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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Y�	����bjbj[�[�	�F9�
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\�������zz�����4����&&&h��J�&�:��(�XNNN���\:^:^:^:^:^:^:$�<�=?@�:�(��((�:��NN4�:�/�/�/(��N�N\:�/(\:�/�/@0h0N�����`�l(C������-�X0H:�:0�:`0}@�.|}@h0h0}@�|0�	�� *�/�"�p$�����:�:K/�����:((((��������������������������������������������������������������������}@���������z>�:	Realizing Mindfulness/Mental Health/Resilience:  
A Promising New Intervention for People with Post-Traumatic Symptoms
     
Thomas M. Kelley
Department of Criminal Justice, 3255 Faculty Administration Building
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
248-227-1757 (office), 313-577-9977 (fax),  HYPERLINK "mailto:aa5216@wayne.edu" aa5216@wayne.edu

        and			

Jack Pransky 
Center for Inside-Out Understanding
310 Dickerson Rd.
Moretown, VT 05660
802-496-5835,  HYPERLINK "mailto:jack@healthrealize.com" jack@healthrealize.com
















Realizing Improved Mindfulness/Mental Health/Resilience:
A Promising New Intervention for People with Post-Traumatic Symptoms

    ABSTRACT
Interest in the use mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) with trauma exposed individuals is increasing. This paper offers a new explanation of the source of improved mindfulness/mental health for people with post-traumatic symptoms exposed to �successful� MBIs grounded in a model of change known as The Three Principles. The Three Principles model is described followed by a promising new intervention grounded in this model which helps trauma exposed people realize, access and sustain improved mindfulness/well-being/resilience without techniques.  Research evidence in support of the logic of The Three Principles model and the efficacy of its intervention is interspersed throughout. 

Key Words: The Three Principles; Mind, Consciousness and Thought; Mindfulness; Mindfulness-Based Interventions; Innate Mindfulness/Mental Health; Health Realization







Realizing Improved Mindfulness/Mental Health/Resilience: 
A Promising New Intervention for People with Post-Traumatic Symptoms  
Interest in the benefits of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for people with post-traumatic symptoms has burgeoned. MBIs have been associated with improved mental health and the reduction of psychological disorders such as PTSD, acute anxiety disorder (Goodman & Calderon, 2012), depression, depressive relapse, anger, and suicidal behavior (Coffey, Hartman, & Fredrickson, 2010). Several change mechanisms suspected to mediate the improved mindfulness and mental health associated with successful MBIs have received theoretical and empirical support. Suspected change mechanisms such as rumination (Teasdale et al., 1995), emotional regulation (Davidson, 2010), non-attachment (Brown et al., 2007), avoidant coping (Ciarrochi & Godsell, 2005), and positive emotions (Fredrickson, Mancuso, Branigan, & Tugade, 2000) have been investigated through the lens of multiple disciplines including clinical psychology and psychiatry (Carmody, 2009), cognitive science (Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006), affective neuroscience (Fletcher, Shoendoerf, & Hayes, 2010), and Buddhist psychological theory (Grabovac, Lau, & Willett, 2011). However, following their review of mindfulness theory and research Coffey and associates (2010) stated, ��the possible mechanism(s) by which any of these facets of mindfulness might impact mental health remain unclear (p. 236). 
This paper presents a different explanation of the source of improved mindfulness/mental health associated with successful MBIs grounded in a model of change known as The Three Principles. The Three Principles model explains that mindfulness techniques, or any other techniques for that matter, are not necessary for trauma exposed people to access improved mindfulness/mental health. The promising new intervention grounded in this model helps trauma exposed people grasp new insights about their, and everyone else�s, psychological functioning that allow them to realize, access and sustain improved mindfulness/mental health/resilience as lifestyle.
The Three Principles Model
Research leading to the discovery and application of The Three Principles model in trauma treatment (Kelley & Pransky, 2013, In Press), resilience (Kelley, Alexander & Pransky, 2014), mental health (e.g., Kelley & Lambert, 2012; Pransky & Kelley, 2014), human services (e.g., Halcon, Robertson & Monsen, 2010; Pransky & McMillan, 2012), criminal justice (e.g., Kelley, 2009, 2011), education (Kelley, Mills & Shuford, 2005), and prevention (Kelley & Pransky, 2013; In Press) was done by Mills (1977, 1995) and Pransky (1998) who were influenced by philosopher, Sydney Banks (1998, 2001, 2005), whom community psychologist, Donald Klein (2001), referred to as, �a sage blessed with spontaneous spiritual enlightenment� (p. 122). Banks�s ideas inspired Mills and Pransky (Mills, Blevens & Pransky, 1998) to formulate what they initially called �A New Psychology,� which described the healing qualities embedded in what they then referred to as a �second order frame of reference� (p. 254) where people suddenly �jump into a different reality� (p. 255), where �all of the pain, confusion and stress that is part of the first order frame of reference disappears� (p. 256). In this state, often referred to as �innate health,� �inner well-being� or �wisdom,� people experience new perspective, natural self-esteem and peace of mind. The authors propose that this state where everyone, including trauma exposed people, have within them an innate well-spring of mental health from which to draw is also the state in which mindfulness naturally occurs.
The Principle of Universal Mind 
Universal Mind or Mind represents the formless energy that animates all of life; the intelligent life energy that powers people�s psychological functioning. Mind has been referred to in many ways such as divine ground, spirit, absolute, universal intelligence, and God, among many. Mind powers the other two principles, Consciousness and Thought, which are used by all people to construct their psychological lives from within. Mind is also the source of innate mindfulness/mental health available to all people via pure consciousness. Banks (1998) stated, �All humans have the ability to synchronize their personal mind with Mind to bring harmony into their lives� (p. 31).
The Principle of Consciousness
Consciousness refers to the agency or ability to be conscious, to take in life, to be aware of and have sensory experience. Consciousness allows people to have experience which can range from a state of pure peace, love, well-being, wisdom and mindfulness to wherever their thinking takes them; for Consciousness transforms thought into psychological experience through the physical senses, thereby registering as sensory experience and appearing as �reality� at an infinite number of levels. Banks (1998) referred to Consciousness as �the gift of awareness�that allows the recognition of form, form being the expression of Thought�the essence of Mind is within each human being as �pure consciousness� (p. 29). It is only people�s misuse of Thought (the third principle) that can bring their experience out of the pure state of well-being and the nothingness out of which mindfulness/mental health appear. Consciousness also allows people to recognize they are using the power of Thought to construct their psychological lives from within, and to observe the creations of their thinking from a more compassionate, impersonal, or objective stance.
The Principle of Thought 
Thought refers the ability all people use to create psychological experience from within. Thought as a principle refers to the ability to think, and thereby to create psychological experience from within, and is therefore not meant to refer to the content or products of thought (e.g., thoughts, feelings, perceptions). It is the ability to think or �that people think� that is constant from person to person; a psychological common denominator used by everyone to create various thought content. It is the use of Thought combining with Consciousness that gives people the only experience they can ever have. Banks (1998) described thought as �a divine gift�the creative agent we use to direct us through life� (p. 47). Thought and Consciousness are two sides of the same process of experiencing life; Consciousness allowing the recognition of form�form being the expression of Thought.
In sum, Mind, Consciousness and Thought are referred to as as principles in this model because they appear to be fundamental psychological truths much the same as gravity is a truth in the physical domain. In other words, just as gravity acts upon everyone, Mind, Consciousness and Thought operate in everyone, every moment, and affect all behavior. Universal Mind, which is behind and through and part of all things, is also the source of inner mindfulness/mental health. This health always exists within people whether they know it or not and can only appear to be obscured when people misuse the power of thought which causes them to have an experience other than the well-being and wisdom that exists within them. Yet, when the mind clears and releases this less healthy thinking, mindfulness/mental health automatically appears. 
Innate Mindfulness/Mental Health
According to The Three Principles model, people can experience only two ways of being; inner mental health and/or a mindful state which naturally �appear� whenever their minds clear, or this health is being obscured by personal thinking that is not serving them well. These principles explain that every person can access and operate from inner mindfulness/mental health throughout their lives, because this is their natural state. People tend to lose touch with this innate health early on because they begin overriding it with less healthy personal thinking such as worrying, obsessing, ruminating, over-analyzing, thinking suspiciously, perfectionistic, angrily, judgmentally, righteously, self-consciously, and egotisticly. However, when people�s minds clear, intelligent, mindful, insight-based thought is released and effortlessly guides them in and out of conceptual thought when responsive to the task at hand, without getting stuck in or misusing the personal.
Supportive Evidence
The consensus of early child development research is that very young children typically experience innate mental health and think in an unconditioned mindful way (Ainsworth, 1982; Arendt, Cone, & Sroufe, 1979; Kelley, 2003a, 2003b). Myriad naturalistic observations of infants and toddlers raised in nurturing settings appear to support the conclusion that these children typically experience unconditioned well-being and a natural curiosity to explore and to learn (e.g., Carver & Scheier, 1990; McCombs, 1991). Most very young children appear to reside in a natural state of healthy, mindful functioning evidenced by observations such as: a) children exhibit mindfulness without any training or learning; b) as is the case with many inborn attributes, there appears to be no effort involved in this mindful thinking which suggests that the minds of children are designed to think in this manner; c) children are not aware of thinking in a mindful way, as they aren�t typically aware of their breathing, heartbeat, or other natural functions; d) children do not have to learn to laugh, be curious, compassionate or spontaneous; toddlers are typically un-self-conscious and have natural humility and self-esteem; babies 
do not have to learn to �get over things�; e) children with severe mental disorders have lucid, mindful moments; and f) positive emotions and mindful thinking are common to children regardless of culture, social status, and gender; mental illnesses are not (Bandura, 1982, 1993; Masten, 2001; G. Pransky, 1998; Sroufe, 1979).
Furthermore, many cognitive researchers (e.g., Carver & Scheier, 1990; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985) recognize a deeper or truer metacognitive self as a basically healthy, already actualized self that naturally provides intrinsic motivation. Although Maslow (1971) was one of the first to recognize this natural agency, proposing that one had to first satisfy lower need states to attain this actualized experience. However, considerable research appears to support the view that most people begin life in this actualized state and then learn to function in lower need states (Weiner, 1990; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985; Werner & Smith, 1989).
There is also considerable evidence (Ainsworth, 1982; Arendt, Cone, & Sroufe, 1979; Sroufe, 1979) that early on, children begin to obscure inner mindfulness/mental health with less healthy personal thinking typically conditioned in families of origin. Angry thinking, for example, leading to early childhood aggression and conduct problems is typically learned through family interactions often with rejecting, unresponsive, and uninvolved parents (Eddy, Leve, & Fagot, 2001; McCartney et al., 2004; Shaw & Winslow, 1997). Early influences of less healthy parent/sibling-child interactions appear to constitute a blue print for less healthy thinking which eventually transfers to other social settings (Mesman et al., 2008; Ramsey, Walker, & Patterson, 1990). However, considerable evidence from resilience research suggests that mindfulness/mental health can be re-kindled and drawn out of children with traumatic and dysfunctional histories (e.g., (Bowman, 1997; Cicchotti & Rogosch, 2009; Kelley & J. Pransky, 2013; Masten, 2011).
The Three Principles Explanation of Successful MBIs
One of the most widely cited conceptualizations of mindfulness was offered by an interdisciplinary team of researchers and encompasses both an attention-based and an acceptance-based component (Coffey et al., 2010). 
MBI Attention-Based Techniques
The consensus of mindfulness research is that attention/awareness is the conscious registration of external stimuli; when an outside stimulus is sufficiently strong, attention is engaged (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007). This view assumes that sensory data comes to the nervous system via external sources with limited intervention of thought. While there is considerable agreement that cognition effects how people relate to these stimuli (e.g., cognitive schemas), there is less agreement that thought has much if anything to do with the presence or existence for people of these stimuli. 
The Three Principles model offers a different explanation of attention/awareness which involves the interaction of Thought and Consciousness. It explains that sensory data is precisely linked to thought which acts as the director of people�s attention/awareness. In other words, attention/awareness (or lack thereof) is the conscious registration not of external stimuli but of thought through the senses. It explains that thought determines the level at which consciousness is experienced, and provides the power that activates and directs people�s attention/awareness. According to The Three Principles model, when the mind clear, people access mindful, insight-based thought that effortlessly guides their attention/awareness in a responsive manner; moving them in and out of conceptual thought as necessary; informing their senses and guiding their attention/awareness to best meet their immediate needs and goals. 
MBI attention-based techniques (when successful) help learners bring their attention into the present (e.g., honing attention on one�s breath or sensation). The Three Principles model explains that such techniques are not necessary for people to access improved mindfulness/mental health during their day to day waking moments; the only requirement is a clear mind which releases the default setting of inner mindfulness/mental health. When people realize a more mindful state can be accessed naturally when the mind clears or quiets down from its typical thinking, they see less need to practice techniques. Thus, the �trying� that often interferes counter intuitively with the very state people are seeking is diminished. Mustakova-Possardt (2002) stated, 
When people�s minds quiet or clear, mental health bubbles up�mental health is a natural state of mind�accessed via a clear mind�characterized by a natural and effortless flow of thought�as the experience of peace, contentment, detachment, and a larger perspective on immediate reality� (p. 11). 
MBI Acceptance-Based Techniques
MBI acceptance-based techniques (when successful) help learners bring forth an open, receptive attitude to their thoughts, feelings, and sensations; avoid judging, minimizing, ignoring, or adding meaning to them; and allow their thoughts to flow freely through their minds. Learners are encouraged to internalize certain attitudes (e.g., accepting what is), beliefs (e.g., reducing attachment or striving), or entire philosophies (e.g., Buddhism) in order to enhance non-reactive observation of their inner life, and eliminate opportunities for concepts or �self-talk� to become attached to their experience of the moment (Csikszentmihalyi, 2002; Kabat-Zinn, 2005). However, like MBI attention techniques, if MBI acceptance techniques require effort, intention, and practice, then they too, can work against the very state learners are seeking to achieve.
In sum, MBI attention and acceptance techniques (when successful) help learners bring their attention/awareness into the present and away from their personal, memory-based world, and allow their thoughts to flow freely through their minds. These would be beautifully experienced states were it not for people�s trying to experience them, and while the purpose of these techniques is to clear the mind so a mindful state can be achieved, the effort that often occurs when people �try to get there,� especially in the beginning stages, may run counter to achieving that state. Again, The Three Principles model explains that mindfulness/mental health is people�s natural state that surfaces spontaneously when the mind clears of the only thing keeping this health obscured in the first place; less healthy personal thinking. When people recognize this natural �mechanism� at work, they are less inclined to have to work at it or �try.� 
There is no doubt that MBIs have been helpful to many people. The Three Principles model simply offers a different explanation of the mechanism behind what makes MBIs work for some which might lead to a deeper understanding. In sum, this model explains that when successful, MBI attention and acceptance techniques appear to help learners discount and/or become distracted from less healthy personal thinking which allows their minds to clear and release the �default setting� of natural mindfulness/mental health. MBIs are one of many interventions, techniques, and activities (e.g., hypnosis, progressive relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, activities that induce flow) that can help clear people�s minds, and allow them to �visit� improved mindfulness/mental health. However, these practices are not likely to help people realize that thought is the only �reality� they can ever know, and that they have all the mindfulness/mental health they need already within them and can access this health via a clear mind. According to The Three Principles model, these insights are necessary for people to get out of their own way, and allow their thinking to work in the natural mindful way it is designed to work. Absent these insights, people tend to depend on activities, interventions, and techniques to access improved mindfulness/mental health.  According to The Three Principles model, a more leveraged way for people to realize, access, and sustain improved mindfulness/mental health during their day to day waking moments is through an insightful understanding of how everyone�s psychological life gets created from the �inside-out� by the principles of Universal Mind, Consciousness and Thought. 
The Three Principles Explanation of Suspected MBI Change Mechanisms
Emotional Regulation 
MBI attention and acceptance techniques are thought to enhance emotional regulation by heightening people�s awareness and reducing reactivity to their internal life (Coffey et al., 2010). In other words, knowledge of one�s internal life gained through these techniques can be used to manage negative affect in a more responsive manner (Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006). The Three Principles model explains that people�s emotions serve as a reliable gauge of the quality of their thinking and therefore can act as a self-corrective mechanism. Negative emotions signal that one has drifted away from responsive, mindful thinking. When seen for what is, people�s less healthy thinking naturally clears. Thus, actively altering one�s thoughts and behavior to regulate negative emotions isn�t necessary because less healthy thoughts will dissolve on their own when distinguished and not �taken to heart.� 
Rumination
Rumination refers to re-thinking un healthy thoughts about the past and/or the future (Coffey et al., 2010). MBI techniques are thought to break the grip of rumination by re-directing people�s attention to the present (Heeren & Phillippot, 2011; Shapiro et al, 2006). The Three Principles model explains that while MBI techniques, when successful,  can reduce rumination, less rumination is not the source of improved mindfulness/mental health. This model explains that the source of this improved health is natural, mindful thought released via a clear mind. 
Non-Attachment
It is suspected that MBIs decrease attachment, lower ego-involvement, and promote more secure forms of high self-esteem. This view explains that ego-involved people connect their self-worth to external factors (Heppner et al., 2008; Ryan & Brown, 2003) which require never ending validation (Kernis, Lakey, & Heppner, 2008). On the other hand, the self-esteem of people with low attachment is less dependent on externals and more secure. With Three principles understanding people can distinguish conditioned self-image (fragile or secure) from natural self-esteem; a �self-less� experience that surfaces whenever the mind clears.
Avoidant Coping
Avoidant coping involves the use of repression, suppression, and dissociation to avoid painful emotions (Coffey et al., 2010). The Three Principles model views avoidant coping as one of many management strategies used by people who don�t realize that painful feelings have no life or power beyond the moment they are created in their own minds (Sedgeman, 2005). 
Positive Emotions
Successful MBIs are associated with positive emotions such as wellbeing, equanimity, joy, and compassion (Brantley, 2007). These emotions are thought to diminish the reactivity characteristic, assist in the regulation of negative emotions (Galantino, Blaime, Maguire, Szapary, & Farrer, 2005), and facilitate receptive states of mind (Arch & Craske, 2006). The Three Principles model explains that positive emotions don�t regulate negative emotions, diminish the reactivity characteristic, or facilitate more receptive states of mind. Rather, positive emotions are simply products of natural mindful thought released via a clear mind. Mustakova-Possardt (2002) stated:
In every moment, when a person�s individual mind clears either spontaneously or intentionally, and is focused away from its intensely personal memory-based world, innate mental health bubbles up and is characterized by a natural and effortless flow of mindful thought�as the experience of peace, contentment, larger perspective on immediate reality, detachment, and a generous, loving, deeply moral view of life. (p. 11)
The Three Principles Intervention
As an intervention, a path from exposure to The Three Principles to improved mindfulness/mental health/resilience was identified as follows by the authors:
Three Principles Exposure; refers to people being exposed to The Three Principles
primarily through training, seminars, courses, psychotherapy, counseling, coaching or community interventions. 
Three Principles Understanding; refers to, as a result of three principles exposure, 
people gaining �the understanding� or knowledge of how these principles actually work within every person psychologically, not merely on an intellectual level but actually seeing them in operation in their lives and others� lives. 
Thought Recognition and/or Inner Mental Health via a Clear Mind; refers to, from gaining three principles understanding, people having insights in one or both of these two critical realms to which three principles understanding points. People who grasp thought recognition see how the �reality� they see in any situation is only what they are inadvertently making up with their own power of thought; and therefore what they are experiencing as �real� in the moment�is a temporary illusion that will eventually change. People who realize inner mental health via a clear mind see that people have all the  mindfulness/mental health/wellbeing they need within them, and can directly access this health whenever the minds clears, calms or quiets down from personal or habitual thinking.
Improved Mindfulness/Mental Health/Wellbeing; While many varying definitions of �mental health� exist (American Heritage Dictionary, 2000; World Health Organization, 2011), a common denominator appears to be a state of wellbeing. When people have insights regarding thought recognition and/or inner mental health via a clear mind as a result of The Three Principles intervention they will experience improved mindfulness/mental health/wellbeing.
Improved Behavior; refers to the healthier and less problematic behavior that would be expected from people with improved mental health/wellbeing.
Supportive Evidence
The authors conducted two studies to test the components of this path. In our first study the multivariate analysis showed significant positive relationships among all path components as follows: three principles exposure related positively with three principles understanding; in turn, three principles understanding related positively with thought recognition (TR) and realizing inner mental health via a clear mind (IH/CM); then TR and/or IH/CM related positively with mindful attention and mindful acceptance (Bear et al., 2006); flow experience (Csikszentmahalyi, 2002), and flourishing mental health (Keyes, 2006). In the second study, TR and/or IH/CM related positively with non-attachment (Sahdra, Shaver, & Brown, 2010) and regulating negative emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and inversely with rumination (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) and psychological distress (Derogatis, 1983). 
Banks (1998) asserted that realizing The Three Principles at a deep enough level is the only intervention needed for people to experience improved mindfulness/mental health/resilience during their day to day waking moments; no skills, no techniques or activities, nothing but a deep understanding of these principles that can only come through new insight. As such, The Three Principles intervention is not a conveying of information so much as a drawing out of an understanding of the way these principles interact from within to create people�s psychological lives. 
              A logical intervention to best allow this to occur with trauma exposed (and other) clients has been described in detail elsewhere (e.g., Kelley & Pransky, 2013, In Press; Pransky, 2003, 2011). Briefly stated, its components are as follows: a) Having gained three principles understanding themselves, practitioners generally live in wellbeing and become the model of what they are trying to teach; b) Helping the minds of trauma exposed clients relax and loosen their grip on their painful memories so they are most open to take in the new; c) Deep listening through a clear mind to pick up though intuition how clients see their worlds and what they do not understand about the �inside-out� nature of psychological experience; d) Conveying or drawing out three principles understanding in the way a client can best hear it, as derived from deep listening.
Supportive Evidence  
The Three Principles intervention has been used with thousands of clients many with traumatic histories such as children and adolescents and their caregivers residing in several disadvantaged urban communities replete with violence, drug gangs, shootings, drug addicts and alcoholics, and child and domestic abuse. Independent evaluations of these interventions consistently reported improvements in resident�s well-being, self-esteem, and self-efficacy as well as significant decreases in domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, crime, delinquency, drug use, school truancy, school disciplinary actions, and unemployment (Pransky, 2003, 2011). Also, Sedgeman and Sarwari (2006) reported positive reductions in stress and anxiety for HIV-positive patients after a three principles intervention at the West Virginia University School of Medicine. Banerjee, Howard, Mansheim, and Beattie (2007) reported that female clients, many with traumatic histories, in residential three principles substance abuse treatment showed reductions in substance abuse, anxiety, and depression, and increases in positive affect comparable to results achieved in a 12-step program. Halcon, Robertson, and Monsen (2010) described promising results after testing the feasibility, accessibility, and acceptability of a community-delivered three principles intervention to reduce stress and improve coping of East African refugee women from Somalia and Ethiopia. Furthermore, McMahan and Fidler (2003) reported that teaching these principles to clients with various DSM-V diagnoses related to increases in self-esteem and less psychological distress. Kelley (2011) evaluated a three principles intervention with prisoners on probation (most with traumatic histories) and concluded that as participant�s level of understanding these principles increased, their stress levels decreased, and their well-being and dispositional mindfulness increased. Finally, Kelley, Alexander and Pransky (2014) reported that a three principles intervention increased resilience and reduced risky behavior of at-risk youth compared to their waitlist controls. 
Conclusion
Successful MBIs teach trauma exposed people various mindful attention and acceptance techniques which are thought to influence various change mechanisms suspected to mediate improved mindfulness/mental health. The Three Principles model offers a different explanation; that mindfulness/mental health/resilience is innate and can be realized, accessed, and sustained by trauma exposed people without techniques. The Three Principles intervention attempts to draw out this health by helping trauma exposed people realize how they, and everyone else, use the principles of Universal Mind, Consciousness and Thought to create their experienced realities from the �inside-out.� The efficacy of this intervention is realized through insights regarding thought recognition and/or inner mental health via a clear mind gained through understanding The Three Principles model. 
There are infinite levels of mental quietude. MBIs can clear people�s minds at deep levels, improve their mental health, and point them toward even profound realizations (Grabovic et al., 2011). The Three Principles model simply offers a different explanation of the source of improved mindfulness/mental health related to successful MBIs, and suggests that techniques are not necessary for trauma exposed people to access improved mindfulness/mental health. An understanding of how this health naturally emerges may be more practical for people with traumatic histories to carry it into day-to-day living and maintain their well-being when painful memories happen to mind. 
Following their review of mindfulness theory and research, Brown et al, (2007) cautioned the field, ��we are reminded by the saying that more is not always better, and what often appears to be complex phenomena turns out to be, with deeper investigation quite simple� (p. 277). The Three Principles model explains that the path to improved mindfulness/mental health/resilience does not have to be complex or multi-faceted, and does not require activities, techniques, beliefs, or philosophies. Rather, it explains that mindfulness/mental health/resilience is innate, effortless, and accessed via a clear mind. While more empirical research is needed to test The Three Principles model and the efficacy of The Three Principles intervention with trauma exposed people, existing supportive evidence is compelling and appears to warrant the attention of mindfulness, mental health and resilience researchers and practitioners.




















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