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C.Y. Pathak*1, Debananda Roy1, R.B. Jadeja2, Abhishek Gupta3, Sumanta Das3 
 1,3Asst. Professor, Faculty of Engg., Marwadi Education Foundations� Group of Institutions, Rajkot. 
2Professor and Dean, Faculty of Engg, Marwadi Education Foundations� Group of Institutions, Rajkot.
*E-mail: drchintanpathak@gmail.com

Abstract: Biodiversity destructive economic activities are inefficient not merely because of the resulting resource misallocation but also because of the excessive scale of activity levels-exploitation, in relation to the limited availability of natural capital when the latter is complementary to human made capital. Efforts for conservation and management of our natural resources must derive from a set of clear objectives, mechanisms for action and commitment from all stakeholders through scientific research. The term development has both positive as well as negative impact on nature / environment. Whereas, the development brings about the awareness of conservation among people, it also leads to disturbance to the biodiversity. Therefore, the magnitude of environmental pollution should not be allowed to go out of proportion. This paper describes the role of forest resources as source for biodiversity conservation like controlling soil erosion, water conservation, land rehabilitation and carbon sequestration.

Key words: Environmental Degradation, Climate Change, Carbon Sequestration, Biodiversity conservation

1.1 Introduction
India is one of 12fth mega diversity country in the world that collectively account for 60-70 % of the world's total biodiversity. There are an estimated 46,000-49,000 species of plants and some 96,000 species of animals in India that constitute respectively 11 % and 7 % of those recorded in the world. As well as being a centre of high species richness and endemism, India is a centre of agro-biodiversity with at least 166 species of crop plants and 320 species of wild relatives of cultivated crops[1-4]. The country�s biodiversity is fundamental to human well-being and sustainable livelihoods. It is estimated that around 27 % of the country�s population is dependent locally on forests for their subsistence and livelihoods, which they earn from fuel wood, fodder, poles, and a range of non-timber forest products.  Seventy percent of India�s rural population depends on fuel wood to meet domestic energy needs. Half of India�s 89 million tribal people who live in forest fringe areas have close cultural and economic links with forests. The country�s natural resources have a major influence on development and well-being of its people, with agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishery sectors. It is therefore necessary to improve the conservation of globally significant biodiversity and ensure its long-term sustainability by encouraging appropriate conservation practices in biodiversity-rich landscapes. 

1.1.1 Environmental Pollution and Ecological Safekeeping
Exploding population growth, elevation of living standards, industrialization, man-made pollution and other developmental activities are placing a greater stress upon the natural environment. Rapid loss of forests is contributing to global warming and flooding in many parts of the world. Carbon dioxide emissions are at historic highs and rising. The emergence of huge new global trading economies and the attendant transportation and manufacturing booms has quickly put the entire world at almost no return point in many categories of natural resources, especially, air and water[4]. Development of forest resources in sustenance with industries worldwide may promote economic and environmental growth, mitigate deforestation and illegal logging, prevent soil degradation and restore degraded lands.

1.2 Materials and methods
1.2.1 Forests� Biodiversity Conservation
Forest resources are freely available resource where biodiversity conservation principal should be implemented since it is only available in the blessed parts of the world. Mankind are required to be sensitize for conservation of floral diversity. For example, typical hardwood trees take between 30-50 years to regenerate to their full mass. There is less oxygen produced, less consumption of carbon dioxide and more soil runoff where those trees are harvested. All of these have a negative effect on the environment. At the same time, few species of grass with some species having been recorded to grow over 1.2 M in just 24 hours[5]. In addition to this, grass can be continuously reharvested every year with no damage to the surrounding environment. Regular harvesting is actually of benefit to the health of the symbiotic plant species. During the regeneration phase of plants, root system remains intact preventing massive soil erosion where it is utilised. The anti-erosion properties are key to the plants� reputation as a useful soil conservation tool. Effective erosion control creates an effective watershed, stitching the soil together along fragile river banks, deforested areas and in places prone to earthquakes and mud slides. Plants are best practical atmospheric carbon sequestrating biomass and could theoretically, be the fastest and least expensive way to offset CO2 emissions and water pollution, while new systems of energy and conservation are being developed[6]. It is widely believed that if flora is planted on a mass basis, the effects of global warming could be reduced in as little as just 6 years with a renewable source of food, building materials and erosion prevention. It is therefore very much necessary to protect forest resources for biodiversity conservation to mitigate environmental pollution. 

1.2.2 Erosion Controller and Windbreak
Vegetation has been used for centuries as windbreakers and erosion controller; they hold the soil in place. During their growth, they contribute to improve environmental quality by absorbing gases and pollutants as well. Vegetation acts as an effective erosion control agent; as their net-like root system create an effective mechanism for watershed protection, stitching the soil together along fragile riverbanks, deforested areas and in places prone to earthquakes and mud slides. The root system of plants are ideal for soil stabilization-preventing erosion and landslides, protecting river banks and preventing from floods. Their unique ground colonizing, horizontally and vertically spreading growth habit makes plantation expand in area automatically helping in binding soil. Because of their wide-spreading root system, the sum of stem flow rate and canopy intercept of vegetation, it greatly reduces the rain runoff, preventing massive soil erosion and keeping as much upto twice water in the watershed[7-9]. Leaves and branches of plants can serve as buffers against torrential rainfall; roots help retain topsoil, slow down the flow of flood waters and reduce siltation of rivers. They are incredibly flexible so they rarely breaks as they can bend themselves with strong winds. They can withstand in heavy winds too. For the human environment, some flora provides shade, wind break, acoustical barriers and aesthetic beauty. 

1.2.3 Soil Rehabilitator
About 17% of the world�s total cultivated land is degraded; of which 62% is moderately to severely damaged. Rehabilitating this land will require policy and ground level efforts and plants can make a significant contribution in this context. Their growth characteristics help the environment both above the ground in terms of carbon sequestration, as well as below the ground in terms of soil rehabilitation. Some plants can grow well in poor soils or even under low rainfall and moisture conditions. There have been a number of projects in recent years that utilize plants to reclaim degraded lands and wastelands [9]. What needs to be done for the future, however, is to develop standardized information and techniques that can enable to provide knowledge about the specific vegetation to be planted based on their ambient soil type. This will require estimation of total reclaimable area across countries, matching of most appropriate species to various types of damaged site and development of new technologies to increase the efficacy of rehabilitation plantations, while making the short-term economics attractive to landholders.

1.2.4 Wastewater Utilizer
Plants are the ecological wastewater utilization system that essentially acts as a wastewater utilizer, simultaneously by producing a marketable yield in the process. Human settlements, like ecosystems, are open systems and when energy and material leave the settlements, they act as strong forcing function on the surrounding ecosystems. Plant diversity contributes to the buffering capacity and self-sustainability of ecosystems. Vegetation has a wide variety of spectrum of buffer capacities to meet the impacts from anthropogenic pollution[10]. A system comprised of a subsurface evaporation-transpiration bed planted with vegetation and other rapid-growing, non-invasive plants, the system is engineered to provide an aerobic rhizosphere in which damaging polluting components are transformed into plant nutrients. Microalgae have been regarded as a natural resource for sustainable materials and fuels, as well as for removal of nutrients and micropollutants from wastewater, and their interaction with bacteria in wastewater is a critical factor to consider because of the microbial diversity and complexity in a variety of wastewater conditions.

1.2.5 Bio-energy Generator
Vegetation has got huge potential to bring revolution as a bio-energy resource. With over 5000 applications, this should be considered as the best amongst other known biomass resources. As a bio-energy resource it can meet both thermal as well as electrical energy requirements and thereby can give energy security to the rural people. From the time immemorial there has been heavy dependence on biomass resources for meeting thermal energy requirements. As such, the forest biomass was indiscriminately extracted from natural vegetation without giving much thought on its conservation and the result has been huge depletion in forest cover. In some areas the situation is so bad that poor villagers need to purchase fuel wood or walk miles to collect the fuel wood[10-11].
	Trees can produce greater biomass than some species of plants with comparable size. Till now, conventional fossil fuels like coal, oil, etc. have been mostly used but their shrinking source, limited storage and polluting nature have forced to look for alternatives. The situation is deteriorating in most of the developing countries. Vegetation has got potential to tide over this problem and ensure energy security. Utilization of renewable vegetation biomass as fuel can save vast natural forest resources and fossil fuels. This would allow retention of carbon already sequestered in forests and in fossil fuels. The availability of sufficient quantity of economically affordably biomass resource on sustainable basis has been the concern in most of the areas. Some of the varieties of trees grow so fast that their cultivation can be considered as short rotation forestry[11-12]. Some of them can be harvested in 3-5 years versus 10-20 years for most softwood. It can be processed for thematic uses and the unused part can be used for power generation along with other energy purposes.
	Time has come to explore usage of plant�s biomass as a renewable energy resource. But, it is not something newly explored; it is already tested but needs huge awareness build-up among the common people considering its importance as a biomass energy resource and environment protector. All the energy generation options based on vegetation have potential to alleviate poverty by linking with various income earning options.

1.2.7 Carbon Sequester
The burning of vast quantities of fossil fuels, large-scale devastation of  tropical forest and land-use change have resulted in a gradual increase of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration which, in turn, have led to global warming. Carbon dioxide and other trace gases in atmosphere have a strong absorbency on infrared radiation, which absorb long-wave radiation from the earth and emit part of long-wave radiation to the earth, thus causing the warming of the earth�s surface and globe climate. Since beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capability of the earth�s atmosphere. According to the national academy of sciences, the earth�s surface temperature has risen by about 0.3-0.6 �C in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades[13-16]. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build up of greenhouse gases.
	Trees/Plants, being economically high biomass producer have advantages over other costly fuels as coal, natural gas as a carbon stock. It acts as a net carbon sink, producing oxygen especially some trees like Bamboo can produce 35% more oxygen compared to normal trees. Woody crops/vegetation offers the possibility of annual selective harvesting and removal of about 15-20% of the total stock without damaging the environment and stock productivity[15]. The annual biomass and carbon sink per hectare of many plants species like bamboo are comparative to wood tree crops, such as eucalyptus or teak. Some of them even sequester up to 12 tons of carbon dioxide from air per hectare of plantation. The unique growing capacity makes plants a valuable sink for carbon storage. Carbon content comprises usually about 50% of the total biomass.
	Available studies conclude that plants like bamboo etc can produce biomass and carbon content higher by 7-30% compared to the fast growing wood species. The rotation cycle of trees should be considered in calculating biomass and carbon content to be provided in future. Vegetation is harvested annually and continues to produce new culms throughout their life. Every five years the carbon sequestered on one hectare will be the same and this productivity of Vegetation will not be reflected in living biomass. If continuing sequestration in durable products is added to the total carbon sequestration figure, the productivity of Vegetation should enable it to reach and exceed long term sequestration levels of the best tree species for carbon sequestration. Vegetation can easily compete with the most effective technique for carbon sequestration capacities. 

1.2.8 Vegetation Products as CO2 Sink
Over 90% of carbon content in plants (vegetation) can be sequestered in durable products such as boards, panels, floors, furniture, buildings, cloth, paper and activated charcoal. These products have a very long life span and may retain carbon for several decades. The cement industry is under tremendous pressure to improve its carbon dioxide balance. The massive production has been partly reduced and marginally offset with reforestation programmes, but the overall balance remains unfavourable. The search for natural fibres, which sequester carbon dioxide, was considered a practical option[16-17]. Researchers identified some specific fungi that would eliminate all sugars after crushing the plants. This process saves water and offers a good quality fibre with no residual sugars. The blending of 50% cement with 50% vegetation fibres reverses the carbon dioxide balance. Since the cement board has an expected life of 30 years, the fast growing species like bambusa uulgaris offers a unique opportunity for the construction industry to adhere to the kyoto protocol. Phyllostachys pubescens, one of the largest vegetation species with a leptomorphic root system has total above-ground biomass one of the highest among the world�s vegetation communities. Annual soil respiration has been found to be 52.3 tons CO2 per ha. Gross production and carbon cycling in phyllostachys bambusoides stand has been determined in kyoto prefecture and a compartment model showing the carbon stock and cycling within the ecosystem has been developed[17].
	The use of fibre from trees has a positive effect on the carbon balance. Since there are some thousands of species of plants and are abundant and easy to grow, the use of fibre offers numerous benefits.  Reforestations not only can improve farmer�s livelihood but it can also improve the quality of air we breathe and prevent our environment from deterioration.

1.2.9 Carbon Trading and Credits
Interest in carbon trading under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has blossomed since 2004. Plants like bamboo�s can meet current requirements for CDM forestry projects such as forest definition, socio-economic and environmental criteria for sustainability, cost benefit analysis, CO2 models, monitoring methodology and accounting. Many different types of CDM projects could be developed using different types of plants, ranging from ecological conservation to cottage to large scale industrial projects. Plants can play a significant role in linking climate change mitigation to sustainable economic development in the developing world. Carbon credits may trigger creation of otherwise marginal plantations for processing jobs and wealth generation.

1.3 Results and Discussion
The world, as a whole and developing countries, in particular, are facing a serious problem of depletion in the natural resource base. Rapid and alarming deterioration in natural environment has become a matter of great concern for the entire globe. Exploding population, industrialization, man-made pollution, loss of forests, etc. are responsible for this disastrous ecological scenario. The livelihoods of rural people are particularly vulnerable to depletion of soil and water resources, as millions of hectares of productive land become unproductive because of topsoil loss from erosion. Erosion of riverbanks exacerbated by the scouring power sediment-laden streams and hilly regions causes thousands more hectares to be lost annually. Carbon dioxide emissions are at historic highs and rising. Moreover, global warming from excesses of atmospheric carbon dioxide will present a very serious problem for developing countries in years to come. There is a pressing need for the development sector to find ways to address these problems.
	Control of greenhouse gas emission has become a socio-politically charged issue around the world needs development of novel means of removing carbon from the atmosphere. Plants as a natural carbon sequestration agent can play a major role in offsetting the continued emissions of carbon dioxide into the environment. As companies and governments look for ways to balance their carbon producing activities with carbon absorbing projects, reforestation properly can result in earning carbon credits. Recent studies suggest that well-managed plantations could mitigate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere more effectively. In addition, plants with uniquely rapid growth and its multiple uses would ensure the economic as well as ecological value of these plantations.

1.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
Reforestation with some specific species has emerged as a way out to effectively combat these problems. Development of such resources and industries worldwide may promote economic and environmental growth, mitigate deforestation, prevent soil degradation, restore degraded lands and provide cleaner environment addressing the livelihood and poverty alleviation issues at the same time. Besides, recovering wastelands and degraded lands, the appropriate use of plants can mitigate the impact of unsustainable agricultural practices and deforestation on the soil. This is important in river and hilly areas, which are particularly vulnerable to water and wind erosion. As with land rehabilitation, large-scale soil conservation efforts must be based on research info appropriate technique and standardization of processes. Vegetation provides a viable economic alternative to forest exploitation and conservation, so that forest can be protected for their biodiversity and their diverse other benefits. On account of better strength properties of trees makes good value in wood market.

Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank the Director, Marwadi Education Foundations� Group of Institutions, Rajkot; for his encouragement and permission to publish this work.


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