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Ersilia Cipolletta 1, Giuseppe De Luca 2, Anna  Lisa Carillo3, Roberto Annunziata3, Bruno Trimarco3, Guido Iaccarino2,4
1 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche (FARMABIOMED), Universit� di Salerno
2 Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit� degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno
3 Dipartimento di medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascoalri ed Immunologiche, niversit� di Napoli �Federico II�.
4 IRCCS Multimedica, Milano



Address for Correspondence:
Guido Iaccarino, MD, PhD, FESC
Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia
Universit� di Salerno
Via Salvador Allende
84081, Baronissi, Salerno 
giaccarino@unisa.it

Abstract


Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the major health problem in the western world and heavy social and economic burden. Under this name a eterogenous group of multifactorial conditions is included. There is appreciable inter-individual variability in the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and in the response to the associated pharmacological treatments. Genetic polymorphism may be, at least in part, responsible for both susceptibility to disease and inter-individual variability in response to pharmacological treatments. The sympathetic system plays a central role in the CVD, and its effects are mediated by means of both a�- and b�-adrenergic receptors (ARs). In CVD, chronic activation of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system leads to abnormalities at several levels of the b�AR signal transduction pathway. Given the pivotal role of b�2Ars in the regulation of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA , it has been proposed that adrenergic receptors are an appropriate target for investigating possible links between receptor polymorphisms, drug responses and susceptibility to CVD. Pharmacogenetics can be used as a tool for stratified pharmacological therapy in cardiovascular medicine. b�2AR gene is highly polymorphic with multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Among b�2AR  variants there are 3 polymorphysms that cause changes in the amino acid sequence and alteration in regulation of signal transduction. In particular, Arg16Gly is associated with increased agonist-induced down-regulation ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA , Gln27Glu leads to resistance to down-regulation, and Thr164Ile causes receptor uncoupling from the G protein ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA . These polymorphisms have been implicated in various cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes. In this review, we will discuss the role of b�2AR genetic polymorphisms from the molecular level to the clinical findings and the impact of b�2�ARs genetic variability on drug response in the management of CVD.


Introduction 
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the major health problem in the western world and heavy social and economic burden ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lenzen</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2506</RecNum><record><rec-number>2506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lenzen, M. J.</author><author>Rosengren, A.</author><author>Scholte op Reimer, W. J.</author><author>Follath, F.</author><author>Boersma, E.</author><author>Simoons, M. L.</author><author>Cleland, J. G.</author><author>Komajda, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.lenzen@erasmusmc.nl</auth-address><titles><title>Management of patients with heart failure in clinical practice: differences between men and women</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>e10</pages><volume>94</volume><number>3</number><edition>2007/06/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/drug therapy/mortality/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Systole/physiology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnosis/*physiopathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17575332</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17575332</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>hrt.2006.099523 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.099523</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>1. Under this name, a heterogenous group of multifactorial conditions is included. There is appreciable inter-individual variability in the susceptibility to CVD and in the response to the associated pharmacological treatments ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 2. The genomic era and the mapping of the human genome deeply changed medicine, introducing new, genetically determined factors to define the clinical �picture�. Understand the genetics of CVD is of importance for primary and secondary prevention and might foster individualized treatment strategies for optimal drug response. Genetic polymorphism may be, at least in part, responsible for both susceptibility to disease and inter-individual variability in response to pharmacological treatments ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 3, 4. 
The sympathetic system plays a central role in the CVD  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 5, 6, and its effects are mediated by means of both a�- and b�-adrenergic receptors (ARs). Under experimental conditions, transgenic overexpression of a�1BAR ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 6 and b�1AR ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Engelhardt</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>942</RecNum><record><rec-number>942</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">942</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Engelhardt, S.</author><author>Hein, L.</author><author>Wiesmann, F.</author><author>Lohse, M. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institut fur Pharmakologie, Universitat Wurzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Progressive hypertrophy and heart failure in beta1-adrenergic receptor transgenic mice</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>7059-64</pages><volume>96</volume><number>12</number><edition>1999/06/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Aging</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/genetics</keyword><keyword>Organ Culture Techniques</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 8</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10359838</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10359838</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>22055</custom2><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>7 and high levels of b�2AR in the heart ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 8, as well as long-term stimulation of b�1�AR ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 9 or b�2�AR ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 10 by means of selective drugs, cause enlargement of cardiac size. In CVD, chronic activation of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system leads to abnormalities at several levels of the b�AR signal transduction pathway ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11. Reduction in the number of receptors (down regulation) and responsiveness (uncoupling) cause blunted adrenergic-mediated responses that contribute to the progression of congestive heart failure. Given the pivotal role of b�2ARs in the regulation of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, it has been proposed that ARs are an appropriate target for investigating possible links between receptor polymorphisms, drug responses and susceptibility to CVD ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kotanko</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>978</RecNum><record><rec-number>978</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">978</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Tasker, J.</author><author>DeFreitas, P.</author><author>Kamdar, S.</author><author>Clark, A. J.</author><author>Skrabal, F.</author><author>Caulfield, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder and Teaching Hospital of the Karl Franzens University Graz, Austria.</auth-address><titles><title>Essential hypertension in African Caribbeans associates with a variant of the beta2-adrenoceptor</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>773-6</pages><volume>30</volume><number>4</number><edition>1997/10/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Africa, Western/ethnology</keyword><keyword>African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>West Indies/ethnology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9336371</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9336371</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>12. Pharmacogenetics can be used as a tool for stratified pharmacological therapy in cardiovascular medicine. Identify responders and non-responders to CVD therapies could lead to improved quality of care and better allocation of medical resources. b�2AR gene is also polymorphic, with 3 variants that cause changes in the amino acid sequence and alteration in regulation of signal transduction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2336</RecNum><record><rec-number>2336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Michel, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>651-90</pages><volume>51</volume><number>4</number><edition>1999/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/classification/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/classification/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0031-6997 (Print)&#xD;0031-6997 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10581327</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10581327</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>13. In particular, Arg16Gly is associated with increased agonist-induced down-regulation ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 14, Gln27Glu leads to resistance to down-regulation, and Thr164Ile causes receptor uncoupling from the G protein ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 15. These polymorphisms have been implicated in various cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 16, 17. 
In this review, we will discuss the role of b�2AR genetic polymorphisms from the molecular level to the clinical findings and the impact of b�2�AR genetic variability on drug response in the management of CVD.
Beta Adrenergic Receptors
The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension , and its effects are mediated by means of both a�- and b�-ARs ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 18. b�ARs are the targets for the endogenous catecholamine noradrenaline and adrenaline. They are expressed in many cell types throughout the body and play a pivotal role in regulation of cardiac, pulmonary, vascular, endocrine and central nervous system ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Taylor</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1210</RecNum><record><rec-number>1210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Taylor, M. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. matthew.taylor@uchsc.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of the human beta-adrenergic receptors</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>29-37</pages><volume>7</volume><number>1</number><edition>2006/04/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16636683</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16636683</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500393 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500393</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>19. 
There are three different b�ARs subtypes identified pharmacologically. These receptors are encoded by three separate genes: �1-, �2- and �3-ARs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bylund</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>1225</RecNum><record><rec-number>1225</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1225</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bylund, D. B.</author><author>Eikenberg, D. C.</author><author>Hieble, J. P.</author><author>Langer, S. Z.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Minneman, K. P.</author><author>Molinoff, P. B.</author><author>Ruffolo, R. R., Jr.</author><author>Trendelenburg, U.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacological Sciences, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939.</auth-address><titles><title>International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of adrenoceptors</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>121-36</pages><volume>46</volume><number>2</number><edition>1994/06/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/*classification/drug effects/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>*Terminology as Topic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0031-6997 (Print)&#xD;0031-6997 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7938162</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7938162</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>20. b�1ARs are the predominant subtype expressed in the heart and the kidney. In the heart b�1ARs activation mediate the increase in chronotropy, inotropy and AV- node conduction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fuster</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1293</RecNum><record><rec-number>1293</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1293</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fuster, V.</author><author>Hirshfeld, J. W., Jr.</author><author>Brown, A. S.</author><author>Brundage, B. H.</author><author>Fye, W. B.</author><author>Lewis, R. P.</author><author>Nash, I. S.</author><author>Sketch, M. H., Jr.</author><author>Vetrovec, G. W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Working group 8: Defining the different types of cardiovascular specialists and developing a new model for training general clinical cardiologists</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>267-71</pages><volume>44</volume><number>2</number><edition>2004/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Cardiology/*classification/*education</keyword><keyword>Clinical Medicine/education</keyword><keyword>*Education, Medical</keyword><keyword>Education, Medical, Graduate/*organization &amp; administration</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Internal Medicine/education</keyword><keyword>*Medicine</keyword><keyword>Models, Educational</keyword><keyword>*Specialization</keyword><keyword>United States</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0735-1097 (Print)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15261917</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15261917</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.027&#xD;S0735109704009891 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>21. In Kidney, b�1ARs are present mainly on iuxtaglomerular cells, where cause renin release ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2336</RecNum><record><rec-number>2336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Michel, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>651-90</pages><volume>51</volume><number>4</number><edition>1999/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/classification/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/classification/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0031-6997 (Print)&#xD;0031-6997 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10581327</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10581327</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>13.
b�2�ARs are abundantly expressed in many cell types; promoting vasodilation�in vascular smooth muscle cells, inotropism in cardiac myocytes, and bronchodilation in bronchial smooth muscle ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2336</RecNum><record><rec-number>2336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Michel, M. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>651-90</pages><volume>51</volume><number>4</number><edition>1999/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/classification/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/classification/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0031-6997 (Print)&#xD;0031-6997 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10581327</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10581327</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>13. Moreover b�2�ARs activate glucose metabolism potentiating the gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Taylor</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1210</RecNum><record><rec-number>1210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Taylor, M. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. matthew.taylor@uchsc.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of the human beta-adrenergic receptors</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>29-37</pages><volume>7</volume><number>1</number><edition>2006/04/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16636683</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16636683</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500393 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500393</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>19.
b�3�ARs are located mainly in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue" \o "Adipose tissue"adipose tissue and are linked to the regulation of body weight and metabolism ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Taylor</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1210</RecNum><record><rec-number>1210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Taylor, M. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. matthew.taylor@uchsc.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of the human beta-adrenergic receptors</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>29-37</pages><volume>7</volume><number>1</number><edition>2006/04/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16636683</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16636683</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500393 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500393</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>19. b�3�ARs are not consistently expressed in the human heart and the importance of its role on cardiovascular disease is not clearly understood.
The b�ARs are members of G-protein-coupled receptor family ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rockman</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1679</RecNum><record><rec-number>1679</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1679</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. h.rockman@duke.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title></periodical><pages>206-12</pages><volume>415</volume><number>6868</number><edition>2002/01/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Disease Models, Animal</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Diseases/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 10</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-0836 (Print)&#xD;0028-0836 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11805844</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11805844</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/415206a&#xD;415206a [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>22. b�ARs share a common structure with seven transmembrane-spanning segments, an extracellular amino terminus and a cytoplasmic carboxy terminus  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rockman</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1679</RecNum><record><rec-number>1679</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1679</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. h.rockman@duke.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title></periodical><pages>206-12</pages><volume>415</volume><number>6868</number><edition>2002/01/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Disease Models, Animal</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Diseases/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 10</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-0836 (Print)&#xD;0028-0836 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11805844</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11805844</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/415206a&#xD;415206a [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>22.
The binding of agonist to the receptor leads to the interaction with the stimulatory guanine nucleotide�binding protein, Gs. Gs is a heterotrimer protein, consisting of an a� �subunit and b�g� � subunits ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Clapham</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1689</RecNum><record><rec-number>1689</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1689</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Clapham, D. E.</author><author>Neer, E. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Neurobiology and Children&apos;s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein beta gamma subunits</title><secondary-title>Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>167-203</pages><volume>37</volume><edition>1997/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Binding Sites</keyword><keyword>Enzyme Activation</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Ion Channels/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Lipids/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Binding</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>*Protein Structure, Secondary</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Rhodopsin/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year></dates><isbn>0362-1642 (Print)&#xD;0362-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9131251</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9131251</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.167</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>23. Each subunit exists in multiple isotypes with differential specificity for effector signaling. The Ga�s subunits activate adenylatecyclase that causes the conversion of adenosine 5 triphosphate to cyclicadenosine 3 ,5 monophosphate (cAMP). Consequently b�ARs typically elevate the level of cAMP an important mediator of cell signaling ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McGraw</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1839</RecNum><record><rec-number>1839</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1839</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McGraw, D. W.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CardioPulmonary Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0564, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0564, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular mechanisms of beta2-adrenergic receptor function and regulation</title><secondary-title>Proc Am Thorac Soc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Am Thorac Soc</full-title></periodical><pages>292-6; discussion 311-2</pages><volume>2</volume><number>4</number><edition>2005/11/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Asthma/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Bronchoconstriction/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Receptor Cross-Talk</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Type C Phospholipases/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1546-3222 (Print)&#xD;1546-3222 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16267351</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16267351</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2713324</custom2><electronic-resource-num>2/4/292 [pii]&#xD;10.1513/pats.200504-027SR</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>24. cAMP binds to the regulatory unit of protein kinase A, promoting the release of its catalytic unit, which phosphorylates a number of downstream target proteins ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Farfel</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1720</RecNum><record><rec-number>1720</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1720</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Farfel, Z.</author><author>Bourne, H. R.</author><author>Iiri, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine E, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel.</auth-address><titles><title>The expanding spectrum of G protein diseases</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1012-20</pages><volume>340</volume><number>13</number><edition>1999/04/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Acromegaly/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cholera/genetics</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics</keyword><keyword>Models, Molecular</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Pseudohypoparathyroidism/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Whooping Cough/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10099144</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10099144</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJM199904013401306</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>25.
b�ARs like other G-protein-coupled receptors, have developed elaborate autoregulatory processes of receptor desensitization ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>26. The heterologous desensitization or  non-agonist-specific  desensitization is a rapid process in which Protein Kinase A phosphorylates agonist activated b�ARs at serines in the third intracellular loop and the proximal cytoplasmic tail, leading to the uncoupling of the receptor from its signal-transducing G protein Ga�s. On the other hand, the  agonist-specific , or homologous desensitization of b�ARs is mediated by members of the family of serine/threonine kinases termed G protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 27.GRK phosphorylates the b�2AR at multiple serines and threonines in the cytoplasmic tail, and enhances the affinity of the receptor for interaction with cytosolic proteins known as the b�-arrestins ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 27. The binding between b�-arrestin and b�AR serves to uncouple the receptor from Gs ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 26, 27, promote receptor internalization ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rands</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>1776</RecNum><record><rec-number>1776</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1776</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rands, E.</author><author>Candelore, M. R.</author><author>Cheung, A. H.</author><author>Hill, W. S.</author><author>Strader, C. D.</author><author>Dixon, R. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Molecular Biology, Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.</auth-address><titles><title>Mutational analysis of beta-adrenergic receptor glycosylation</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>10759-64</pages><volume>265</volume><number>18</number><edition>1990/06/25</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Chromosome Deletion</keyword><keyword>Cloning, Molecular</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glucosamine/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Glycosylation</keyword><keyword>Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>Oligonucleotide Probes</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/biosynthesis/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Transfection</keyword><keyword>Tunicamycin/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2162359</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=2162359</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>28, and by virtue of the scaffolding action of b�-arrestins ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>O&apos;Dowd</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>1782</RecNum><record><rec-number>1782</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1782</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>O&apos;Dowd, B. F.</author><author>Hnatowich, M.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Bouvier, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.</auth-address><titles><title>Palmitoylation of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Mutation of Cys341 in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpalmitoylated form of the receptor</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>7564-9</pages><volume>264</volume><number>13</number><edition>1989/05/05</edition><keywords><keyword>Acylation</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cysteine</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure</keyword><keyword>Mutation</keyword><keyword>Palmitic Acid</keyword><keyword>Palmitic Acids/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Protein Processing, Post-Translational</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>May 5</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2540197</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=2540197</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>29, bring other proteins into the receptor�s microdomain. �-arrestin binding subsequently directs the internalization of desensitized b�ARs that can lead to one of several outcomes, including receptor degradation or receptor recycling back to the sarcolemmal membrane ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 26, 30. Prolonged agonist exposure cause a net loss of cellular receptors (down-regulation) with the activation of degradation mechanisms (Ubiquitination) that are independent of receptor phosphorylation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rockman</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1679</RecNum><record><rec-number>1679</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1679</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. h.rockman@duke.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title></periodical><pages>206-12</pages><volume>415</volume><number>6868</number><edition>2002/01/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Disease Models, Animal</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Diseases/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 10</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-0836 (Print)&#xD;0028-0836 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11805844</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11805844</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/415206a&#xD;415206a [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>22. To restore the membrane complement of b�AR is now required the transcription at the b�AR gene level and post-translation conversion of mRNA to protein ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 26, 30. Recent evidence  suggests that also PI3Kg� �partecipates to the regulation of �b�AR signaling, interacting with GRK2 at the membrane level, and phosphorylating the adaptative protein AP1 ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 31. Activation of PI3K results in b�AR upregulation ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 32.

b�2�AR Polymorphisms
The b�2�ARs gene is located on chromosome 5q31-33 and contains only one exon that encodes for 413-amino acid ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kobilka</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1785</RecNum><record><rec-number>1785</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1785</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kobilka, B. K.</author><author>MacGregor, C.</author><author>Daniel, K.</author><author>Kobilka, T. S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.</auth-address><titles><title>Functional activity and regulation of human beta 2-adrenergic receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>15796-802</pages><volume>262</volume><number>32</number><edition>1987/11/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Cloning, Molecular</keyword><keyword>DNA/analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iodocyanopindolol</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Oocytes/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pindolol/analogs &amp; derivatives/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Protein Biosynthesis</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Xenopus</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2824467</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=2824467</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>33. This gene is highly polymorphic with multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Reihsaus</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>1791</RecNum><record><rec-number>1791</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1791</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reihsaus, E.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>MacIntyre, N.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio.</auth-address><titles><title>Mutations in the gene encoding for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol</full-title></periodical><pages>334-9</pages><volume>8</volume><number>3</number><edition>1993/03/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Asthma/blood/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane/metabolism/ultrastructure</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote Detection</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Methacholine Chloride/diagnostic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Models, Structural</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>*Point Mutation</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/chemistry/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1044-1549 (Print)&#xD;1044-1549 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8383511</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8383511</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>34. In 2000, Drysdale�et al. have been reported 13 single base substitutions�in the �2AR coding region ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drysdale</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1792</RecNum><record><rec-number>1792</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1792</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drysdale, C. M.</author><author>McGraw, D. W.</author><author>Stack, C. B.</author><author>Stephens, J. C.</author><author>Judson, R. S.</author><author>Nandabalan, K.</author><author>Arnold, K.</author><author>Ruano, G.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Complex promoter and coding region beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>10483-8</pages><volume>97</volume><number>19</number><edition>2000/09/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cell Line, Transformed</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>*Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>*Promoter Regions, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10984540</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10984540</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>27050</custom2><electronic-resource-num>97/19/10483 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>35. Actually, a total of 49 single nucleotide SNPs have been identified ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36. However, the relevance, both�in vitro�and�in vivo, of some of these additional variants and their haplotypes has not been studied in detail ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36.
Five of b�2�AR non-synonymous SNPs code for amino acid changes ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36, 37. In NH2 terminus region there is the substitution of an arginine with a glycine at position 16 (Arg16Gly), while at position 27 glutamine replaces glutamic acid (Gln27Glu); in first transmembrane spanning region atposition 34 with�valine become methionine (Val34Met); in the fourth transmembrane spanning region at position 164 there is  the substitution of a Threonine with Isoleucine�(Thr164Ile) and in fifth transmembrane spanning region the serine in position 220 changes in cysteine� (Ser220Cys) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1616</RecNum><record><rec-number>1616</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1616</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>38. The analysis of b�ARs gene also showed that the 3 -UTR contained a poly-C repeat of variable length (11, 12, 13 or very rarely 14C), which is interrupted by polymorphisms at two different positions, giving rise to additional genetic variation. 
Many studies have demonstrated the presence of eight additional SNPs within the 1.5-kb 52 -untranslated region (UTR) upstream from the ATG start codon ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36, 39. This region contains a short open reading frame for a 19 amino acid leader peptide, called the Beta Upstream Peptide (BUP) or the 5 -leader cistron (LC), that control the b�2�AR gene expression at translational level ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scott</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2010</RecNum><record><rec-number>2010</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2010</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scott, M. G.</author><author>Swan, C.</author><author>Wheatley, A. P.</author><author>Hall, I. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Therapeutics and Institute of Cell Signalling, University Hospital, Nottingham, England, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Identification of novel polymorphisms within the promoter region of the human beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Br J Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>841-4</pages><volume>126</volume><number>4</number><edition>1999/04/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>COS Cells</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>*Promoter Regions, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Transfection</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-1188 (Print)&#xD;0007-1188 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10193762</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10193762</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1571207</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/sj.bjp.0702385</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>39. The SNP at position -47 from the start codon within the BUP region which substitutes an Arginine for a Cysteine (Cys-19Arg) seems to reduce b�2�AR expression level ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parola</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2012</RecNum><record><rec-number>2012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parola, A. L.</author><author>Kobilka, B. K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, California 94305.</auth-address><titles><title>The peptide product of a 5&apos; leader cistron in the beta 2 adrenergic receptor mRNA inhibits receptor synthesis</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>4497-505</pages><volume>269</volume><number>6</number><edition>1994/02/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Consensus Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>DNA Mutational Analysis</keyword><keyword>*Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoelectric Point</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Nucleic Acid Conformation</keyword><keyword>Peptides/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Protein Biosynthesis</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Alignment</keyword><keyword>Sequence Deletion</keyword><keyword>Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</keyword><keyword>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8308019</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8308019</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>40. Moreover, two of the eight 5�-UTR SNPs create and ablate restriction enzyme sites (Mspa 1 and BSu36 I, respectively ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scott</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2010</RecNum><record><rec-number>2010</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2010</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scott, M. G.</author><author>Swan, C.</author><author>Wheatley, A. P.</author><author>Hall, I. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Therapeutics and Institute of Cell Signalling, University Hospital, Nottingham, England, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Identification of novel polymorphisms within the promoter region of the human beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Br J Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>841-4</pages><volume>126</volume><number>4</number><edition>1999/04/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>COS Cells</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>*Promoter Regions, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Transfection</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-1188 (Print)&#xD;0007-1188 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10193762</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10193762</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1571207</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/sj.bjp.0702385</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>39 and were therefore intensively investigated. Another 5�-UTR SNP, which appears potentially to be important, results from a base change (T/C) at �367 bp from the start codon ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 39, 40. It interrupts a consensus AP-2 site 7 bp downstream of an overlapping Sp-1/AP-2 site, a region also containing strong positive promoter activity that can alter gene expression through differences in transcription factor transactivation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Parola</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2012</RecNum><record><rec-number>2012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parola, A. L.</author><author>Kobilka, B. K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, California 94305.</auth-address><titles><title>The peptide product of a 5&apos; leader cistron in the beta 2 adrenergic receptor mRNA inhibits receptor synthesis</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>4497-505</pages><volume>269</volume><number>6</number><edition>1994/02/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Consensus Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>DNA Mutational Analysis</keyword><keyword>*Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoelectric Point</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Nucleic Acid Conformation</keyword><keyword>Peptides/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Protein Biosynthesis</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Alignment</keyword><keyword>Sequence Deletion</keyword><keyword>Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</keyword><keyword>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8308019</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8308019</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>40.
Gly16Arg and Gln27Glu are two common b�2�AR SNPs in the general population and their allele frequencies vary with ethnicity ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 41. The allele frequency for Arg16 among Caucasians was 0.39, 0.5 in African Americans and 0.40 in Asians; while the allele frequency for Gln27 was 0.40, 0.23 and 0.14, respectively for Caucasian, in African American and Asian population  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 41. The allele frequency for Cys-19Arg in the Caucasian was 0.35, in African American 0.21 and Asian 0.10 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chung</Author><RecNum>1819</RecNum><record><rec-number>1819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chung, L. P.</author><author>Waterer, G.</author><author>Thompson, P. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genetics Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, Perth, WA, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms, long-acting beta-agonists and asthma</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Allergy</full-title></periodical><pages>312-26</pages><volume>41</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/02/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Delayed-Action Preparations</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2222 (Electronic)&#xD;0954-7894 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21294785</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21294785</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03696.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>37. The Thr164Ile SNP is rare and exists only in the heterozygous state; the frequency of heterozygosity was 3�5% in all populations studied ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>42. Also the Val34Met polymorphism is exceedingly rare and its allele frequency  is <0.001% ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>42. The Val34Met polymorphism seems not to alter receptor function, and its functional consequence has not been studied ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 16, 43.
There is tight-linkage disequilibrium within the b�2�AR gene ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drysdale</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1792</RecNum><record><rec-number>1792</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1792</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drysdale, C. M.</author><author>McGraw, D. W.</author><author>Stack, C. B.</author><author>Stephens, J. C.</author><author>Judson, R. S.</author><author>Nandabalan, K.</author><author>Arnold, K.</author><author>Ruano, G.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Complex promoter and coding region beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>10483-8</pages><volume>97</volume><number>19</number><edition>2000/09/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cell Line, Transformed</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>*Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>*Promoter Regions, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10984540</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10984540</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>27050</custom2><electronic-resource-num>97/19/10483 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>35. As a result we have common haplotypes: Arg-19 is always associated with Gly16, while Cys19 is associated with either Arg16 or Gly16 ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 35, 37. Glu27 is almost always associated with Gly16, whereas Gln27 is associated with either Arg16 or Gly16. Finally, Ile164 is closely associated with Gly16 and Gln27. Accordingly, the WT-�2-AR consists of Cys-19Cys Arg16Arg Gln27Gln Thr164Thr ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 38, 44-46 .
Functional effects of b�2�AR gene polymorphisms
To characterize the functional role of b�2AR polymorphisms on agonist induced responses, b�2AR constructs expressing the SNP at position 16, 27 and 164 were assessed in specialized cell lines ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 47, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2021</RecNum><record><rec-number>2021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0564.</auth-address><titles><title>Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties</title><secondary-title>Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>9414-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>32</number><edition>1994/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/analysis</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>CHO Cells</keyword><keyword>Cell Compartmentation</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>*Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Recombinant Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-2960 (Print)&#xD;0006-2960 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7915137</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7915137</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>48, ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 43. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the Gly16 and Gln27 variants do not alter basal or agonist-induced ligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activity ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2021</RecNum><record><rec-number>2021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0564.</auth-address><titles><title>Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties</title><secondary-title>Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>9414-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>32</number><edition>1994/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/analysis</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>CHO Cells</keyword><keyword>Cell Compartmentation</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>*Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Recombinant Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-2960 (Print)&#xD;0006-2960 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7915137</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7915137</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>48. However, the Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu variants affect agonist-stimulated receptor down-regulation ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 16, 48. Gly16 genotype enhanced agonist induced downregulation of the b�2AR compared with the wilde type ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>2018</RecNum><record><rec-number>2018</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2018</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Hall, I. P.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Implications of genetic variability of human beta 2-adrenergic receptor structure</title><secondary-title>Pulm Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pulm Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-10</pages><volume>8</volume><number>1</number><edition>1995/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Asthma/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Point Mutation</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*chemistry/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0952-0600 (Print)&#xD;0952-0600 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8535093</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8535093</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>16; moreover, the Arg16Gly genotype has similar patterns of agonist-induced downregulation, implying that Arg16 seems to be a recessive allele ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11. On the other hand, the Gln27 genotype showed attenuation of b�2AR agonist-promoted desensitization in comparison with those with the Gln27 genotype ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11.
The Gly16 variant has a dominant effect on Glu27 allele since theGly16/Glu27receptors underwent even greater agonist-promoted down-regulation than did the wild type Gln27 b�2AR ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2021</RecNum><record><rec-number>2021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0564.</auth-address><titles><title>Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties</title><secondary-title>Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>9414-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>32</number><edition>1994/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/analysis</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>CHO Cells</keyword><keyword>Cell Compartmentation</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>*Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Recombinant Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-2960 (Print)&#xD;0006-2960 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7915137</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7915137</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>48. Conversely, the Arg16/Glu27 double mutant b�2AR variant was found to be completely resistant to down-regulation  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2021</RecNum><record><rec-number>2021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0564.</auth-address><titles><title>Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties</title><secondary-title>Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>9414-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>32</number><edition>1994/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/analysis</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>CHO Cells</keyword><keyword>Cell Compartmentation</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>*Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Recombinant Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-2960 (Print)&#xD;0006-2960 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7915137</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7915137</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>48.
In HLM cells both Gly16 and Glu27 polymorphism were resistant to isoprenaline-induced desensitization compared to the wild type (Arg16 and Gln27) ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 49, however in the same cells b�2AR homozygous or heterozygous for Glu27 showed greater short- and long-term desensitization than those homozygous for Gln27, whereby in this population sample the presence of Glu27 was always associated with the presence of Gly16 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2021</RecNum><record><rec-number>2021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0564.</auth-address><titles><title>Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties</title><secondary-title>Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>9414-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>32</number><edition>1994/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/analysis</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>CHO Cells</keyword><keyword>Cell Compartmentation</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>*Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Recombinant Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-2960 (Print)&#xD;0006-2960 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7915137</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7915137</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>48. 
The Glu27 b�2AR has been reported to mediate cardiac hypertrophy ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 16, 50. To test the ability of the Gln27Glu variant to interfere with hypertrophic responses, Iaccarino et al. ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51 used HEK293 lines overexpressing Glu27 and Gln27 variants of the human b�2AR and assessed their ability to mitogen activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] and p38) ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 52, 53. In this study was found that the Glu27 b�2AR variant magnifies the catecholamine induced activation of ERK and p38, compared with wilde type. Indeed, a measure of cardiac cell hypertrophy indicator, the activity of the ANF promoter, showed that b�2AR causes hypertrophy responses in a fashion that is dependent on not only the density of the b�2AR, but also the presence of the Glu27 mutation ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51.In COS-7 cells transfected with Arg19Cys genotypes McGraw et al. showed that Cys19 (BUP) allele leads to a consistently greater b�2AR expression as compared with the Arg19 variant ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 47. Interestingly, levels of the mRNA transcripts between genotypes were similar indicating that Arg19Cys regulates receptor translation, but not the transcription ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 41.Since one function of the b�2AR leader peptide is to modulate b�2AR expression, the Arg19Cys polymorphism could represent a genetic basis for variable b�2ARexpression, responsiveness or by this a predictive for phenotype variations ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 34, 38.
The Gln27Glu polymorphism s association with b�2AR agonist-induced receptor desensitization may be explained, at least in part, by its association through linkage disequilibrium with Arg19(BUP) Cys since Gln27 is co-inherited with Arg19(BUP) and Glu27 is co-inherited with Cys19(BUP).34, 35 .
Also 3 -UTR poly-C repeats polymorphisms alter b�2AR expression levels. Caucasians with the Arg16 genotype present three different haplotypes defined by the length of the poly-C repeats, with haplotype frequencies ranging from 14% to 43% ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 36. An in vitro study showed that cells transfected with the Arg16-11C haplotype presented lower mRNA and receptor expression, more extensive mRNA degradation and a greater tendency for b�2AR down-regulation as compared with the other two haplotypes ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 54. Such differences in Arg16 genotype may result in important phenotypic variation in the in vivo responses to b�2AR agonists, and may in part, explain the discrepancies in clinical studies investigating the relationship between treatment responses and Arg16-Gly polymorphism alone ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chung</Author><RecNum>1819</RecNum><record><rec-number>1819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chung, L. P.</author><author>Waterer, G.</author><author>Thompson, P. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genetics Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, Perth, WA, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms, long-acting beta-agonists and asthma</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Allergy</full-title></periodical><pages>312-26</pages><volume>41</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/02/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Delayed-Action Preparations</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2222 (Electronic)&#xD;0954-7894 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21294785</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21294785</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03696.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>37. To date, variations of the poly-C repeat have yet to be investigated in clinical studies, and it is highly likely that assessment of the effects of poly-C polymorphism in conjunction with other b�2AR polymorphisms or haplotypes would better predict therapeutic responses to b�2AR agonists. Further studies, preferably clinical trials, are required to determine the functional significance of poly-C polymorphism and its interactions with other known SNPs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chung</Author><RecNum>1819</RecNum><record><rec-number>1819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chung, L. P.</author><author>Waterer, G.</author><author>Thompson, P. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genetics Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, Perth, WA, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms, long-acting beta-agonists and asthma</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Allergy</full-title></periodical><pages>312-26</pages><volume>41</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/02/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Delayed-Action Preparations</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2222 (Electronic)&#xD;0954-7894 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21294785</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21294785</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03696.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>37.
The effect of the Thr164Ile polymorphism on b�2AR binding affinity and coupling to Gs has been studied in CHW-1102 cells. In these cells, Thr164Ile polymorphism exhibited decreased receptor binding affinity with epinephrine, isoproterenol, and norepinephrine ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 55. Furthermore, Ile164-�2AR showed diminished reduced basal and agonist-induced activation of the adenylyl cyclase, implying a diminished b�2AR-G protein interaction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>2021</RecNum><record><rec-number>2021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Innis, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0564.</auth-address><titles><title>Amino-terminal polymorphisms of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties</title><secondary-title>Biochemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>9414-9</pages><volume>33</volume><number>32</number><edition>1994/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/analysis</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>CHO Cells</keyword><keyword>Cell Compartmentation</keyword><keyword>Cricetinae</keyword><keyword>*Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Protein Conformation</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Recombinant Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1994</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-2960 (Print)&#xD;0006-2960 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7915137</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7915137</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>48.
The impact of the b�2AR 16Gly and Glu27 variants on agonist-induced desensitization, have been investigated in studies in vivo, and data were quite controversial ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>42. In healthy subjects, some studies have found that the increase of heart rate, contractility and blood pressure are not significantly affected by the Arg16 and Gln27 variants genotypes ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 38, 56-58. On the other hand, in normotensive Austrian Caucasians was found that basal mean blood pressure was higher in volunteers homozygous for Gly16Gly than in volunteers homozygous for Arg16Arg ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 14.
Various studies have investigated the impact of the Arg16Gly and/or Gln27Glu polymorphisms of the b�2AR on vascular responsiveness. Some studies showed that beta agonist-infusion-induced the decrease in total peripheral resistance is larger in volunteers homozygous for Arg16 than in homozygous Gly16 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1616</RecNum><record><rec-number>1616</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1616</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>38, ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 14, 56. Conversely, other investigations have demonstrated that isoprenaline induced increases in forearm blood flow or dilation of hand vein and found that volunteers homozygous Gly16 exhibited larger vasodilatory responses than did volunteers homozygous Arg16 ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 57, 59.
Because the Glu27 variant of b�2AR causes resistance to down-regulation and therefore attenuation of agonist promoted functional desensitization ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 50, 60 it can be considered a gain-of-function mutation because of the longer duration of stimulation. Indeed, subjects who are homozygous for Glu27 have a significantly higher maximal forearm vasodilation to intra-arterial isoproterenol than those who are homozygous for Gln27, regardless of the amino acid present at position 16 ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 57. It is therefore conceivable to speculate that cardiac Glu27 b�2AR drives an exaggerated hypertrophic response to catecholamines ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 57. Some other reports in the literature contradict these findings, showing that other b�2AR-dependent physiologic responses are depressed in the presence of the Glu27 polymorphism in vivo. Interestingly, Bruck et al. found that volunteers homozygous for Glu27 b�2AR exhibited a slowed onset in desensitization of cardiac responses or in down-regulation of lymphocyte b�2AR density, and this occurred although volunteers carried two or one allele Gly16 ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 58, 60.  There is not a consensus on the reasons for the discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo. One possible explanation is the antagonizing effect on desensitization of the Gly16 polymorphism, which is in linkage disequilibrium with Glu27, although this viewpoint is also challenged by recent evidence showing that the Gly16 allele may lead to enhanced physiologic responses in vivo ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 15. 
The Thr164Ile variant of the b�2AR occurs only rarely and is found only in the heterozygous form ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11 , the majority of subjects carrying the Thr164Ile polymorphisms are also carriers of Gly16 variant in combination with the Gln27 variant ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 35, 60.
Thr164Ile variant does alter ligand binding and G protein coupling. In cells transfected with cDNA that mimics this SNP, the Ile164 receptor displays a lower binding affinity for b�2AR agonists, a 50% reduction in agonist-induced adenylyl cyclase activity, and uncoupling of the receptor from the G protein compared with the wild-type receptor ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 43, 55. The impact of the Thr164Ile mutation on b�2AR function in vivo was first studied in transgenic mice, expressing the Ile164 receptor specifically only in cardiomyocytes. This study confirmed in the myocardium a lower basal and isoprenaline stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, resulting in lower resting heart rates and inotropic and lusitropic indices ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 61. The Ile164 variant of the b�2�AR gene in endothelial cells loses the ability to mediate cell specific responses to catecholamine ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 62, 63. To gain better insight on the role of Ile164 on atherosclerosis, Piscione et al. explored the effect of this polymorphism on VSMC proliferation in culture ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Piscione</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2526</RecNum><record><rec-number>2526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Rao, M. A.</author><author>Brevetti, G.</author><author>Piccolo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy. piscione@unina.it</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of Ile164 polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene on coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1381-8</pages><volume>52</volume><number>17</number><edition>2008/10/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/*genetics/therapy</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-3597 (Electronic)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18940527</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18940527</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(08)02632-6 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.034</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>64. VSMCs were infected with either adenoviral (Ad) b�2�AR Thr164 or the Ad b�2�AR -Ile164 and then stimulated with isoproterenol to evaluate b�2�AR induced cell proliferation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Piscione</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2526</RecNum><record><rec-number>2526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Rao, M. A.</author><author>Brevetti, G.</author><author>Piccolo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy. piscione@unina.it</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of Ile164 polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene on coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1381-8</pages><volume>52</volume><number>17</number><edition>2008/10/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/*genetics/therapy</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-3597 (Electronic)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18940527</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18940527</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(08)02632-6 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.034</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>64. This reduced responsiveness is not explained by altered expression levels but rather is due to an intrinsically impaired signaling capacity of the receptor variant. In humans, the 164 polymorphism associated with blunted increases in heart rate and contractility evoked by cardiac b�2AR agonist stimulation compared with volunteers carrying the wild-type isoforme ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 44, 65, 66. Similarly, vascular responses and vasodilation in humans carrying the Ile164 variant of the b�2AR gene is also impaired ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 63. The presence of Ile164 allele has been shown to be associated with blunted b�2AR-mediated venodilatation in phenylephrine preconstricted hand veins ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 63, 67. Another study found decreased heart rate and inotropic response to systemic terbutaline in healthy Thr164/Ile heterozygotes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>44.
The analysis of effects of b�2AR polymorphisms is therefore inevitably complicated by the strong LD among SNPs which results in the occurrence of several common haplotypes resulting in multilocus effects ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Drysdale</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1792</RecNum><record><rec-number>1792</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1792</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drysdale, C. M.</author><author>McGraw, D. W.</author><author>Stack, C. B.</author><author>Stephens, J. C.</author><author>Judson, R. S.</author><author>Nandabalan, K.</author><author>Arnold, K.</author><author>Ruano, G.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Complex promoter and coding region beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>10483-8</pages><volume>97</volume><number>19</number><edition>2000/09/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cell Line, Transformed</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>*Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>*Promoter Regions, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10984540</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10984540</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>27050</custom2><electronic-resource-num>97/19/10483 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>35. The different distribution of some haplotypes in different ethnic groups may produce inconsistent claims for an association ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>44. These limitations make most unlikely that genetic-epidemiological data alone give details in relevant functional alterations of polymorphic b�2AR ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 42, 44, 45. Taken together, the available data demonstrate that the b�2AR polymorphism might affect functional responsiveness in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo and appear to be associated with cardiovascular disease states in which b�2AR  are considered to be important.
 �b�2�AR gene polymorphisms  in Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure
Chronic exposure of the heart to elevated levels of catecholamines lead to pathologic changes in the heart, resulting in continued elevation of sympathetic tone and a progressive deterioration in cardiac function ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2549</RecNum><record><rec-number>2549</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2549</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Catecholamines, cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors, and heart failure</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>1634-7</pages><volume>101</volume><number>14</number><edition>2000/04/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/*metabolism/therapy</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10758041</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10758041</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>68. In particular, dysfunctional myocardium is characterized by a down regulation of b�1AR, whereas the number of b�2AR remains relatively stable ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2549</RecNum><record><rec-number>2549</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2549</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Catecholamines, cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors, and heart failure</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>1634-7</pages><volume>101</volume><number>14</number><edition>2000/04/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/*metabolism/therapy</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10758041</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10758041</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>68. b�2ARs play a pivotal role in the control of myocardial contractility of the failing heart ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Feldman</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2562</RecNum><record><rec-number>2562</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2562</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Feldman, D. S.</author><author>Carnes, C. A.</author><author>Abraham, W. T.</author><author>Bristow, M. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiology/Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. feldman-1@medctr.osu.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Mechanisms of disease: beta-adrenergic receptors--alterations in signal transduction and pharmacogenomics in heart failure</title><secondary-title>Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med</full-title></periodical><pages>475-83</pages><volume>2</volume><number>9</number><edition>2005/11/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/drug therapy/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Heart/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1743-4297 (Print)&#xD;1743-4297 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16265588</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16265588</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>ncpcardio0309 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/ncpcardio0309</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>69. The central role played by sympathetic nervous system and its receptors in cardiovascular conditions makes polymorphisms in receptors genes attractive candidates for risk factor and/or predictors of response to treatment ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 4, 38, 44.
For istance, the impact of b�2AR polymorphisms on coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular clinical events is highly controversial. In the study of Yamada et al., none of the b�2AR polymorphisms was associated with increased risk form of myocardial infarction in a Japanese population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yamada</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2584</RecNum><record><rec-number>2584</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2584</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yamada, Y.</author><author>Izawa, H.</author><author>Ichihara, S.</author><author>Takatsu, F.</author><author>Ishihara, H.</author><author>Hirayama, H.</author><author>Sone, T.</author><author>Tanaka, M.</author><author>Yokota, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gene Therapy, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Mitake, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Prediction of the risk of myocardial infarction from polymorphisms in candidate genes</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1916-23</pages><volume>347</volume><number>24</number><edition>2002/12/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Connexins/*genetics</keyword><keyword>DNA Probes</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Logistic Models</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4406 (Electronic)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12477941</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12477941</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa021445&#xD;347/24/1916 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>70. On the other hand, a large series of studies support the association with atherosclerosis. In an observational cohort study in the elderly the Glu27 allele of the b�2AR was associated with a lower risk of incident coronary events in this elderly population ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 71. Analysis of the patient cohort from the Physicians  Health Study demonstrated that only specific haplotype combinations ([non-Gly16-Gln27]-Thr164 and Gly16-Gln27-Ile164) increased the risk for myocardial infarction but this association disappeared after adjustment for other polymorphisms ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 72. Furthermore, Barbato et al. demonstrated that that prevalence of Glu27 variant is higher among CAD patients in central european population and the presence of this allele  should be considered an independent disease risk factor for coronary artery disease ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 73. Zak  et al. observed a significantly higher prevalence of the Arg allele of Arg16Gly polymorphism in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients than healthy controls ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zak</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2595</RecNum><record><rec-number>2595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2595</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zak, I.</author><author>Sarecka-Hujar, B.</author><author>Krauze, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. izak@slam.katowice.pl</auth-address><titles><title>Cigarette smoking, carrier state of A or G allele of 46A&gt;G and 79C&gt;G polymorphisms of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene, and the risk of coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>Kardiol Pol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kardiol Pol</full-title></periodical><pages>380-6; discussion 387</pages><volume>66</volume><number>4</number><edition>2008/05/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Coronary Stenosis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypercholesterolemia</keyword><keyword>Hypertension</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Obesity</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Smoking/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-9032 (Print)&#xD;0022-9032 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18473266</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18473266</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10258 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>74. A significant correlation between 27Glu allele carrier state and CAD was noted in patient population in Saudi Arabia ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Abu-Amero</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>2701</RecNum><record><rec-number>2701</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2701</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abu-Amero, K. K.</author><author>Al-Boudari, O. M.</author><author>Mohamed, G. H.</author><author>Dzimiri, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (MBC - 03), P. O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. kamero@kfshrc.edu.sa</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 genotypes of the beta2-adrenergic receptor are predictors for severe coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>BMC Med Genet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMC Med Genet</full-title></periodical><pages>31</pages><volume>7</volume><edition>2006/04/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Arabs/genetics</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis/ethnology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Saudi Arabia</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1471-2350 (Electronic)&#xD;1471-2350 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16573811</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16573811</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1481543</custom2><electronic-resource-num>1471-2350-7-31 [pii]&#xD;10.1186/1471-2350-7-31</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>75. Although the rare incidence, individuals with the Ile164 allele and normal left ventricular (LV) function show blunted haemodynamic responses to adrenergic stimulation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>42. Barbato et al. showed that Thr164Ile polymorphism negatively modulates b�2-agonist-mediated myocardial contractile performance in patients with normal and failing myocardium and this b�2AR variant is associated with adverse long-term prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure (HF) due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 65. Moreover, Piscione et al. found a relationship between b�2AR Ile164 polymorphism and coronary and peripheral artery disease in a prospective study in which were enrolled 330 patients undergoing elective or urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for CAD documented ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Piscione</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2526</RecNum><record><rec-number>2526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Rao, M. A.</author><author>Brevetti, G.</author><author>Piccolo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy. piscione@unina.it</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of Ile164 polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene on coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1381-8</pages><volume>52</volume><number>17</number><edition>2008/10/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/*genetics/therapy</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-3597 (Electronic)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18940527</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18940527</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(08)02632-6 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.034</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>64. Interestingly, this study evidenced that Ile164 polymorphism frequency was higher in CAD (12.1% vs. 3%, p > 0.008) than the control population; b�2AR Ile164 mutant is associated with an earlier and more aggressive CAD, and it adversely affects prognosis in patients with severe CAD undergoing PCI. This evidence also showed that a group of patients with peripheral artery disease exhibited a higher prevalence of the Ile164 genotype (7%) with a more severe clinical phenotype than those with Thr164 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Piscione</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2526</RecNum><record><rec-number>2526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Rao, M. A.</author><author>Brevetti, G.</author><author>Piccolo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy. piscione@unina.it</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of Ile164 polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene on coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1381-8</pages><volume>52</volume><number>17</number><edition>2008/10/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/*genetics/therapy</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-3597 (Electronic)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18940527</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18940527</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(08)02632-6 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.034</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>64. These data support the concept that b�2AR polymorphism may predict prognosis in CAD.
Nevertheless studies that address the association of �2AR polymorphisms and outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease present conflicting results. First of all, McLean showed that specific genetic variations present in the �2AR genes would predict left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients chronically treated with a �1 selective antagonist following a first ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 76. Specifically, the Glu27Glu variant was associated with an approximately seven-fold increased risk of LV end systolic dilatation, and a four-fold risk of end diastolic volume enlargement and LV ejection fraction decline at 6�months when compared to the full cohort ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 76. 
One complication of myocardial infarction is the development of adverse LV remodeling and progression to HF. Increased cardiac adrenergic activity is one of the major determinants of the progression of LV dysfunction and the poor outcomes of the patients with HF. Acute and long-term therapy with �AR antagonists (�-blockers) has become a standard following acute myocardial infarction and heart failure ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 77. Therapy with �-blockers reduce infarct size and mortality among myocardial infarction and HF patients, most likely by decreasing cardiac energy requirements and modifying arrhythmic risk. Some studies suggested that genetic polymorphisms may mediate differential therapeutic end points of �-blocker treatment, including left ventricular ejection fraction improvement, survival, and hospitalization due to HF exacerbation. However, the association of genetic �2AR polymorphisms and therapeutic end points of �-blocker treatment is objected of controvery. HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=PubMed&term=%20Pacanowski%2BM%5bauth%5d"Pacanowski et al. investigated the influence of �1AR and �2AR haplotype variation on the incidence of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke as well as the pharmacogenetics of �-blocker (atenolol) and calcium channel blocker (verapamil) based antihypertensive therapy in the INternational VErapamil SR/Trandolapril STudy  GENEtic Substudy (INVEST-GENES) ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 78. Authors showed that patients with the �2AR haplotype containing the Arg16 and Gln27 alleles would be at relatively higher risk for cardiovascular events and that atenolol would be beneficial as compared with sustained-release verapamil (verapamil SR). Pharmacogenetic analysis revealed that the risk for the primary outcome was significantly higher in Gly16-Glu27- haplotype in verapamil SR�treated patients but not in atenolol-treated patients. The analysis revealed that patients with at least one copy of the Ser49-Arg389 �1AR haplotype and zero copies of the Gly16-Glu27 �2AR haplotype (representing 42% of the study population) had better outcomes when treated with atenolol than with verapamil SR (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21 0.82, P = 0.01). Comparing this result to the HR of 0.64 when considering the �1AR gene alone suggests that a consideration of both genes may be even more informative for identifying those most likely to benefit from �-blocker therapy ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 78. In another study performed on 80 heart failure patients treated with the non-selective b�-blocker carvedilol, Kaye et al. demonstrated that subjects carriers of the Glu27 allele were more likely to have an increase in ejection fraction or fractional shortening than those who were homozygous for the allele encoding the Gln27 variant (63vs. 26%,�P�= 0.003) thus suggesting that determination of �2AR status may be of value for tailoring individual therapy in patients with HF ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 79. In contrast, De Groote observed that �2AR polymorphisms did not explain the interindividual variability in the response to b�-blocker therapy ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 80. In a recently published study, a �2AR haplotype (Arg16Arg26/Gln27Gln) was associated with increased risk for death or heart transplantation in 220 patients, 95 and 80% of whom were on an ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker and a �-blocker at baseline ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 81. When considered relative to �-blocker use, this association was most strongly driven by those not on a �-blocker (HR of 3.52 vs. HR of 1.55). These results suggest that certain genotypes/haplotypes may be at increased risk of adverse outcomes and that �-blockers may attenuate the risk associated with that genotype/haplotype. Interestingly, these findings are consistent with those from an acute coronary syndrome population, in which the Arg16Gln27 haplotype was also associated with adverse outcomes, even among those treated with a �-blocker  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 82. Collectively, these data may suggest that the Arg16Gln27 haplotype of the��2AR�may be a high-risk haplotype group deserving of more aggressive therapy. Confirm to this view derives from Troncoso et al., who have evaluated the influence of Gln27Glu �2AR polymorphism on the variable response to treatment with carvedilol in patients with chronic HF ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 83. The results of this study showed that chronic HF patients with the Glu27�2AR allele have a better response to carvedilol ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 83.
For the more clinically relevant outcome of survival in HF patients, the results are mixed. Brodde et al. observed that HF patients with the Arg16Arg Gln27Gln-�2AR seem to have a more pronounced adverse outcome (heart transplantation) and increased risk for sudden cardiac death ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>42. In a prospective study on large cohort of clinically treated HF patients who had been prescribed metoprolol or carvedilol  Sehnert et al. failed to  found significant effect of  �2AR genotypes on incidence of  critical end point of survival in �-blocker treated HF patients ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 84.  Similar results were obtained by HYPERLINK "http://eurjhf.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Pascal+de+Groote&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"de Groote et al. that found no association between functional �AR polymorphisms and survival in patients with stable HF ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 85. However, the authors demonstrated, with a univariate analysis, a possible association between the combined �2ARGly16Gly/�2ARGln27Gln genotype and survival ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 85. Recently HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=PubMed&term=%20Petersen%2BM%5bauth%5d"Petersen et al. showed  that �1AR Arg389-homozygous and �2AR Gln27-carrier HF patients treated with carvedilol present a two-fold major risk of mortality relative to all other genotype combinations ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 86. There was no difference in survival in metoprolol-treated HF patients between genotype groups ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 86. The data indicate that patients with �1AR and �2AR genotypes   may benefit more from metoprolol than carvedilol treatment. 
In HF, the Thr164Ile polymorphism is characterised by reduced exercise tolerance and higher mortality ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 57. However, pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the poor outcome of these patients are not clear and it is unclear whether the poor outcome is related to direct effects of the Ile164 polymorphism on the myocardial contractile performance or to systemic haemodynamics. Preliminary study showed that in chronic HF-patients, terbutaline-induced increases in heart rate, but not in contractility, were not different in patients with the Thr164Thr or the Thr164Ile variant of the b�2AR ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 65, 66, 73. On the other hand, Wagoner et al. assessed in chronic HF-patients either heterozygous Thr164Ile or homozygous Thr164Thr exercise capacity and found that patients with the Thr164Ile variant of the b�2AR 8 had a lower peak V�O2 than patients homozygous Thr164Thr ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wagoner</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2355</RecNum><record><rec-number>2355</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2355</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wagoner, L. E.</author><author>Craft, L. L.</author><author>Singh, B.</author><author>Suresh, D. P.</author><author>Zengel, P. W.</author><author>McGuire, N.</author><author>Abraham, W. T.</author><author>Chenier, T. C.</author><author>Dorn, G. W., 2nd</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0542, USA. Wagonele@ucmail.uc.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor determine exercise capacity in patients with heart failure</title><secondary-title>Circ Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circ Res</full-title></periodical><pages>834-40</pages><volume>86</volume><number>8</number><edition>2000/04/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>*Exercise</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 28</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-7330 (Print)&#xD;0009-7330 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10785504</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10785504</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>87. Moreover, Liggett et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11genotyped 259 patients with HF due to ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy and found that the allele frequencies for the Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu and Thr164Ile polymorphisms of the b�2AR did not differ with those assessed in 212 healthy controls. However, those patients carrying the Thr164Ile polymorphism had much more rapid progression to transplantation or death ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11.. this data is challenged by the observation from Leineweber in 2006,  showing that  the frequency of the Ile164 allele is almost identical in healthy controls, chronic HF-patients and heart transplantation-patients ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 88. 
b�2�AR gene polymorphisms in Hypertension
Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cerebral ictus, myocardial infarction and heart failure, as well as the one with the highest incidence in the population, peaking at 60-70% at advanced age. It is well known that LV hypertrophy is a multifactorial condition, influenced by a complex interplay of hemodynamic, neurohumoral, and genetic determinants ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 38, 89, and blood pressure can usually explain no more than 25% of the overall variance of LV mass index (LVMi) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fagard</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1549</RecNum><record><rec-number>1549</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1549</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fagard, R.</author><author>Staessen, J.</author><author>Thijs, L.</author><author>Amery, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Multiple standardized clinic blood pressures may predict left ventricular mass as well as ambulatory monitoring. A metaanalysis of comparative studies</title><secondary-title>Am J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>533-40</pages><volume>8</volume><number>5 Pt 1</number><edition>1995/05/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Blood Pressure Determination</keyword><keyword>*Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*pathology/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0895-7061 (Print)&#xD;0895-7061 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7662233</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7662233</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>0895-7061(95)00043-O [pii]&#xD;10.1016/0895-7061(95)00043-O</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>90. Thus BP normalization can explain only part of the change in LVMi. In particular, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system appears to play a major role, since it is possible to induce in normotensive off springs of hypertensive patients a 10% increase or decrease in LV mass (LVM), in absence of any change in blood pressure and in accord to maneuvers of chronic activation or deactivation of the sympathetic nervous system  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>980</RecNum><record><rec-number>980</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">980</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Ricciardelli, B.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>De Simone, A.</author><author>Cuocolo, A.</author><author>Galva, M. D.</author><author>Picotti, G. B.</author><author>Condorelli, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Participation of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive parents</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>38-46</pages><volume>72</volume><number>1</number><edition>1985/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone/blood</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Blood Volume</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Diet, Sodium-Restricted</keyword><keyword>Diuresis</keyword><keyword>Epinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/pathology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Posture</keyword><keyword>Renin/blood</keyword><keyword>Water-Electrolyte Balance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1985</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-7322 (Print)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3159505</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3159505</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>91. The increase in LVM induced by these maneuvers is prevented by b�-�blockade  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>980</RecNum><record><rec-number>980</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">980</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Ricciardelli, B.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>De Simone, A.</author><author>Cuocolo, A.</author><author>Galva, M. D.</author><author>Picotti, G. B.</author><author>Condorelli, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Participation of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive parents</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>38-46</pages><volume>72</volume><number>1</number><edition>1985/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone/blood</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Blood Volume</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Diet, Sodium-Restricted</keyword><keyword>Diuresis</keyword><keyword>Epinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/pathology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Posture</keyword><keyword>Renin/blood</keyword><keyword>Water-Electrolyte Balance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1985</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-7322 (Print)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3159505</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3159505</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>91.
Moreover, several studies have identified genetic factors that influence blood pressure and metabolic responses to �-blockers, thiazide diuretics, and renin angiotensin system antagonists. Whether such pharmacogenetic differences translate to differences in the clinical outcome of antihypertensive therapy is less clear, particularly when patients receive multiple drugs that are titrated to a target blood pressure.HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702981"5 A pharmacogenetic approach to treating hypertension could not only reduce the number and cost of medications but also reduce morbidity and mortality if the outcome of drug treatment differs by genotype. Given functional relevance of b�2AR polymorphisms on expression and properties of the b�2AR, in recent years their possible association with hypertension has been extensively studied, but altogether, the results fell short of unequivocally demonstrating a causal association of these polymorphisms and hypertension ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 14, 92, 93. The association between hypertension and Gly16 variant was found in Africans  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kotanko</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1665</RecNum><record><rec-number>1665</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1665</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Tasker, J.</author><author>DeFreitas, P.</author><author>Kamdar, S.</author><author>Clark, A. J.</author><author>Skrabal, F.</author><author>Caulfield, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder and Teaching Hospital of the Karl Franzens University Graz, Austria.</auth-address><titles><title>Essential hypertension in African Caribbeans associates with a variant of the beta2-adrenoceptor</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>773-6</pages><volume>30</volume><number>4</number><edition>1997/10/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Africa, Western/ethnology</keyword><keyword>African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>West Indies/ethnology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9336371</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9336371</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>12, but no association either for Arg16 or Gly16 with hypertension was confirmed in a Japanese population  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kato</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1666</RecNum><record><rec-number>1666</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1666</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kato, N.</author><author>Sugiyama, T.</author><author>Morita, H.</author><author>Kurihara, H.</author><author>Sato, T.</author><author>Yamori, Y.</author><author>Yazaki, Y.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo (Japan) University School of Medicine. nkato@med.teikyo-u.</auth-address><titles><title>Association analysis of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms with hypertension in Japanese</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>286-92</pages><volume>37</volume><number>2</number><edition>2001/03/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Odds Ratio</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11230287</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11230287</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>94or black and white Americans ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 95. Another study on German twins showed that Arg16 variant seems to be associated with increased blood pressure values and a higher risk to develop hypertension in white subjects ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 96. Another study investigated sib-pairs from 55 pedigrees and about 2500 additional subjects from 589 families, found that the risk for hypertension was greater for those subjects carrying the Gly16 and Glu27 alleles ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 97. 
Association studies relating polymorphisms of different genes to hypertension often result in controversial findings ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 98-100. It has been suggested that the use of relaxed selection criteria may increase background noise and mask possible genotype-phenotype relationships ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stella</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1563</RecNum><record><rec-number>1563</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1563</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stella, P.</author><author>Bigatti, G.</author><author>Tizzoni, L.</author><author>Barlassina, C.</author><author>Lanzani, C.</author><author>Bianchi, G.</author><author>Cusi, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Hypertension, Graduate School of Nephrology, University &quot;Vita e Salute&quot; San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. paola.stella@hsr.it</auth-address><titles><title>Association between aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) polymorphism and left ventricular mass in human essential hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>265-70</pages><volume>43</volume><number>2</number><edition>2004/01/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone Synthase/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Fibrosis/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/complications/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0735-1097 (Print)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14736447</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14736447</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735109703014074 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>101. For this reason, restrictive inclusion criteria, such as those requiring similar race, age, body dimension, duration, and severity of hypertension, as well as no previous pharmacologic treatment, may strengthen the conclusion of our study ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51.
The sympathetic activation increases LVM in normotensive offspring of both hypertensive parents, in absence of any change in blood pressure ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>1395</RecNum><record><rec-number>1395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1395</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Ricciardelli, B.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>De Simone, A.</author><author>Cuocolo, A.</author><author>Galva, M. D.</author><author>Picotti, G. B.</author><author>Condorelli, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Participation of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive parents</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>38-46</pages><volume>72</volume><number>1</number><edition>1985/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone/blood</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Blood Volume</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Diet, Sodium-Restricted</keyword><keyword>Diuresis</keyword><keyword>Epinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/pathology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Posture</keyword><keyword>Renin/blood</keyword><keyword>Water-Electrolyte Balance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1985</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-7322 (Print)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3159505</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3159505</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>91 and this response is prevented by b�-�blockade. Furthermore, in hypertensive patients, b�-blockade induces a vascular remodeling that correlates with changes in left ventricular wall thickness ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 102. Based on these observations Iaccarino et al. ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 50 assessed the impact of the b�2AR polymorphisms on cardiac and vascular target organ damage in a population of untreated essential hypertensive patients after evaluation of clinical, anamnesis and biochemical data. This study showed Arg16Gly, Glu27Gln, and Thr164Ile polymorphisms had no effect of on systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, although  Arg16 affected the age of the onset of hypertension ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 50. The main result of this study is that for the first time it is shown that  b�2AR gene polymorphism affects cardiac remodeling in response to hypertension. In particular, the presence of Glu27 variant is associated to a significantly higher risk of cardiac hypertrophy and all other measured cardiac indexes were significantly higher than those in patients with the Gln27 allele. This observation holds true even after correction for all factors that influence cardiac remodeling (body mass index, blood pressure levels, age and sex ). The effects of Glu27 polymorphism are more predominant in younger patients while it seems to fade with age. The effect of the presence of Glu27 polymorphism on the cardiac remodeling might be related to the gain-of-function in signal transduction induced by the mutation on b�2AR gene ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1336</RecNum><record><rec-number>1336</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1336</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Pulmonary) and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Molecular and genetic basis of beta2-adrenergic receptor function</title><secondary-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</full-title></periodical><pages>S42-6</pages><volume>104</volume><number>2 Pt 2</number><edition>1999/08/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/metabolism/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Sequence</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Structure-Activity Relationship</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-6749 (Print)&#xD;0091-6749 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10452787</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10452787</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>a100129 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>11. Consequently, it could be hypothesized that the reduction of sympathetic activation should be particularly effective to induce LV hypertrophy reduction in Glu27 b�2AR patients ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 50. 
Therefore, in another study Iaccarino et al. ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51 investigated the effects of b�2AR variants on the  LVMi regression when BP is reduced with b�1-blockers (Atenolol), which are unable to completely block b�2AR ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 103, 104, rather than with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (Enalapril), which in hypertension reduce the whole sympathetic discharge ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 105-107.  In this prospective follow up study were selected untreated hypertensive patients descent for the Gly16Arg, Gln27Glu, and Thr164Ile b�2AR polymorphisms and left ventricular echocardiographic hypertrophy and assigned selected patients to enalapril or atenolol to assess LV hypertrophy regression. After 2 years, antihypertensive therapy reduced BP similarly in both groups. Interestingly, when was considered the whole population, Glu27 patients showed a higher reduction in LVMi than Gln27 patients  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51independently from treatment ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51. Moreover, the patients harboring Glu27 b�2AR showed a larger regression of LVMi when treated with enalapril rather than atenolol. These results have suggested that in Glu27 patients an important effect of antihypertensive therapy on regression of LV hypertrophy is mediated through a non BP-dependent mechanism, but depend on  enhanced hypertrophic effect of the sympathetic system ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 51. ACE inhibitors, which reduce the sympathetic discharge overall ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 107, are also able to reverse LV hypertrophy through the reduction of the hypertrophic effect of catecholamines ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>1395</RecNum><record><rec-number>1395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1395</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Ricciardelli, B.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>De Simone, A.</author><author>Cuocolo, A.</author><author>Galva, M. D.</author><author>Picotti, G. B.</author><author>Condorelli, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Participation of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive parents</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>38-46</pages><volume>72</volume><number>1</number><edition>1985/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone/blood</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Blood Volume</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Diet, Sodium-Restricted</keyword><keyword>Diuresis</keyword><keyword>Epinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/pathology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>Posture</keyword><keyword>Renin/blood</keyword><keyword>Water-Electrolyte Balance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1985</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-7322 (Print)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3159505</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3159505</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>91. This property may be particularly relevant in Glu27 patients, because by reducing sympathetic activation, it may prevent the more marked catecholamine-mediated hypertrophy stimulus induced by the Glu27 b�2AR variant. 
Thr164Ile has been shown to cause impaired vasodilator function in vivo, suggesting that this variation has the most profound consequences on receptor function and may increase peripheral vascular resistance ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 44, 58. There have been few previous studies to investigate the effect of Thr164Ile on hypertension. Pereira et al. reported increased systolic blood pressure in Thr164Ile heterozygotes compared to non carriers in a ethnically mixed Brazilian population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pereira</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3109</RecNum><record><rec-number>3109</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3109</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pereira, A. C.</author><author>Floriano, M. S.</author><author>Mota, G. F.</author><author>Cunha, R. S.</author><author>Herkenhoff, F. L.</author><author>Mill, J. G.</author><author>Krieger, J. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Sao Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2 adrenoceptor functional gene variants, obesity, and blood pressure level interactions in the general population</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>685-92</pages><volume>42</volume><number>4</number><edition>2003/08/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Cross-Sectional Studies</keyword><keyword>Demography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Obesity/diagnosis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12900437</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12900437</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1161/01.HYP.0000085648.65419.17&#xD;01.HYP.0000085648.65419.17 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>108. Furthermore, no significant association between Thr164Ile genotype and hypertension w as found in a linkage study with 638 participants from 212 Polish pedigrees with clustering of hypertension ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Zak</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2595</RecNum><record><rec-number>2595</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2595</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zak, I.</author><author>Sarecka-Hujar, B.</author><author>Krauze, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. izak@slam.katowice.pl</auth-address><titles><title>Cigarette smoking, carrier state of A or G allele of 46A&gt;G and 79C&gt;G polymorphisms of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene, and the risk of coronary artery disease</title><secondary-title>Kardiol Pol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kardiol Pol</full-title></periodical><pages>380-6; discussion 387</pages><volume>66</volume><number>4</number><edition>2008/05/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Coronary Stenosis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypercholesterolemia</keyword><keyword>Hypertension</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Obesity</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Smoking/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-9032 (Print)&#xD;0022-9032 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18473266</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18473266</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10258 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>74. The lack of consistency amongst these studies may be attributable to ethnic differences in study subjects. Another explanation could be that analyses were not stratified by gender in any of these previous studies, probably due to the loss of power resulting from the reduction in sample size. Thr164Ile heterozygosity was associated with increased diastolic blood pressure in women, but not in men in the population  of Copenhagen City Heart Study ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 109. 

b�2�AR gene polymorphisms  and metabolic phenotype
Adrenergic receptors regulate lipid mobilization, energy expenditure and glycogen breakdown through endogenous catecholamines which are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis, nonesterified fatty acid distribution, lipoprotein metabolism, glucose homeostasis, vascular tone and blood pressure.HYPERLINK "http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v14/n1/full/5201521a.html" \l "bib1"1Thus, the�b�2AR gene constitutes a potential candidate gene to explain part of the genetic predisposition to metabolic disorders.
Current studies allow the speculation that the Glu27 variant might be associated with higher indices of obesity, higher body fat, larger fat cell volume and higher fasting insulin levels when compared with the Gln27 allele ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Large</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1623</RecNum><record><rec-number>1623</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1623</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Large, V.</author><author>Hellstrom, L.</author><author>Reynisdottir, S.</author><author>Lonnqvist, F.</author><author>Eriksson, P.</author><author>Lannfelt, L.</author><author>Arner, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-addres�������		(	*	R	T	X	t	v	�	�	�	�	


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h�$�Uh�$�hmH	sH	jhUh'�hB*mH	phsH	h�?�h5�\�mH	sH	h5�\�mH	sH	h��h5�\�mH	sH	)h��h5�H*OJQJ\�^JmH	sH	&h��h5�OJQJ\�^JmH	sH	hmH	sH	 h��hOJQJ^JmH	sH	�obp>t�E:K�t�t�twww�w�x�x`yz{�{�����������������$���0�d��^��`�0�a$gd/\�
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$d�a$gd�?��s�s>tEtuu3w8�=�=�=�=�=�=�D�D�D�DEE!E"E6E7E8E9E:EBECEXEYEhEiE}E~EE�E���˿ֽֿ��˿ֿ��˿ֿ֓�����˿ֿ�o�]#�j�Z
hhUmH	sH	#�j�Q
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hhUmH	sH	hV4hH*mH	sH	h/\�hH*mH	sH	UjhUmH	sH	h��hmH	sH	hmH	sH	h'�hB*mH	phsH	$h`h0JB*H*mH	phsH	$s>Department of Medicine, and Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.</auth-address><titles><title>Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function</title><secondary-title>J Clin Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Clin Invest</full-title></periodical><pages>3005-13</pages><volume>100</volume><number>12</number><edition>1998/01/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipocytes/cytology/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Codon</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Obesity/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9738 (Print)&#xD;0021-9738 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9399946</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9399946</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>508512</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1172/JCI119854</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>110  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1616</RecNum><record><rec-number>1616</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1616</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>38. However, although the Glu27variant has been associated with obesity  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 110, 111 and Type II diabetes ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 112, the findings have not been replicated in all studies  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 113, 114. 
Iaccarino et al. tested the hypothesis that in hypertensive patients a given polymorphism of b�2ARs might predict the occurrence of metabolic adverse events during b�AR blocking treatment ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 17. In particular, in this study were evaluated the effects of b�2AR polymorphism in hypertensive population, which are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, on the occurrence of diabetes and dyslipidemia observed after long-term treatment with b�-blockers. The b�2AR Glu 27 variant resulted associated with a larger occurrence of dyslipidemia due to increased serum triglycerides, independently from treatment ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 17.
Treatment with b�-blockers in these patients associates with a further significant increase of elevated serum triglycerids and combined dyslipidemia. On the contrary, b�-blockade in patients harboring this polymorphism did not change the occurrence of diabetes or low HDL. This result is particularly noteworthy, because it allows to identify a subpopulation where the occurrence of dyslipidemia after b�-blockade is very likely, with an incidence that is above 60%. The identification of this subpopulation makes safer the long-term treatment with b�-�blockers in patients who do not carry the polymorphism and who represent the majority of hypertensive patients ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 17. These data are in line with those of Iwamoto et al. ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 115 and of Ehrenborg et al. ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 116 who described the same association between the b�2AR Glu27 variant and hypertriglyceridemia in unselected populations. The mechanism by which the b�2�AR Glu27 variant is associated with a larger incidence of dyslipidemia is presently unknown. However, the key role of b�2�AR in the regulation of lypolysis is acquired. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that in skeletal muscle, b�2�AR subtype is the only receptor involved in this function ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hagstrom-Toft</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1662</RecNum><record><rec-number>1662</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1662</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hagstrom-Toft, E.</author><author>Enoksson, S.</author><author>Moberg, E.</author><author>Bolinder, J.</author><author>Arner, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine and Research Center, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Adrenergic regulation of lipolysis and blood flow in human skeletal muscle in vivo</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>E909-16</pages><volume>275</volume><number>6 Pt 1</number><edition>1998/12/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glycerol/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperinsulinism/metabolism/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Hypoglycemia/metabolism/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Lipolysis/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Microdialysis</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*blood supply/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9513 (Print)&#xD;0002-9513 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9843731</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9843731</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>117, whereas in adipose tissue b�1�- and b�3�AR are also involved ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Holm</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1663</RecNum><record><rec-number>1663</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1663</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Holm, C.</author><author>Belfrage, P.</author><author>Fredrikson, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry 4, University of Lund, Sweden.</auth-address><titles><title>Immunological evidence for the presence of hormone-sensitive lipase in rat tissues other than adipose tissue</title><secondary-title>Biochem Biophys Res Commun</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochem Biophys Res Commun</full-title></periodical><pages>99-105</pages><volume>148</volume><number>1</number><edition>1987/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipose Tissue/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Adrenal Glands/*enzymology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antibodies</keyword><keyword>Antigen-Antibody Complex</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hormones/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Kidney/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Liver/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscles/*enzymology</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*enzymology</keyword><keyword>Organ Specificity</keyword><keyword>Ovary/*enzymology</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred Strains</keyword><keyword>Sterol Esterase/*analysis/immunology</keyword><keyword>Testis/*enzymology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 14</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-291X (Print)&#xD;0006-291X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>3675597</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=3675597</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>0006-291X(87)91081-3 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>118. The Glu27 is a gain-of-function variant that causes an increase in the b�2�AR signaling, and therefore it is possible to speculate that the resulting physiology is an increased lypolysis, leading to hypertriglyceridemia. Regarding the reasons why b�-blocker treatment is associated with an increased incidence of dyslipidemia in patients with the b�2�AR Glu27 variant, it can be hypothesized that the b�1AR b�-�lockade induced by atenolol or metoprolol, two rather selective b�1� antagonists ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Abraham</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1664</RecNum><record><rec-number>1664</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1664</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abraham, W. T.</author><author>Iyengar, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart &amp; Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Heart Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Practical considerations for switching beta-blockers in heart failure patients</title><secondary-title>Rev Cardiovasc Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Rev Cardiovasc Med</full-title></periodical><pages>S36-44</pages><volume>5 Suppl 1</volume><edition>2004/06/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year></dates><isbn>1530-6550 (Print)&#xD;1530-6550 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15184837</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15184837</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>119, may result in the preferential activation of b�2�ARs. The consequence of this phenomenon would be even larger in patients with the b�2AR genetic variant resulting in dyslipidemia. The relevance of this finding includes the possibility to predict those patients that are highly likely to develop this side effect and consequently to extend to the majority of the patients the benefits of chronic b�-blockade.

Conclusions
b�2AR gene polymorphism represent an unique example of investigation in the genetics of CVD. The amount of data accumulating should be summed up  in systematic meta-analysis. This would be necessary to finally pose the final word on whether this polymorphism is a viable predictor for many feature of CVD. The jury  has been in consultation for long enough and the time has come for a final verdict.

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J.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. guiaccar@unina.it</auth-address><titles><title>Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene delivery to the endothelium corrects impaired adrenergic vasorelaxation in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>349-55</pages><volume>106</volume><number>3</number><edition>2002/07/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Aorta/cytology/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Culture Techniques</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>*Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Gene Transfer Techniques</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/enzymology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred SHR</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred WKY</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>*Vasodilation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Vasomotor System/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12119252</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12119252</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>2542</RecNum><record><rec-number>2542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Fiorillo, A.</author><author>Annecchiarico, M.</author><author>Ciccarelli, M.</author><author>Cimini, V.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. guiaccar@unina.it</auth-address><titles><title>Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene delivery to the endothelium corrects impaired adrenergic vasorelaxation in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>349-55</pages><volume>106</volume><number>3</number><edition>2002/07/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Aorta/cytology/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Culture Techniques</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>*Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Gene Transfer Techniques</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/enzymology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred SHR</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred WKY</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>*Vasodilation/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Vasomotor System/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12119252</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12119252</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1329</RecNum><record><rec-number>1329</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1329</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author><author>Hoehe, M. 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J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dept. of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. eisenach.john@mayo.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Arg16/Gly beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism alters the cardiac output response to isometric exercise</title><secondary-title>J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1776-81</pages><volume>99</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/05</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hand Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>8750-7587 (Print)&#xD;0161-7567 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15994241</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15994241</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00469.2005 [pii]&#xD;10.1152/japplphysiol.00469.2005</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>DPD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Baillie</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1716</RecNum><record><rec-number>1716</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1716</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baillie, G. 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D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Arrestin-mediated PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase recruitment regulates beta-adrenoceptor switching from Gs to Gi</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>940-5</pages><volume>100</volume><number>3</number><edition>2003/01/29</edition><keywords><keyword>3&apos;,5&apos;-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Animals, Newborn</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3</keyword><keyword>Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4</keyword><keyword>Enzyme Activation</keyword><keyword>Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genes, Dominant</keyword><keyword>Green Fluorescent Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoquinolines/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Luminescent Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Models, Biological</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/cytology</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Rolipram/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>*Sulfonamides</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Transfection</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12552097</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12552097</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>298705</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1073/pnas.262787199&#xD;262787199 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>UD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Nabel</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2524</RecNum><record><rec-number>2524</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2524</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nabel, E. 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G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20892, USA. enabel@nih.gov</auth-address><titles><title>Cardiovascular disease</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>60-72</pages><volume>349</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/07/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathies/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol, LDL/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Coronary Disease/etiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Profiling</keyword><keyword>Genetic Testing</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypercholesterolemia/complications/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Mutation</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Thrombosis/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 3</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4406 (Electronic)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12840094</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12840094</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMra035098&#xD;349/1/60 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Shin</Author><RecNum>2523</RecNum><record><rec-number>2523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shin, J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100486, Gainesville, FL 32610-0486, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-blocker pharmacogenetics in heart failure</title><secondary-title>Heart Fail Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart Fail Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>187-96</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><edition>2008/04/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7322 (Electronic)&#xD;1382-4147 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18437562</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18437562</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2851851</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10741-008-9094-x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>59</RecNum><record><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">59</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Cipoletta, E.</author><author>Fiorillo, A.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Terapia Cardiovascolare, Universita Federico II, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac remodeling in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>35-43</pages><volume>23</volume><number>1-2</number><edition>2001/03/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Calcium Signaling</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*etiology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*complications/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/*physiopathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-1963 (Print)&#xD;1064-1963 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11270587</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11270587</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Milano, C. A.</author><author>Shotwell, K. F.</author><author>Cho, M. C.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>21253-9</pages><volume>272</volume><number>34</number><edition>1997/08/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase Toxin</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Diglycerides/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Sarcolemma/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9261135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9261135</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Milano, C. A.</author><author>Shotwell, K. F.</author><author>Cho, M. C.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>21253-9</pages><volume>272</volume><number>34</number><edition>1997/08/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase Toxin</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Diglycerides/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Sarcolemma/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9261135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9261135</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>59</RecNum><record><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">59</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Cipoletta, E.</author><author>Fiorillo, A.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Terapia Cardiovascolare, Universita Federico II, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac remodeling in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>35-43</pages><volume>23</volume><number>1-2</number><edition>2001/03/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Calcium Signaling</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*etiology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*complications/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/*physiopathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jan-Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-1963 (Print)&#xD;1064-1963 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11270587</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11270587</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Milano, C. A.</author><author>Shotwell, K. F.</author><author>Cho, M. C.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>21253-9</pages><volume>272</volume><number>34</number><edition>1997/08/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase Toxin</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Diglycerides/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Sarcolemma/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9261135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9261135</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Milano, C. A.</author><author>Shotwell, K. F.</author><author>Cho, M. C.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>21253-9</pages><volume>272</volume><number>34</number><edition>1997/08/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase Toxin</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Diglycerides/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Sarcolemma/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9261135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9261135</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>6	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Milano, C. A.</author><author>Shotwell, K. F.</author><author>Cho, M. C.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>21253-9</pages><volume>272</volume><number>34</number><edition>1997/08/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase Toxin</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Diglycerides/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Sarcolemma/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9261135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9261135</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>t6	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>472</RecNum><record><rec-number>472</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">472</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Milano, C. A.</author><author>Shotwell, K. F.</author><author>Cho, M. C.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>21253-9</pages><volume>272</volume><number>34</number><edition>1997/08/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase Toxin</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Diglycerides/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Pertussis Toxin</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Sarcolemma/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword><keyword>Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 22</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9261135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9261135</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>938</RecNum><record><rec-number>938</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">938</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Tepe, N. M.</author><author>Lorenz, J. N.</author><author>Canning, A. M.</author><author>Jantz, T. D.</author><author>Mitarai, S.</author><author>Yatani, A.</author><author>Dorn, G. W., 2nd</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0590, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Early and delayed consequences of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor overexpression in mouse hearts: critical role for expression level</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>1707-14</pages><volume>101</volume><number>14</number><edition>2000/04/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Calcium Channels/metabolism/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/etiology/mortality</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathies/etiology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Electric Conductivity</keyword><keyword>Fibrosis</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/physiology</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology</keyword><keyword>Osmolar Concentration</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10758054</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10758054</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liggett</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>938</RecNum><record><rec-number>938</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">938</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Tepe, N. M.</author><author>Lorenz, J. N.</author><author>Canning, A. M.</author><author>Jantz, T. D.</author><author>Mitarai, S.</author><author>Yatani, A.</author><author>Dorn, G. W., 2nd</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0590, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Early and delayed consequences of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor overexpression in mouse hearts: critical role for expression level</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>1707-14</pages><volume>101</volume><number>14</number><edition>2000/04/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Calcium Channels/metabolism/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/etiology/mortality</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathies/etiology/pathology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Electric Conductivity</keyword><keyword>Fibrosis</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/physiology</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology</keyword><keyword>Osmolar Concentration</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 11</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10758054</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10758054</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>n	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>943</RecNum><record><rec-number>943</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">943</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Keys, J. 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J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina 27704, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Myocardial overexpression of GRK3 in transgenic mice: evidence for in vivo selectivity of GRKs</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>H1298-306</pages><volume>275</volume><number>4 Pt 2</number><edition>1998/09/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Angiotensin II/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Enzyme Activation</keyword><keyword>G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>*Hemodynamics/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/*enzymology</keyword><keyword>Open Reading Frames</keyword><keyword>Peptide Fragments/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>*Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Thrombin/physiology</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Rhodopsin/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9513 (Print)&#xD;0002-9513 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9746479</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9746479</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1329</RecNum><record><rec-number>1329</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1329</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. 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J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Restoration of beta-adrenergic signaling in failing cardiac ventricular myocytes via adenoviral-mediated gene transfer</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>12100-5</pages><volume>94</volume><number>22</number><edition>1997/10/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenoviridae/genetics</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Disease Models, Animal</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression</keyword><keyword>*Gene Transfer Techniques</keyword><keyword>Genetic Vectors</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/cytology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Rabbits</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Tachycardia</keyword><keyword>Transgenes</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 28</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9342369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9342369</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>23716</custom2><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Akhter</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1208</RecNum><record><rec-number>1208</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1208</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhter, S. A.</author><author>Skaer, C. A.</author><author>Kypson, A. P.</author><author>McDonald, P. H.</author><author>Peppel, K. C.</author><author>Glower, D. D.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Koch, W. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Restoration of beta-adrenergic signaling in failing cardiac ventricular myocytes via adenoviral-mediated gene transfer</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>12100-5</pages><volume>94</volume><number>22</number><edition>1997/10/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenoviridae/genetics</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Disease Models, Animal</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression</keyword><keyword>*Gene Transfer Techniques</keyword><keyword>Genetic Vectors</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/cytology/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Rabbits</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Tachycardia</keyword><keyword>Transgenes</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 28</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9342369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9342369</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>23716</custom2><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D���y������K����y������K�phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissueyX��;H�,�]ą'c��bD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pitcher</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pitcher, J. A.</author><author>Hall, R. A.</author><author>Daaka, Y.</author><author>Zhang, J.</author><author>Ferguson, S. S.</author><author>Hester, S.</author><author>Miller, S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Barak, L. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>12316-24</pages><volume>273</volume><number>20</number><edition>1998/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Immunoelectron</keyword><keyword>Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinase C/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>May 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9575184</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9575184</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>bD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pitcher</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pitcher, J. A.</author><author>Hall, R. A.</author><author>Daaka, Y.</author><author>Zhang, J.</author><author>Ferguson, S. S.</author><author>Hester, S.</author><author>Miller, S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Barak, L. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>12316-24</pages><volume>273</volume><number>20</number><edition>1998/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Immunoelectron</keyword><keyword>Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinase C/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>May 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9575184</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9575184</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>bD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pitcher</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pitcher, J. A.</author><author>Hall, R. A.</author><author>Daaka, Y.</author><author>Zhang, J.</author><author>Ferguson, S. S.</author><author>Hester, S.</author><author>Miller, S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Barak, L. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>12316-24</pages><volume>273</volume><number>20</number><edition>1998/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Immunoelectron</keyword><keyword>Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinase C/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>May 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9575184</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9575184</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>bD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pitcher</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pitcher, J. A.</author><author>Hall, R. A.</author><author>Daaka, Y.</author><author>Zhang, J.</author><author>Ferguson, S. S.</author><author>Hester, S.</author><author>Miller, S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Barak, L. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>12316-24</pages><volume>273</volume><number>20</number><edition>1998/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Immunoelectron</keyword><keyword>Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinase C/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>May 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9575184</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9575184</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>\D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pitcher</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pitcher, J. A.</author><author>Hall, R. A.</author><author>Daaka, Y.</author><author>Zhang, J.</author><author>Ferguson, S. S.</author><author>Hester, S.</author><author>Miller, S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Barak, L. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>12316-24</pages><volume>273</volume><number>20</number><edition>1998/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Immunoelectron</keyword><keyword>Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinase C/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>May 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9575184</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9575184</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>\D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pitcher</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1774</RecNum><record><rec-number>1774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pitcher, J. A.</author><author>Hall, R. A.</author><author>Daaka, Y.</author><author>Zhang, J.</author><author>Ferguson, S. S.</author><author>Hester, S.</author><author>Miller, S.</author><author>Caron, M. G.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author><author>Barak, L. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>12316-24</pages><volume>273</volume><number>20</number><edition>1998/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cell Line</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Microscopy, Immunoelectron</keyword><keyword>Microtubule-Associated Proteins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mutagenesis, Site-Directed</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinase C/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists</keyword><keyword>Tubulin/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>May 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9575184</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9575184</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kohout</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1690</RecNum><record><rec-number>1690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kohout, T. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization</title><secondary-title>Mol Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mol Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>9-18</pages><volume>63</volume><number>1</number><edition>2002/12/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Calcium/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Substrate Specificity</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0026-895X (Print)&#xD;0026-895X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12488531</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12488531</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>P
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kohout</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1690</RecNum><record><rec-number>1690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kohout, T. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization</title><secondary-title>Mol Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mol Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>9-18</pages><volume>63</volume><number>1</number><edition>2002/12/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Calcium/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Substrate Specificity</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0026-895X (Print)&#xD;0026-895X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12488531</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12488531</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kohout</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1719</RecNum><record><rec-number>1719</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>1719</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kohout, T. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization</title><secondary-title>Mol Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mol Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>9-18</pages><volume>63</volume><number>1</number><edition>2002/12/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Calcium/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Substrate Specificity</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0026-895X (Print)&#xD;0026-895X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12488531</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12488531</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kohout</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1719</RecNum><record><rec-number>1719</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>1719</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kohout, T. A.</author><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization</title><secondary-title>Mol Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mol Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>9-18</pages><volume>63</volume><number>1</number><edition>2002/12/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Calcium/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Cell Membrane</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phosphorylation</keyword><keyword>Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Substrate Specificity</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0026-895X (Print)&#xD;0026-895X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12488531</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12488531</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Lefkowitz</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1757</RecNum><record><rec-number>1757</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1757</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lefkowitz, R. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization</title><secondary-title>J Biol Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Biol Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>18677-80</pages><volume>273</volume><number>30</number><edition>1998/07/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Arrestins/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*GTP-Binding Proteins</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Protein Kinases/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 24</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9258 (Print)&#xD;0021-9258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9668034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9668034</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kamal</Author><RecNum>3111</RecNum><record><rec-number>3111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kamal, F. A.</author><author>Smrcka, A. V.</author><author>Blaxall, B. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Taking the heart failure battle inside the cell: small molecule targeting of Gbetagamma subunits</title><secondary-title>J Mol Cell Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Mol Cell Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>462-7</pages><volume>51</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/01/25</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Molecular Targeted Therapy</keyword><keyword>Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1095-8584 (Electronic)&#xD;0022-2828 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21256851</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21256851</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>3137754</custom2><electronic-resource-num>S0022-2828(11)00027-7 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.01.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kamal</Author><RecNum>3111</RecNum><record><rec-number>3111</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3111</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kamal, F. 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D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Perrino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>3112</RecNum><record><rec-number>3112</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3112</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perrino, C.</author><author>Naga Prasad, S. V.</author><author>Mao, L.</author><author>Noma, T.</author><author>Yan, Z.</author><author>Kim, H. S.</author><author>Smithies, O.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Intermittent pressure overload triggers hypertrophy-independent cardiac dysfunction and vascular rarefaction</title><secondary-title>J Clin Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Clin Invest</full-title></periodical><pages>1547-60</pages><volume>116</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/06/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*Blood Vessels/pathology/physiology/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low</keyword><keyword>*Cardiomegaly/pathology/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Inbred C57BL</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/cytology/metabolism/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/physiology</keyword><keyword>*Stress, Physiological</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9738 (Print)&#xD;0021-9738 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16741575</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16741575</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1464895</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1172/JCI25397</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>H
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Perrino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>3112</RecNum><record><rec-number>3112</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3112</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Perrino, C.</author><author>Naga Prasad, S. V.</author><author>Mao, L.</author><author>Noma, T.</author><author>Yan, Z.</author><author>Kim, H. S.</author><author>Smithies, O.</author><author>Rockman, H. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Intermittent pressure overload triggers hypertrophy-independent cardiac dysfunction and vascular rarefaction</title><secondary-title>J Clin Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Clin Invest</full-title></periodical><pages>1547-60</pages><volume>116</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/06/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*Blood Vessels/pathology/physiology/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low</keyword><keyword>*Cardiomegaly/pathology/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Mice</keyword><keyword>Mice, Inbred C57BL</keyword><keyword>Mice, Transgenic</keyword><keyword>Myocardium/cytology/metabolism/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/physiology</keyword><keyword>*Stress, Physiological</keyword><keyword>beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9738 (Print)&#xD;0021-9738 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16741575</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16741575</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1464895</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1172/JCI25397</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>@	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>@	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>@	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>@	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Chung</Author><RecNum>1819</RecNum><record><rec-number>1819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chung, L. P.</author><author>Waterer, G.</author><author>Thompson, P. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genetics Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, Perth, WA, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms, long-acting beta-agonists and asthma</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Allergy</full-title></periodical><pages>312-26</pages><volume>41</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/02/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Delayed-Action Preparations</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2222 (Electronic)&#xD;0954-7894 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21294785</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21294785</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03696.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Chung</Author><RecNum>1819</RecNum><record><rec-number>1819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chung, L. P.</author><author>Waterer, G.</author><author>Thompson, P. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genetics Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, Perth, WA, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Pharmacogenetics of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms, long-acting beta-agonists and asthma</title><secondary-title>Clin Exp Allergy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Exp Allergy</full-title></periodical><pages>312-26</pages><volume>41</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/02/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Delayed-Action Preparations</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2222 (Electronic)&#xD;0954-7894 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21294785</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21294785</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03696.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hawkins</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1671</RecNum><record><rec-number>1671</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1671</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hawkins, G. A.</author><author>Tantisira, K.</author><author>Meyers, D. A.</author><author>Ampleford, E. J.</author><author>Moore, W. C.</author><author>Klanderman, B.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Peters, S. P.</author><author>Weiss, S. T.</author><author>Bleecker, E. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Sequence, haplotype, and association analysis of ADRbeta2 in a multiethnic asthma case-control study</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1101-9</pages><volume>174</volume><number>10</number><edition>2006/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>African Americans/genetics</keyword><keyword>Asthma/*epidemiology/ethnology/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics</keyword><keyword>Forced Expiratory Volume</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sequence Analysis, DNA</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16931635</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16931635</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2648111</custom2><electronic-resource-num>200509-1405OC [pii]&#xD;10.1164/rccm.200509-1405OC</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Scott</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2010</RecNum><record><rec-number>2010</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2010</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scott, M. G.</author><author>Swan, C.</author><author>Wheatley, A. P.</author><author>Hall, I. 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B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Implications of genetic variability of human beta 2-adrenergic receptor structure</title><secondary-title>Pulm Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pulm Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-10</pages><volume>8</volume><number>1</number><edition>1995/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Asthma/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Point Mutation</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*chemistry/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0952-0600 (Print)&#xD;0952-0600 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8535093</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8535093</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>"	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2037</RecNum><record><rec-number>2037</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2037</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moore, P. 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A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Environmental Physiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphism of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene and desensitization in human airway smooth muscle</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-24</pages><volume>162</volume><number>6</number><edition>2000/12/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Bucladesine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Indomethacin/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Smooth/cytology/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/drug effects/*genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Trachea/cytology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11112125</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11112125</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>"	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Moore</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2037</RecNum><record><rec-number>2037</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2037</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moore, P. E.</author><author>Laporte, J. D.</author><author>Abraham, J. H.</author><author>Schwartzman, I. N.</author><author>Yandava, C. N.</author><author>Silverman, E. S.</author><author>Drazen, J. M.</author><author>Wand, M. P.</author><author>Panettieri, R. A., Jr.</author><author>Shore, S. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Environmental Physiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphism of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene and desensitization in human airway smooth muscle</title><secondary-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-24</pages><volume>162</volume><number>6</number><edition>2000/12/09</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Bucladesine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Cells, Cultured</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Indomethacin/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Smooth/cytology/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/drug effects/*genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Trachea/cytology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1073-449X (Print)&#xD;1073-449X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11112125</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11112125</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote><D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2104</RecNum><record><rec-number>2104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>2018</RecNum><record><rec-number>2018</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2018</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. A.</author><author>Turki, J.</author><author>Hall, I. P.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Implications of genetic variability of human beta 2-adrenergic receptor structure</title><secondary-title>Pulm Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pulm Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-10</pages><volume>8</volume><number>1</number><edition>1995/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Asthma/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Point Mutation</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*chemistry/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0952-0600 (Print)&#xD;0952-0600 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8535093</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8535093</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote><D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2104</RecNum><record><rec-number>2104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>2018</RecNum><record><rec-number>2018</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2018</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. 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B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine (Pulmonary), University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0564, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Implications of genetic variability of human beta 2-adrenergic receptor structure</title><secondary-title>Pulm Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pulm Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-10</pages><volume>8</volume><number>1</number><edition>1995/02/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Asthma/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Point Mutation</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*chemistry/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0952-0600 (Print)&#xD;0952-0600 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>8535093</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=8535093</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	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L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Hoit</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2290</RecNum><record><rec-number>2290</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2290</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hoit, B. 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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>The Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism slows the onset of desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>59-66</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2003/02/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12563174</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12563174</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>$!D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1616</RecNum><record><rec-number>1616</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1616</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Hoit</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2290</RecNum><record><rec-number>2290</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2290</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hoit, B. D.</author><author>Suresh, D. P.</author><author>Craft, L.</author><author>Walsh, R. A.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology and the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. bdh6@po.cwru.edu</auth-address><titles><title>beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms at amino acid 16 differentially influence agonist-stimulated blood pressure and peripheral blood flow in normal individuals</title><secondary-title>Am Heart J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am Heart J</full-title></periodical><pages>537-42</pages><volume>139</volume><number>3</number><edition>2000/02/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Substitution/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/blood supply</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Observer Variation</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-8703 (Print)&#xD;0002-8703 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10689270</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10689270</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0002-8703(00)90099-1 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2299</RecNum><record><rec-number>2299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Insel, P. A.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>The Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism slows the onset of desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>59-66</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2003/02/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12563174</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12563174</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2300</RecNum><record><rec-number>2300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author><author>Hoehe, M. R.</author><author>Skrabal, F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder, Teaching Hospital of the Karl Franzens University Graz (Austria).</auth-address><titles><title>beta-2 Adrenergic receptor variants affect resting blood pressure and agonist-induced vasodilation in young adult Caucasians</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>1425-30</pages><volume>33</volume><number>6</number><edition>1999/06/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Albuterol/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Arginine</keyword><keyword>Austria</keyword><keyword>*Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glycine</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intravenous</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Supine Position</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/drug effects/genetics/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10373227</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10373227</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2300</RecNum><record><rec-number>2300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author><author>Hoehe, M. R.</author><author>Skrabal, F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder, Teaching Hospital of the Karl Franzens University Graz (Austria).</auth-address><titles><title>beta-2 Adrenergic receptor variants affect resting blood pressure and agonist-induced vasodilation in young adult Caucasians</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>1425-30</pages><volume>33</volume><number>6</number><edition>1999/06/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Albuterol/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Arginine</keyword><keyword>Austria</keyword><keyword>*Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glycine</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intravenous</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Supine Position</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/drug effects/genetics/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10373227</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10373227</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hoit</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2290</RecNum><record><rec-number>2290</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2290</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hoit, B. D.</author><author>Suresh, D. P.</author><author>Craft, L.</author><author>Walsh, R. A.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology and the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. bdh6@po.cwru.edu</auth-address><titles><title>beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms at amino acid 16 differentially influence agonist-stimulated blood pressure and peripheral blood flow in normal individuals</title><secondary-title>Am Heart J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am Heart J</full-title></periodical><pages>537-42</pages><volume>139</volume><number>3</number><edition>2000/02/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Substitution/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/blood supply</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Observer Variation</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-8703 (Print)&#xD;0002-8703 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10689270</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10689270</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0002-8703(00)90099-1 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2300</RecNum><record><rec-number>2300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author><author>Hoehe, M. R.</author><author>Skrabal, F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Bruder, Teaching Hospital of the Karl Franzens University Graz (Austria).</auth-address><titles><title>beta-2 Adrenergic receptor variants affect resting blood pressure and agonist-induced vasodilation in young adult Caucasians</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>1425-30</pages><volume>33</volume><number>6</number><edition>1999/06/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Albuterol/administration &amp; dosage/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Arginine</keyword><keyword>Austria</keyword><keyword>*Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glycine</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intravenous</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Supine Position</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/drug effects/genetics/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10373227</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10373227</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hoit</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2290</RecNum><record><rec-number>2290</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2290</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hoit, B. D.</author><author>Suresh, D. P.</author><author>Craft, L.</author><author>Walsh, R. A.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology and the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. bdh6@po.cwru.edu</auth-address><titles><title>beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms at amino acid 16 differentially influence agonist-stimulated blood pressure and peripheral blood flow in normal individuals</title><secondary-title>Am Heart J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am Heart J</full-title></periodical><pages>537-42</pages><volume>139</volume><number>3</number><edition>2000/02/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Substitution/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/blood supply</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Observer Variation</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Stroke Volume/drug effects/genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-8703 (Print)&#xD;0002-8703 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10689270</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10689270</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0002-8703(00)90099-1 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>2300</RecNum><record><rec-number>2300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author><author>Hoehe, M. 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D.</author><author>Joyner, M. J.</author><author>Dietz, N. M.</author><author>Boerwinkle, E.</author><author>Turner, S. 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G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>PD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Garovic</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2303</RecNum><record><rec-number>2303</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2303</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Garovic, V. D.</author><author>Joyner, M. J.</author><author>Dietz, N. M.</author><author>Boerwinkle, E.</author><author>Turner, S. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and nitric oxide-dependent forearm blood flow responses to isoproterenol in humans</title><secondary-title>J Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>583-9</pages><volume>546</volume><number>Pt 2</number><edition>2003/01/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Substitution</keyword><keyword>Arginine</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Forearm/*blood supply</keyword><keyword>Glycine</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-3751 (Print)&#xD;0022-3751 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12527744</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12527744</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2342525</custom2><electronic-resource-num>PHY_031138 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>,D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2014</RecNum><record><rec-number>2014</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2014</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Beilfuss, A.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Genotype-dependent time course of lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor down-regulation</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>255-63</pages><volume>74</volume><number>3</number><edition>2003/09/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Binding Sites</keyword><keyword>Codon/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iodocyanopindolol/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12966369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12966369</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00188-7&#xD;S0009923603001887 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2104</RecNum><record><rec-number>2104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>,D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2014</RecNum><record><rec-number>2014</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2014</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Beilfuss, A.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Genotype-dependent time course of lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor down-regulation</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>255-63</pages><volume>74</volume><number>3</number><edition>2003/09/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Binding Sites</keyword><keyword>Codon/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iodocyanopindolol/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12966369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12966369</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00188-7&#xD;S0009923603001887 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2104</RecNum><record><rec-number>2104</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2104</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>|D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>|D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>|D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. 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J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>|D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>ND<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2014</RecNum><record><rec-number>2014</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2014</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Beilfuss, A.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Genotype-dependent time course of lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor down-regulation</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>255-63</pages><volume>74</volume><number>3</number><edition>2003/09/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Binding Sites</keyword><keyword>Codon/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iodocyanopindolol/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12966369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12966369</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00188-7&#xD;S0009923603001887 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2299</RecNum><record><rec-number>2299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Insel, P. A.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>The Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism slows the onset of desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>59-66</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2003/02/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12563174</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12563174</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>ND<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2014</RecNum><record><rec-number>2014</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2014</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Beilfuss, A.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Genotype-dependent time course of lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor down-regulation</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>255-63</pages><volume>74</volume><number>3</number><edition>2003/09/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Binding Sites</keyword><keyword>Codon/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iodocyanopindolol/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12966369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12966369</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00188-7&#xD;S0009923603001887 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2299</RecNum><record><rec-number>2299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Insel, P. 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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>The Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism slows the onset of desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>59-66</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2003/02/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12563174</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12563174</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Eisenach</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1370</RecNum><record><rec-number>1370</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1370</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eisenach, J. 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J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dept. of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. eisenach.john@mayo.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Arg16/Gly beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism alters the cardiac output response to isometric exercise</title><secondary-title>J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1776-81</pages><volume>99</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/05</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hand Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>8750-7587 (Print)&#xD;0161-7567 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15994241</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15994241</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00469.2005 [pii]&#xD;10.1152/japplphysiol.00469.2005</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Eisenach</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1370</RecNum><record><rec-number>1370</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1370</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eisenach, J. 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J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dept. of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. eisenach.john@mayo.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Arg16/Gly beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism alters the cardiac output response to isometric exercise</title><secondary-title>J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>1776-81</pages><volume>99</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/05</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hand Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Norepinephrine/blood</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>8750-7587 (Print)&#xD;0161-7567 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15994241</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15994241</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00469.2005 [pii]&#xD;10.1152/japplphysiol.00469.2005</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>nD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Drysdale</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1792</RecNum><record><rec-number>1792</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1792</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Drysdale, C. 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B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Complex promoter and coding region beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title></periodical><pages>10483-8</pages><volume>97</volume><number>19</number><edition>2000/09/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>Cell Line, Transformed</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>*Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Phylogeny</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>*Promoter Regions, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)&#xD;0027-8424 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10984540</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10984540</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>27050</custom2><electronic-resource-num>97/19/10483 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2014</RecNum><record><rec-number>2014</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2014</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Beilfuss, A.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Genotype-dependent time course of lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor down-regulation</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>255-63</pages><volume>74</volume><number>3</number><edition>2003/09/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Binding Sites</keyword><keyword>Codon/genetics</keyword><keyword>Cyclic AMP/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Iodocyanopindolol/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*biosynthesis/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12966369</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12966369</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00188-7&#xD;S0009923603001887 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>~D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2216</RecNum><record><rec-number>2216</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2216</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, S. 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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, 06096 Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of atropine on human cardiac beta 1- and/or beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>572-7</pages><volume>367</volume><number>6</number><edition>2003/05/22</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Atropine/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Cross-Over Studies</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Epinephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12759717</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12759717</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0757-9</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2317</RecNum><record><rec-number>2317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Landau, R.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Smiley, R. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and General Clinical Research Center Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor Thr164Ile polymorphism is associated with markedly decreased vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>517-22</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><edition>2004/07/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Threonine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15284533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15284533</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00008571-200408000-00004 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2016</RecNum><record><rec-number>2016</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2016</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Gerlach, S.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, 06096 Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of atropine on human cardiac beta 1- and/or beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>572-7</pages><volume>367</volume><number>6</number><edition>2003/05/22</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Atropine/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Cross-Over Studies</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Epinephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12759717</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12759717</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0757-9</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2317</RecNum><record><rec-number>2317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Landau, R.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Smiley, R. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and General Clinical Research Center Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor Thr164Ile polymorphism is associated with markedly decreased vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>517-22</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><edition>2004/07/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Threonine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15284533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15284533</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00008571-200408000-00004 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>XD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2310</RecNum><record><rec-number>2310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Penicka, M.</author><author>Delrue, L.</author><author>Van Durme, F.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Goethals, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author><author>Vanderheyden, M.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Biology and Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor negatively modulates cardiac contractility: implications for prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>856-61</pages><volume>93</volume><number>7</number><edition>2007/06/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17569809</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17569809</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1994438</custom2><electronic-resource-num>93/7/856 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.091959</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2297</RecNum><record><rec-number>2297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of the human beta2-adrenoceptor exhibits blunted desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>H2034-8</pages><volume>285</volume><number>5</number><edition>2003/07/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0363-6135 (Print)&#xD;0363-6135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12869379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12869379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1152/ajpheart.00324.2003&#xD;00324.2003 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>XD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2310</RecNum><record><rec-number>2310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Penicka, M.</author><author>Delrue, L.</author><author>Van Durme, F.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Goethals, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author><author>Vanderheyden, M.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Biology and Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor negatively modulates cardiac contractility: implications for prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>856-61</pages><volume>93</volume><number>7</number><edition>2007/06/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17569809</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17569809</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1994438</custom2><electronic-resource-num>93/7/856 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.091959</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2297</RecNum><record><rec-number>2297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of the human beta2-adrenoceptor exhibits blunted desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>H2034-8</pages><volume>285</volume><number>5</number><edition>2003/07/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0363-6135 (Print)&#xD;0363-6135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12869379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12869379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1152/ajpheart.00324.2003&#xD;00324.2003 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>:
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2317</RecNum><record><rec-number>2317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Landau, R.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Smiley, R. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and General Clinical Research Center Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor Thr164Ile polymorphism is associated with markedly decreased vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>517-22</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><edition>2004/07/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Threonine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15284533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15284533</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00008571-200408000-00004 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>:
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2317</RecNum><record><rec-number>2317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Landau, R.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Smiley, R. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and General Clinical Research Center Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor Thr164Ile polymorphism is associated with markedly decreased vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>517-22</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><edition>2004/07/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Threonine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15284533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15284533</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00008571-200408000-00004 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2317</RecNum><record><rec-number>2317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Landau, R.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Smiley, R. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and General Clinical Research Center Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor Thr164Ile polymorphism is associated with markedly decreased vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>517-22</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><edition>2004/07/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Threonine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15284533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15284533</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00008571-200408000-00004 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2322</RecNum><record><rec-number>2322</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2322</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Park, J.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Nephrology and Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Human beta2-adrenergic receptor gene haplotypes and venodilation in vivo</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>232-8</pages><volume>78</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/09/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hand/blood supply</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intravenous</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16153394</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16153394</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(05)00234-1 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2005.06.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2317</RecNum><record><rec-number>2317</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2317</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Landau, R.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Smiley, R. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology and General Clinical Research Center Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor Thr164Ile polymorphism is associated with markedly decreased vasodilator and increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>517-22</pages><volume>14</volume><number>8</number><edition>2004/07/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoleucine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Threonine/chemistry/genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstriction/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15284533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15284533</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00008571-200408000-00004 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2322</RecNum><record><rec-number>2322</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2322</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Park, J.</author><author>Weber, M.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Nephrology and Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Human beta2-adrenergic receptor gene haplotypes and venodilation in vivo</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>232-8</pages><volume>78</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/09/13</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hand/blood supply</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intravenous</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Regional Blood Flow/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Veins/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16153394</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16153394</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(05)00234-1 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2005.06.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>~D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1833</RecNum><record><rec-number>1833</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1833</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Autonomic receptor systems in the failing and aging human heart: similarities and differences</title><secondary-title>Eur J Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>167-76</pages><volume>500</volume><number>1-3</number><edition>2004/10/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Aging/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0014-2999 (Print)&#xD;0014-2999 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15464030</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15464030</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0014-2999(04)00731-9 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.022</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>~D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1833</RecNum><record><rec-number>1833</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1833</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Autonomic receptor systems in the failing and aging human heart: similarities and differences</title><secondary-title>Eur J Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>167-76</pages><volume>500</volume><number>1-3</number><edition>2004/10/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Aging/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Muscarinic/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0014-2999 (Print)&#xD;0014-2999 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15464030</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15464030</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0014-2999(04)00731-9 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.022</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1850</RecNum><record><rec-number>1850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine; D-45147 Essen/Germany. otto-erich.brodde@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>267-75</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/05/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Linkage Disequilibrium</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15864127</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15864127</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200505000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shin</Author><RecNum>2523</RecNum><record><rec-number>2523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shin, J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100486, Gainesville, FL 32610-0486, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-blocker pharmacogenetics in heart failure</title><secondary-title>Heart Fail Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart Fail Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>187-96</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><edition>2008/04/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7322 (Electronic)&#xD;1382-4147 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18437562</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18437562</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2851851</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10741-008-9094-x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2013</RecNum><record><rec-number>2013</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2013</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shin</Author><RecNum>2523</RecNum><record><rec-number>2523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shin, J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100486, Gainesville, FL 32610-0486, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-blocker pharmacogenetics in heart failure</title><secondary-title>Heart Fail Rev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart Fail Rev</full-title></periodical><pages>187-96</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><edition>2008/04/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7322 (Electronic)&#xD;1382-4147 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18437562</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18437562</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2851851</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10741-008-9094-x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2013</RecNum><record><rec-number>2013</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2013</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor polymorphisms: functional importance, impact on cardiovascular diseases and drug responses</title><secondary-title>Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-29</pages><volume>117</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/*drug therapy/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0163-7258 (Print)&#xD;0163-7258 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17916379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17916379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0163-7258(07)00153-2 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.002</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Heckbert</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2496</RecNum><record><rec-number>2496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Heckbert, S. 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D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1648</RecNum><record><rec-number>1648</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1648</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cirillo, P.</author><author>De Luca, G.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy. emanuele.barbato@uniroma1.it</auth-address><titles><title>Role of beta2 adrenergic receptors in human atherosclerotic coronary 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Compounds/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phentolamine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15642763</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15642763</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01.CIR.0000153270.25541.72 [pii]&#xD;10.1161/01.CIR.0000153270.25541.72</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2310</RecNum><record><rec-number>2310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Penicka, M.</author><author>Delrue, L.</author><author>Van Durme, F.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Goethals, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author><author>Vanderheyden, M.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Biology and Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor negatively modulates cardiac contractility: implications for prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>856-61</pages><volume>93</volume><number>7</number><edition>2007/06/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17569809</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17569809</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1994438</custom2><electronic-resource-num>93/7/856 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.091959</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2310</RecNum><record><rec-number>2310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Penicka, M.</author><author>Delrue, L.</author><author>Van Durme, F.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Goethals, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author><author>Vanderheyden, M.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Biology and Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor negatively modulates cardiac contractility: implications for prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>856-61</pages><volume>93</volume><number>7</number><edition>2007/06/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17569809</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17569809</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1994438</custom2><electronic-resource-num>93/7/856 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.091959</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>McLean</Author><RecNum>2754</RecNum><record><rec-number>2754</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2754</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLean, R. C.</author><author>Hirsch, G. A.</author><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Kasch-Semenza, L.</author><author>Gerstenblith, G.</author><author>Schulman, S. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. rmclean5@jhmi.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphisms of the beta adrenergic receptor predict left ventricular remodeling following acute myocardial infarction</title><secondary-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>251-8</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/06/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Remodeling/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7241 (Electronic)&#xD;0920-3206 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21626217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21626217</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10557-011-6307-7</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>McLean</Author><RecNum>2754</RecNum><record><rec-number>2754</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2754</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLean, R. C.</author><author>Hirsch, G. A.</author><author>Becker, L. C.</author><author>Kasch-Semenza, L.</author><author>Gerstenblith, G.</author><author>Schulman, S. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. rmclean5@jhmi.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphisms of the beta adrenergic receptor predict left ventricular remodeling following acute myocardial infarction</title><secondary-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>251-8</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/06/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Remodeling/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7241 (Electronic)&#xD;0920-3206 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21626217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21626217</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10557-011-6307-7</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>McLean</Author><RecNum>2754</RecNum><record><rec-number>2754</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2754</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLean, R. 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P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. rmclean5@jhmi.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphisms of the beta adrenergic receptor predict left ventricular remodeling following acute myocardial infarction</title><secondary-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>251-8</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/06/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Remodeling/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7241 (Electronic)&#xD;0920-3206 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21626217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21626217</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10557-011-6307-7</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>McLean</Author><RecNum>2754</RecNum><record><rec-number>2754</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2754</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McLean, R. 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P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. rmclean5@jhmi.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Polymorphisms of the beta adrenergic receptor predict left ventricular remodeling following acute myocardial infarction</title><secondary-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cardiovasc Drugs Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>251-8</pages><volume>25</volume><number>3</number><edition>2011/06/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/genetics/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Remodeling/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1573-7241 (Electronic)&#xD;0920-3206 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21626217</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21626217</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10557-011-6307-7</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
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D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hunt</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>3138</RecNum><record><rec-number>3138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hunt, S. A.</author><author>Abraham, W. T.</author><author>Chin, M. H.</author><author>Feldman, A. M.</author><author>Francis, G. S.</author><author>Ganiats, T. G.</author><author>Jessup, M.</author><author>Konstam, M. A.</author><author>Mancini, D. M.</author><author>Michl, K.</author><author>Oates, J. A.</author><author>Rahko, P. S.</author><author>Silver, M. A.</author><author>Stevenson, L. W.</author><author>Yancy, C. W.</author><author>Antman, E. M.</author><author>Smith, S. C., Jr.</author><author>Adams, C. D.</author><author>Anderson, J. L.</author><author>Faxon, D. P.</author><author>Fuster, V.</author><author>Halperin, J. L.</author><author>Hiratzka, L. F.</author><author>Jacobs, A. K.</author><author>Nishimura, R.</author><author>Ornato, J. P.</author><author>Page, R. L.</author><author>Riegel, B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>e154-235</pages><volume>112</volume><number>12</number><edition>2005/09/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*diagnosis/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 20</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16160202</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16160202</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 [pii]&#xD;10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>GD���y������K����y������K��http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=PubMed&term=%20Pacanowski%2BM%5bauth%5dyX��;H�,�]ą'c���
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pacanowski</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2770</RecNum><record><rec-number>2770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pacanowski, M. A.</author><author>Gong, Y.</author><author>Cooper-Dehoff, R. M.</author><author>Schork, N. J.</author><author>Shriver, M. D.</author><author>Langaee, T. Y.</author><author>Pepine, C. J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and beta-blocker treatment outcomes in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>715-21</pages><volume>84</volume><number>6</number><edition>2008/07/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Confidence Intervals</keyword><keyword>Coronary Disease/drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Verapamil/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-6535 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18615004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18615004</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2675574</custom2><electronic-resource-num>clpt2008139 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/clpt.2008.139</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pacanowski</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2770</RecNum><record><rec-number>2770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pacanowski, M. A.</author><author>Gong, Y.</author><author>Cooper-Dehoff, R. M.</author><author>Schork, N. J.</author><author>Shriver, M. D.</author><author>Langaee, T. Y.</author><author>Pepine, C. J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and beta-blocker treatment outcomes in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>715-21</pages><volume>84</volume><number>6</number><edition>2008/07/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Confidence Intervals</keyword><keyword>Coronary Disease/drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Verapamil/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-6535 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18615004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18615004</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2675574</custom2><electronic-resource-num>clpt2008139 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/clpt.2008.139</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pacanowski</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2770</RecNum><record><rec-number>2770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pacanowski, M. A.</author><author>Gong, Y.</author><author>Cooper-Dehoff, R. M.</author><author>Schork, N. J.</author><author>Shriver, M. D.</author><author>Langaee, T. Y.</author><author>Pepine, C. J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and beta-blocker treatment outcomes in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>715-21</pages><volume>84</volume><number>6</number><edition>2008/07/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Confidence Intervals</keyword><keyword>Coronary Disease/drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Verapamil/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-6535 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18615004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18615004</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2675574</custom2><electronic-resource-num>clpt2008139 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/clpt.2008.139</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pacanowski</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2770</RecNum><record><rec-number>2770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pacanowski, M. A.</author><author>Gong, Y.</author><author>Cooper-Dehoff, R. M.</author><author>Schork, N. J.</author><author>Shriver, M. D.</author><author>Langaee, T. Y.</author><author>Pepine, C. J.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and beta-blocker treatment outcomes in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>715-21</pages><volume>84</volume><number>6</number><edition>2008/07/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword><keyword>Confidence Intervals</keyword><keyword>Coronary Disease/drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Drug Administration Schedule</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Verapamil/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacokinetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1532-6535 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18615004</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18615004</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>2675574</custom2><electronic-resource-num>clpt2008139 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/clpt.2008.139</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>hD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kaye</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3137</RecNum><record><rec-number>3137</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3137</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kaye, D. M.</author><author>Smirk, B.</author><author>Williams, C.</author><author>Jennings, G.</author><author>Esler, M.</author><author>Holst, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital and Baker Medical Reserach Insititute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. d.kaye@alfred.org.au</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor genotype influences the response to carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>379-82</pages><volume>13</volume><number>7</number><edition>2003/07/02</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12835612</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12835612</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/01.fpc.0000054104.48725.15</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>hD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kaye</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3137</RecNum><record><rec-number>3137</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3137</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kaye, D. M.</author><author>Smirk, B.</author><author>Williams, C.</author><author>Jennings, G.</author><author>Esler, M.</author><author>Holst, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital and Baker Medical Reserach Insititute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. d.kaye@alfred.org.au</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor genotype influences the response to carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>379-82</pages><volume>13</volume><number>7</number><edition>2003/07/02</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12835612</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12835612</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/01.fpc.0000054104.48725.15</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>de Groote</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2906</RecNum><record><rec-number>2906</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2906</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Groote, P.</author><author>Helbecque, N.</author><author>Lamblin, N.</author><author>Hermant, X.</author><author>Mc Fadden, E.</author><author>Foucher-Hossein, C.</author><author>Amouyel, P.</author><author>Dallongeville, J.</author><author>Bauters, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Cardiologie C, Hopital Cardiologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France. pdegroote@chru-lille.fr</auth-address><titles><title>Association between beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and the response to beta-blockade in patients with stable congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>137-42</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/04/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Angiography</keyword><keyword>Bisoprolol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Codon</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Maximum Tolerated Dose</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/*drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15861037</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15861037</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200503000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>de Groote</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2906</RecNum><record><rec-number>2906</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2906</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Groote, P.</author><author>Helbecque, N.</author><author>Lamblin, N.</author><author>Hermant, X.</author><author>Mc Fadden, E.</author><author>Foucher-Hossein, C.</author><author>Amouyel, P.</author><author>Dallongeville, J.</author><author>Bauters, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Cardiologie C, Hopital Cardiologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France. pdegroote@chru-lille.fr</auth-address><titles><title>Association between beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and the response to beta-blockade in patients with stable congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenet Genomics</full-title></periodical><pages>137-42</pages><volume>15</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/04/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Angiography</keyword><keyword>Bisoprolol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Codon</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Maximum Tolerated Dose</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/*drug effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1744-6872 (Print)&#xD;1744-6872 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15861037</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15861037</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01213011-200503000-00001 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shin</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2908</RecNum><record><rec-number>2908</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2908</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shin, J.</author><author>Lobmeyer, M. 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A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Relation of beta(2)-adrenoceptor haplotype to risk of death and heart transplantation in patients with heart failure</title><secondary-title>Am J Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>250-5</pages><volume>99</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/01/16</edition><keywords><keyword>DNA/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Death, Sudden, Cardiac/*epidemiology/etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>*Heart Failure/genetics/mortality/surgery</keyword><keyword>*Heart Transplantation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Survival Rate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9149 (Print)&#xD;0002-9149 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17223428</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17223428</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0002-9149(06)02012-1 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.020</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shin</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2908</RecNum><record><rec-number>2908</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2908</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shin, J.</author><author>Lobmeyer, M. T.</author><author>Gong, Y.</author><author>Zineh, I.</author><author>Langaee, T. Y.</author><author>Yarandi, H.</author><author>Schofield, R. S.</author><author>Aranda, J. M., Jr.</author><author>Hill, J. A.</author><author>Pauly, D. F.</author><author>Johnson, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Relation of beta(2)-adrenoceptor haplotype to risk of death and heart transplantation in patients with heart failure</title><secondary-title>Am J Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>250-5</pages><volume>99</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/01/16</edition><keywords><keyword>DNA/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Death, Sudden, Cardiac/*epidemiology/etiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>*Heart Failure/genetics/mortality/surgery</keyword><keyword>*Heart Transplantation</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Survival Rate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9149 (Print)&#xD;0002-9149 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17223428</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17223428</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0002-9149(06)02012-1 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.020</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lanfear</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2909</RecNum><record><rec-number>2909</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2909</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lanfear, D. E.</author><author>Jones, P. G.</author><author>Marsh, S.</author><author>Cresci, S.</author><author>McLeod, H. L.</author><author>Spertus, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine, Genetics, and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo;</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor genotype and survival among patients receiving beta-blocker therapy after an acute coronary syndrome</title><secondary-title>JAMA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA</full-title></periodical><pages>1526-33</pages><volume>294</volume><number>12</number><edition>2005/09/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angina, Unstable/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 28</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1538-3598 (Electronic)&#xD;0098-7484 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16189366</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16189366</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>294/12/1526 [pii]&#xD;10.1001/jama.294.12.1526</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lanfear</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2909</RecNum><record><rec-number>2909</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2909</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lanfear, D. 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A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Medicine, Genetics, and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo;</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor genotype and survival among patients receiving beta-blocker therapy after an acute coronary syndrome</title><secondary-title>JAMA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA</full-title></periodical><pages>1526-33</pages><volume>294</volume><number>12</number><edition>2005/09/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angina, Unstable/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Infarction/*drug therapy/*genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Sep 28</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1538-3598 (Electronic)&#xD;0098-7484 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16189366</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16189366</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>294/12/1526 [pii]&#xD;10.1001/jama.294.12.1526</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>v
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Troncoso</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2911</RecNum><record><rec-number>2911</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2911</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Troncoso, R.</author><author>Moraga, F.</author><author>Chiong, M.</author><author>Roldan, J.</author><author>Bravo, R.</author><author>Valenzuela, R.</author><author>Diaz-Araya, G.</author><author>del Campo, A.</author><author>Sanhueza, C.</author><author>Rodriguez, A.</author><author>Vukasovic, J. L.</author><author>Mellado, R.</author><author>Greig, D.</author><author>Castro, P. F.</author><author>Lavandero, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FONDAP Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.</auth-address><titles><title>Gln(27)--&gt;Glubeta(2)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism in heart failure patients: differential clinical and oxidative response to carvedilol</title><secondary-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>374-8</pages><volume>104</volume><number>5</number><edition>2009/05/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Malondialdehyde/blood</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Oxidative Stress/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1742-7843 (Electronic)&#xD;1742-7835 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19422106</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19422106</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>v
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Troncoso</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2911</RecNum><record><rec-number>2911</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2911</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Troncoso, R.</author><author>Moraga, F.</author><author>Chiong, M.</author><author>Roldan, J.</author><author>Bravo, R.</author><author>Valenzuela, R.</author><author>Diaz-Araya, G.</author><author>del Campo, A.</author><author>Sanhueza, C.</author><author>Rodriguez, A.</author><author>Vukasovic, J. L.</author><author>Mellado, R.</author><author>Greig, D.</author><author>Castro, P. F.</author><author>Lavandero, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FONDAP Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.</auth-address><titles><title>Gln(27)--&gt;Glubeta(2)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism in heart failure patients: differential clinical and oxidative response to carvedilol</title><secondary-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>374-8</pages><volume>104</volume><number>5</number><edition>2009/05/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Malondialdehyde/blood</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Oxidative Stress/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1742-7843 (Electronic)&#xD;1742-7835 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19422106</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19422106</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>v
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Troncoso</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2911</RecNum><record><rec-number>2911</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2911</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Troncoso, R.</author><author>Moraga, F.</author><author>Chiong, M.</author><author>Roldan, J.</author><author>Bravo, R.</author><author>Valenzuela, R.</author><author>Diaz-Araya, G.</author><author>del Campo, A.</author><author>Sanhueza, C.</author><author>Rodriguez, A.</author><author>Vukasovic, J. L.</author><author>Mellado, R.</author><author>Greig, D.</author><author>Castro, P. F.</author><author>Lavandero, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FONDAP Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.</auth-address><titles><title>Gln(27)--&gt;Glubeta(2)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism in heart failure patients: differential clinical and oxidative response to carvedilol</title><secondary-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>374-8</pages><volume>104</volume><number>5</number><edition>2009/05/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Malondialdehyde/blood</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Oxidative Stress/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1742-7843 (Electronic)&#xD;1742-7835 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19422106</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19422106</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>v
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Troncoso</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2911</RecNum><record><rec-number>2911</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2911</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Troncoso, R.</author><author>Moraga, F.</author><author>Chiong, M.</author><author>Roldan, J.</author><author>Bravo, R.</author><author>Valenzuela, R.</author><author>Diaz-Araya, G.</author><author>del Campo, A.</author><author>Sanhueza, C.</author><author>Rodriguez, A.</author><author>Vukasovic, J. L.</author><author>Mellado, R.</author><author>Greig, D.</author><author>Castro, P. F.</author><author>Lavandero, S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>FONDAP Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.</auth-address><titles><title>Gln(27)--&gt;Glubeta(2)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism in heart failure patients: differential clinical and oxidative response to carvedilol</title><secondary-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</full-title></periodical><pages>374-8</pages><volume>104</volume><number>5</number><edition>2009/05/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Down-Regulation</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Malondialdehyde/blood</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Oxidative Stress/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1742-7843 (Electronic)&#xD;1742-7835 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19422106</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19422106</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sehnert</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2923</RecNum><record><rec-number>2923</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2923</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sehnert, A. J.</author><author>Daniels, S. E.</author><author>Elashoff, M.</author><author>Wingrove, J. A.</author><author>Burrow, C. R.</author><author>Horne, B.</author><author>Muhlestein, J. B.</author><author>Donahue, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Anderson, J. L.</author><author>Kraus, W. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CardioDx, Inc., Palo Alto, California 94303, USA. asehnert@cardiodx.com</auth-address><titles><title>Lack of association between adrenergic receptor genotypes and survival in heart failure patients treated with carvedilol or metoprolol</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>644-51</pages><volume>52</volume><number>8</number><edition>2008/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Disease Progression</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/drug therapy/*genetics/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Kaplan-Meier Estimate</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Multivariate Analysis</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 19</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-3597 (Electronic)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18702968</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18702968</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(08)01936-0 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.022</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sehnert</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>2923</RecNum><record><rec-number>2923</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2923</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sehnert, A. J.</author><author>Daniels, S. E.</author><author>Elashoff, M.</author><author>Wingrove, J. A.</author><author>Burrow, C. R.</author><author>Horne, B.</author><author>Muhlestein, J. B.</author><author>Donahue, M.</author><author>Liggett, S. B.</author><author>Anderson, J. L.</author><author>Kraus, W. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CardioDx, Inc., Palo Alto, California 94303, USA. asehnert@cardiodx.com</auth-address><titles><title>Lack of association between adrenergic receptor genotypes and survival in heart failure patients treated with carvedilol or metoprolol</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>644-51</pages><volume>52</volume><number>8</number><edition>2008/08/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Disease Progression</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Haplotypes</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/drug therapy/*genetics/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Kaplan-Meier Estimate</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Multivariate Analysis</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 19</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1558-3597 (Electronic)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18702968</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18702968</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(08)01936-0 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.022</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>CD���y������K����y������K��http://eurjhf.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Pascal+de+Groote&sortspec=date&submit=SubmityX��;H�,�]ą'c��4
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>de Groote</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2860</RecNum><record><rec-number>2860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Groote, P.</author><author>Lamblin, N.</author><author>Helbecque, N.</author><author>Mouquet, F.</author><author>Mc Fadden, E.</author><author>Hermant, X.</author><author>Amouyel, P.</author><author>Dallongeville, J.</author><author>Bauters, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Cardiologie C, Hopital Cardiologique, Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire de Lille, Boul Prof J Leclercq, 59037 Lille cedex, France. pdegroote@chru-lille.fr</auth-address><titles><title>The impact of beta-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphisms on survival in patients with congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Eur J Heart Fail</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Heart Fail</full-title></periodical><pages>966-73</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><edition>2005/10/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>*Cause of Death</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Genetic Markers</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/diagnosis/*genetics/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Heart Function Tests</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword><keyword>Survival Rate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1388-9842 (Print)&#xD;1388-9842 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16227135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16227135</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S1388-9842(04)00284-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.10.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>4
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>de Groote</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2860</RecNum><record><rec-number>2860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Groote, P.</author><author>Lamblin, N.</author><author>Helbecque, N.</author><author>Mouquet, F.</author><author>Mc Fadden, E.</author><author>Hermant, X.</author><author>Amouyel, P.</author><author>Dallongeville, J.</author><author>Bauters, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Cardiologie C, Hopital Cardiologique, Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire de Lille, Boul Prof J Leclercq, 59037 Lille cedex, France. pdegroote@chru-lille.fr</auth-address><titles><title>The impact of beta-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphisms on survival in patients with congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Eur J Heart Fail</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Heart Fail</full-title></periodical><pages>966-73</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><edition>2005/10/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>*Cause of Death</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Genetic Markers</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/diagnosis/*genetics/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Heart Function Tests</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword><keyword>Survival Rate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1388-9842 (Print)&#xD;1388-9842 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16227135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16227135</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S1388-9842(04)00284-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.10.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>4
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>de Groote</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2860</RecNum><record><rec-number>2860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Groote, P.</author><author>Lamblin, N.</author><author>Helbecque, N.</author><author>Mouquet, F.</author><author>Mc Fadden, E.</author><author>Hermant, X.</author><author>Amouyel, P.</author><author>Dallongeville, J.</author><author>Bauters, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Cardiologie C, Hopital Cardiologique, Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire de Lille, Boul Prof J Leclercq, 59037 Lille cedex, France. pdegroote@chru-lille.fr</auth-address><titles><title>The impact of beta-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphisms on survival in patients with congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Eur J Heart Fail</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Heart Fail</full-title></periodical><pages>966-73</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><edition>2005/10/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>*Cause of Death</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Genetic Markers</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/diagnosis/*genetics/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Heart Function Tests</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword><keyword>Survival Rate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1388-9842 (Print)&#xD;1388-9842 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16227135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16227135</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S1388-9842(04)00284-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.10.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>4
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>de Groote</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>2860</RecNum><record><rec-number>2860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>de Groote, P.</author><author>Lamblin, N.</author><author>Helbecque, N.</author><author>Mouquet, F.</author><author>Mc Fadden, E.</author><author>Hermant, X.</author><author>Amouyel, P.</author><author>Dallongeville, J.</author><author>Bauters, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Service de Cardiologie C, Hopital Cardiologique, Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire de Lille, Boul Prof J Leclercq, 59037 Lille cedex, France. pdegroote@chru-lille.fr</auth-address><titles><title>The impact of beta-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphisms on survival in patients with congestive heart failure</title><secondary-title>Eur J Heart Fail</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Heart Fail</full-title></periodical><pages>966-73</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><edition>2005/10/18</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Base Sequence</keyword><keyword>*Cause of Death</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression Regulation</keyword><keyword>Genetic Markers</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/diagnosis/*genetics/*mortality</keyword><keyword>Heart Function Tests</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Molecular Sequence Data</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Assessment</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>Severity of Illness Index</keyword><keyword>Survival Rate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1388-9842 (Print)&#xD;1388-9842 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16227135</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16227135</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S1388-9842(04)00284-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.10.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>CD���y������K����y������K��http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=PubMed&term=%20Petersen%2BM%5bauth%5dyX��;H�,�]ą'c��.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><RecNum>2979</RecNum><record><rec-number>2979</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2979</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Petersen, M.</author><author>Andersen, J. T.</author><author>Hjelvang, B. R.</author><author>Broedbaek, K.</author><author>Afzal, S.</author><author>Nyegaard, M.</author><author>Borglum, A. D.</author><author>Stender, S.</author><author>Kober, L.</author><author>Torp-Pedersen, C.</author><author>Poulsen, H. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. mortenpetersen@rh.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Association of beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and mortality in carvedilol-treated chronic heart-failure patients</title><secondary-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>556-65</pages><volume>71</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/03/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2125 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-5251 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21395649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21395649</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>3080644</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03868.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><RecNum>2979</RecNum><record><rec-number>2979</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2979</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Petersen, M.</author><author>Andersen, J. T.</author><author>Hjelvang, B. R.</author><author>Broedbaek, K.</author><author>Afzal, S.</author><author>Nyegaard, M.</author><author>Borglum, A. D.</author><author>Stender, S.</author><author>Kober, L.</author><author>Torp-Pedersen, C.</author><author>Poulsen, H. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. mortenpetersen@rh.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Association of beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and mortality in carvedilol-treated chronic heart-failure patients</title><secondary-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>556-65</pages><volume>71</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/03/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2125 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-5251 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21395649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21395649</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>3080644</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03868.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><RecNum>2979</RecNum><record><rec-number>2979</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2979</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Petersen, M.</author><author>Andersen, J. T.</author><author>Hjelvang, B. R.</author><author>Broedbaek, K.</author><author>Afzal, S.</author><author>Nyegaard, M.</author><author>Borglum, A. D.</author><author>Stender, S.</author><author>Kober, L.</author><author>Torp-Pedersen, C.</author><author>Poulsen, H. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. mortenpetersen@rh.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Association of beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and mortality in carvedilol-treated chronic heart-failure patients</title><secondary-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>556-65</pages><volume>71</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/03/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2125 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-5251 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21395649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21395649</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>3080644</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03868.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Petersen</Author><RecNum>2979</RecNum><record><rec-number>2979</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2979</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Petersen, M.</author><author>Andersen, J. T.</author><author>Hjelvang, B. R.</author><author>Broedbaek, K.</author><author>Afzal, S.</author><author>Nyegaard, M.</author><author>Borglum, A. D.</author><author>Stender, S.</author><author>Kober, L.</author><author>Torp-Pedersen, C.</author><author>Poulsen, H. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. mortenpetersen@rh.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Association of beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and mortality in carvedilol-treated chronic heart-failure patients</title><secondary-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Clin Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>556-65</pages><volume>71</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/03/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Carbazoles/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Failure/*drug therapy/genetics/mortality</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Pharmacogenetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics</keyword><keyword>Propanolamines/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Proportional Hazards Models</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Survival Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-2125 (Electronic)&#xD;0306-5251 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21395649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21395649</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>3080644</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03868.x</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>|D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>|D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dishy</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2292</RecNum><record><rec-number>2292</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2292</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Sofowora, G. G.</author><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Byrne, D. W.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>1030-5</pages><volume>345</volume><number>14</number><edition>2001/10/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isoproterenol/*pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenylephrine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilation/*drug effects/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11586955</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11586955</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJMoa010819</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>nD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2310</RecNum><record><rec-number>2310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Penicka, M.</author><author>Delrue, L.</author><author>Van Durme, F.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Goethals, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author><author>Vanderheyden, M.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Biology and Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor negatively modulates cardiac contractility: implications for prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>856-61</pages><volume>93</volume><number>7</number><edition>2007/06/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17569809</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17569809</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1994438</custom2><electronic-resource-num>93/7/856 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.091959</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1648</RecNum><record><rec-number>1648</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1648</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cirillo, P.</author><author>De Luca, G.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy. emanuele.barbato@uniroma1.it</auth-address><titles><title>Role of beta2 adrenergic receptors in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>288-94</pages><volume>111</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/01/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Acetylcholine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Albuterol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Constriction, Pathologic/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Coronary Angiography</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Coronary Vessels/metabolism/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intra-Arterial</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors</keyword><keyword>Nitro Compounds/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phentolamine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15642763</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15642763</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01.CIR.0000153270.25541.72 [pii]&#xD;10.1161/01.CIR.0000153270.25541.72</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2297</RecNum><record><rec-number>2297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of the human beta2-adrenoceptor exhibits blunted desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>H2034-8</pages><volume>285</volume><number>5</number><edition>2003/07/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0363-6135 (Print)&#xD;0363-6135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12869379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12869379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1152/ajpheart.00324.2003&#xD;00324.2003 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>nD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2310</RecNum><record><rec-number>2310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Penicka, M.</author><author>Delrue, L.</author><author>Van Durme, F.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Goethals, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author><author>Vanderheyden, M.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Molecular Biology and Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of beta2-adrenergic receptor negatively modulates cardiac contractility: implications for prognosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</title><secondary-title>Heart</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heart</full-title></periodical><pages>856-61</pages><volume>93</volume><number>7</number><edition>2007/06/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/physiology</keyword><keyword>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1468-201X (Electronic)&#xD;1355-6037 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17569809</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17569809</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>1994438</custom2><electronic-resource-num>93/7/856 [pii]&#xD;10.1136/hrt.2006.091959</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Barbato</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1648</RecNum><record><rec-number>1648</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1648</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Barbato, E.</author><author>Piscione, F.</author><author>Bartunek, J.</author><author>Galasso, G.</author><author>Cirillo, P.</author><author>De Luca, G.</author><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>De Bruyne, B.</author><author>Chiariello, M.</author><author>Wijns, W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy. emanuele.barbato@uniroma1.it</auth-address><titles><title>Role of beta2 adrenergic receptors in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>288-94</pages><volume>111</volume><number>3</number><edition>2005/01/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Acetylcholine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Albuterol/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Constriction, Pathologic/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Coronary Angiography</keyword><keyword>Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Coronary Vessels/metabolism/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Infusions, Intra-Arterial</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors</keyword><keyword>Nitro Compounds/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Phentolamine/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan 25</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15642763</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15642763</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>01.CIR.0000153270.25541.72 [pii]&#xD;10.1161/01.CIR.0000153270.25541.72</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bruck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>2297</RecNum><record><rec-number>2297</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2297</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Ulrich, A.</author><author>Radke, J.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Thr164Ile polymorphism of the human beta2-adrenoceptor exhibits blunted desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>H2034-8</pages><volume>285</volume><number>5</number><edition>2003/07/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/*administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0363-6135 (Print)&#xD;0363-6135 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12869379</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12869379</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1152/ajpheart.00324.2003&#xD;00324.2003 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>2	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>3012</RecNum><record><rec-number>3012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Tenderich, G.</author><author>Wolf, C.</author><author>Wagner, S.</author><author>Zittermann, A.</author><author>Elter-Schulz, M.</author><author>Moog, R.</author><author>Muller, N.</author><author>Jakob, H. G.</author><author>Korfer, R.</author><author>Philipp, T.</author><author>Heusch, G.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Is there a role of the Thr164Ile-beta(2)-adrenoceptor polymorphism for the outcome of chronic heart failure?</title><secondary-title>Basic Res Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Basic Res Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>479-84</pages><volume>101</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/*diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Disease Progression</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Heart Transplantation/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0300-8428 (Print)&#xD;0300-8428 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16783489</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16783489</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00395-006-0601-8</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>2	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>3012</RecNum><record><rec-number>3012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">3012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Tenderich, G.</author><author>Wolf, C.</author><author>Wagner, S.</author><author>Zittermann, A.</author><author>Elter-Schulz, M.</author><author>Moog, R.</author><author>Muller, N.</author><author>Jakob, H. 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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Is there a role of the Thr164Ile-beta(2)-adrenoceptor polymorphism for the outcome of chronic heart failure?</title><secondary-title>Basic Res Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Basic Res Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>479-84</pages><volume>101</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/06/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Output, Low/*diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>Disease Progression</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Heart Transplantation/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0300-8428 (Print)&#xD;0300-8428 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16783489</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16783489</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00395-006-0601-8</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�
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D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Frohlich</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>959</RecNum><record><rec-number>959</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>959</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Frohlich, E. D.</author><author>Apstein, C.</author><author>Chobanian, A. V.</author><author>Devereux, R. B.</author><author>Dustan, H. P.</author><author>Dzau, V.</author><author>Fauad-Tarazi, F.</author><author>Horan, M. J.</author><author>Marcus, M.</author><author>Massie, B.</author><author>et al.,</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121.</auth-address><titles><title>The heart in hypertension</title><secondary-title>N Engl J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>N Engl J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>998-1008</pages><volume>327</volume><number>14</number><edition>1992/10/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Heart/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Heart Diseases/etiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1992</year><pub-dates><date>Oct 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-4793 (Print)&#xD;0028-4793 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>1518549</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=1518549</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1056/NEJM199210013271406</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Leineweber</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1553</RecNum><record><rec-number>1553</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1553</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leineweber, K.</author><author>Buscher, R.</author><author>Bruck, H.</author><author>Brodde, O. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. kirsten.leineweber@uni-essen.de</auth-address><titles><title>Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms</title><secondary-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</full-title></periodical><pages>1-22</pages><volume>369</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/12/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0028-1298 (Print)&#xD;0028-1298 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14647973</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14647973</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D���y������K����y������K�phttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702981yX��;H�,�]ą'c���D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bengtsson</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1554</RecNum><record><rec-number>1554</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1554</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bengtsson, K.</author><author>Orho-Melander, M.</author><author>Melander, O.</author><author>Lindblad, U.</author><author>Ranstam, J.</author><author>Rastam, L.</author><author>Groop, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Endocrinology, Malmo University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. kristina.a.bengtsson@vgregion.se</auth-address><titles><title>Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene variation and hypertension in subjects with type 2 diabetes</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>1303-8</pages><volume>37</volume><number>5</number><edition>2001/05/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11358945</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11358945</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1329</RecNum><record><rec-number>1329</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>1329</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. 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J.</author><author>Charchar, F. J.</author><author>Wang, W. Y.</author><author>Lacka, B.</author><author>Padmanabahn, S.</author><author>Clark, J. S.</author><author>Anderson, N. H.</author><author>Edwards, H. V.</author><author>Zukowska-Szczechowska, E.</author><author>Grzeszczak, W.</author><author>Dominiczak, A. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>British Heart Foundation Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>Essential hypertension and beta2-adrenergic receptor gene: linkage and association analysis</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>286-91</pages><volume>40</volume><number>3</number><edition>2002/09/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics</keyword><keyword>Chromosome Mapping</keyword><keyword>Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Linkage</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12215468</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12215468</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bengtsson</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1554</RecNum><record><rec-number>1554</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1554</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bengtsson, K.</author><author>Orho-Melander, M.</author><author>Melander, O.</author><author>Lindblad, U.</author><author>Ranstam, J.</author><author>Rastam, L.</author><author>Groop, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Endocrinology, Malmo University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden. kristina.a.bengtsson@vgregion.se</auth-address><titles><title>Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene variation and hypertension in subjects with type 2 diabetes</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>1303-8</pages><volume>37</volume><number>5</number><edition>2001/05/23</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11358945</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11358945</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gratze</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1329</RecNum><record><rec-number>1329</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app='EN' db-id='ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s'>1329</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name='Journal Article'>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gratze, G.</author><author>Fortin, J.</author><author>Labugger, R.</author><author>Binder, A.</author><author>Kotanko, P.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author><author>Hoehe, M. 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J.</author><author>Charchar, F. J.</author><author>Wang, W. Y.</author><author>Lacka, B.</author><author>Padmanabahn, S.</author><author>Clark, J. S.</author><author>Anderson, N. H.</author><author>Edwards, H. V.</author><author>Zukowska-Szczechowska, E.</author><author>Grzeszczak, W.</author><author>Dominiczak, A. F.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>British Heart Foundation Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>Essential hypertension and beta2-adrenergic receptor gene: linkage and association analysis</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>286-91</pages><volume>40</volume><number>3</number><edition>2002/09/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics</keyword><keyword>Chromosome Mapping</keyword><keyword>Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Linkage</keyword><keyword>*Genetic Predisposition to Disease</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/diagnosis/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12215468</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12215468</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xie</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2451</RecNum><record><rec-number>2451</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2451</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Gainer, J. V.</author><author>Sofowora, G.</author><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Brown, N. J.</author><author>Goree, R. E.</author><author>Haines, J. L.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Human beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: no association with essential hypertension in black or white Americans</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>670-5</pages><volume>67</volume><number>6</number><edition>2000/06/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10872649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10872649</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(00)45798-X [pii]&#xD;10.1067/mcp.2000.106293</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Xie</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2451</RecNum><record><rec-number>2451</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2451</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Xie, H. G.</author><author>Stein, C. M.</author><author>Kim, R. B.</author><author>Gainer, J. V.</author><author>Sofowora, G.</author><author>Dishy, V.</author><author>Brown, N. J.</author><author>Goree, R. E.</author><author>Haines, J. L.</author><author>Wood, A. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Human beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: no association with essential hypertension in black or white Americans</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>670-5</pages><volume>67</volume><number>6</number><edition>2000/06/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Case-Control Studies</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10872649</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10872649</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(00)45798-X [pii]&#xD;10.1067/mcp.2000.106293</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Busjahn</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2467</RecNum><record><rec-number>2467</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2467</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Busjahn, A.</author><author>Li, G. H.</author><author>Faulhaber, H. D.</author><author>Rosenthal, M.</author><author>Becker, A.</author><author>Jeschke, E.</author><author>Schuster, H.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Hoehe, M. R.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Franz Volhard Clinic and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Charite, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene variations, blood pressure, and heart size in normal twins</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>555-60</pages><volume>35</volume><number>2</number><edition>2000/02/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Diastole</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword><keyword>Twins, Dizygotic/genetics/statistics &amp; numerical data</keyword><keyword>Twins, Monozygotic/genetics/statistics &amp; numerical data</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10679497</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10679497</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Busjahn</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2467</RecNum><record><rec-number>2467</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2467</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Busjahn, A.</author><author>Li, G. H.</author><author>Faulhaber, H. D.</author><author>Rosenthal, M.</author><author>Becker, A.</author><author>Jeschke, E.</author><author>Schuster, H.</author><author>Timmermann, B.</author><author>Hoehe, M. R.</author><author>Luft, F. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Franz Volhard Clinic and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Charite, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene variations, blood pressure, and heart size in normal twins</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>555-60</pages><volume>35</volume><number>2</number><edition>2000/02/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/genetics/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Diastole</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart/*anatomy &amp; histology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword><keyword>Twins, Dizygotic/genetics/statistics &amp; numerical data</keyword><keyword>Twins, Monozygotic/genetics/statistics &amp; numerical data</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4563 (Electronic)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10679497</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10679497</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>HD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bray</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2476</RecNum><record><rec-number>2476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2476</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bray, M. 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T.</author><author>Boerwinkle, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77225, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Positional genomic analysis identifies the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene as a susceptibility locus for human hypertension</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>2877-82</pages><volume>101</volume><number>25</number><edition>2000/06/28</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>*Chromosome Mapping</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Linkage/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Genome</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Odds Ratio</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 27</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10869257</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10869257</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>HD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bray</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>2476</RecNum><record><rec-number>2476</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">2476</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bray, M. S.</author><author>Krushkal, J.</author><author>Li, L.</author><author>Ferrell, R.</author><author>Kardia, S.</author><author>Sing, C. F.</author><author>Turner, S. T.</author><author>Boerwinkle, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77225, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Positional genomic analysis identifies the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene as a susceptibility locus for human hypertension</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>2877-82</pages><volume>101</volume><number>25</number><edition>2000/06/28</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>*Chromosome Mapping</keyword><keyword>DNA/genetics</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Linkage/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Genome</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*genetics/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Odds Ratio</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic/physiology</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Jun 27</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10869257</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10869257</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kupari</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1557</RecNum><record><rec-number>1557</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1557</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kupari, M.</author><author>Hautanen, A.</author><author>Lankinen, L.</author><author>Koskinen, P.</author><author>Virolainen, J.</author><author>Nikkila, H.</author><author>White, P. C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.</auth-address><titles><title>Associations between human aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene polymorphisms and left ventricular size, mass, and function</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>569-75</pages><volume>97</volume><number>6</number><edition>1998/03/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone Synthase/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography, Doppler</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/*anatomy &amp; histology/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Regression Analysis</keyword><keyword>Sodium, Dietary/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Statistics as Topic</keyword><keyword>Ventricular Function, Left/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 17</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-7322 (Print)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9494027</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9494027</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Schunkert</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1560</RecNum><record><rec-number>1560</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1560</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schunkert, H.</author><author>Hengstenberg, C.</author><author>Holmer, S. R.</author><author>Broeckel, U.</author><author>Luchner, A.</author><author>Muscholl, M. W.</author><author>Kurzinger, S.</author><author>Doring, A.</author><author>Hense, H. W.</author><author>Riegger, G. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Klinik und Poliklinik fur Innere Medizin II, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. heribert.schunkert@klinik.uni-regensburg.de</auth-address><titles><title>Lack of association between a polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase gene and left ventricular structure</title><secondary-title>Circulation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Circulation</full-title></periodical><pages>2255-60</pages><volume>99</volume><number>17</number><edition>1999/05/05</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone/blood</keyword><keyword>Aldosterone Synthase/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/*etiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>May 4</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1524-4539 (Electronic)&#xD;0009-7322 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10226090</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10226090</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kohno</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1562</RecNum><record><rec-number>1562</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1562</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kohno, M.</author><author>Yokokawa, K.</author><author>Minami, M.</author><author>Kano, H.</author><author>Yasunari, K.</author><author>Hanehira, T.</author><author>Yoshikawa, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>First Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</title><secondary-title>Am J Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Med</full-title></periodical><pages>544-9</pages><volume>106</volume><number>5</number><edition>1999/05/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/blood/complications/*drug therapy/enzymology</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/blood/*drug therapy/enzymology/etiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/blood</keyword><keyword>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0002-9343 (Print)&#xD;0002-9343 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10335726</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10335726</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0002934399000674 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kupari</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1557</RecNum><record><rec-number>1557</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1557</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kupari, M.</author><author>Hautanen, A.</author><author>Lankinen, L.</author><author>Koskinen, P.</author><author>Virolainen, J.</author><author>Nikkila, H.</author><author>White, P. 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D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1412</RecNum><record><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Sorriento, D.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>1547</RecNum><record><rec-number>1547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Wikstrand, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Regression of cardiovascular structural changes by antihypertensive treatment. Functional consequences and time course of reversal as judged from clinical studies</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>III150-7</pages><volume>6</volume><number>6 Pt 2</number><edition>1984/11/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Diastole</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year><pub-dates><date>Nov-Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>6240448</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=6240448</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>1547</RecNum><record><rec-number>1547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Wikstrand, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Regression of cardiovascular structural changes by antihypertensive treatment. Functional consequences and time course of reversal as judged from clinical studies</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>III150-7</pages><volume>6</volume><number>6 Pt 2</number><edition>1984/11/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Diastole</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year><pub-dates><date>Nov-Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>6240448</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=6240448</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>1547</RecNum><record><rec-number>1547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Wikstrand, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Regression of cardiovascular structural changes by antihypertensive treatment. Functional consequences and time course of reversal as judged from clinical studies</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>III150-7</pages><volume>6</volume><number>6 Pt 2</number><edition>1984/11/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Diastole</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year><pub-dates><date>Nov-Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>6240448</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=6240448</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Trimarco</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>1547</RecNum><record><rec-number>1547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trimarco, B.</author><author>Wikstrand, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Regression of cardiovascular structural changes by antihypertensive treatment. Functional consequences and time course of reversal as judged from clinical studies</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>III150-7</pages><volume>6</volume><number>6 Pt 2</number><edition>1984/11/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Diastole</keyword><keyword>Echocardiography</keyword><keyword>Heart Ventricles/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Plethysmography</keyword><keyword>Systole</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Vascular Resistance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year><pub-dates><date>Nov-Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>6240448</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=6240448</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1409</RecNum><record><rec-number>1409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1409</RecNum><record><rec-number>1409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>d�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1409</RecNum><record><rec-number>1409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1409</RecNum><record><rec-number>1409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>The Glu27 allele of the beta2 adrenergic receptor increases the risk of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>2117-22</pages><volume>22</volume><number>11</number><edition>2004/10/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*epidemiology/*genetics/ultrasonography</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology/genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*epidemiology/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Incidence</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0263-6352 (Print)&#xD;0263-6352 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15480095</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=15480095</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>00004872-200411000-00013 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>1409</RecNum><record><rec-number>1409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1409</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Iovino, G. 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Postreceptor events</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>962-70</pages><volume>25</volume><number>5</number><edition>1995/05/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Captopril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*drug therapy/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/analysis</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Nitrendipine/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred SHR</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred WKY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7737734</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7737734</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bono</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1397</RecNum><record><rec-number>1397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1397</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bono, M.</author><author>Cases, A.</author><author>Calls, J.</author><author>Gaya, J.</author><author>Jimenez, W.</author><author>Carretero, J.</author><author>Rivera, F.</author><author>Revert, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Nephrology Units, Hospital Clinic I Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the increased beta 2-adrenoceptor density in patients with essential hypertension</title><secondary-title>Am J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>487-93</pages><volume>8</volume><number>5 Pt 1</number><edition>1995/05/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/blood/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/drug effects/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*drug effects/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0895-7061 (Print)&#xD;0895-7061 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7662225</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7662225</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>0895-7061(95)00023-I [pii]&#xD;10.1016/0895-7061(95)00023-I</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Sakata</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1586</RecNum><record><rec-number>1586</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1586</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sakata, K.</author><author>Shirotani, M.</author><author>Yoshida, H.</author><author>Kurata, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of effects of enalapril and nitrendipine on cardiac sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>438-43</pages><volume>32</volume><number>2</number><edition>1998/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>3-Iodobenzylguanidine/diagnostic use</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Calcium Channel Blockers/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Heart Conduction System/*drug effects/radionuclide imaging</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/physiopathology/radionuclide imaging</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mediastinum/radionuclide imaging</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nitrendipine/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Radiopharmaceuticals/diagnostic use</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/*drug effects/radionuclide imaging</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0735-1097 (Print)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9708473</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9708473</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(98)00261-7 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>8D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bohm</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1583</RecNum><record><rec-number>1583</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1583</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bohm, M.</author><author>Grabel, C.</author><author>Flesch, M.</author><author>Knorr, A.</author><author>Erdmann, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Klinik III fur Innere Medizin, Universitat zu Koln, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Treatment in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy, II. Postreceptor events</title><secondary-title>Hypertension</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Hypertension</full-title></periodical><pages>962-70</pages><volume>25</volume><number>5</number><edition>1995/05/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adenylate Cyclase/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Captopril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Cardiomegaly/*drug therapy/metabolism</keyword><keyword>GTP-Binding Proteins/analysis</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Nitrendipine/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Rats</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred SHR</keyword><keyword>Rats, Inbred WKY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0194-911X (Print)&#xD;0194-911X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7737734</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7737734</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bono</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1397</RecNum><record><rec-number>1397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1397</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bono, M.</author><author>Cases, A.</author><author>Calls, J.</author><author>Gaya, J.</author><author>Jimenez, W.</author><author>Carretero, J.</author><author>Rivera, F.</author><author>Revert, L.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Nephrology Units, Hospital Clinic I Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the increased beta 2-adrenoceptor density in patients with essential hypertension</title><secondary-title>Am J Hypertens</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Hypertens</full-title></periodical><pages>487-93</pages><volume>8</volume><number>5 Pt 1</number><edition>1995/05/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>Catecholamines/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/blood/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Lymphocytes/drug effects/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Radioligand Assay</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*drug effects/metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0895-7061 (Print)&#xD;0895-7061 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>7662225</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=7662225</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>0895-7061(95)00023-I [pii]&#xD;10.1016/0895-7061(95)00023-I</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Sakata</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1586</RecNum><record><rec-number>1586</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1586</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sakata, K.</author><author>Shirotani, M.</author><author>Yoshida, H.</author><author>Kurata, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>The Department of Cardiology, Shizuoka General Hospital, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of effects of enalapril and nitrendipine on cardiac sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>438-43</pages><volume>32</volume><number>2</number><edition>1998/08/26</edition><keywords><keyword>3-Iodobenzylguanidine/diagnostic use</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Blood Pressure/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Calcium Channel Blockers/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Heart Conduction System/*drug effects/radionuclide imaging</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/*drug therapy/physiopathology/radionuclide imaging</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Mediastinum/radionuclide imaging</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Nitrendipine/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Prognosis</keyword><keyword>Radiopharmaceuticals/diagnostic use</keyword><keyword>Sympathetic Nervous System/*drug effects/radionuclide imaging</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0735-1097 (Print)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9708473</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9708473</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(98)00261-7 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1412</RecNum><record><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Sorriento, D.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1412</RecNum><record><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Sorriento, D.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1412</RecNum><record><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Sorriento, D.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1412</RecNum><record><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Sorriento, D.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1412</RecNum><record><rec-number>1412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1412</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Sorriento, D.</author><author>Iovino, G. L.</author><author>Rozza, F.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Priante, O.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author><author>Trimarco, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Universita Federico II di Napoli, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>Beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension</title><secondary-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Pharmacol Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>633-45</pages><volume>80</volume><number>6</number><edition>2006/12/21</edition><keywords><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Enalapril/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Heterozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Signal Transduction/genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-9236 (Print)&#xD;0009-9236 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17178264</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17178264</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-9236(06)00383-3 [pii]&#xD;10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.006</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>.	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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>The Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism slows the onset of desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>59-66</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2003/02/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12563174</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12563174</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. 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E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Pharmacology, University of Halle, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>The Gln27Glu beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism slows the onset of desensitization of cardiac functional responses in vivo</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenetics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenetics</full-title></periodical><pages>59-66</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><edition>2003/02/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration &amp; dosage</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Drug Resistance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Heart/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Myocardial Contraction/drug effects</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Terbutaline/administration &amp; dosage</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-314X (Print)&#xD;0960-314X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12563174</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12563174</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Brodde</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1828</RecNum><record><rec-number>1828</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1828</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brodde, O. 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Acid/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>Obesity/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0954-6820 (Print)&#xD;0954-6820 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10205587</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10205587</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Large</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1623</RecNum><record><rec-number>1623</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1623</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Large, V.</author><author>Hellstrom, L.</author><author>Reynisdottir, S.</author><author>Lonnqvist, F.</author><author>Eriksson, P.</author><author>Lannfelt, L.</author><author>Arner, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, and Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.</auth-address><titles><title>Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 adrenoceptor function</title><secondary-title>J Clin Invest</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Clin Invest</full-title></periodical><pages>3005-13</pages><volume>100</volume><number>12</number><edition>1998/01/31</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipocytes/cytology/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Codon</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Obesity/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0021-9738 (Print)&#xD;0021-9738 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9399946</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9399946</url></related-urls></urls><custom2>508512</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1172/JCI119854</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Hellstrom</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1631</RecNum><record><rec-number>1631</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1631</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hellstrom, L.</author><author>Large, V.</author><author>Reynisdottir, S.</author><author>Wahrenberg, H.</author><author>Arner, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. lena.hellstrom@mkdiv.hs.sll.se</auth-address><titles><title>The different effects of a Gln27Glu beta 2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism on obesity in males and in females</title><secondary-title>J Intern Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Intern Med</full-title></periodical><pages>253-9</pages><volume>245</volume><number>3</number><edition>1999/04/17</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>DNA Primers</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>Obesity/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0954-6820 (Print)&#xD;0954-6820 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10205587</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10205587</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ishiyama-Shigemoto</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1634</RecNum><record><rec-number>1634</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1634</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ishiyama-Shigemoto, S.</author><author>Yamada, K.</author><author>Yuan, X.</author><author>Koyama, W.</author><author>Nonaka, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Clinical characterization of polymorphisms in the sulphonylurea receptor 1 gene in Japanese subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus</title><secondary-title>Diabet Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Diabet Med</full-title></periodical><pages>826-9</pages><volume>15</volume><number>10</number><edition>1998/10/31</edition><keywords><keyword>*ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>DNA/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Electrophoresis, Agar Gel</keyword><keyword>Exons</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Introns</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Obesity/blood/genetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Potassium Channels/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Drug/blood/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0742-3071 (Print)&#xD;0742-3071 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9796882</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9796882</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199810)15:10&lt;826::AID-DIA685&gt;3.0.CO;2-H</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ishiyama-Shigemoto</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1634</RecNum><record><rec-number>1634</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1634</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ishiyama-Shigemoto, S.</author><author>Yamada, K.</author><author>Yuan, X.</author><author>Koyama, W.</author><author>Nonaka, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>Clinical characterization of polymorphisms in the sulphonylurea receptor 1 gene in Japanese subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus</title><secondary-title>Diabet Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Diabet Med</full-title></periodical><pages>826-9</pages><volume>15</volume><number>10</number><edition>1998/10/31</edition><keywords><keyword>*ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>DNA/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Electrophoresis, Agar Gel</keyword><keyword>Exons</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genetic Variation/genetics</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Introns</keyword><keyword>Japan</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Obesity/blood/genetics</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Potassium Channels/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>*Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Drug/blood/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0742-3071 (Print)&#xD;0742-3071 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9796882</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9796882</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199810)15:10&lt;826::AID-DIA685&gt;3.0.CO;2-H</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>XD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kortner</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1635</RecNum><record><rec-number>1635</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1635</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kortner, B.</author><author>Wolf, A.</author><author>Wendt, D.</author><author>Beisiegel, U.</author><author>Evans, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Klinik fur Allgemeinchirurgie, Evangelisches und Johanniter Klinikum, Dinslaken, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Lack of association between a human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphism (gln27glu) and morbid obesity</title><secondary-title>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</full-title></periodical><pages>1099-100</pages><volume>23</volume><number>10</number><edition>1999/11/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>DNA/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Obesity, Morbid/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0307-0565 (Print)&#xD;0307-0565 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10557032</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10557032</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Echwald</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1637</RecNum><record><rec-number>1637</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1637</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Echwald, S. M.</author><author>Sorensen, T. I.</author><author>Tybjaerg-Hansen, A.</author><author>Andersen, T.</author><author>Pedersen, O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Steno Diabetes Center and Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark. sme@hagedorn.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Gln27Glu variant of the human beta2-adrenoreceptor gene is not associated with early-onset obesity in Danish men</title><secondary-title>Diabetes</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Diabetes</full-title></periodical><pages>1657-8</pages><volume>47</volume><number>10</number><edition>1998/09/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipose Tissue/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>Obesity/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0012-1797 (Print)&#xD;0012-1797 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9753308</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9753308</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>XD<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kortner</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1635</RecNum><record><rec-number>1635</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1635</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kortner, B.</author><author>Wolf, A.</author><author>Wendt, D.</author><author>Beisiegel, U.</author><author>Evans, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Klinik fur Allgemeinchirurgie, Evangelisches und Johanniter Klinikum, Dinslaken, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Lack of association between a human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphism (gln27glu) and morbid obesity</title><secondary-title>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</full-title></periodical><pages>1099-100</pages><volume>23</volume><number>10</number><edition>1999/11/11</edition><keywords><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>DNA/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Obesity, Morbid/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0307-0565 (Print)&#xD;0307-0565 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10557032</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10557032</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Echwald</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1637</RecNum><record><rec-number>1637</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1637</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Echwald, S. M.</author><author>Sorensen, T. I.</author><author>Tybjaerg-Hansen, A.</author><author>Andersen, T.</author><author>Pedersen, O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Steno Diabetes Center and Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark. sme@hagedorn.dk</auth-address><titles><title>Gln27Glu variant of the human beta2-adrenoreceptor gene is not associated with early-onset obesity in Danish men</title><secondary-title>Diabetes</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Diabetes</full-title></periodical><pages>1657-8</pages><volume>47</volume><number>10</number><edition>1998/09/30</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipose Tissue/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Body Mass Index</keyword><keyword>Gene Expression</keyword><keyword>Gene Frequency</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>Obesity/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*genetics</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0012-1797 (Print)&#xD;0012-1797 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>9753308</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=9753308</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1658</RecNum><record><rec-number>1658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Arcucci, O.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, School of Medicine Federico II University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>292-7</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16027735</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16027735</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500324 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1658</RecNum><record><rec-number>1658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Arcucci, O.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, School of Medicine Federico II University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>292-7</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16027735</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16027735</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500324 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1658</RecNum><record><rec-number>1658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Arcucci, O.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, School of Medicine Federico II University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>292-7</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16027735</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16027735</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500324 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1658</RecNum><record><rec-number>1658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Arcucci, O.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, School of Medicine Federico II University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>292-7</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16027735</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16027735</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500324 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1658</RecNum><record><rec-number>1658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Arcucci, O.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, School of Medicine Federico II University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>292-7</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16027735</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16027735</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500324 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>
D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iaccarino</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>1658</RecNum><record><rec-number>1658</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1658</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iaccarino, G.</author><author>Trimarco, V.</author><author>Lanni, F.</author><author>Cipolletta, E.</author><author>Izzo, R.</author><author>Arcucci, O.</author><author>De Luca, N.</author><author>Di Renzo, G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, School of Medicine Federico II University of Naples, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogenomics J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogenomics J</full-title></periodical><pages>292-7</pages><volume>5</volume><number>5</number><edition>2005/07/20</edition><keywords><keyword>*Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Antagonists</keyword><keyword>Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Atenolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Blood Glucose/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/blood</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Homozygote</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Metoprolol/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1470-269X (Print)&#xD;1470-269X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16027735</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=16027735</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>6500324 [pii]&#xD;10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iwamoto</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1661</RecNum><record><rec-number>1661</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1661</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iwamoto, N.</author><author>Ogawa, Y.</author><author>Kajihara, S.</author><author>Hisatomi, A.</author><author>Yasutake, T.</author><author>Yoshimura, T.</author><author>Mizuta, T.</author><author>Hara, T.</author><author>Ozaki, I.</author><author>Yamamoto, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849, Japan. iwamotsu@nature.email.ne.jp</auth-address><titles><title>Gln27Glu beta2-adrenergic receptor variant is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the development of fatty liver</title><secondary-title>Clin Chim Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Chim Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>85-91</pages><volume>314</volume><number>1-2</number><edition>2001/11/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Substitution/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Codon</keyword><keyword>Fatty Liver/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertriglyceridemia/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Logistic Models</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Mutation/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-8981 (Print)&#xD;0009-8981 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11718682</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11718682</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-8981(01)00633-7 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Iwamoto</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1661</RecNum><record><rec-number>1661</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1661</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Iwamoto, N.</author><author>Ogawa, Y.</author><author>Kajihara, S.</author><author>Hisatomi, A.</author><author>Yasutake, T.</author><author>Yoshimura, T.</author><author>Mizuta, T.</author><author>Hara, T.</author><author>Ozaki, I.</author><author>Yamamoto, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849, Japan. iwamotsu@nature.email.ne.jp</auth-address><titles><title>Gln27Glu beta2-adrenergic receptor variant is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the development of fatty liver</title><secondary-title>Clin Chim Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clin Chim Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>85-91</pages><volume>314</volume><number>1-2</number><edition>2001/11/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Amino Acid Substitution/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Codon</keyword><keyword>Fatty Liver/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypertriglyceridemia/*genetics/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Logistic Models</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Mutation/genetics/physiology</keyword><keyword>Phenotype</keyword><keyword>Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics/*metabolism</keyword><keyword>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0009-8981 (Print)&#xD;0009-8981 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11718682</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11718682</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0009-8981(01)00633-7 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ehrenborg</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1659</RecNum><record><rec-number>1659</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1659</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ehrenborg, E.</author><author>Skogsberg, J.</author><author>Ruotolo, G.</author><author>Large, V.</author><author>Eriksson, P.</author><author>Arner, P.</author><author>Hamsten, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. ewae@instmed.ks.se</auth-address><titles><title>The Q/E27 polymorphism in the beta2-adrenoceptor gene is associated with increased body weight and dyslipoproteinaemia involving triglyceride-rich lipoproteins</title><secondary-title>J Intern Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Intern Med</full-title></periodical><pages>651-6</pages><volume>247</volume><number>6</number><edition>2000/07/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>*Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/*blood</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol, VLDL/blood</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipoproteinemias/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sweden</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/*blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0954-6820 (Print)&#xD;0954-6820 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10886486</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10886486</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>jim669 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ehrenborg</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1659</RecNum><record><rec-number>1659</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="ep292twvjxvsvxe5zt8vvspn0waa5zzpvt5s">1659</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ehrenborg, E.</author><author>Skogsberg, J.</author><author>Ruotolo, G.</author><author>Large, V.</author><author>Eriksson, P.</author><author>Arner, P.</author><author>Hamsten, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. ewae@instmed.ks.se</auth-address><titles><title>The Q/E27 polymorphism in the beta2-adrenoceptor gene is associated with increased body weight and dyslipoproteinaemia involving triglyceride-rich lipoproteins</title><secondary-title>J Intern Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Intern Med</full-title></periodical><pages>651-6</pages><volume>247</volume><number>6</number><edition>2000/07/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Alleles</keyword><keyword>Arginine/genetics</keyword><keyword>*Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol/*blood</keyword><keyword>Cholesterol, VLDL/blood</keyword><keyword>Genotype</keyword><keyword>Glutamic Acid/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glutamine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Glycine/genetics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hyperlipoproteinemias/blood/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>*Mutation</keyword><keyword>*Polymorphism, Genetic</keyword><keyword>Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/*genetics</keyword><keyword>Sweden</keyword><keyword>Triglycerides/*blood</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0954-6820 (Print)&#xD;0954-6820 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>10886486</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=10886486</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>jim669 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>�1�	P@�PSU�Normaled��CJPJ_HaJmHsHtHZ@Z+.�Titolo 1d��d�d@&[$\$5�CJ0KH$PJ	\�aJ0LA@�LCar. predefinito paragrafoXi@�XTabella 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