstract 

This study investigated the outcomes of the experiences of international volunteer tourism participants who traveled to third world and developing countries. The study examined the experiences of 11 people who volunteered in 14 countries. This research also investigated how the exposure to the lesser developed nations and volunteer work transformed the participants� self-esteem, level of gratitude, and worldview. A phenomenological qualitative research design was used involving in-person interviews and interviews using Skype.  The interview data revealed the essence of the transformation that occurred during and after the international volunteer tourism experiences. The interviews were examined using Hycner�s phenomenological process for data analysis. The expected findings were that there would be a positive change in the international volunteer tourists� attitudes regarding their global views, appreciation, and confidence. 
Keywords �International Volunteer Tourism�Materialism�Happiness�Contentment�Community 
Be Happy: Volunteer Abroad! Realizing Materialism and Happiness after international volunteer tourism participation.

INTRODUCTION
The international tourism industry has been experiencing tremendous growth and development during the 20th century.  This growth has been attributed to improved transportation and technology and a rise in disposable income (Chen, 2009).  The evolution of tourism has led to the increasing diversification of the tourism product (Barbieri, Santos, & Katsube, 2012).  Through diversification, tourism has shifted from simply providing leisure and recreation to now offering vacations with a purpose, such as learning, adventure seeking, or volunteering.  
	The World Tourism Organization has projected that by 2020 1.6 billion people will travel internationally (Pearce, 2005).  The Travel Industry Association, in 2005, found that 25% of travelers were interested in taking a volunteer or service-based vacation (Lamoureux & Heyniger, 2008). Recent surveys have found that volunteer tourism is on the rise, with over 3.7 million volunteer tourists participating with organizations in the United States and over one million people volunteering internationally as part of their travel experience (McGehee, Clemmons, & Lee, 2009).
Volunteerism has an important economic impact worldwide.  The United Nations Development Program Evaluation Office estimates that volunteers contribute between 8-14% of each country�s Gross Domestic Product (UNDP, 2003).  Volunteering helps participants to gain marketable skills, provides access to workplace networks, and boosts confidence and self-esteem (2003). 
Many of the international volunteer tourism destinations are in developing and Third World countries, such as Nepal, the Philippines, India, Guatemala, Tanzania, or Morocco. International volunteer tourism participants in developing and Third World countries often find themselves working in areas with extreme poverty, death, and disease and they might find it to be personally challenging (UC San Diego, 2008).  Participants often experience culture shock where they feel a combination of excitement and adventure mixed with anxiety, frustration, homesickness, and hostility in their new environment.  The differences in languages, culture, climate, standards of living, as well as an access to safe food and water, feelings of loneliness, and feeling the need to constantly protect one�s health and safety also provide significant challenges for international volunteer tourists (UC San Diego, 2008).  However, by challenging oneself and being out of one�s comfort zone, participants are able to define their limits and to push past them as a sense of identity building (Rehberg, 2005). Darby (1994) found that the personal growth of volunteer tourist participants developed around the concept of confidence building while acquiring a more acute awareness of how they related to other people and to the environment. 
Purpose of the Study
This study analyzed the impact of the international volunteer tourism experience on the volunteer participants and how it affected their attitudes and perceptions and causes them to change as a result of the experience.  The purpose of the research study was to understand the impact that international volunteering projects in developing and Third World countries has on participants, and to determine the central underlying outcome of the experience.  Even with the extensive studies and expansion of the field of international volunteer tourism, very little research has been conducted on the impact that the experience has had on the participants, particularly those whose trips were in developing and Third World countries.  The information collected from this research study may be useful for scholars and practitioners in the field of international volunteer tourism.  It may provide additional information for scholars, such as Rehberg (2005), McGehee (2009), Clemmons (2009), and Wearing (2002), regarding participant outcomes relating to personal development.  For practitioners, the data may be used by volunteer tourism organizations in order to better understand the market and to allow for adjustments of current business practices as a result. 
Statement of the Problem
This study on international volunteer tourism focused on the gap in research regarding the impact that the experience has had on the participants with regard to their self-esteem, behavior, attitudes, and career goals.  This study examined how cultural immersion, being out of one�s comfort zone, culture shock, and volunteering affects the international volunteer tourists� sense of self-worth, and how this might affect the IVT (international volunteer tourism) participant�s future direction. 
	The research is framed around the nine areas of self-concept according to Hazelworth and Wilson (1990), and it includes: physical, moral-ethical, personal, family, social, identity, self-satisfaction, behavior, and self-criticism.  The study also contributes additional information to the studies of Kolb (1984) and Wearing (2002) relating to cognitive development, maturity, psychosocial development, typology, person-environment interaction, spirituality, and experiential learning. 
Justifications of the Study 

The previous literature of volunteer tourism focuses on participants� motivations. There is very little research on the short-term and long-term impacts of international volunteer tourism in Third World countries related to personal development.   Extensive research has been conducted on the motivations behind international volunteer tourism (Reberg, 2005; Chen, 2009; Brown & Lehto, 2005, Carter, 2008; McGehee & Clemmons, 2009; Wearing, 2002).  In order to understand the impact of the experience, the participant needs to understand his or her motivations to travel, the challenges faced, the kinds of activities experienced, and the emotions experienced abroad (Jones, 2009). 
Based on the previous literature of international volunteer tourism, participant outcomes are highly individualized and they are impacted by a number of factors, including personal reflection during and after the international volunteer tourism trip.  Brown and Lehto (2005) found that the international experience aspect of volunteer tourism leads to participants having an increased interest in peace, an increased interest in traveling abroad, and greater interest in learning a foreign language.  Wearing (2002) found that international volunteer tourism participants experience a heightened sense of personal beliefs and values, feel more empathetic, and become more open-minded. 
It is from this angle that the researchers began analyzing outcomes and narrowed down further the focus of the study to Third World and developing countries.  The majority of international volunteer tourists are from highly developed and industrialized nations, such as the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and many Western European countries (Sherraden, Lough, & McBride, 2008).  Exposure to drastically different environments and cultures through the international volunteer tourism experience might individually challenge the participants� ability to adapt, adjust, and reflect on their surroundings, their roles, and their own customs and cultures in their home countries. 
Background of International Volunteer Tourism

	Volunteering while traveling is a concept that began to take hold in the early 1970s, when many governmental and non-profit organizations experienced financial constraints that led to the increased need for volunteers (Chen, 2009).  The phenomena of volunteer tourism, and particularly international volunteer tourism, continued to gain speed within the tourism industry as the market grew with the number of tourists desiring more personalized experiences where participants could give back to the communities in which they were traveling. 
Today, commercial tourism companies, non-profit organizations, governmental agencies, academic institutions, and even high-end hotels, such as the Ritz-Carlton, are marketing volunteer tourism.  The content and purpose, however, varies widely.  Some of the organizations focus on the volunteer aspects, while others place a greater emphasis on tourism.  There are specific market segments within the international volunteer tourism industry that target families with children, singles, college students, high school students, religious organizations, professionals, and mature adults.  Because of the immense diversity among the international volunteer tourists, the projects and levels of involvement vary widely as well. 
	Volunteer tourism, or voluntourism, is defined as an activity where leisure travel and voluntary work are combined (Raymond & Hall, 2008).  Wearing (2002) defines it as the field of tourism where vacationers volunteer to help in projects that support the communities of the host countries.  Sherraden, Lough, & McBride (2008) define international volunteer tourism as an organized period of engaged contribution to society by volunteers who work across an international border.  Alexander and Bakir (2009) explain voluntourism as the involvement of participation, integration, action, interaction, involvement, and immersion relating to volunteer work, and they explain that this type of volunteering offers a greater choice of projects than that offered by more traditional volunteering. 
	Participants have a wide variety of choices regarding the duration of the international voluntouring experience and the specific projects.  International voluntourism trips are shorter versions of international volunteer work such as the Peace Corps, which often lasts two or more years (Fitzpatrick, 2007).  The duration of the international volunteer tourism experience could be as little as a few days or it could be a year or more.  The most common international volunteer tourism projects involve teaching and education, building houses, schools, or wells, working with orphans, environmental conservation, agricultural work, medical and dental aid, community development, archaeology, or technical assistance. 
Sample
	This qualitative phenomenological research study involved 11 participants over the age of 18 who have volunteered in a developing or third world country. The convenience sample was interviewed in-person or by using Skype, depending on their geographic location. Participant demographic are shown below in Table 1.1. 
Table 1.1 Demographics
ParticipantCountry of IVT ExperienceSexAge at the time of IVT ExperienceAge NowDuration of IVT ExperienceNationalityRHondurasFemale213816 monthsUSAAGuatemalaMale193623 monthsUSABFiji, Peru, KenyaFemale27-3333Fiji-2 months
Peru-2 weeks
Kenya-2 weeksUSAJMexico, Venezuela, Ecuador,
GuatemalaFemaleMexico=30,40
Venezuela=20
Ecuador=21
Guatemala=45-5556Mexico=6 weeks
Venezuela=3 months
Ecuador=3 months
Guatemala=
12 weeksUSACGuatemala, Ghana, &  Mexico FemaleGuatemala=17
Ghana= 21 
Mexico=2025Guatemala=3 weeks Ghana=5 months
Mexico=5.5 weeksUSADSierra LeoneMale27-Present33On and off for 6 yearsUSAA2Guatemala, SenegalFemaleGuatemala=18
Senegal=2024Guatemala=3 weeks
Senegal=4 monthsUSATMexicoFemale22345 monthsUSAMMarshall IslandsMale19-213724 monthsUSANNepalMale23323 monthsAustralianHIndia and GuatemalaFemaleIndia=19/25
Guatemala=1828India=9 months, then 3 months
Guatemala=2 weeksUSA		
Methodology
Participants were asked the same five questions and all of the interviews were recorded and later transcribed.  The transcriptions were used to code the data and identify significant statements that provided an understanding of the international volunteer tourists experiences.  Clusters of meaning were derived from the significant statements.  The researchers wrote textural descriptions of the participants� experiences relating to the phenomenon of international volunteer tourism in developing countries to identify the common outcomes.
Findings
	Participant responses centered around six main themes: 1) materialism 2) happiness 3) sense of community and caring 4) personal growth 5) gratitude and 6) increased confidence and self-esteem. The results uncover a common phenomenon of these six themes as shared outcomes as a result of international volunteer tourism participation in Third World and developing countries, as shown in Table 1.2. 
Table 1.2 Key Findings
ThemeShared OutcomesMaterialism HappinessI have learned that happiness is not caused by having excess materials and wealth, but from having health and family and the ability to pursue any dream that one might have.
 
I was surprised that having such poor living conditions did not impact their level of happiness.  I enjoyed being around them because of their contentment and acceptance and happiness.Sense of community and caringI was taken in and accepted by the local community.  I really got to know the community and the people because they were so welcoming and open.  Even with their level of poverty, they shared what little they had with me and made me feel welcomed.

People in the United States are so focused on going to work and the daily grind that they are isolated and less friendly.

In lesser-developed countries, the people truly show an interest in you and care.  They ask about you and your family and important things, whereas in more developed countries, people do not show any interest in one another.  It was difficult for me to accept that for a while.Personal GrowthAs a result of my international volunteering experiences, I learned how to adapt and be flexible.  I learned how to see the good in everybody.  It helped me to understand why people are the way they are based on their culture, their values, and how they grew up. 

I�ve learned that people are people everywhere. I learned that, while for the most part we all share these values and goals, the way we achieve them, and what we need to achieve them can be very different.  Thus, I think I�ve become a lot more open minded through my various international experiences, seeing that the way I live my life is only one of the myriad ways it can be done.
	
I think it changed me for the better because you learn so much about other cultures and how people live that you appreciate�.your own culture, you appreciate others� cultures...it broadens your horizons and makes you realize there is a lot more out there in the world than what you see when you�re growing up, when you don�t really leave your town or your community.

Through my international volunteering experiences, I have been exposed to a lot of different viewpoints, including religion, and I feel that I have changed from being able to connect with people from a religious aspect.

It made me acutely aware of the importance of recognizing that each culture/people has its own ways of viewing the world, and imposing one �right� way is totally inappropriate.

I don�t romanticize the Third World anymore, and I�m more cynical about the role of foreign aid in Third World affairs.  I still want to help, to study and learn and work to create solutions to the issues plaguing Third World countries, but now I don�t approach them as the ethnocentric Westerner coming to save the day.  I look at everyone as equal in mind, body, and potential. If disparities arise, it is because of the lack of development in their surroundings (education systems, the economy, infrastructure, and political and judicial systems).

My international volunteering experiences gave me new ways of understanding politics, social norms, standards of living, and morality.  I now relate things, not only to my own local community, but also to other countries around the world.  I have more of a global perspective now. 

I learned about myself�what�s truly important to me.GratitudeMy international volunteering experiences made me much more appreciative and grateful for what we have in the U.S., especially with education and clean water. 

My international volunteering experiences made me much more appreciative of my life in the United States.  It made me realize all of the opportunities children in the U.S. have compared to many other countries.  It made me appreciate the cleanliness and the regulations and law enforcement in the U.S.  It made me much more appreciative of everything in the United States.

	I think it just makes you not sweat the small stuff anymore.  It just makes you appreciate everything in life.

My international experiences made me a more well-rounded person and changed me for the better.  It made me more appreciative of what I have in the U.S. with clean water, shelter, free education, a variety of foods, and all of the opportunities.  It really made me grateful for our education in the U.S.  It made me realize and appreciate the opportunities that U.S. citizens have that a lot of other people will not have access to.  Increased self-esteem and confidenceAs a result of my international volunteering experiences, I became more confident in my actions and words when talking to other people.  I feel more fulfilled.  I have higher self-esteem and I have a stronger understanding of exactly who I am.

My international volunteering experiences made me more confident.  I used to be extremely shy and scared of everything and everyone.  I have always been working on improving this, but my international experiences allowed me to spend a lot of time evaluating myself and learning my strengths and weaknesses. 

My self-esteem increased from my international volunteering experiences because I realized I was capable of handling difficult situations.  I became much more resourceful and less critical of situations.  I learned to take action and to take the initiative. 
Materialism
		Many participants discussed how their perceptions of materialism and their culture were transformed as a result of their experience. Participant B, a female from the United States who volunteered in Peru, Kenya, and Fiji, discussed her observations when she returned to her home country, saying, �It was overwhelming with the amount of people, how many choices there were for everything, and how fast paced everyone lived.� 
Happiness
Numerous comments on materialism also overlapped with comments about happiness.  Many of the participants talked about how their international volunteering experiences gave them a new global perspective on happiness.
Experiences from participants in this study revealed the following discoveries:  
I have learned that happiness is not caused by having excess materials and wealth, but from having health and family and the ability to pursue any dream that one might have. 
	 I was surprised that having such poor living conditions did not impact their level of happiness.  I enjoyed being around them because of their contentment and acceptance and happiness. 
The difference between this category of happiness and the separate sub-category of materialism is that, while some participants made statements about material possessions, not all of them discussed a correlation, or lack of correlation, between possessions and happiness. The statements from participants who merely discussed materialism were categorized into the materialism theme.  The statements from participants, who made observations that material possessions and wealth do not cause happiness, were separated.  It is noteworthy that three of the 11 people interviewed candidly discussed their cultures� false assumption that happiness is caused by having excess materials and wealth.  These people talked about how they learned that having health, family and friends, a great work ethic, and the ability to pursue any dreams they might have were the sources of happiness. 
Sense of community & caring
Participants interviewed discussed how their international volunteering experiences gave them a new perspective of community, and how they compared the level of friendliness and caring in their host country to their home country. 
A female from the United States who volunteered in India and Guatemala, talked about how she was invited to important life events, such as marriages and engagement parties, and how she was accepted with open arms into the community.  The central meaning in her discussion is: I was taken in and accepted by the local community.  I really got to know the community and the people because they were so welcoming and open.  Even with their level of poverty, they shared what little they had with me and made me feel welcomed.
	Participant A, a male from the United States, talked about how he was surprised with the level of friendliness and how welcoming people were in Guatemala when he was volunteering, saying, �Everyone was nice, everyone was talking to me, even strangers, which was weird.�    The researchers reworded these statements to identify the central meaning as: People in the United States are so focused on going to work and the daily grind that they are isolated and less friendly.  In Guatemala, everyone was friendly and open and inviting.  He also talked about his frustration when returning to the U.S. with people being so much less friendly and open.  He also commented on how it took him less than a year after returning to the U.S. to go back to this way of life, of being consumed by the daily grind and he became less friendly, too. 
	A female from the United States who volunteered in Peru, Kenya, and Fiji, also discussed her experiences with friendliness in the countries where she volunteered and compared that to her home country.  Her major discoveries could be summed up as follows: In lesser-developed countries, the people truly show an interest in you and care.  They ask about you and your family and important things, whereas in more developed countries, people do not show any interest in one another.  It was difficult for me to accept that for a while.
		Numerous participants commented on how surprised they were with how open and friendly their host communities were to them and they discussed how there is a lack of friendliness and interest in others in their home countries.  Discussing his return to the U.S. from Guatemala, Participant A stated, �I remember coming back and being a little, I wouldn�t say depressed, but a little disappointed because down there I would�.everywhere I�d go, you�d be saying hello, good morning, good afternoon�.I�d be walking in the mall, in the U.S., and have the desire to say that to people who I�d never met, like I would�ve down there, but it wouldn�t happen.�  The researcher reworded these statements to identify the central meaning as: I was disappointed with the lack of friendliness and communication with people in the U.S. compared to people in Guatemala.  
Some participants discussed how the people in the host countries were more receptive, loving, and compassionate and how it created a feeling of connectedness.  Others commented on how they realized that people in their home countries were so focused on working, making money, and spending money, that they become isolated from others and less friendly.  Their experiences volunteering abroad gave them new perspectives on people and communities around the world in relation to their own. 
Personal Reflection and Growth
		All participants appear to have experienced personal growth as a result of their international volunteer tourism experiences.  The theme of personal reflection and growth had more significant statements than any other category.  When asked about personal growth, adaptation was a frequent topic discussed with participants.  Most of the research study participants talked about hardships they had to overcome and culture shock, such as feeling fearful, nervous, disoriented, and overwhelmed when they were volunteering abroad.  Many participants discussed how they observed their surroundings with new eyes, noticing things they had not noticed before, such as the amount of people, choices, superficiality, and the fast pace of life in their home countries.  Many expressed gratitude for having had the opportunity to volunteer abroad, but they were also happy being back in their home country. 
Key statements from participants revealed the following discoveries about personal growth: 
		I learned how to see the good in everybody.  It helped me to understand why people are the way they are based on their culture, their values, and how they grew up. 
	I�ve learned that people are people everywhere. I learned that, while for the most part we all share these values and goals, the way we achieve them, and what we need to achieve them can be very different.
	I think it changed me for the better because you learn so much about other cultures and how people live that you appreciate�.your own culture, you appreciate others� cultures...it broadens your horizons and makes you realize there is a lot more out there in the world than what you see when you�re growing up, when you don�t really leave your town or your community.
		It made me acutely aware of the importance of recognizing that each culture/people has its own ways of viewing the world, and imposing one �right� way is totally inappropriate.
		 I don�t romanticize the Third World anymore, and I�m more cynical about the role of foreign aid in Third World affairs.  I still want to help, to study and learn and work to create solutions to the issues plaguing Third World countries, but now I don�t approach them as the ethnocentric Westerner coming to save the day.  I look at everyone as equal in mind, body, and potential. 
		All of the participants shared their personal reflections and personal growth from their experiences.  Many of the participants talked about how they became much more understanding of other cultures.  Some talked about how they learned a lot about themselves and what was truly important to them.  Others discussed how learning a new language was humbling because they realized that there were a number of speakers of their new language in their home country that they had not noticed before.  Some participants talked about how their patience level increased and how they learned to go without some of the everyday conveniences that are available in Western societies.  Others talked about how they learned to be flexible and adaptable to other people�s methods, ideologies, and ways of life.  Many participants talked about how they encourage others to travel and volunteer abroad, too.
Confidence and self-esteem
		The majority of participants felt that their experiences improved their confidence and self-esteem.  The following shared outcomes were observed and rephrased by the researchers:
		As a result of my international volunteering experiences, I became more confident in my actions and words when talking to other people.  I feel more fulfilled.  I have higher self-esteem and I have a stronger understanding of exactly who I am.
	My international volunteering experiences made me more confident.  I used to be extremely shy and scared of everything and everyone.  I have always been working on improving this, but my international experiences allowed me to spend a lot of time evaluating myself and learning my strengths and weaknesses. 
		My self-esteem increased from my international volunteering experiences because I realized I was capable of handling difficult situations.  I became much more resourceful and less critical of situations.  I learned to take action and to take the initiative. 
		Participant A, a male from the United States who volunteered in Guatemala, also talked about how his experiences improved his self-esteem, saying, �I came back feeling like I�d fulfilled a purpose, that I could really connect with people, that I could now speak two languages�It helped tremendously [with my self-esteem] because I spoke a second language so that made me a lot more confident in, sort of, my value both at work and in general, being able to be bilingual.�  
	The international volunteering experience increased the confidence and self-esteem levels of some of the participants.  In their interviews, these participants talked about how they became more confident in their actions and words when talking to others.  Some participants talked about how they now have a stronger sense of who they are and that they feel more fulfilled.  Others talked about how the challenging experiences and difficult situations from volunteering internationally helped to increase their self-esteem.  Some of the participants who learned a new language as a result of their experience, talked about how they feel even more confident because they now can speak two languages and how this helped them to really connect with people. 
Gratitude
		The last theme of gratitude uncovered the common experience of participants reflecting on their experiences and critically analyzing their lives in comparison with others.  When asked to reflect upon her return to her home country, Participant A, a female from the United States who volunteered in Honduras, said, �I�m still grateful when I can take a shower without shower shoes.  Or, you know, to have a floor, or a vacuum to vacuum, or electricity�you know, because I know what it�s like to not have that�. Grateful for carpet!  I remember walking around without shoes and that was the first sensation and it was wonderful.�
		Participant A, who volunteered in Guatemala, also talked about the comforts of home, saying, �I remember I came back and ice and water, you know, drinking out of the faucet.�having ice, warm showers was really nice.  I remember lying down on carpet and thinking, ahhh this is so great!  You know, beds�not worrying about fleas, that was nice.  So there were a lot of creature comforts that made it were really great to get back.� 
		Participant M, a male from the United States who volunteered in the Marshall Islands, stated, �So it really gave me an appreciation for what we have here, kind of living in a middle to upper class area, having means to education, having means to clean water and those types of things.�  The researcher reworded this statement to identify the central meaning as: My international volunteering experiences made me much more appreciative and grateful for what we have in the U.S., especially with education and clean water. 
			Participant H also talked about how her experiences in India and Ghana made her more appreciative of the United States and her family, saying, �There�s a lot of poverty and it definitely made me much more appreciative of where I was born and I think it also made me much more appreciative of the opportunities that my parents had given me that maybe I hadn�t appreciated when I was younger or before I went�.I think I�m much more appreciative of everything as a result of all that.� 
			Other shared experiences from the international volunteer tourism participants included:
			My international volunteering experiences made me much more appreciative of my life in the United States.  It made me realize all of the opportunities children in the U.S. have compared to many other countries.  It made me appreciate the cleanliness and the regulations and law enforcement in the U.S.  It made me much more appreciative of everything in the United States.
			I think it just makes you not sweat the small stuff anymore.  It just makes you appreciate everything in life.
		My international experiences made me a more well-rounded person and changed me for the better.  It made me more appreciative of what I have in the U.S. with clean water, shelter, free education, a variety of foods, and all of the opportunities.  It really made me grateful for our education in the U.S.  It made me realize and appreciate the opportunities that U.S. citizens have that a lot of other people will not have access to.  
Textural Description of the Participants� Experiences
	All of the 11 study participants expressed a heightened sense of awareness of their own culture, and they all expressed feelings of appreciation and gratitude for the opportunities that they had.  The major themes that arose from the interviews were: (1) global perspectives where the participants compared the levels of happiness, materialism, and friendliness/community focus of their home country and their host country; (2) culture shock in relation to language, cleanliness, food, and housing; and (3) personal growth through personal reflection and adaptation that increased self-esteem and feelings of appreciation and gratitude. 
	Participant R, who volunteered in Honduras at the age of 21 for 16 months, discussed concepts mainly relating to materialism, happiness, culture shock, gratitude and personal reflection.  Participant R discussed how the international volunteering experience led to a realization that money doesn�t equal happiness and it made her grateful for what she had, including creature comforts, such as forks and carpeting.  She discussed how the whole experience was humbling and that it helped her to become more understanding of others.  It made her realize how condescending outsiders can be when attempting to teach others the �right way� to do things, and how ethnocentric this can be.  She also came away from her experience being able to speak fluent Spanish, which set her on a career path of teaching high school Spanish. 
Participant A, who volunteered in Guatemala at the age of 19 for 23 months, discussed all of the major themes and sub-themes.  The major area of discussion in A�s interview focused on comparing levels of materialism, happiness, friendliness, and a sense of community-focus.  He talked about how he really connected with the local people in Guatemala and how he really came to love the country and the people.  He often compared the host country to the United States and discussed how he noticed a lack of community and a lack of friendliness in the United States.  He discussed how Americans have much less interest in one another, less communication, less personal interest, and more focus on materialism, and he commented on how with that, people in Guatemala are much happier than people in the United States.  Participant A discussed his experiences with culture shock and changes in eating habits and living conditions and struggling to learn the new language in the beginning.  He discussed how his international volunteering experience made him become fluent in Spanish and it helped him become more open-minded and globally aware. After his international volunteering experience, he married a woman whose ethnic background is Guatemalan and now he has three biological half-Guatemalan children. 
Participant B, who volunteered in Fiji for two months, Peru for two weeks, and Kenya for two weeks between the ages of 27 and 33, mainly discussed culture shock, personal reflection, and a sense of gratitude during her interview.  She talked about how her international volunteering experiences made her more appreciative of what she has in the United States with education, clean water, opportunities, and a variety of and access to foods. She discussed how it made her more appreciative of her own culture and other cultures around the world.  She talked about how it made her more open-minded, more globally aware, and more understanding of others.  She said that her international volunteering experiences made her a more independent person who is adaptable and able to overcome challenges and be out of her comfort zone.  She said it made her realize what was important in life.  Participant B also discussed her experiences with culture shock with differences in bedding, climate, food, showers, and a lack of electricity, and she talked in great detail about the sense of guilt she felt when feeling frustrated about these differences because she knew it was temporary for her but permanent for others.  She talked about how, when she returned to the United States, she noticed the level of materialism and a lack of friendliness, as well as the lack of sincere interest and communication with others. 
Participant J volunteered in Mexico on two occasions for six weeks, in Venezuela for three months, in Ecuador for three weeks, and multiple times in Guatemala for one to two weeks per trip between the ages of 20 and 55.  She mainly discussed concepts of culture shock, language, materialism, and personal reflection.  Participant J discussed how her international volunteering experiences made her less focused on materialism and more focused on living simply.  She stated that it made her more aware of cultural differences and how it made her more understanding and more appreciative of the importance of service learning in your local communities and abroad.	
Participant C, who volunteered in Guatemala for three weeks, in Ghana for five months, and in Mexico for five weeks between the ages of 17 and 20, mainly discussed her experiences with gaining a new perspective from her international volunteering experiences. She discussed how her experiences gave her a new perspective on politics, social norms, standards of living, and questions of morality.  She talked about how washing her clothes by hand for seven months made her really appreciative of the washing machine.  She analyzed her thoughts in great detail with regard to culture shock by questioning her safety, her feeling disoriented, and how she felt like she stood out as a foreigner, as well as how she adapted and adjusted.  She discussed how she gained a sense of pride for her culture and for the U.S., and she also talked about materialism and what effects people�s happiness.  She said, �I�ve learned that happiness doesn�t spring from excess goods and wealth, but from health and family and the ability to pursue any dream that one might have.  This became obvious to me after learning how to live in one room with very little and to see the lives of those with very little.  In the absence of all the stuff of the standard American household, it was easier to see the things that would actually make a profound effect on people�s happiness.  For some reason, that�s harder to see here.�
Participant D, who volunteered in Sierra Leone from the ages of 27-33 on and off for a period of six years, mainly discussed his experiences with culture shock and personal growth.  He talked about how his international volunteering experiences helped increase his self-confidence, taught him patience, and gave him a sense of fulfillment from making a positive difference in the lives of others.  He learned a new language and adapted from living abroad.  It made him more appreciative of the creature comforts he has living in the United States, such as hot showers, being warm and comfortable, and not having to worry about the basic necessities.  At the same time, it made him realize the lack of friendliness and lack of community in the United States compared to other countries.  He discussed how his experiences helped him to become more globally aware and that it made him realize that people are the same everywhere�that they have the same wants, needs, and desires and the same feelings of acknowledgement, rejection, and love.  Participant D is now the Vice-President of a significant non-profit organization in Sierra Leone.
Participant A2, who volunteered in Guatemala for three weeks and in Senegal for four months between the ages of 18 and 20, mainly discussed global perspectives and materialism in her interview.  She talked about how her international volunteering experiences made her more understanding of other cultures and people and made her realize that people are the same everywhere with the same desires and common values, a need for community, for life fulfillment, and for meaningful work.  She discussed how her experiences made her more open-minded and more understanding of other methods and viewpoints, but also she discussed how it made her more critical of imposing Western values on countries through international development, philanthropy, and aid.  Participant A2 also discussed how her international volunteering experiences made her realize the extreme levels of consumerism and materialism in the United States. 
Participant T, who volunteered in Mexico at the age of 22 for five months, discussed her feelings of appreciation and gratitude, her personal growth, and materialism.  She talked about how her international volunteering experiences made her more appreciative and grateful for the medical care in the United States, the education system, the regulations and enforcement of laws regarding the environment, and the level of cleanliness.  She discussed how her experiences gave her a greater respect for other cultures, other traditions, and other languages.  She talked about how her experiences humbled her and made her much more appreciative of her life in the United States.  Participant T discussed how international volunteering experiences make you happy with everything you have and less focused on materialism and possessions.  In her words, she said, �I would rather be happy and love life and have good friends and family than have, you know, the nicest car, the nicest house because that stuff really doesn�t mean anything.�
Participant M, who volunteered in the Marshall Islands for 24 months between the ages of 19 and 21, mainly discussed his experiences relating to language and personal reflection.  He discussed how his international volunteering experiences gave him a better perspective of global issues and other cultures.  He talked about how it made him much more appreciative of what he has in the United States with education, clean water, and all of the other opportunities and comforts.  He discussed his struggles with communication and learning a new language.  After his international volunteering experiences, Participant M became employed in the international adoption field and later adopted a child from the Marshall Islands. 
Participant N is an Australian who volunteered in Nepal at the age of 23 for three months and he discussed his experiences relating to culture shock, global perspectives with materialism, and adaptation.  He talked about how his international volunteering experiences were eye opening and gave him a better perspective on how other people live.  He discussed how he compared their lives to his and it made him look at his own life differently.  It gave him a better appreciation for the adversity that people experience and it made him less interested in materialism and superficiality.  He talked about how it increased his self-esteem, his attitude, his resourcefulness, and his ability to adapt when out of his comfort zone. 
Participant H volunteered in India for nine months and again later for three months and Guatemala for two weeks between the ages of 18 and 25.  She mainly discussed her experiences with language, materialism, cultural awareness, and personal growth.  She talked about how her international volunteering experiences helped her to adapt and push herself to be out of her comfort zone.  She discussed how it made her more understanding of other people and other cultures and it made her realize some of the true hardships and suffering through which many people go.  She discussed how this was eye-opening and that it made her more appreciative of her parents and the opportunities they had given her and more appreciative of the medical care in the United States.  She talked about how she felt so connected to the local communities where she volunteered and how the people made her feel so welcome.  She also discussed how it made her question her career goal of working in the fashion photography business because her experiences made her more aware of the levels of materialism and superficiality in the United States. 
Composite Description that Presents the Essence of the IVT Phenomenon
	All of the people interviewed for this study showed some level of conscious or unconscious personal change.  Many expressed how they now have a stronger understanding and appreciation for other cultures and other ways of life.  Many discussed happiness and friendliness and felt that the people in the developing countries where they volunteered were happier and friendlier overall than people in the United States.  Some of them expressed how they realized that possessions and materialism do not cause happiness and they discussed the very material cultures of their home countries.  Many stated that now they have much less interest in having material possessions, but appreciated and were grateful for the comfort of the things they do have, such as warm showers, clean beds, reliable electricity, variety and availability of foods, and safe drinking water.
	Many of the participants learned a new language as a result of their international volunteering experiences.  The majority of these people discussed the initial frustration, lack of communication, and loneliness they felt as a result, but also they talked about how becoming fluent in the language made them more confident and how it opened new worlds for them. 
Summary 
All of the participants discussed personal growth as a result of their international volunteering experience.  The common themes of culture shock and personal growth from increased global awareness reaffirm previous research findings, and align most closely with Suhoza�s (2006) study of transformation in worldviews as a result of cross-cultural exposure, Wickens (2009) study on how culture shock contributes to personal development by improving adaptability, resourcefulness, and confidence, Simpson�s (2004) study on reverse culture shock contributing to personal growth from gratitude, and Alexander and Bakir�s (2009) study that shows how culture shock provides a more heightened awareness of the world and the self. The positive aspects of personal change resulting from international volunteer tourism also supports arguments by Adler (1975), Montouri & Fahim (2004), and Wearing, Deville, and Lyons (2008).  The themes of international volunteer tourists� outcomes in this study are consistent with literature reviews, which show how volunteer tourism can lead to a transformative process of personal growth (Wearing, Deville, and Lyons, 2008) and can challenge previous beliefs and assumptions about the world (Lough, McBride, and Sherraden, 2009). 
Conclusions
This research study has shown that the impact of the experience of volunteering in Third World and developing countries affects the attitudes and perceptions of participants and causes them to change as a result of the experience.  The findings of this study confirm the international volunteer tourism studies of Rehberg (2005), Darby (1994), McGehee (2009), Clemmons (2009), and Wearing (2002) on participant outcomes.
This study aligns with other studies on international volunteer tourism where participants experience personal growth as a result of their experience.  Respondents often expressed a desire to simplify their lives, a desire to connect more deeply with others, and an increase in their levels of self-esteem and confidence.  Others expressed how their experience increased their language abilities, self-reliance, and ability to overcome challenges. 
The study supports Suhoza�s (2006) findings of personal transformation as a result of cross-cultural exposure.  It also shows that encounters that are profoundly different from a person�s normal routine have the potential to positively impact that person�s outlook, perceptions, and attitudes.  Participants� responses in this study confirm Wilson�s (2011) analysis regarding the common themes arising from people who travel who feel that many areas of Western society have �lost sight� of the important things in life, such as family, friends, and connecting with others, by becoming overly focused on material possessions. The study shows that international volunteer tourism has the potential to serve as a significant mechanism for self-growth. 
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