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 2:	


The value of pulse and tissue Doppler velocities for evaluating right and left ventricular function in adult patients with homozygous sickle cell disease: An echocardiographic study



Taysir S Garadah 1, 2; Adla H Bakri1,2;  Ahmed   H Abdul Latif 1; Ahmed  A Jaradat 2;  Reginald P Sequeira2; Abdulla Alajmi1

1 Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
2 Colleges of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.





Address for correspondence:
Dr. Taysir Garadah
P.O. Box 18725
Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
E mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:garadaht@hotmail.com" garadaht@hotmail.com
Fax 00973 17641675
Abstract 
Background: Pulse Doppler echocardiography is a non-invasive tool for the assessment of diastolic function in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (SSD), but the role of the tissue Doppler is unclear.
Aim:  To evaluate the usefulness of tissue Doppler in the assessment of right ventricle (RV) diastolic function in adult patients with SCD. And to study the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PAH) in SCD using the continuous wave of tricuspid valve velocity. 
Method: Seventy patients with homozygous SSD were compared with healthy control. Every patient had clinical assessment, pulsed and tissue Doppler evaluation, level of haemoglobin, and ferritin. The mean difference between the two groups for Doppler and biometric variables were assessed. 
Results: Seventy patients had SCD (mean age 28 years, 14-40) and 54 (77%) were males.  The age and gender proportions were similar in both groups. Patients with SCD compared with the control had significantly low diastolic pressure, lower haemoglobin level and but high serum ferritin. Further there was a significant increase in the diameter of left atrium, higher left ventricle mass index, and higher right ventricle diameter and wall thickness.
The left ventricle ejection fraction percentage was similar, but with significantly higher right ventricle tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of 1.42�0.21 vs. 1.11�0.23 cm (P= 0.02) The RV pulsed Doppler data showed restrictive filling pattern with significant higher E wave, high E/A and short DT, likewise, the upper pulmonary vein systolic /diastolic velocity was significantly lower 1.5 �0.12 vs. 2.4�0.11cm ( p=0.002)
The tissue Doppler of lateral annulus of tricuspid valve in SSD showed a significant lower S wave, higher E/E- ratio and lower A wave. 
The incidence of pulmonary hypertension in SCD patients via tricuspid valve regurgitation (TVR) velocity of >2.6 m/s was 22%. There was a positive correlation between serum level of ferritin and tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity (r=0.35)
Conclusion: Adult patients with SCD have included right ventricular diameter and increase RV wall thickness. The LV systolic function is normal but with RV diastolic dysfunction suggestive of restrictive pattern.
The incidence of pulmonary hypertension in SCD was22% with positive correlation between serum level of ferritin and the development of pulmonary hypertension.

Key words:
Sickle cell anemia, tissue Doppler, Bahrain
Introduction
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemolytic anemia characterized by the synthesis of hemoglobin S (HbSS).  In its homozygous form, sickle cell disease (HbSS) results from the inherence of two sickle cell genes  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bunn</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bunn, H. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women&apos;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title><alt-title>The New England journal of medicine</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title><abbr-1>The New England journal of medicine</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title><abbr-1>The New England journal of medicine</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>762-9</pages><volume>337</volume><number>11</number><edition>1997/09/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Anemia, Sickle Cell/etiology/*physiopathology/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Antisickling Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Fetal Hemoglobin</keyword><keyword>Hemoglobin, Sickle/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9287233</accession-num><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287233</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJM199709113371107</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "Bunn, 1997 #1" 1].
SCD is characterized by recurrent episodes of hemolytic anemia, vasoocclusive crises with the entrapment of red blood corpuscle in the microvasculature system causing hypo-perfusion infarction in many organ systems leading to multiorgan dysfunction  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Platt, 1994 #2" 2].
The term  sickle cell disease is applied because the inherited abnormality causes a pathological condition that can lead to death and severe complications. Sickle-cell disease occurs more commonly among people whose ancestors lived in tropical and sub-tropical sub-Saharan regions where malaria is or was common.  The incidence of SCD in the Arabian Peninsula is in the range of 1.2% to 2.6%  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Alhamdan, 2007 #4" 3,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Nasserullah, 2003 #5" 4].  
Cardiac manifestation of homozygous SCD patient vary and depends on the methods of evaluation and the populations in the study as it seem there  are   different clinical manifestation of SCD according patients ethnicity origin and geographical distribution  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "el-Hazmi, 1996 #6" 5,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Pearson, 1999 #7" 6].
In children with homozygous SCD, the earliest marker of cardiac involvement is diastolic dysfunction followed in adulthood by cardiomegaly and pulmonary hypertension with or without heart failure  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Batra, 2002 #9" 7,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Zilberman, 2007 #8" 8].
Pulse Doppler echocardiography is widely used to assess noninvasively the mitral and tricuspid flow for the assessment of diastolic function  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Bahl, 1992 #10" 9,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Lindqvist, 2009 #11" 10].
The LV diastolic filling pattern on pulsed Doppler has been classified into normal, restrictive and abnormal relaxation pattern on the bases  of relation between the  early filling E wave  and the late filling A wave  on  trans mitral diastolic filling  velocity  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Choong, 1987 #12" 11]. The pattern of abnormal  relaxation pattern had low early filling  wave (E) and high atrial wave (A) with E/A ratio < 1 with  high Deceleration Time of E wave (DT) and the  constrictive pattern had a  high E wave, diminished or absent A wave with E/A ratio > 2  and  shortened DT of <160 msec  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Moyssakis, 2005 #20" 12,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Nishimura, 1993 #19" 13]. 
In order to overcome the limitations of   pulsed Doppler assessment for diastolic function of right and left heart, an extra pulsed Doppler of pulmonary venous velocities  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Moyssakis, 2005 #20" 12]  as well as tissue Doppler of mitral and tricuspid annulus were added  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Ghaderian, 2012 #28" 14-16]. 
Aim of the Study
To evaluate the usefulness of pulsed Doppler of right pulmonary vein and tissue Doppler echocardiogram of lateral annulus of tricuspid valve in the assessment of diastolic function of RV in adult patients with sickle cell disease. 
To study the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension through measurement of the tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity on continues wave Doppler. 

Material and Methods 
Study population 
Seventy adolescent and young adult (14-40 year) patients with sickle cell disease (SSD) were enrolled in the study.  Patient selection was consecutive from patients attending the hematology clinic in Salmaniya Medical Complex (SMC).  SMC is the main government hospital in Bahrain with a catchment area of 900,000 populations. Those patients were compared with 70 healthy patients referred to cardiology OPD for echocardiographic evaluation.
Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of sickle cell disease SSD with homozygous haemoglobin S (HbSS) made by solubility screening test for sickling and haemoglobin electrophoresis. All patients gave an informed consent and the study protocol was approved by the institutional committee.
Patients with SSA were excluded if they have history of recent blood transfusion within three weeks, had hemoglobinopathy other than SSD, history of rheumatic heart disease, adult congenital heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, advance renal or hepatic failure. All patients had full history and were examined clinically for blood pressure and pulse, presence of heart murmur or crackles, raised jugular venous pulse, S3 gallop, and ankle oedema.  All patients gave a blood sample for the level of haemoglobin and serum ferritin level.
Echocardiographic evaluation
Comprehensive echocardiographic pulsed Doppler and tissue Doppler evaluation was performed by Hewlet Packard e 33 echo machine, using 2.5 MHz transducer by the same cardiologist.
The measurement of M mode, 2D, pulsed and tissue Doppler was performed by a technician unaware of the subjects  clinical status and according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.  The LV ejection fraction (EF %) was measured using the biplane Simpson methods  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Lang, 2005 #29" 17].
The M-mode guided echo used to measure the systolic and end diastolic diameter of LV cavity as well as the septum and posterior wall. The LV mass index was calculated according to formula described by Devereux et al  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Devereux</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Devereux, R. B.</author><author>Alonso, D. R.</author><author>Lutas, E. M.</author><author>Gottlieb, G. J.</author><author>Campo, E.</author><author>Sachs, I.</author><author>Reichek, N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings</title><secondary-title>Am J Cardiol</secondary-title><alt-title>The American journal of cardiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Cardiol</full-title><abbr-1>The American journal of cardiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Am J Cardiol</full-title><abbr-1>The American journal of cardiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>450-8</pages><volume>57</volume><number>6</number><edition>1986/02/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Autopsy</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*diagnosis/pathology</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Organ Size</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1986</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9149 (Print)&#xD;0002-9149 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2936235</accession-num><work-type>Comparative Study</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2936235</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Devereux, 1986 #31" 18]. 
Right ventricle diastolic diameter and thickness of the free wall were measured in the apical view; RV systolic function was evaluated from the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Gladwin, 2004 #32" 19].
Using pulse Doppler for mitral and tricuspid valve in the apical view with the sample volume at the tip of the leaflet in apical view and the following parameters were measured:  the early peak velocity (E wave) and the late atrial contraction wave (A wave), E/A ratio and deceleration time of E wave (DT). The calculation of the pulse and tissue Doppler waves was made as the mean of three beats at end of inspiration and three at the end of expiration. The flow velocity of the upper pulmonary veins in the apical view as recorded for systolic and diastolic forward flow velocity ratio (S/D) was determined.
The tissue Doppler of the lateral tricuspid annulus was obtained for the systolic velocity (S), the early filling velocity (E_) and late diastolic velocity (A-). All data was taken in the apical four chamber view. The interobserver and intraobserver mean percentage error was calculated as absolute difference between measurements divided by the mean and expressed as the percentage of the Doppler measurements.

Statistical analysis
Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Data are presented as mean � SD. Student-test was used to analyze the differences between the mean variables of M mode for septal wall thickness of LV and RV cavity and wall thickness and LV mass index in the two groups as well as DT of E wave and S wave and A wave on tissue Doppler 
Chi-square analysis for frequency non-continuous data such as Doppler ratio for pulsed derived indices of (E wave to A wave velocity (E/A) ratio and pulsed to tissue derived Doppler ratio of E wave velocity (E/E -), 
Pearrson correlation coefficient was used to measure the linear relationship between serum ferritin concentration and tricuspid valve velocity on CW Doppler.  All reported p-values are two tailed and p-value was regarded as significant at level of <0.05.
Results
There were 70 patients with sickle cell disease with mean age of 28 years (range 14-40), with 54 male (77%). Table 1 shows the clinical characteristics of the study and the control group.
Patients with SCD compared with the control group had no difference in the age, gender, heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, the diastolic pressure, haemoglobin level and serum ferritin were significantly different with high level of ferritin, and haemoglobin and diastolic BP. Table 2 showed the measurements of M mode and 2 D echocardiographic values of right and left ventricle.
Patients with SSD compared with the control, had a significant increment in the diameter of left atrium, left ventricle mass index, and right ventricle diameter and wall thickness.  There was no significant differences observed between the two groups for the left ventricle ejection fraction percentage, the LV end systolic and end diastolic dimensions but TAPSE was significantly higher indicating right ventricle systolic dysfunction.  
Table 3 shows the Pulsed Doppler and tissue Doppler measurements for diastolic filling velocity in both ventricles, the tissue Doppler of the tricuspid lateral annulus as well as the pulmonary vein systolic/diastolic ratio. 
SCD patients compared with control  had  significantly the higher  LV  E/A  ratio , lower  A wave velocity  and  shorter  deceleration time of E wave.  Likewise, the right ventricle showed similar findings where the A wave velocity was significantly lower, DT was shorter with higher E/A ratio.
The tissue Doppler of the lateral annulus of tricuspid valve  showed significantly shorter S wave velocity of   6.7�1.7 vs.1.3�1.9,( p=0.01), higher E/E- ratio of 10.2�1.2 vs.7.2�1.3, p= 0.04 and lower A- wave 5.3�1.6 vs.7.2�1.2, (P= 0.02).  Right upper pulmonary vein systolic /diastolic velocity was significantly lower of 1.5 �0.12vs.2.4 � 0.11,(p= 0.002).
The tricuspid valve velocity showed significant higher velocity in the sickle cell Disease patients of  2.9�0.14 vs.1.7�0.09,p=0.004 indicating higher pulmonary artery pressure with calculated  right ventricle systolic pressure of  38.64 vs. 16.56 mm Hg.
Out of the 70 patients with SCD, there were 31(44.3%) patients with TVR of >2.6 m/s on continuous wave velocity, three (4%) of them had TVR >3 m/s and 39 patients had TVR <2.6 m/s. There was positive correlation noted between serum level of ferritin and tricuspid valve velocity of (r=0.35). There were 28 out of 70 (40%) patients with SCD who were consuming hydroxyurea medication.

Discussion
Chronic haemolytic anaemia is accompanied by a state of hyperkinetic circulation with tachycardia  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Metivier, 2000 #34" 20]. Furthermore the peripheral resistance is reduced with an increase of volume chambers and hypertrophy  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aessopos</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aessopos, A.</author><author>Deftereos, S.</author><author>Farmakis, D.</author><author>Corovesis, C.</author><author>Tassiopoulos, S.</author><author>Tsironi, M.</author><author>Georgonikou, D.</author><author>Moyssakis, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. aaisopos@cc.uoa.gr</auth-address><titles><title>Cardiovascular adaptation to chronic anemia in the elderly: an echocardiographic study</title><secondary-title>Clin Invest Med</secondary-title><alt-title>Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Invest Med</full-title><abbr-1>Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Clin Invest Med</full-title><abbr-1>Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>265-73</pages><volume>27</volume><number>5</number><edition>2004/11/24</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adaptation, Physiological</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Anemia/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>*Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0147-958X (Print)&#xD;0147-958X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15559863</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15559863</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Aessopos, 2004 #37" 21].
In this study, patients with sickle cell disease had dilation of left atrium and right ventricle   compared with the control. Moreover they had greater left ventricle mass index and thicker RV wall. The systolic function of left systolic ventricle was preserved with no difference between LVEF percent compared with control. However RV systolic function as assessed by TAPSE showed significant dysfunction than control. It is possible that these parameters of LVEF% are insensitive due to its load- dependent relationship.   It has been observed that patients with SCD had higher preload and lower after- load  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mandinov</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>38</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>38</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">38</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mandinov, L.</author><author>Kaufmann, P.</author><author>Brunner, F.</author><author>Hess, O. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Kardiologie, Inselspital, Bern.</auth-address><titles><title>[Anemia and heart function]</title><secondary-title>Praxis (Bern 1994)</secondary-title><alt-title>Praxis</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Praxis (Bern 1994)</full-title><abbr-1>Praxis</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Praxis (Bern 1994)</full-title><abbr-1>Praxis</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1687-92</pages><volume>86</volume><number>43</number><edition>1998/02/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Anemia/etiology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Coronary Disease/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Hemoglobinometry</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Oxygen/blood</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 22</date></pub-dates></dates><orig-pub>Anamie und Herzfunktion.</orig-pub><isbn>1661-8157 (Print)&#xD;1661-8157 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9432693</accession-num><work-type>Review</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9432693</url></related-urls></urls><language>ger</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Mandinov, 1997 #38" 22] which cause higher diastolic filling and shorter DT of E which was observed  in our patients.  The RV dysfunction in this study may be due to lung  involvment with predominant vaso -occlusive effect and the smaller RV mass than the left ventricle resulting in a faster functional derangement. 
The diastolic filling pattern for both ventricles was suggestive of restrictive pattern with a significantly high   E wave with shortened deceleration time. This is in keeping with other report   ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Appleton</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>41</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>41</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">41</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Appleton, C. P.</author><author>Hatle, L. K.</author><author>Popp, R. L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Cardiology Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305.</auth-address><titles><title>Superior vena cava and hepatic vein Doppler echocardiography in healthy adults</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1032-9</pages><volume>10</volume><number>5</number><edition>1987/11/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Blood Flow Velocity</keyword><keyword>*Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Hepatic Veins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Respiration</keyword><keyword>Vena Cava, Superior/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0735-1097 (Print)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3668102</accession-num><work-type>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&apos;t&#xD;Research Support, U.S. Gov&apos;t, P.H.S.</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3668102</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_23" \o "Appleton, 1987 #41" 23] where preload increment is associated with increase of early filling and shortened deceleration time. In two separate studies the diastolic pattern was mainly of abnormal relaxation pattern.  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Moyssakis, 2005 #20" 12,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_24" \o "Braden, 1996 #43" 24] but the study population in both was combined SCD and thalassemia.
The tissue Doppler of the tricuspid lateral annulus showed increment of E/E � ratio indicating higher RV end diastolic pressure with the reduction of S wave and A wave   velocity.  This  tissue Doppler findings  in this study   are different compared with  another two  studies: there was a similar  results  between  SCD patients and the norm in one of them ,  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_25" \o "Akgul, 2006 #44" 25] while the other  showed  patients with SCD had higher  tissue Doppler of A with higher E/E-  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Abdul-Mohsen</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>46</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abdul-Mohsen, M. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>University of Dammam and King Fahd Hospital of the University, Dammam, PO Box 40032, Alkhobar 31952.</auth-address><titles><title>Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic and systolic function in Saudi patients with sickle cell disease</title><secondary-title>J Saudi Heart Assoc</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of the Saudi Heart Association</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Saudi Heart Assoc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the Saudi Heart Association</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Saudi Heart Assoc</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of the Saudi Heart Association</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>217-24</pages><volume>24</volume><number>4</number><edition>2013/11/01</edition><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1016-7315 (Print)&#xD;1016-7315 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24174829</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24174829</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>3809466</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jsha.2012.05.001</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_26" \o "Abdul-Mohsen, 2012 #46" 26].
The pulmonary vein systolic/diastolic velocity (S/D) ratio was significantly lower in patients with SCD. This is in agreement with others where S/D ratio is lower in patients with diastolic filling of restrictive pattern  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Choong, 1987 #12" 11].
Patients with SCD had a lower acceleration time of <80 m sec   in pulmonary valve suggesting mild degree of pulmonary hypertension  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_27" \o "Howard, 2012 #47" 27]. 
There were 15/70 (21%) patients in the SCD group with pulmonary hypertension with TR velocity of > 2.6 M/S. The incidence of pulmonary hypertension of 22% in this study was lower than others where the incidences range between 33-45 %  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Platt, 1994 #2" 2,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Sachdev, 2007 #50" 28].
The diastolic function may play a role in the development of pulmonary hypertension. In one study by Sachdev et al.,  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_28" \o "Sachdev, 2007 #50" 28] it was observed that diastolic dysfunction and  pulmonary hypertension can develop independently in patients with sickle cell anaemia where each contributing to increase mortality alone and patients with both risk factors have a poor prognosis.
The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in patients with SCD is multifactorial and may be due to sickling phenomena, vaso -occlusive crisis or acute chest syndrome.  The repetitive intravascular haemolysis results in the release of haemoglobin that scavenges nitric oxide which finally lead to acute and chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction.  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_29" \o "Gladwin, 2003 #51" 29,  HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_30" \o "Lin, 2001 #52" 30]
The positive correlation between the ferritin and TR velocity in this study support the notion that iron overload is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Conclusion
Adult patients with SSD have ventricular dilation and increase RV wall thickness.  The LV systolic function is normal but with diastolic dysfunction suggestive of restrictive pattern.
Twenty two percent of patients had significant pulmonary hypertension. There was a positive correlation between ferritin level and the development of pulmonary hypertension.
Table 1: Clinical characteristics of the study population,( data presented as the mean �SD).
Characteristics SCD
N=70Control 
N=70P value Age 28.52�9.1129.74�8.710.64Male  54(77%)53(76%)0.76Heart rate /min 72.65�8.2371.42�8.330.97SBP ( mmHg)128.47�7.92124.58�8.650.85DBP ( mmHg)67.84�4.5575.25�3.880.042Haemoglobin (g/L)9.3�1.213.2�1.50.01Serum ferritin  ng/ml 323.25�78.2386.12�16.340.01Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; SCD; sickle cell disease. 
Table 2: The M mode and 2-D echocardiographic data in the study population, the data was presented as the mean value �SD.
 SCD
N=70Control 
N=70P value LA  (cm)4.21�0.873.53� 0.670.04LVEDD(cm)5.51� 0.324.72�0.350.36LVESD(cm)3.63�0.243.12�0.310.65LV mass index 105�10.383�7.10.001RV diameter(cm)2.8�0.422.4�0.310.043RV wall thickness (mm)0.31�0.060.28�0.030.024LVEF( percentage) 58.90�4.761.22�3.90.061RV TAPSE(mm)1.42�0.211.11�0.230.02Abbreviations: LA: left Atrium; LVEDD; left ventricle end diastolic dimension; LVESD: left ventricle end systolic dimension; EF%  ejection fraction percentage; TAPES tricuspid annular plane excursions. 
Table 3: Pulsed and tissue Doppler parameters in the study patients, (data presented as the mean �SD).
Parameters SCDControl P value LV E wave (msec)85.23�1.9262.43�1.670.001LV A wave (msec)46.26�4.756.24�3.20.032LV E/A1.86�0.011.10 �0.030.024 LVDT of E wave  (msec)156.43�23.5189.87�19.50.031RV E wave (cm/s)76.65�1.4359.34�1.90.04RV A wave (cm/s)40.65�3.549.65�3.40.043RV E/A1.93 �0.031.20�0.020.076RV DT of E wave (msec)176.24�21.4210.43�0.240.012RV pulmonic vein S/D1.5 �0.122.4�0.110.002PV accT (msec)94.24�11.3110.14�14.80.041Tricuspid  valve regurgitation  velocity (m/s)2.9�0.141.7�0.090.004Tissue Doppler S wave   6.7�1.711.3�1.90.01TD of  E/E - ratio   10.2�1.27.2�1.30.04TD of A - wave5.3�1.67.2�1.20.02Abbreviations: SCD sickle cell disease; LV left ventricle; RV right ventricle; E pulsed Doppler early diastolic filling; A atrial diastolic filling; DT deceleration time of E wave;  E- tissue Doppler E wave;  A- tissue Doppler of A wave; S/D systolic /diastolic wave ratio; S  systolic wave; acc T PV acceleration time of pulmonary valve .References:
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h�th=m�jh=m�UmHnHuh%e�mHnHu,1�h��. ��A!��"��#��$��%�������sD���y������K�	_ENREF_1�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Platt</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="w5zf5r0zrstf03ewsza5a5d4rpaapdd50f0r">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Platt, O. S.</author><author>Brambilla, D. J.</author><author>Rosse, W. F.</author><author>Milner, P. F.</author><author>Castro, O.</author><author>Steinberg, M. H.</author><author>Klug, P. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Children&apos;s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.</auth-address><titles><title>Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title><alt-title>The New England journal of medicine</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title><abbr-1>The New England journal of medicine</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title><abbr-1>The New England journal of medicine</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1639-44</pages><volume>330</volume><number>23</number><edition>1994/06/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Anemia, Sickle Cell/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Cause of Death</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hemoglobin SC Disease/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Life Expectancy</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Regression Analysis</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword><keyword>beta-Thalassemia/mortality</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7993409</accession-num><work-type>Research Support, U.S. Gov&apos;t, P.H.S.</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7993409</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJM199406093302303</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>sD���y������K�	_ENREF_2�
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