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��ࡱ�>��	���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������bjbj�U�U8��?�?~K�������$	$	jjjjj����~~~~�z�~�@�6DDDDJ?L?L?L?L?L?L?$�B�3ELp?5jp?jjDD��@�.�.�.�jDjDJ?�.J?�.�.�<��=D����t�w��~�-�<6?�@0�@�<E�-�E(�=Ej�=l�.p?p?�.�@��������������������������������������������������������������������E$	0:The Effects of 3-Month Football Exercise Performed by Male Children in the Age Group of 8-12 on Respiration Parameters











Ersan KARA1 
Murat ACAT2 
Mustafa AKIL3 
M�rsel B0�ER4
Abdulkerim Kas1m BALTACI5
Rasim MOGULKO�5

1 The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Department of Sports Services, Ankara Turkey
2Karabuk University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Chest Diseases, Karabuk. Turkey
3U_ak University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, U_ak. Turkey
4Gaziantep University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Gaziantep, Turkey.
5Sel�uk University, Sel�uklu Medicine Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey.

Ersan Kara
The Ministry of Youth and Sports
Tel: 03125966211  Fax: 03125966249	
E-mail:kara.ersan@yahoo.com
Note: This article has been presented in 3rd Exercise Physiology Symposium as poster announcement. 

Abstract
The studies relating the effects of exercise on respiration parameters in growing periods have also submitted different opinions.  While exercise enhances respiratory functions according to some researchers, others believe that that kind of enhancement is not possible. The main object of this study is to research the effects of 3-month football exercise performed by male children in the age group of 8-12 on respiration parameters. 
The study has been conducted on nine male children in School of Physical Education and Sports, Karabuk University. The mean ages of the subjects are 10.89�10.7 years, mean height is 40.89�13.5 cm and mean weight is 33.44�2.6 kg. The subjects were made to play football in four to five days of the week during 3 months under the supervision of coaches. Technical-tactical exercises were performed at moderate intensity (60-70%), and the exercises of strength, endurance and speed were performed at the intensity of 80-90%. The intensity of the exercise was measured via Carvonen formula by taking maximum heart rate (MHR) into consideration. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), Vital Capacity (VC), Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), and Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF) parameters of the subjects included in the study have been calculated via dry spirometer �SPIROLAB II� at the beginning of the exercise and in the end of 3-month period. Test of normality was conducted and Paired-Samples T test was used in the pre-test and the final test evaluations. When compared to pre-study date, it was observed that VC, FEVl, VC, PEF and PIF parameters showed a significant increase in the end of 3-month football exercise.
	The study results show that 3-month football exercise applied on male children in the age of 8 to 12 may have positive effects on several respiratory parameters.
Keywords: Male children, football Exercise, respiration parameters.











INTRODUCTION
	Having regular exercises has utmost importance on balanced and healthy development of the children. The sports activities performed during childhood play important roles in the development of a healthy physical metabolism and maintenance thereof (K�rk� and G�khan, 2011). The oxygen needs of muscles increases during physical exercises. The respiratory system that will supply the required and adequate oxygen for the exercise has to comply with thereof physiologically. The increase level of vital capacity is based on the development of respiratory muscles, enlargement capacity of lungs and thoracic wall, and the elasticity of bronchi and bronchioles (Erkmen et al., 2003).  The levels of alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide are tried to be fixed at an adequate value or a value equal to resting status without increasing the mechanic activities of respiratory muscles during exercise (Ulubay and Ey�bolu, 2006). In order to satisfy the increasing gas need, cardiac output is enhanced (Naeije and Chesler, 2012), energy consumption of respiratory muscles is reduced and the warnings that will increase the respiratory effort are minimized. The exhaustion to occur on respiratory muscles as a result of said effects is minimized and exercise performance is tried to be increased (Ulubay and Ey�bolu, 2006). In accordance with the increasing metabolism rate during exercise, the O2 flow to the muscles is required to increase directly.  At the same time, increasing CO2 generation in the muscles (in order to avoid tissue acidosis that will harm the cellular functions) is required to be transferred to the lungs via systemic circulation and released to the atmosphere. In order for the muscle cell to satisfy the increasing gas change during exercise, the physiological mechanisms of lungs, pulmonary circulation, heart and peripheral circulation are required to be in complete harmony (�zyener and G�r, 2002). An increase occurs in the O2 consumption rate in the maximum aerobic metabolism in the tissues called Max VO2 during exercises. It is stated that an increase more than 10% occurs in MaxVO2 during a 7 to 13-month exercise. Therefore, the important point is to increase the utility of oxygen, in other words, Max VO2, during exercises (Alpay et al., 2007). Thus, the number of studies searching the physical and physiological profile based on scientific date increases for sports activities. The exercises have utmost importance on circulation and respiratory systems. The vital capacity of lungs is based on body structure of the person and oxygen requirement of the sports activity performed, as well. The opinions relating the chronic effects of exercise on respiratory system are generally based on the increase in vital capacity. The respiratory systems of the individuals exercising regularly, comply with the increasing oxygen needs during the sports activities in a rapid manner (Ta_g1n and D�nmez, 2009 ).
The main object of this study is to research the effects of 3-month football exercise performed by male children in the age group of 8-12 on respiration parameters.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Subjects
The study has been conducted on eight male children in School of Physical Education and Sports, Karab�k University. The mean ages of the subjects are 10.89�10.7 years, mean height is 40.89�13.5 cm and mean weight is 33.44�2.6 kg. The body weights of the subjects have been measured via bathroom-type balance having 0.01 kg. precision in terms of kg and on bare feet and while wearing t-shirt and tights; and their heights have also been measured via a metal meter having 0.01 cm. precision while the subjects are on bare foot, straight in standing position with eyes also looking straight. The resting heart rates of the subjects have been calculated by an expert via a stethoscope after resting for 15 minutes on supine position. FVC, FEV1, VC and PEF, PIF parameters of the subjects included in the study have been calculated via dry spirometer "SP0ROLAB II (Medical International Research- Italy)  at the beginning of the exercise and in the end of 3-month period.  

The Exercise Program Applied
The subjects were made to play football in four to five days of the week and 1,5 hours a day during 3 months under the supervision of coaches. Technical-tactical exercises were performed at moderate intensity (60-70%), and the exercises of strength, endurance and speed were performed at the intensity of 80-90%.  The intensity of the exercise has been calculated via Carvonen formula by taking the maximum heart rate (MHR) into consideration. �The Target Heart Rate = (MHR-Resting Heart Rate) x (50-60%) + Resting Heart Rate� In each sections of the exercises performed during on weekdays, the warm-up, main section and cooling staged have been followed. While the total period has been shorter at the beginning, it has been increased as the time passed by. In the warm-up and cooling sections of the exercise, regular and planned flexing and stretching exercises have been applied (Karada et al., 2007). 

Statistical Assessments 
The statistical assessments of the results have been performed by using T package program. The study has been evaluated via pre-test and final test method. Test of normality has been conducted on data and Paired-Samples T test has been used in the pre-test and the final test evaluations. The failure level has been determined as P<0.05 and P<0.01.

RESULTS

It has been observed that there is a significant difference of P<0.05 in the PEF, PIF and VC parameters and a significant difference of P<0.01 in the FVC and FEV1 parameters of the footballers included in the study (Table 1).

DISCUSSION 
The function of respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between blood and air in the surrounding in order for the blood gas levels to be kept in defined limits. Any change that can occur in the said limits is the indicator of s defect in some levels (�akmakc1 et al., 2005). It has been observed that there is a significant difference of P<0.05 in the PEF, PIF and VC parameters and a significant difference of P<0.01 in the FVC and FEV1 parameters of the footballers having football exercise in our study. Fewer heart rates are required because of the increase in heart rate volume. The increase in rate volume facilitates the transfer of O2 required during maximal exercises to the muscles. In the meantime, the increase in lung volume and capacity enhances the transfer movement of O2 from lungs to the blood (G�kdemir et al., 2007).  The said increase can be the result of positive effect of exercise on dynamic lung capacity thanks to the enhancement of respiratory muscles. While it is stated that the exercises cause increase in respiration levels (G�nay and Ciciolu, 2001), it is also declared that the aerobic exercises lead to higher increases in Forced Vital Capacity levels when compared top anaerobic exercises (Rong et al., 2008). Most of the studies conducted in order to determine to what extent the exercise affects the respiratory parameters, have led to the formation of different several opinions relating the subject (G�kbel et al.,1994). While some studies show that the exercise enhances the respiratory parameters (Kalkavan et al., 2005), some other studies indicate that no enhancement is observed (K�rk� et al.,2009). Based on said opinions, (Fi_ek�iolu and ^ahin, 2008) state that an acceleration occurs in the lung capacity increase in the children aged 10 to 11, and said increase is in parallel with the increase in the respiratory functions as the length increase during growth period. The increases of the exercises performed during said periods, enhance the said parameters significantly when compared to the ones that do not perform regular exercises (Serhatl1olu et al.,2010). In order to satisfy the energy and O2 needs of the body during the exercise and to provide the body homeostasis by removing the metabolic byproducts from the medium, the close relation between the increase in VE and metabolism requirement supports the data provided. Moreover, when the respiratory parameters are evaluated in the end of the exercise, we have several different results based on age, sex, whether having regular exercises or not, exercise types and periods. Studies show that exercise have positive effects of respiratory parameters (G�nay et al., 2006, Sable et al., 2012, Armour et al., 1993, Cordain et al.,1990, Gupta and Sawane, 2012, Cordain et al.,1987, Kurt et al., 2011). 
When study results are assessed in accordance with the literature data, the 3-month football exercise applied in determined intensity on the children aged 8 to 12, has positive effects on respiratory parameters.

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MB*CJOJaJphhtdCJOJaJh�K�htdCJOJaJ!�R�RSS S!ST�&�*�,�4�8�Z�\�|���������������P�R���ʉ̉Ή։ډȊʊ����������ΰ�䜦�������}�s�sfs�Xhw-�B*CJOJaJph�h�K�hn*�CJOJaJhn*�CJOJaJhw-�B*CJOJaJph!hw-�h�L�B*CJOJaJphh�<ZCJOJaJhw-�CJOJaJ!hw-�hw-�B*CJOJaJphh�K�h�L�CJOJaJh�L�CJOJaJUhtdCJOJaJh�K�h[9.CJOJaJh�K�h[9.0JCJOJaJ"�Q%S����&�����@����&���$�ڢx�T�V�X�Z�\�^�`������������������������	$�a$gd$dh�x�xa$gd[9.$dh�x�x7$8$H$a$gd[9.G�nay M  Ciciolu 0  (2001) Sports Physiology, Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara, 1.Press, 163-194. 
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Table 1. Comparison of Several Parameters of Footballers Calculated

Parameters (n=8)
  X � SS
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