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	Manuscript caregory : Clinical Neurosurgery

Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation after Microendoscopic Discectomy

Hiroshi Takahashi M.D, Ph.D.
Yasuaki Iida M.D, Ph.D.
Yuichiro Yokoyama M.D, Ph.D.
Ryo Takamatsu M.D, Ph.D.
Katsunori Fukutake M.D, Ph.D.
Akihito Wada M.D, Ph.D.
Keiji Hasegawa M.D, Ph.D.

Affiliation and address
6-11-1 Omori-nishi Ota-ku Tokyo, Japan, Zip-Code 143-8541
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine
Hiroshi Takahashi, MD
TEL 03-3762-4151, FAX 03-3763-7539    E-mail  HYPERLINK "mailto:drkan@med.toho-u.ac.jp" drkan@med.toho-u.ac.jp

Running title : Recurrent LDH after MED









Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of recurrent lumbar disc herniation (LDH) after microendoscopic discectomy (MED).
Methods
The subjects were 210 patients who underwent MED for LDH performed by the same operator at our hospital. There were 132 male and 78 female patients. The treated level was L3/4 in 6 patients, L4/5 in 88, and L5/S in 116. The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 72.0 � 36.4 months. The age, sex, BMI, level of LDH, type of LDH, smoking habit, diabetes mellitus (DM), and learning curve of the surgeon were subjected to multiple logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for recurrence. 
Results
The recurrence rate was 8.58%, and the mean time to recurrence was 24.18 months. Of the 18 patients, 4 required reoperation and the remaining 14 patients received conservative treatment. On multiple logistic regression analysis, none of the examined factors�age, sex, BMI, level of the LDH, type of herniation, smoking habit, past history of DM, and surgical experience of the operator�were a significant risk factor for recurrence. 
Conclusion
The recurrence rate was 8.58%, which is comparable with that of open discectomy. Many cases of recurrence occurred relatively early after surgery. Recurrence was seen in 6 of 18 patients within 6 months after surgery, but the mean time was about 2 years. This surgical procedure is very safe when it is performed by operators skilled in the procedure. 
Key Words
microendoscopic discectomy
recurrence
risk factor
























Introduction
Discectomy for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is useful for sciatica patients who do not respond to conservative treatment. Open discectomy(OD) is the gold standard and the outcomes are mostly favorable, although it depends on the evaluation method (1,2,3,4). However, reoperation is not uncommon for conditions such as recurrent herniation, new herniation at a different level, postoperative scar, postoperative hematoma, infection, facet syndrome, secondary spinal canal stenosis, and intervertebral instability. Recurrent herniation is the most common reason for reoperation, and the reported incidence is 5-11% (5,6,7). Reasons for the variation in the reported recurrent herniation rates are inconsistency in the definition of recurrent herniation, variations in treatment, and varying duration of observation of the disease course. 
Microdiscectomy (MD) became popular after establishment of the OD, and microendoscopic discectomy (MED) and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) are now becoming widespread as non-invasive surgeries that facilitate early rehabilitation. Despite these procedural advancements, reoperation is still unavoidable for conditions that require reoperation, including recurrent herniation. 
The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of postoperative recurrent herniation and identify risk factors of recurrence in MED-treated patients. 

Materials and Methods
The subjects were 210 patients who underwent MED for disc herniation after 2000 at our hospital. MED was performed by the same operator. Patients with a past history of lumbar surgery, those undergoing reoperation for herniation, those requiring surgery for two intervertebral segments, and those requiring open conversion were excluded from the study. A total of 132 male and 78 female patients were examined. The mean age at the time of surgery was 40.3 � 15.6 years. The treated level was L3/4 in 6 patients, L4/5 in 88, and L5/S in 116. The type of herniation was protrusion (type P) in 94 patients, subligamentous extrusion (Type SE) in 68, transligamentous extrusion (Type TE) in 29, and sequestration (Type S) in 19. The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 72.0 � 36.4 months (range, 7-144 months).
No drain was inserted in 87 patients while a suction drain was placed for 24-48 hours postoperatively in the remaining patients. 
For the disc resection procedure, limited discectomy (LD) was performed in all patients and aggressive discectomy (AD) was not required. Patients wore a corset after surgery and were encouraged to mobilize the following day. Exercise and heavy labor were prohibited for three months. 
Recurrent herniation was defined as reappearance of preoperative symptoms after the absence of symptoms for at least 1 week, and required MRI confirmation of disc herniation at the same level. Age (8,9), sex (8,9), BMI,level of the herniated disc, type of herniation (10), smoking (11), past history of diabetes mellitus (DM) (12), and surgical experience of the operator were subjected to multiple logistic analysis to identify factors associated with recurrence. The surgical experience of the operator was assessed by determining the number of operated patients; the following 3 categories were used: 1�50, 51�100, and > 100 patients. 
The association between the response variable of recurrence and explanatory variables was investigated. Univariate logistic analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with recurrence. Multiple logistic analysis was then performed to examine seven explanatory variables (age, sex, BMI, level of the herniated disc, number of operated patients, Type TE, Type P) after excluding four variables with p-values exceeding 0.9 (smoking, Type SE, Type S, and DM). 
Statistical analysis was performed using Excel Statistics 2008 (Social Survey Research Information Co., Ltd, Japan) and IBM SPSS Statistics Version 19 (IBM JAPAN Ltd., Japan). P <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. 

Results
The recurrence rate was 8.58% (18 of 210 patients). Recurrence occurred within 3 and 6 months in 5 and 1 patient, respectively, while it occurred within 1 year in 2, after 1-2 years in 4, and after 3 years in 6 patients.
The mean time to recurrence was 24.18 months (range, 1 week-6 years). Of the 18 patients with recurrence, 4 required reoperation while the remaining 14 patients received conservative treatment. 
Analysis of the relationship between the response variable of recurrence and explanatory variables revealed that the level of the herniated disc had a p-value of 0.0401, which suggested an association between this factor and recurrence (Table 1); however, it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0502) on univariate logistic analysis (Table 2). Multiple logistic analysis was performed to examine seven explanatory variables (age, sex, BMI, level of the herniated disc, number of operated patients, Type TE and Type P) after excluding four with p-values exceeding 0.9 (smoking, Type SE, Type S and DM). None of the variables�age (8,9), sex (8,9), BMI, level of the herniated disc, type of herniation (10), smoking (11), past history of DM (12), and surgical experience of the operator�were significant risk factors for recurrence (Table 3). 
A total of five patients(2.38%,5 /210)experienced dural tears, but repairs were not necessary because all cases were pin hole injuries.  
No nerve root injury occurred during surgery. Postoperative infection occurred in 0.95% (2 of 210 patients) of patients; one resolved after percutaneous nucleotomy and antibiotics while the other resolved after oral antibiotics alone. The causative bacterium was Staphylococcus epidermidis in the former case while the causative bacterium was unknown in the latter case because the patient refused percutaneous nucleotomy. Postoperative symptomatic hematoma developed in 0.48% (1 of 210 patients) of cases and required an endoscopic reoperation. In this case, cauda equina symptoms developed immediately after the initial surgery despite placement of a drain, thus requiring rapid evacuation of the hematoma using an endoscope. Poor drainage due to inappropriate drain insertion may have caused the hematoma. 
Reoperation was required for 4 of 18 cases of recurrent herniation, 1 postoperative infection, and 1 postoperative hematoma. Therefore, the reoperation rate was 2.86% (6 of 210 patients). 

Discussion
MED has gained widespread acceptance as minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for lumbar disc herniation in Japan. However, Teli et al. (13) reported a high incidence of complications such as dural tear, nerve root injury, and recurrent herniation after MED compared with OD and MED. The authors attributed it to difficulty in judging the depth of the surgical field because the images were two-dimensional. The cost of MED was also noted to be higher than those of OD and MD. 
Cheng et al. (14) reported that the incidence of recurrent herniation was highest in PELD, followed by MED and OD, whereas the time to recurrence was longest for the OD, followed by MED and PELD. MIS including MED and PELD is performed based on two-dimensional images, and excision of residual or hidden fragments is difficult because of the limited operative field. The authors considered this as a possible reason for the higher recurrence in MIS procedures, similar to the reason proposed by Teli et al. (13). LD is frequently employed in endoscopic discectomy, but McGirt et al. (15) reported that the recurrence rate was higher after LD than after AD. They also reported that postoperative lumbar and leg pain recurred more frequently after AD after e" 2 years of follow-up. However, in a nationwide cohort study reported by Kim et al. (16) in which fusion, laminectomy, open discectomy, endoscopic discectomy and nucleolysis for lumbar disc herniation were compared, the reoperation rates were found to be 13.8% and 12.4% for open and endoscopic discectomy, respectively. This finding was based on evaluation of either open or endoscopic discectomy as the initial surgery for lumbar disc herniation. Since the reported outcomes of lumbar disc herniation treated with MIS procedures have been inconsistent, we investigated the surgical outcomes of patients treated in our institution. 
Our findings revealed a recurrence rate of 8.58%, which is comparable with that after open discectomy. Recurrence occurred relatively early after surgery in many cases, as was seen in other studies (17). Recurrence occurred within 6 months after surgery in 6 of the 18 cases, but the mean time was about 2 years. The reoperation rate was 2.86% (6 of 210 patients), which was lower than those in previous reports. The reoperation rate was reduced because 14 of the 18 recurrent cases responded to conservative treatment. In the initial surgery of patients with recurrent herniation, the posterior longitudinal ligament had been incised or a protrusion perforating the posterior longitudinal ligament had been excised. Therefore, blood vessels may have invaded the recurrent herniated tissue. Recurrent herniation may spontaneously resolve in many cases if pain can be controlled, and not all cases require surgical treatment. As described above, the definition of recurrent herniation is inconsistent and the indication for surgery is variable including the timing of surgery, and these may markedly influence the incidence of recurrence and reoperation rate. 
The age (8,9), sex (8,9), BMI, level of the herniated disc, type of herniation (10), smoking habit (11), past history of DM (12), and surgical experience of the operator were possible risk factors for recurrence, but none were significantly associated with recurrence, which is consistent with the finding by Hakkinen et al. (18). 
A bright and wide visual field comparable with those in open discectomy and MD is possible in MED because a 25� oblique-viewing endoscope is used, the camera is present in the wound and is not obstructed by surgical tools or the operator�s hand, and the light source is adjustable.
Despite the two-dimensionality of the images and narrowness of the working space in MIS, the removal of residual fragments should be easy
if the preoperative imaging is examined closely, since the cylindrical retractor insertion angle and camera position can be readily changed. Surgical skill in the procedure can be acquired by performing open discectomy and receiving appropriate training. The outcomes of endoscopic surgeries such as MED and PELD are markedly influenced by the operator�s skill. 
For discectomy, AD may be advantageous in reducing the recurrence rate, but LD may inhibit disc degeneration to a greater degree and prevent recurrence of lumbar and leg pains (Fig. 1). 
As postoperative pain is mild, excessive exercise and early return to work are possible causes of recurrence after MIS in Japan (16). To reduce the recurrence rate, it is necessary to explain potential complications and postoperative restriction of work and exercise to patients before the surgery. 
Several study limitations warrant mention. First, comparison with open discectomy could not be performed because MED has been performed as the initial surgery for disc herniation at our hospital since 2000. Second, the indication for surgery, observation of the clinical course, and evaluation of outcomes were done by the same operator, so investigator bias may have resulted. 
However, the intermediate-term outcomes of MED were favorable. This surgical procedure is very safe when it is performed by operators skilled in the procedure.  

Acknowledgements
Conflict of interest: None
Financial support: None









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Table 2: Univariate logistic analysis
Table 3: Multiple logistic analysis of seven variables




Figure 1
A 67-year-old man underwent open discectomy for left L3/4 LDH, and a MED for right L4/5 LDH at our hospital 20 and 3 years prior to the current episode, respectively. The intervertebral disc space height at L3/4 was lost and the vacuum phenomenon was observed, but the L4/5 disc retained the intervertebral disc space height. 












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