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PfffA"co�E�E�E�E�E�E�E$mL�O8�EQZwAAww�EZZff�F�*�*�*w>ZfZf�E�*w�E�*�*�:8|j9f�����U-�F������'r�8�E/F0_F�8�WO')�WO$j9j9WOZ�=ww�*wwwww�E�E�)�www_Fwwww��������������������������������������������������������������������WOwwwwwwwww	  :	Sildenafil efficacy on renal ischemia- reperfusion injury in experimental dogs
Esam Mosbah a, El- Sayed El- Shafaeyb , Yousef El- Seady c , Walaa Awadin d*and Adel Zaghloul e
Running title: sildenafil has a renoprotective role in dogs.
a, b & e Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
c Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
d* Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 

Address correspondence to Dr. Walaa Awadin 
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Mansoura University
Mansoura, Egypt
Fax number: +20502379952
Postal box: 35516
Mobile number: +201011610725
e- mail address: walaafekriawadin@yahoo.com

Sources of funding
This work was not funded by any authority.


ABSTRACT
The effect of sildenafil citrate (SC) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) was investigated in a dog model. Ten male mixed breed dogs were randomly assigned into 2 groups; five dogs in each: SC treated group and control group. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malonaldehyde (MDA) and creatinine were assayed in the serum at 0 min, 45 min, 4, 12 and 24 h after IRI.  Left renal histopathology was assessed by scoring the tubular and glomerular damage, interstitial fibrosis and leukocyte infiltration in the renal cortices at 0, 45 min, 90 min, 4, 12 & 24 h of renal IRI. Pre-treatment with SC significantly diminished the levels of creatinine, MDA and IL-8 levels; however, it significantly increased the levels of antioxidant markers. The most histopathological changes induced by IRI were significantly reduced in the SC treated group, particularly at 24 h postreperfusion. More intense immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 was detected in the renal tubules of the left kidney from control dogs than in SC treated animals at each time point. Our results indicated that the pre-ischemic treatment with SC can significantly ameliorate renal IRI by 24 h.
Keywords: ischemia/reperfusion, kidney, histopathology, apoptosis.
Abbreviations:
SC, Sildenafil citrate; IL-8, Interleukin-8; GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase; MDA, Malonaldehyde; IRI, Ischemia/reperfusion injury; cGMP, Guanosine 3; 5-cyclic monophosphate; PDE5, Phosphodiesterase-5; H&E, Hematoxylin and eosin.



1-Introduction
Renal ischemia is a major cause of acute renal failure. It initiates a complex of interrelated sequences, resulting in injury and eventual necrosis of the renal cells [1, 2]. Although reperfusion is essential for the survival of the ischemic renal tissue, causes additional damage contributing to renal dysfunction and injury [1, 2, 3]. Renal ischemia leads to depletion of cellular energy, accumulation of intracellular sodium, calcium and reactive oxygen species, activation of multiple enzyme systems including proteases, nitric oxide synthases, phospholipases and endonuclease. This results in cell damage and death [4]. Warm IRI in clinical practice is a consequence of both systemic hypoperfusion (e.g. shock and acute myocardial infarction) with subsequent circulatory resuscitations and local renal hypoperfusion following renal transplantation [5], unilateral nephrectomy, renal vascular surgery, enucleation of renal cell carcinoma [6] and aortic cross clamping [7]. In the last two decades, attention has turned to sildenafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) that increases the concentration of Guanosine 3, 5-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), resulting in arterial vasodilation. The use of this substance was protective against endothelial dysfunction in transplanted heart, and a hemodynamic improvement in auto-transplanted kidneys has been showed in animals preconditioned with sildenafil [8, 9].The present study aimed to analyze whether the previous administration of SC has a renoprotective effect on the episode of IRI in dogs, based on blood biochemical analysis, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3.


2-MATERIALS AND METHODS
2-1-The animals
Ten male mixed breed dogs (15-20 kg B.wt) were obtained from Medical Experimental Research Center, Egypt then acclimatized and maintained on a standard diet for one week before the surgical procedure. All dogs were randomly divided into two groups: SC group and control group, five dogs in each. All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre, Egypt. Registration number (09/189). 
2-2-Experimental design 
SC tablets (Viagra, Pfizer, Cairo, Egypt) were dissolved in saline solution and given as a single dose (1mg/kg) through an orogastric tube 60 min before the operation in the SC group. The control group was treated orally with the same volume of saline solution 0.9%. The experimental dogs were fasted 4 h before the experiment and anesthetized with intramuscular injection of xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg / kg B.wt) (Xylaject, ADWIA, Egypt), ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg /kg B.wt) (ketsmidor, Richtepharmaco KG, wells, Austria) and the anesthesia was maintained by intravenous injection of thiopental sodium (2.5%). The abdominal skin was aseptically prepared. A midline abdominal incision was done. The left kidney was exposed and it was carefully dissected from the peri-renal tissue and fat. Both the renal artery and vein were clamped with an atraumatic clamp. Heparin (150 IU /kg B.wt) (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo, USA) was given intravenously three minutes before ischemia. During renal ischemia, the abdominal incision was temporarily closed with simple continuous suture using 2-0 nylon. After 45 minutes of warm ischemia, the abdominal wall was opened again and the vessels were unclamped and the blood reflow to the left kidney was verified visually and then nephrectomy to the right kidney was performed. 
2-3- Blood biochemistry
 Blood samples were obtained from the cephalic vein in a centrifuge tube at 0, 45 min, 4, 12 & 24 h after renal IRI. Creatinine, catalase, GSH-Px, MDA and IL-8 were assayed in the plasma. Creatinine was measured using creatinine kit (Diamond diagnostic, Egypt) according to the methods of [10]. Catalase activity was measured using the catalase enzyme kits (Bio-diagnostics, Egypt) according to the methods described by [11]. GSH-Px was measured using GSH-Px kits (Bio-diagnostics, Egypt) according to the method described by [12]. MDA level was evaluated using MDA kits (Bio-diagnostics, Egypt) according to the methods described by [13]. IL-8 level in the serum was estimated with Il-8 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer�s protocols (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). 
2-4-Histopathology  
At 0, 45 min, 90 min, 4, 12 & 24 h of renal IRI, wedge shaped renal biopsies were taken from cortices of left kidneys according to [14]. Wedge shaped renal biopsies were also collected from the right nephrectomized kidneys. All biopsies were immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for the routine histopathological examination, special and immunohistochemical staining. Five micron thick paraffin sections were prepared then stained with H&E, Periodic acid Schiff�s stain and Masson's trichrome [15]. Histopathological changes were examined by light microscopy in a blinded fashion by one of the authors, evaluated and scored. For purposes of quantitative analysis of histopathological pattern, tissue changes after IRI were ranked by scores that ranged from 0 to 4 according to [16]; 0 normal, 0.5 small focal cortical injured areas, 1 (< 10%) of cortical injured zone, 2 (10 to 25%) of cortical injured zone, 3 (25 to 75%) of cortical injured zone and 4 (> 75%) cortical injured zone. The scores were applied to microscopic changes consistent with dilation of tubular lumen, tubular cell vacuolization, intratubular casts, tubular cell necrosis and interstitial fibrosis. Glomerulosclerosis was assessed in 50 glomeruli using a semiquantitative score from 0 to 4 according to [17]; 0, no sclerosis; 1, sclerosis up to 25% of glomeruli; 2, sclerosis from 25% to 50% of glomeruli; 3, sclerosis from 50% to 75% of glomeruli; and 4, sclerosis more than 75% of glomeruli. The glomerular tuft area was quantified in 50 full-sized glomeruli (periodic acid Schiff stain). Images of the glomeruli were captured with a microscope (Olympus BX41) and a color digital camera (DVC 1300C) using an image analysis (image J =  HYPERLINK "http://imagej.en.softonic.com" http://imagej.en.softonic.com). For evaluating interstitial fibrosis, 3 fields for each stained section with Masson's trichrome were evaluated by counting the percentage of areas with tubular dilatation and interstitial fibrosis per field of cortex according to [18]. Scores from 0 to 5 were used: 0, normal interstitium; 1, <10% of areas injured; 2, 11�25% of areas injured; 3, 26�50% of areas injured; 4, 51�75% of areas injured; and 5, >76% of areas injured. In addition, leukocyte infiltration was evaluated according to [19] in four areas of the sections as 4-point scoring system: 0 = normal, 1 = infiltration less than 25%, 2 = infiltration between 25% and 50%, 3 = infiltration more than 50%. 
2-5-Immunohistochemistry 
 Sections from left renal biopsies from control and SC treated dogs were dewaxed, washed in phosphate buffer saline, drained and incubated with citrate buffer (pH-6) for 30 min. at 94 �c. After endogenous peroxidase was inactivated by incubation with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide, the sections were incubated with a 1:120 dilution of primary polyclonal rabbit antibody against caspase- 3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 24 h at room temperature in a dark chamber. After washing the slides in PBS, the sections were incubated with LSAB 2 kit/HRP (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and developed using diaminobenzedine (Dako Company) as the substrate to produce a brown stain then counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. 
2-6-Statistics
Data were expressed as means���standard error. Statistical analysis was performed using the software (SPSS 19; SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). All biochemical and histopathological variables were tested by student T test to compare between control and experimental animal at each appropriated time. The means were considered significantly different when P�<�0.05.
3-RESULTS
3-1-Biochemical parameters 
Significant changes were recorded in the measured biochemical parameters including the plasma creatinine, catalase activity, GSH-Px, MDA level and IL-8 as demonstrated in Table 1. Creatinine showed higher levels in the control group than in SC treated dogs at each time point. Higher levels of catalase were detected in SC treated group than in control group at each time point. GSH-Px levels were significantly higher in SC treated dogs when compared to control group at each time point. MDA levels were significantly lower in the SC treated group than in control group at each time point. The levels of IL-8 markedly increased in the control group more than in SC group starting from the time point 45 min after reperfusion.  
3-2-Histopathology 
Renal IRI caused marked histopathological alterations in the left kidneys when compared to the right kidneys. The left kidneys had severe tubular and glomerular damage, as evidenced by widespread tubular necrosis, enlargement of Bowman's space, mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular sclerosis, hyalinosis and atrophy (Figure 1A-D). Congestion, interstitial edema and in some sections interstitial hemorrhages were prominent particularly near the blood vessels. Significant decrease in tubular necrosis, glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis (Figure 1E) was detected only at 24 h postreperfusion in the left kidney tissue from SC treated dogs (P <0.05). However, no significance was statistically detected between the two groups, when the cell vacuolation, tubular dilatation and tubular casts in the renal tissue were examined at any time point (Figure 1F) (p=0.05). Glomerular sizes in both groups gradually reduced less than their basic values at 0 time; however, it was significantly higher in SC treated dogs at 4, 12 and 24 h postreperfusion than control group (P <0.05). Leukocyte infiltration was detected consisting of mononuclear cells around blood vessels and damaged tubules. Neutrophils infiltration appeared in both groups in the renal capsule and inside necrotic areas in the outer cortex only at 12 and 24 h postreperfusion (Figure 2A-D). SC pretreatment resulted in a decrease in leukocyte infiltration score in SC group less than in the control group. The decrease was significant at 4, 12 and 24 h postreperfusion. These data were summarized in Table 2. 
3-3-Immunohistochemistry 
 More intense immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 was demonstrated in the renal tubules of the left kidney from the control dogs than in SC treated animals (Figure 3A-B) at each time point.
4-DISCUSSION
   Renal IRI is the most common cause of acute renal failure, a common clinical problem complicated by substantial morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of kidney IRI is complex and to date many causative mechanisms have been proposed. These mechanisms generally involve direct induction of cell death pathways in tubular epithelia [19], glomerular injury, renal endothelial injury, expression of adhesion molecules [20], leukocyte recruitment and activation [21]. The therapeutic benefit of SC in animal models of kidney diseases such as IRI has been previously reported [18, 22]. In aggregate, these studies have shown that the beneficial effects of SC treatment are the result of its inhibitory action on apoptosis [22, 23, 24], inflammation [18, 23, 25] and oxidative stress [25]. PDE5 enzyme converts cGMP into the inactive GMP and terminates the action of cGMP. SC is a potent inhibitor of PDE5 and widely used to treat male erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and esophageal motor disorders [26, 27].  In our study, pre-ischemic treatment of dogs with SC protected the kidney as evidenced by lower serum creatinine, MDA and IL-8 levels and higher levels of antioxidant enzymes. In the same context, [28] found that SC significantly increased the level of glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and slightly decreased the level of MDA at 6 and 24 h in the blood of healthy men [29]. SC has an inhibitory effect on superoxide radical production in mitochondria [30]. The decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes in the control group occurred as a result of enzyme consumption by reactive oxygen species during oxidative stress. Moreover, some studies reported that, SC and other PDE5 inhibitors may have anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of reactive oxygen species, leukocyte infiltration [29] and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF [31]. Additionally, IL-8 is well known to play an important role as a neutrophil chemoattractant [32, 33]. Il-8 level significantly increased in the control group more than in SC group. Histopathological changes of the left kidneys due to renal IRI included tubular epithelial damage, glomerular lesions and fibrosis. Moreover, tubular necrosis, glomerular sclerosis and fibrosis were significantly decreased by SC pretreatment only at 24 h postreperfusion. No significant differences were found in the cell vacuolation, tubular dilatation and tubular casts between SC and control group at any time point. Similarly, [16] reported statistically significant difference in the scores of cell necrosis only in the left kidneys of rats examined 24 h after IRI.  In addition, no difference was observed between the control and SC treated rats, when the cell vacuolation and intratubular cylinders in renal tissue were examined (p=0.28 and p=0.72 respectively). However, tubular dilatation was significantly more frequent in the SC treated rats (p=0.02). In this investigation, the glomerular size in both groups gradually reduced less than its basal value at 0 time point. At 4, 12 and 24 h postreperfusion, significantly higher glomerular size and lower glomerular sclerosis score were recorded in SC treated dogs than in the control dogs. Furthermore, SC pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in leukocyte infiltration score at 4, 12 and 24 h postreperfusion. Neutrophils infiltration appeared in both groups only at 12 and 24 h postreperfusion. Oruc et al., [18] suggested that SC pretreatment can reduce renal injury by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration. During ischemia reperfusion, neutrophils are recruited, activated and adhere to the vascular endothelium. Upon neutrophil activation and accumulation, reactive oxygen free radicals as well as cytotoxic constituents release from the invading neutrophils cause further damage [18]. Previous studies showed that inhibitors of neutrophil activation and accumulation attenuate damage to ischemic tissue after reperfusion [34, 35]. Rodriguez et al., [36] reported that SC treatment in a renal model prevented deterioration of renal function, reduced histological damage, inflammation and apoptosis, and preserved renal capillary integrity. Finally, it could be concluded that SC has many positive effects not only on the kidney function, but also on glomerular size, cell necrosis, apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in dog renal tissue exposed to IRI, particularly 24 h after reperfusion. 

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Figure 1 (A-E): The left kidneys of control dogs subjected to IRI. A: Severe tubular necrosis. B: Enlargement of Bowman's space (arrows). C: Mesangial matrix expansion (arrow). D: Glomerular sclerosis (arrow). E: interstitial fibrosis (arrow). F: Cell vacuolation, tubular dilatation and tubular casts in the left renal tissue (A: H&E x 100, B: PAS x 100 C & D: PAS x 200, E: Masson�s trichrome, x 100 and F: H&E x 100). 
Figure 2 (A-D): A. Few mononuclear cells infiltration is seen around blood vessels and damaged tubules in SC treated dogs (arrow). B. marked mononuclear cells infiltration in control dogs (arrows). C: Neutrophils infiltration appeared in renal capsule of control dogs at 12 h (arrow) and the insert in the upper right corner is close up view to show neutrophils (arrow). D: Neutrophils infiltration in a necrotic area in outer renal cortex in control dogs at 12 h (arrow) OUZ[\]`adgjkstuv���������������ʼʭʟ�������t�f�ʭ[�f�ʭMh�v�h�W5�CJ\�aJhdd�5�CJ\�aJh�v�hQs�5�CJ\�aJh�v�h+M5�CJH*\�aJh�v�hcZ5�CJ\�aJh�v�h)=`5�CJ\�aJh�v�h+M5�CJ\�aJh�v�h�S�5�CJH*\�aJh�v�h�v�5�CJ\�aJh�v�hE"5�CJ\�aJh�v�hy�5�CJ_HaJh�v�hy�5�CJaJh�v�hy�5�CJ\�aJO��P	�	

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