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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	��� bjbj����	?&ΐΐ}�,��������	�	)))))����===8u�Q4=�@x�����vvv�?�?�?�?�?�?�?$%C��Ef�?�)vvvvv�?))���g@�&�&�&v�)�)��?�&v�?�&�&:�+,F,��������m��=� 8�+
�?}@0�@�+R-F6#�-FF,F,F-F)�-vv�&vvvvv�?�?%�vvv�@vvvv��������������������������������������������������������������������-Fvvvvvvvvv�		�:	Influence of rock foliation on fracture permeability: The case of Precambrian metamorphics (Purulia, eastern India)
Tapas Acharya1,*, Rajesh Prasad1 and S. Chakrabarti2
1 Department of Geology, Hooghly Mohsin College, (University of Burdwan), Chinsurah 712 101, India
2 Department of Applied Geology & Environmental Systems Management, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700 073, India
* Corresponding author:	E-mail		: tacharya3@yahoo.com
Telephone	: +91 9432593832
Fax		: +91 33 2680 2252

Abstract
Hydrological influence of foliation in variably fractured Precambrian metamorphic rocks is usually difficult to depict. As an exemplar, the Precambrian metamorphics exposed in and around the Balarampur town of Purulia district, West Bengal (India) were studied to find out the influence of rock foliation on fracture permeability using hydrostructural domain-based model. These Precambrian metamorphic rocks, characterized by foliated fabric, are formation resulted from the combination of the (a) brittle granite gneisses rich in quartz and garnet, (b) intense brittle-ductile shear zone, and (c) ductile metapelites with micaceous minerals. Pre- and post-monsoon depth to groundwater table contour maps, mode, coefficient of variance (Cv) and contour maps of frequencies and apertures of fractures demonstrate inter- and intra-domain variable qualitative fracture permeabilities. Angles between dominant fractures and foliations clearly explain the spatial and directional anisotropy in intra-domain fracture permeability adopting sub-domain analysis. Permeable fractures measurements oriented parallel with the dominant micaceous foliation show that fractures developed parallel with the foliation is the direction of highest permeability in the fractured metamorphic rocks. It is suggested that a similar relationship between foliation and fractured rock permeability anisotropy may be found in other variably fractured metamorphic rocks, and for development of a regional groundwater model thereof.

Keywords: Fractured rocks, foliation, fracture frequency, aperture, fracture permeability, metamorphic rocks.

1. Introduction
Evaluation of geohydrological properties of hard crystalline and/or metamorphosed rocks is a difficult task owing to the heterogeneity, variability and complexity of structural features (especially fractures, joints, faults etc.) associated with different rock masses. Fracture controlled permeability depends on density of fractures, aperture size and connectivities [1]. It is assumed that closely spaced fractures with higher connectivity represent better possibility of fluid flow [2-7]. More aperture size determines higher permeability status and �uid �ow in fractured rocks [8-14]. The hydrostructural domain-based approach utilises the concept of dividing the aquifers into structural domains based on regional-scale structural features, like fractures and faults etc., which helps groundwater movement (15-20]. Interestingly, Manda and others [21] (2007) have indicated overlapping hydraulic interrelationships/conductivities between adjacent hydrostructural domains and suggested that only hydrostructural approach, with fractures and faults, do not always give a significant clue to the exact nature of a domain. Foliation in metamorphic rocks has a profound influence on groundwater movement, being the most significant discontinuities in the rocks, because the hydraulic conductivity is likely to be highest along the foliation fabric direction [1,22-24]. With this view, it was considered to assess the influence of foliation on fracture properties for estimation of the more constrained measures of fracture permeability which may find particular utility in assisting groundwater modelers constrain spatially variable property sets for regional water resources investigations.
The present study area is situated in and around Balarampur town of Purulia district, West Bengal, India, extending between latitudes 23(01'52'' and 23(06'55'' North and longitudes 86(12'00'' and 86(20'24'' East (Fig. 1). The area is underlain by variably fractured/jointed and highly foliated metamorphic rock masses and the geologically significant South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) trending in E-W direction. Regional scale groundwater development is important in these water starved semi-arid stretches that represent the  westernmost province of West Bengal; groundwater occurring in fractured, low-yielding bedrock aquifers is the sole source of potable water for domestic and agricultural uses [25,26]. Several investigations carried out in the past to study the lineaments and subsurface bedrock-fractures in and around Balarampur town have shown three �domains� of outcrop fracture properties: (a) the domain occurring north of SPSZ (D1), (b) the domain within the SPSZ (D2) and (c) the region south of the SPSZ (D3) [2,27].  Furthermore, SPSZ (D2) was suggested as more hydraulically significant region with higher fracture frequencies [2, 25-27] compared to D1 and D3. Spatially anisotropic distribution of permeable fractures is evident in the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the study area [28]. The objective of this paper is to assess the influence of foliation on development of permeable fracture systems in a highly metamorphosed Precambrian terrain based on hydrostructural domain approach. 

2. General geological set-up
Geologically, the study area is located at the junction of Chhotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC) and the Iron Ore Group (IOG) of rocks of Proterozoic age [29-31] (Fig. 1). On the north, CGGC is a part of the Chhotanagpur craton consisting different types of granite gneisses, such as quartz-biotite granite gneiss dominated by quartz and porphyroblastic granite gneiss rich in garnet porphyroblasts, thus forming brittle nature of the rock group. The IOG exposed on the south belongs to the Singhbhum orogenic belt and comprises chiefly of mica schist and phyllite rich in macaceous minerals imparting ductile nature in the rocks. The metasediments of IOG are interlayered with basic bodies, locally described as epidiorite sills [30]. NW-SE foliations are well developed both in the CGGC and the metasedimentaries of IOG [30]. The rocks have no primary porosity and water flows are restricted to fracture zones. The dip of foliations is high (> 57�) and northerly directed. Presence of more than one generation minor fold is observed that bears imprints of polyphase deformation. Geometry of the first generation fold is not visible owing to absence of competent exposures. A prominent shear zone trends almost E-W through the south of Balarampur town. This shear zone is termed as the �South Purulia Shear Zone� (SPSZ) that possesses the features of a brittle-ductile deformational regime [32,33] (marked in Fig. 1). There are evidences of shear forces that acted along some E-W trending near-vertical weak planes during the third tectonic period [30]. A thrust has brought CGGC to the south over IOG [34]. The structural elements are dominantly shear-joints and fractures in the granitic rocks, pegmatites, quartz veins and metasediments. These shear fractures, joints and faults, in general, strike E-W with 60� N to near-vertical dips [30].

3. Methods
Acharya and others [2] (2012) and Acharya and Mallik [27] (2012) have developed the hydrostructural domains for the Balarampur region of Purulia district based on interpretation of fracture measurements and litho-structural elements as: (a) region occurring north of SPSZ (D1), (b) the region within the SPSZ (D2) and (c) the region south of the SPSZ (D3). Attitudes of fractures and foliations; fracture frequency and aperture data from the bedrock exposures; and depth to groundwater table below ground level (bgl) in pre- and post-monsoon sessions from inventoried dug wells of Precambrian metamorphics were collected during field studies, which were followed by detailed laboratory analysis for determination of the effect of local foliation on fracture permeability and their hydrological significance using software-based hydrostructural domain approach.

3.1. Hydrological studies
Detailed hydrological data were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of year 2012 from 232 inventoried dug wells. The sampling sources were uniformly distributed in all the hydrostructural domains under study. The water table contour maps of pre- and post-monsoon sessions, based on depth-to-water (DTW) level data measured in m bgl (below ground level) from 232 inventoried dug wells, were prepared using the Surfer software. In this study, an alternative approach is considered. Rather than creating individual small cubes and generating discrete DTW level within them, measurement of DTW at each site is taken, and then upscaled and interpolated to the scale of the study area following �point kriging method� of geostatistical gridding and estimating the values at the points of grid nodes [35,36]. The water table maps along with groundwater flow lines (Fig. 2a, b) provide essential qualitative clues on hydrogeological set-up of the area in terms of permeability, flow pattern, hydraulic gradient, and delineation of recharge-discharge regions. With these maps, inter- and intra-spatial distribution and variability of permeability property corresponding to each hydrostructural domain were thus interpreted.
Visual interpretation of the water table contour maps of pre-monsoon (Fig. 2a) and post-monsoon (Fig. 2b) seasons of 2012 reveals variable groundwater contour spacing indicating variation of hydraulic gradient in the study area. The same could broadly be categorized into 5 groups namely, less than 3 m bgl, between 3 m to 5 m bgl, 5 m to 7 m bgl, 7 m to 9 m bgl, and between 9 m to 10 m bgl. The depth-to-water table during the pre-monsoon season ranges from 2 m to 10 m bgl, while the same fluctuates between 1.7 m and 9.89 m bgl during the post-monsoon months. The pre-monsoon depth-to-water table contour map (Fig. 2a) reveals shallow (within 5 m bgl) water table condition in central and southern parts of the study area. The depth-to-water table contour map during the post-monsoon period (Fig. 2b) exhibits shallowest position at the southern part with some similar stray pockets at the northern and central portions. Study of divergence pattern of flow lines at the southern and central parts of the study area during pre- and post- monsoon periods indicate recharge possibilities at these areas. Comparative review of pre- and post- monsoon contour data have also shed significant light on storativity status of the aquifers, as direct response to recharge-discharge characteristics. For example, high rise in water table noted in post-monsoon season on the southern part of the study area and moderately high water table values of north-central region could be attributed to qualitative higher permeability in the phyllites outside SPSZ (D3) and also phyllite patches of SPSZ (D2), while mica schist outside SPSZ (D1) exhibits broad pockets of moderately high permeable zones followed by small pocket in the granite gneisses in D1. With these maps, the spatial distribution and variability of permeable fractures within inter- and intra-hydrostructural domain is noted.

3.2. Mode and coefficient of variance analysis of fracture frequency and aperture
The most common/frequent observation of frequency and aperture values of fractures in each domain are the mode values of fracture frequency and aperture data in the respective domains D1, D2 and D3, calculated using Statistica software [37] (Fig. 3). Spatial cluster analysis of fracture frequency and aperture were performed by analyzing the coefficient of variance (Cv), i.e. the ratio of the standard deviation (�) to the mean (�), of the frequencies and apertures of fractures in each domain using the method of Gillespie and others [38,39] (1993; 2001). In�statistics, the�coefficient of variance�(Cv), measured as �/�, is a�normalized�measure of�dispersion�of a�probability distribution and a measure of the dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean. Cv is useful for comparing the degree of variation of one data series with the other, even if the means are drastically different from each other. The higher the Cv, the greater is the dispersion of the variable, and the variable with the smaller Cv is less dispersed than the variable with the larger Cv. If fracture frequency and aperture values are dispersed in a domain, the Cv will be high to nearly 1 or even higher, while Cv will be much less for nearly uniform distribution of fracture frequency and aperture values throughout the domain, indicating a central tendency of data distribution around the mean.
Analysis of mode and coefficient of variance (Cv) of fracture frequencies and apertures (Fig. 3) yields marked differences among the corresponding hydrostructural domains (D1, D2 and D3) in the study area (Table 1). Mode of fracture frequency is minimum (3/m) in the northern part of the SPSZ (D1) (Fig. 3a), maximum (15/m) in SPSZ (D2) (Fig. 3b) and intermediate (10/m) in the southern part of the SPSZ (D3) (Fig. 3c), clearly indicating high fracture frequency in the SPSZ (D2) and metapelites off the SPSZ (D3). While granite gneisses (D1) exhibits maximum fracture aperture (2 mm) (Fig. 3d) followed by metapelites off the SPSZ (D3) (1.5mm) (Fig. 3f). SPSZ (D2) shows minimum aperture of 0.5 mm (Fig. 3e). Thus, mode value analysis reveals significant differences in fracture frequency and aperture properties among the domains. Cv values, indicating the consistency in distribution of fracture frequency and aperture within a single domain, in the study area are different in each hydrostructural domain (Table 1). Cv value of fracture frequency is maximum (0.94) in the D1 which is close to 1 indicating inconsistency in the distribution of low fracture frequencies throughout the D1 domain. The southern part of the SPSZ (D3) shows minimum Cv (0.71) of frequency indicating most consistently distributed moderate fracture frequencies within D3 domain. SPSZ (D2) with intermediate Cv (0.75) exhibits intermediate regularity in distribution of high frequency values, thus revealing consistent high fracture-frequency in Metapelites in south of SPSZ (D3) and SPSZ (D2). Cv analysis of fracture apertures clearly reveals least dispersal of high aperture data in D1 (Cv = 0.67), while maximum dispersal and inconsistency of low apertures exists in D2 (Cv = 0.95). D3 indicates moderate consistency in distribution of moderate apertures with Cv of 0.74, thus assigning granite gneisses to exhibit consistent high fracture-aperture off the SPSZ (D1). Thus, the variation of fracture frequencies and apertures interpreted from the analysis of mode and Cv values depicts spatial anisotropy in fracture frequency and aperture properties in different hydrostructural domains and also within intra-domain region.

3.3. Fracture strike with high frequency and aperture
Fracture strike with corresponding frequency and aperture, using Statistica software for frequency and aperture dataset within 95% confidence level, shows fracture trends with corresponding high fracture frequency and aperture values in each domain (Fig. 4). Altogether, a total set of 334 fractures are noted, with corresponding strike, frequency and aperture for each fracture, from total 94 outcrops and grouped into the respective hydrostructural domain (D1/D2/D3) depending upon its occurrence in the study area. Thus, for each domain, a dataset is generated with fracture strike and its corresponding fracture-frequency and aperture. Scatter-plots of frequency vs. strike of fractures and aperture vs. strike of fractures are obtained for each domain by plotting the frequency and aperture values with their corresponding strike directions.
The scatter-plots (Fig. 4), showing variation of fracture frequency and aperture with fracture-strike in each domain, D1, D2 and D3 for the dataset within 95% confidence level, illustrate higher fracture frequencies (>40/m) along E-W trending fractures in the shear zone (D2) (Fig. 4b) and along ESE-WNW trending fractures in the southern metapelite (D3) (Fig. 4c). The scatter plots (Fig. 4) clearly indicate preferential directional anisotropy of fractures with high frequency even within a single hydrostructural domain. 
The scatter-plot curve of fracture-aperture for each domain (Fig. 4d, e, f) shows higher aperture (>3 mm) of N-S striking fractures in D1 (Fig. 4d) reveals intra-domain directional anisotropy of high fracture apertures in D1.

3.4. Fracture frequency and aperture contour maps
Based on the collected frequency and aperture data of fractures, contour maps of continuous fracture frequency and aperture were prepared (Fig. 5); their spatial distribution in the intra-domain region of three hydrostructural domains were next studied by way of visual interpretation and computer-based approach using �Surfer� software. Altogether, a total set of 334 fracture-frequency and 334 fracture-aperture data were measured in the study area during the field season of 2011-2012.
Fracture frequency contour map (Fig. 5a) reveals an overall low fracture frequency value along with some patches of moderate values in D1. D2 shows high fracture frequency values with moderately consistent distribution. D3 illustrates high fracture frequency values with some low frequency regions revealing anisotropic distribution pattern of frequency in this intra-domain D3. Thus interpretation of fracture frequency contour map shows clear intra-domain differences of values spatially in the study area.
Fracture aperture contour map (Fig. 5b) reveals consistent high values in D1 with some stray patches of low value. Maximum aperture is noted at the north-central portion in D1. D2 manifests lowest aperture value with a narrow central zone of moderate apertures, within which a slightly higher value is observed, depicting an inconsistent central zone. Fracture aperture in D3 domain shows an overall low aperture with a small patch of moderate value in the central part. The aperture characteristics and distribution pattern clearly demonstrate spatially variable values in the intra-domain areas.

3.5. Foliation and fracture trend study
Foliation planes, one of the important structural discontinuity features of metamorphic rocks, need consideration in the analysis of fracture permeability study. Foliation attitudes collected from the rock-outcrops in the study area are classified according to their occurrences in respective domains (i.e. D1, D2 and D3), and their trends represented in azimuth-frequency (rose) diagrams for the domains using Georient software, to obtain dominant foliation trend of each domain (Fig. 6a, b, c) (Table 1). The dominant foliation is trending along E-W direction in D1, E-W in D2 and WNW-ESE in D3.
Fracture strikes are also noted from the outcrops and classified into respective domains (D1, D2 and D3) to construct the azimuth-frequency (rose) diagrams of fracture trends for the domains D1, D2 and D3 (Fig. 6d, e, f), exhibiting dominant fracture strikes for each domain (Table 1). The dominant fracture is trending along N-S direction in D1, E-W in D2 and NE-SW, N-S, SE-NW in D3. The domain based analysis technique, comparing the trends of dominant foliations with the trends of dominant fractures within the same domain, reveals concordant major foliation and fracture in the shear zone domain (D2) and the southern metapelite domain (D3) of the area, whereas the northern granite gneisses domain (D1) shows discordant / orthogonal relationship between major foliation and fracture (Fig. 6). The foliations parallel to fractures may have attributed the overall increased fracture-frequencies [2,27,40,41] in central (D2) and southern (D3) part of the study area, exhibited in the fracture-frequency contour map. Orthogonal relationship between dominant fracture and foliation trends in the northern part (D1) of the study area are observed in the domain of overall higher fracture apertures in fracture-aperture contour map. 

3.5.1. Intra-domain analysis
The total area under study has been classified into 15 square grid cells each having dimension 2.5 km�2.5 km, each grid with at least 5 rock-outcrops, to study the intra-domain major fracture trends. Representative fracture families of each cell have been plotted as frequency azimuth (rose) diagrams using the Georient Software (Fig. 6g) showing clear variability in dominant fracture trends within each intra-hydrostructural domain (i.e. D1, D2 and D3), thus also inferring varying angles between dominant fractures and foliations in the intra-domain regions. The visual interpretation and comparison of fracture frequency contour map (Fig. 5a), domain-based foliation azimuth (rose) diagrams (Fig. 6a, b, c) and intra-domain fracture azimuth (rose) diagrams (Fig. 6g) clearly demonstrate the intra-domain higher frequencies of fractures, where dominant fractures parallel the dominant foliations in the sub-grids of ductile metapelites (D3) and brittle-ductile shear zone (D2). Comparative analysis of fracture aperture contour map (Fig. 5b), domain-based foliation azimuth (rose) diagrams (Fig. 6a, b, c) and intra-domain fracture azimuth (rose) diagrams (Fig. 6g) reveals intra-domain higher fracture aperture in sub-grids of brittle granite gneisses (D1), where major fractures are perpendicular to the corresponding major foliations.

4. Result and discussion
The results obtained from hydrostructural domain-based analysis of fracture frequency and aperture show significant and interesting variations of fracture permeability and foliation properties. Hydrological studies reveal spatial variation of fracture permeability in a single hydrostructural domain. Fracture frequency and aperture analyses further demonstrate these differences of fracture permeability within a domain. Good correlation could be established between well-jointed rock strata and their hydrological potentialities. For example, high rise in water table noted in post-monsoon season on the southern part of the study area and moderately high water table values of north-central region could be attributed to existence of intense joint systems. Higher to moderately higher permeability were noted in patches in the SPSZ (D2), southern metapelites (D3), followed by small pockets in granite gneisses (D1). With these maps, the spatially variable distribution of permeable fractures within each hydrostructural domain is noted. Higher mode fracture-frequency value and its more isotropic distribution throughout the shear zone (D2) and metapelites at south of the shear zone (D3) than granite gneisses (D1) at north of the shear zone indicate more closely spaced fractures in shear zone and metapelites outside the shear zone than the granite gneisses off the shear zone; thus assigning the fractures within shear zone and metapelites as more permeable [1-5,7]. Intra-domain directional anisotropy of higher fracture frequencies is evident along E-W / NW-SE direction particularly in shear zone (D2) and metapilitic rocks off the shear zone (D3), whereas the granite gneisses (D1) represent an overall low frequency. Fracture aperture distribution study reveals higher values in granite gneiss domain (D1) consistently and an intra-domain directional anisotropy preferentially along N-S direction.
Foliation study attempts to explain heterogeneity of fracture permeability for inter- and intra-hydrostructural domains. Azimuth-frequency (rose) diagrams of representative foliation families of each domain (i.e., D1, D2 and D3) compared with trends of fractures of the corresponding domain indicates foliation-parallel fractures in shear zone (D2) and metapelites (D3) trending along E-W/NW�SE directions, interestingly concordant to the directional anisotropy of high frequency fractures in those intra-domain regions. Discordant trend between major foliations and fractures in granite gneisses (D1) assign the majority of low frequencies fractures. Presence of phyllosilicates in metapelites show prominent structural discontinuities like schistosity and foliation, developing foliation-parallel high frequency fractures, thus imparting higher fracture permeability parallel to the major foliations [22]. Several workers [23,24,40,41] also rightly observed important role of foliation in water movement and reported greater flow rates parallel to the foliation pattern in ductile formation. Brittle granite gneisses (D1), with higher fracture apertures values than the brittle-ductile shear zone (D2) and ductile metapelites off the shear zone (D3), indicate higher fracture permeability in granite gneisses [8-14]. Interestingly, the N-S trending fractures in brittle granite gneisses (D1), showing intra-domain preferential directional anisotropy for higher fracture apertures, align perpendicular to the prominent foliations (trending E-W direction) in D1.
Intra-domain regions, with varying trends of dominant fractures, cause varying angle between dominant fractures and foliations in each intra-domain sub-grid region, and thus impart spatially variable high fracture frequencies of major fractures parallel to major foliation in ductile metapelites and brittle-ductile shear zone; and high fracture aperture perpendicular to the brittle granite gneisses. Fracture-permeability controlled by both high fracture frequency and aperture thus significantly correlated to dominant trend of foliation throughout the area. This intra-domain directional correlation between major foliations and fractures may perhaps explain both the spatial and directional anisotropy in higher fracture frequencies and apertures and thus assigning foliations to dominantly influence the fracture permeability in Precambrian metamorphic fractured terrain.
Overall, the model-derived fracture permeability conformably well explain the spatial and directional anisotropy of qualitative fracture permeability in intra-domain environment; represented by fractures with high frequencies and apertures, and measured seasonal DTW data; and, therefore, offers an alternative approach to obtain a more consistent permeable hydrostructural sub-domain at a higher spatial resolution than would be possible from undertaking discrete pumping tests. As a result, the method used in this paper may have applications to other areas where groundwater resources in fractured rock aquifers are of interest.

5. Conclusion
The approach presented in this paper consists of using the fracture and foliation data measured in the outcrop to predict the influence of foliation in fracture permeability by hydrostructural domain modeling in older metamorphic rocks. This approach clearly identifies the sub-domain higher fracture permeability qualitatively at higher resolution intra-domain regime. Foliation exerts a fundamental control on the development of permeable fractures in Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Results show that the fractures traversing the ductile metapelites in the shear zone and off the shear zone may perhaps be further enhanced by fracture-parallel foliation to develop more consistent high frequency fractures. The greater aperture of the fractures trending orthogonal to the foliation, in the brittle granite gneisses off the shear zone, is consistent.

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Prof. S. Basumallik and Prof. S.K. Nag of Jadavpur University, Kolkata for their valuable advices. The authors are also thankful to Dr. S.K. Mukhopadhyay, Principal, Hooghly Mohsin College for his constant co-operation, inspiration and support.



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Figure captions

Fig. 1 Location map of the study area in and around Balarampur, Purulia district, West Bengal, India showing geological features and D1, D2, D3 hydrostructural domains.

Fig. 2 Water level contour maps, in m bgl, and groundwater flow lines of the study area at � (a) pre-monsoon time and (b) post-monsoon time in session 2012, showing locales of permeable fractures and recharge areas revealing intra-domain variability.

Fig. 3 Frequency distribution histogram diagrams of fracture frequency data for hydrostructural domains: (a) north of SPSZ (D1), (b) SPSZ (D2), (c) south of SPSZ (D3); and fracture aperture data for hydrostructural domains: (d) north of SPSZ (D1), (e) SPSZ (D2), (f) south of SPSZ (D3). The differences in mode values in the data distribution diagrams and Cv of fracture frequencies and apertures are noticeable among domains and intra-domain regime. Cv coefficient of variance.

Fig. 4 Graphs illustrating the relationship between fracture frequency and fracture strike - (a) northern domain (D1), (b) shear zone domain (D2) and (c) southern domain (D3); and fracture aperture and fracture strike - (d) northern domain (D1), (e) shear zone domain (D2) and (f) southern domain (D3). Dotted curves envelope the dataset of � 95% confidence levels and solid curves show the representative variations of these datasets with strike. Directional anisotropy of high frequency and aperture of fractures in intra-domain regime is clearly visible.
 
Fig. 5 Contour maps of the study area showing marked differences in values in different hydrostructural st������	
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$d�a$gd�Wyҝԝ�(.AJQRZ[\ak����@ABCIJ����03�����ƶ������Ӷ�����ⶦ��rb�b�b�h"w*hjCJOJQJ\�aJh"w*h�-�CJOJQJ\�aJ"h"w*hk5�CJOJQJ\�aJ"*h"w*hkCJOJQJ\�aJh"w*hkCJOJQJ\�aJh"w*hR)CJOJQJ\�aJhR)CJOJQJ\�aJh/3�CJOJQJ\�aJUh"w*h/3�CJOJQJ\�aJhjCJOJQJ\�aJ!domains and intra-domain region both of � (a) Fracture-frequency and (b) Fracture-aperture. High frequency values are prominent in the southern to central region and high aperture values are prominent in the northern part with a pocket in the southern region, clearly indicating spatial anisotropy in intra-domain region.

Fig. 6 Azimuth-frequency (rose) diagrams of foliation orientation in (a) the northern domain (D1), (b) the shear zone domain (D2) and (c) the southern domain (D3); and of fracture orientation in (d) the northern domain (D1), (e) the shear zone domain (D2) and (f) the southern domain (D3), exhibiting concordant relationship between trends of major fractures and foliations in D2 and D3 domains and discordant in D1 domain and (g) intra-domain distribution of fracture rosettes in grid cells (2.5�2.5 km in size). Fracture rosette are different among the intra-domain D1 (northern region of SPSZ), D2 (SPSZ region) and D3 (southern part of SPSZ).



List of Table
Table 1 Comparative analysis among frequencies and apertures of fractures and trends of dominant fractures and foliations in each hydrostructural domain. /m number per meter, Cv coefficient of variance.








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