����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 104.21.45.146  /  Your IP : 172.69.214.219
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/1862-0-Manuscript-2014-04-23.doc
��ࡱ�>��	������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	�R�R�bjbj$$*�F|F|�BE����������,#<#L#L#L#T�����#�#�#�8$t�%D�#�S��%L<&��&�&�&(��(4�(�R�R�R�R�R�R�R$oU�!X� S]L#�(((�(�( SL#L#�&�&4}S.j/j/j/�(DL#�&L#�&�Qj/�(�Rj/j/�>A�B�&�����:�Ej_�����+�ZB"�Q�S<�S|BF�X�,�IYD�B�BJ�X4%Y$L#D�
�(�(j/�(�(�(�(�( S S�-��(�(�(�S�(�(�(�(��������������������������������������������������������������������IY�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�,�!:	The Effect of Injected Sediment Concentration on Red Soil Erosion and Hydraulics 

Tailong Guo
Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Science�Guangdong Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Control of Agro-environment�No. 808 the Tianyuan Road, the Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650�Guangdong Province�China (Email: gtl107@163.com & 020-87212876) 

Dingqiang Li
Guangzhou branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Science�Guangdong Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Control of Agro-environment�No. 808 the Tianyuan Road, the Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650�Guangdong Province�China (Email: lidq@gzb.ac.cn�).

J. Zhuang
Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4134,USA (Email: jzhuang@utk.edu)

Muning Zhuo
Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Science�Guangdong Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Control of Agro-environment�No. 808 the Tianyuan Road, the Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650�Guangdong Province�China (Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:mnzhuo@soil.gd.cn" mnzhuo@soil.gd.cn )

Zhenyue Xie
Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Science�Guangdong Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Control of Agro-environment�No. 808 the Tianyuan Road, the Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650�Guangdong Province�China (Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:zhyxie@soil.gd.cn" zhyxie@soil.gd.cn )

And
Zhiquan Liang
Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Science�Guangdong Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Control of Agro-environment�No. 808 the Tianyuan Road, the Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650�Guangdong Province�China (Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:zqliang@soil.gd.cn" zqliang@soil.gd.cn )

 The effect of injected sediment concentration on red soil erosion and hydraulics
Abstract: Water erosion is one of the primary causes of land degradation. Human activity has increased the natural rate of erosion by an order of magnitude, making it one of the most significant global environmental problems. Previous investigations have predominantly simulated clear-water erosion, but in regions of erosion area in fact, the soil creates a mud-water flow of variable sediment concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of injected sediment concentration on red soil erosion and elucidate the underlying hydraulics. Controlled laboratory flume experiments were conducted with five concentration levels of the initially injected sediment. The results showed that there were distinct beginning, rising and stable stages for run-off generation; the latter two were more influenced by the injected sediment load. The injected soil increased the detaching capacity of the flowing water thereby accelerating erosion. The cumulative sediment mass exhibited a linear relation with cumulative run-off volume under all injected sediment loads. Reynolds number and Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient increased with injected sediment load, while the ratio of Manning roughness to flow depth decreased. The Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient had a clearer trend than the other two hydraulic measures and was thus a more suitable predictor of red soil erosion. 
Keywords:  Injected sediment concentration; Red soil; Soil erosion; Water scouring.

1.  Introduction
There are two standard methods for physically simulating soil erosion: rainfall simulation (Hargrave, 1997; Zheng et al., 2000; Flanagan, 2002;  HYPERLINK "http://159.226.100.182/sess_1847/http182apps.isiknowledge.com/PROROOT/DaisyOneClickSearch.do?product=WOS&search_mode=DaisyOneClickSearch&db_id=&SID=N13ehPMHf@kbjKnf9nd&name=Arnaez%20J&ut=000244850400010&pos=1" Arnaez, 2007; Li, 2009; Fu et al., 2012) and water scouring (Zhu et al., 1995; Nearing, 1997; Li et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2005; Cao et al., 2009). These techniques are designed to assess raindrop impact on soil erosion (Al-Durrah and Bradford, 1982; Nearing and Bradford, 1985; Sharma et al., 1991), the detachment effect by shallow clear-water flow (Abrahams 1986; Gilley 1990; Nearing et al., 1991; Cochrane and Flanagan 2001), and the simultaneous effect of rainfall and shallow clear-water flow on slope erosion (Rouhipour et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2010). Most researchers have investigated the hydraulic characteristics of soil erosion under clear-water conditions (Proffitt et al., 1991; Prosser et al., 1995; Darboux and Huang, 2005; Rouhipour et al., 2006; Asadi et al., 2007; Li, 2009; Cao et al., 2009; Fu et al., 2012; Guo et al., 2010, 2013). However, natural erosion begins with mudflow, which has seldom been considered.
Sediment is normally added to the input water at the beginning of soil erosion experiments, and its concentration can strongly influence the erosion process and flow hydraulics (Polyakov and Nearing, 2003). There is a dearth of data though on factors such as the deposition and detachment in sediment transport, flow resistance, shear stress and stream power. To elucidate the mechanisms of soil erosion, a better understanding is needed of the roles played by the injected sediment concentration and the runoff hydraulics. 
A region that may be at risk of heavy erosion is the red soil slope land in South China. Researchers in the past two decades have mainly focused on the gravitational erosion (Tang, 2004), but the frequent heavy rainfalls mean that�even with good vegetation�there is also potential for soil erosion. Until now though, very few experiments have provided red soil erosion data that includes the influence of injected sediment load. 
 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of injected sediment concentration on red soil erosion and flow hydraulics. Soil erosion was characterized by Reynolds number, Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient, and the ratio of Manning roughness to flow depth in experiments performed under controlled laboratory conditions. 

2.  Materials and Methods
2.1 Tested soil 
The experiments were conducted in the Laboratory of Red Soil Erosion and Flow Hydraulic in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People�s Republic of China, during the period Jun�Dec, 2013. The red soil used for the experiments was a sandy loam collected from non-farming land in Guangzhou suburb. This region has a subtropical monsoon climate with a mean annual temperature of 21.9 �C and mean annual precipitation of 1682 mm (Monitoring Station, Guangdong Provincial Department of Water Resources and Water Conservation). Most rain falls during the period April�September in heavy storms.

2.2 Water flushing experimental system
The experimental setup consisted of systems for the water supply, water flushing and simulated slope land, as shown in Fig. 1. The water supply system pumped to a lift height of 30 m. A dedicated slurry mixer was used to deliver scouring water with  injected sediment (Fig. 1). The simulated slope land system was composed of test soil and a steel flume. The test soil was gently crushed then passed through a 2 cm wet sieve before being thoroughly mixed. The particle size distribution and the physical and chemical properties of the soil are listed in Table 1. The steel flume was 2 m long, 0.5 m wide and 0.5 m deep. The slope of the flume could be adjusted though a hydraulic jack. Openings were made at the bottom of the steel flume to allow water to drain freely.  Plastic containers (20 L each) were positioned at the bottom of the flume to catch the run-off. Approximately 20 to 30 containers were used in each treatment.

2.3 Experimental design
The injected sediment was trialed at five concentrations: 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/m3. The slope land was fixed at 10� incline for all experiments. The treated soil was added to the flume in 5 cm layers and packed to a bulk density of 1.30 g/cm3. Water was sprayed (by hand) to adjust the soil water content to 8.3% (measured gravimetrically) for all the treatments. During experiments, all run-off water and sediment samples were collected at 1�4 min intervals. The settled sediments were separated from the water and dried at 105 �C for 6�8 h. Flow velocities were measured by coloration of KMnO4 solution (Guo et al., 2010). Each sediment concentration experiment was performed twice. All the experimental data were analyzed using *P < 0.01 (Excel 2010, Microsoft Corporation; SigmaPlot 10, Systat Software Inc.; SPSS 10, IBM).

3. Results and discussion
3.1 Injected sediment load impact on run-off
We found there were generally three stages in the run-off generation process for an injected sediment load of 30�150 kg/m3: beginning, rising, and stable. The beginning stage was characterized by a low run-off volume�independent of sediment load�which occurred during the first 5 min of flushing time. During the second stage, the runoff volume rose nonlinearly with flushing time (5�30 min) according to sediment load. In the final 30 min of flushing time the run-off volume maintained a stable value (Fig. 2).

3.2 Injected sediment load impact on the soil erosion processes
The influence of initial sediment concentration on erosion of the red soil slope is shown in Fig. 3. Sediment at the outer cross section decreased as the initial sediment concentration was increased from 30 to 120 kg/m3. This implies that the injected soil increased the detaching capacity of the flowing water, thereby accelerating the erosion. However, this trend reversed when the sediment concentration was further increased from 120 to 150 kg/m3. (Fig. 3). The detaching capacity of the flow was growing while there was available transport capacity, which was eventually consumed by the injected soil material. When this condition was reached, there was very little soil erosion because the sediment flow had no ability to carry away the detached materials.

3.3 Relationship between sediment and run-off under different injected sediments 
Our results show that cumulative sediment mass varied linearly with cumulative run-off volume but the slope of the relation depended on the injected sediment load. When the injected sediment load was increased from 30 to 150 kg/m3, the gradient of the fit functions changed from 253.59 to 43.69, and R2 value changed from 0.987 to 0.855. This finding was independent of whether the water was fresh or mud flow (Fig. 4).

3.4 Injected sediment load impact on hydraulics
3.4.1 Reynolds number
The injected sediment load also strongly affected the erosion flow hydraulics. The Reynolds number (Re) increased with the unit width sediment load (Rs), although not in a linear manner. The trend line in Fig. 5 is Re = 13.307 Rs + 53.886 with R2 = 0.265.
3.4.2 Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient
Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient (f) increased with the unit width sediment load. The linear regression in Fig. 6 is given by f = 0.021 Rs + 0.0498 (R2 = 0.536).
3.4.3 The ratio of Manning roughness to average flow depth
In a previous investigation, we found that both Reynolds number and the ratio of Manning roughness coefficient to mean flow depth (n/h) are good hydraulic indicators for the unit sediment load in flume and field experiments, using either simulated rainfall or water scouring with fresh water (Guo et al., 2013). Fig. 7 shows the relationship between n/h and Rs for the present study with mud flow. The power law regression is given by n/h = 26.528 Rs-0.051 (R2 = 0.171).

4.  Conclusions 
We have presented the results for simulated erosion of red soil by mud-water flow. The erosion process had distinct beginning, rising and stable stages for run-off generation. The injected soil increased the detaching capacity of the flow, accelerating erosion, and influenced the run-off volume in the latter two stages. Cumulative sediment mass varied linearly with cumulative run-off volume for all injected sediment loads. Reynolds number and the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient increased with sediment concentration, while the ratio of Manning roughness coefficient to mean flow depth decreased. The Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient was the more suitable hydraulic indicator for soil erosion under the controlled conditions.

Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by research projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41101257 and 41171221), the Research Team of the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (S2012030006144), and the project commissioned by Guangdong Provincial Water Conservancy Department (GPCGD112197FT141F1). We thank the assistance of Lan Peiling, Huang Hanjie, Cui Weijiang, and Wei Yuanle for their indispensable help in the laboratory.
References
Abrahams, A.D., Parsons, A.J., Luk, S.H., 1986. Resistance to overland flow on desert hillslopes. Journal of  Hydrology 88, 343-363. 
Al-Durrah, M.M., Bradford, J.M., 1982. The mechanism of raindrop splash on soil surfaces. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46, 1086-1090. 
Arnaez, J., Lasanta, T., Ruiz-Flano, P., Ortigosa, L., 2007. Factors affecting runoff and erosion under simulated rainfall in Mediterranean vineyards. Soil and Tillage Research 93(2), 324-334. 
Asadi, H., Ghadiri, H., Rose, C.W., Yu, B., Hussein, J., 2007. An investigation of flow-driven soil erosion processes at low streampowers. Journal of hydrology 342, 134-142.
Cochrane, T.A., Flanagan, D.C., 2001. Deposition Processes in a Simulated Rill. Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century. 2, 139-142. 
Cao, L.X., Zhang, K.L., Zhang, W., 2009. Detachment of road surface soil by flowing water. Catena 76, 155-162.
Darboux, F., Huang, C.H., 2005. Does soil surface roughness increase or decrease water and particle transfers? Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, 748-756.
Flanagan, D.C., Chaudhari, K., Norton, L.D., 2002. Polyacrylamide soil amendment effects on runoff and sediment yield on steep slopes: Part I. Simulated rainfall conditions. Transactions of America Society of Agricultural Engineers 45(5), 1327-1337. 
Fu, X.T., Zhang, L.P., Wu, X.Y., Wang, X.Y., Zhang, H.S., 2012. Dynamic simulation on hydraulic characteristic values of overland flow.  Water Resources 39(4), 474-480.
Gilley, J.E., Kittwitz, E.R., Simanton, J.R., 1990. Hydraulic characteristics of rills. Transactions of America Society of Agricultural Engineers 33, 1900-1906. 
Guo, T.L., Wang, Q.J., Li, D.Q., Wu, L.Sh., 2010. Sediment and solute transport on soil slope under simultaneous influence of rainfall impact and scouring flow. Hydrological Processes 24(11), 1446-1454. 
Guo, T.L., Wang, Q.J., Li, D.Q., Zhuang, J., Wu, L.Sh., 2013. Flow hydraulic characteristics effect on sediment and solute transport on slope erosion. Catena 107, 145-153.
Hargrave, A.P., Shaykewich, C.F., 1997. Rainfall induced nitrogen and phosphorus losses from Manitoba soils. European Journal of Soil Science 77, 59-65. 
Li, G., 2009. Preliminary study of the interference of surface objects and rainfall in overland flow resistance. Catena 78, 154-158. 
Li, Z.B., Lu, K.X., Ding, W.F., 2002. Experimental study on dynamic processes of soil erosion on loess slope.  Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (China) 16(2), 5-7, 49. 
Nearing, M.A., Bradford, J.M., 1985. Single waterdrop splash detachment and mechanical properties of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, 547-552. 
Nearing, M.A., Bradford, J.M., Parker, S.C., 1991. Soil Detachment by Shallow Flow at Low Slopes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, 339-344. 
Nearing, M.A., Norton, L.D., 1997. Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills. Water Resources Research 33(4), 865-876. 
Polyakov, V.O., Nearing, M.A., 2003. Sediment transport in rill flow under deposition and detachment conditions. Catena 51, 33-43. 
Proffitt, A.P.B., Rose, C.W., Hairsine, P.B., 1991. Rainfall detachment and deposition: experiments with low slopes and significant water depths. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, 325-332. 
Rouhipour, H., Ghadiri, H., Rose, C.W., 2006. Investigation of the interaction between flow-driven and rainfall-driven erosion processes. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 503-514. 
Sharma, P.P., Gupta, S.C., Rawls, W.J.,0>@B\h�����������엪�ցn�[K6)jhwY�hwH0J5�B*CJUphhwY�h�eC5�B*CJo(ph$hwY�h1�B*CJnHo(phtH%hai�5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH+hwY�h�A5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH%h�j�5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH+hwY�h51t5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH+hwY�h�fw5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH+hwY�h��5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH%h�%{5�B*CJ aJ nHo(phtH����
�
�
$
&
:

"\^v��������������������
$d�a$gd#\d�gd#\
$d�a$gdvV�d�gdvV�
$d�a$gd�y�
$d�a$gd�G
d�gdQ7_
$d�a$gd�CMd�gd�CM
$d�a$gd�eC��

n
p
r
~
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
���޼�����r_�N=�-hwY�h�eC5�B*CJo(ph hwY�h�eCB*nHo(phtH hwY�h�D�B*nHo(phtH$hwY�hf�0J?B*nHo(phtH$hwY�h�CM0J?B*nHo(phtHh?V�B*nHo(phtH hwY�hQ7_B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�CMB*o(phhwY�h�CMB*ph$hwY�h�CMB*aJnHo(phtHhwY�h�eC0J8B*aJphhwY�h�eCB*aJph'hwY�h�eC5�B*CJnHo(phtH�
�
�
<@�����


"
$
����yhyVEy0(hwY�h�eCB*CJaJnHo(phtH hwY�hK0#B*CJaJo(ph"h�g�B*CJaJnHo(phtH hwY�hK0#B*CJaJo(ph(hwY�hK0#B*CJaJnHo(phtH!hwY�h�eC0J8B*CJaJphhwY�h�eCB*CJaJph(hwY�h�0fB*CJaJnHo(phtH%hwY�h�0fB*CJaJnHphtH'hwY�hQ7_5�B*CJnHo(phtH)jhwY�hQ7_0J5�B*CJUph$
&
:
���
 "j��ǵ����q\H8H8H+hwY�hvV�B*aJphhwY�hvV�5�B*CJo(ph'hwY�hvV�5�B*CJnHo(phtH(h�r�hvV�B*CJaJnHo(phtH(hwY�hvV�B*CJaJnHo(phtH(hwY�h�y�B*CJaJnHo(phtH%h�r�h�r�B*CJaJnHphtHh�r�h�r�"h�r�B*CJaJnHo(phtH%hwY�h�y�B*CJaJnHphtH$hwY�h�y�5�B*CJnHphtH$hwY�h�G
B*aJnHo(phtHj|������
,02TVXZ\^ln���Ÿ���y��k��ŧWC3hwY�h#\5�B*CJo(ph'hwY�h#\5�B*CJnHo(phtH'hwY�h�N5�B*CJnHo(phtHh�O�h�g�0J9nHo(tH h�g�h�g�B*nHo(phtHh�g�B*nHphtH jh�g�B*UnHphtH hwY�hvV�B*nHo(phtHhwY�hvV�B*o(phhwY�hvV�B*ph$hwY�hvV�B*aJnHo(phtHhwY�hvV�B*aJphhwY�hvV�0J8B*aJphnv��$&(468^�������������޼���p�p]��J�7$hwY�hQ7_5�B*CJnHphtH$hwY�hQ7_B*aJnHo(phtH$hwY�h#\0J9B*nHo(phtHhwY�h#\B*nHphtH&jhwY�h#\B*UnHphtH hwY�h#\B*nHo(phtHhwY�h#\B*o(phhwY�h#\B*ph$hwY�h#\B*aJnHo(phtHhwY�h#\0J8B*aJphhwY�h#\B*aJph'hwY�h#\5�B*CJnHo(phtH���
^�$%6Q!^#%V&W&q&����������������$��d�WD8`��a$gd?SJ$��d�WD�`��a$gd?SJgd?SJ�d�^�gd?SJ$�Yd�`�Ya$gd?SJgd?SJ
$d�a$gd�G

$d�a$gdQ7_d�gdQ7_�������0������������ʶ�멚��|o^MA0AM h�h�B*nHo(phtHh�B*nHphtH jh�B*UnHphtH hwY�hQ7_B*nHo(phtHhwY�hQ7_B*o(phhwY�hQ7_B*ph$hwY�hQ7_B*aJnHo(phtHhwY�hQ7_0J8B*aJphhwY�hQ7_B*aJph'hwY�h?c-5�B*CJnHo(phtHhwY�hQ7_5�B*CJo(ph!h�D�5�B*CJnHo(phtH'hwY�hQ7_5�B*CJnHo(phtH�	

$,-;>A]^eh�����ϱ���|o|e|o|ZM�Ah?SJB*nHphtHhwY�h?SJ5�B*phh�>gh?SJB*phh?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*phh?SJB*phhwY�h�)�B*o(ph(h�D�hQ7_B*CJaJnHo(phtH$hwY�hQ7_B*aJnHo(phtHhwY�hQ7_B*ph hwY�hQ7_B*nHo(phtH jh�B*UnHphtHh�O�h�0J9nHo(tH������i������������
 &(+4VW_`n���6AGHefw{���5Y����������Ƶ������Ƶ�ӵ����Ƣ��������������������h?SJ0J;B*nHphtH$hwY�h?SJ0J;B*nHo(phtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*o(phh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*phh?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*nHo(phtH:������#$%6MTYdkn�������ƶ���������yg[y�[�[�NCNChwY�h?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*o(phh?SJB*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�aJphhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJ5�6�B*nHphtHh?SJ5�6�B*ph&hwY�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJ5�6�B*o(ph)hwY�h?SJ5�6�B*]�nHo(phtH&hwY�h?SJ5�B*]�nHo(phtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH������������������������������
!"(.3:;@e�����������������ŵҵ������������ŏ��������������������������ҏ��hwY�h?SJ6�B*phh?SJB*nHphtHhwY�h?SJ0J9B*phjhwY�h?SJB*UphhwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*ph#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH8�������	%,-24:DHQV\`w����������  = H R W h m � � � � � � � � � � � !
!!�������������������������ɷɷ��ɯ��ɣɷɷɷɷɷɷɷ�篐$hwY�h?SJ0J:B*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*ph#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJ6�B*phhwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*ph8! !)!/!P!Q!f!l!!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!"S"T"U"�"�"�""#F#J#^#~#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#�#$O$^$_$h${$�$�$�$�$�$�$�������ή�������������ή�����񝑝�����������������h?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH!hwY�h?SJ0J:B*nHphtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH$hwY�h?SJ0J:B*nHo(phtHh?SJ0J:B*nHo(phtHh?SJ0J:B*nHphtH4�$�$�$�$�$	%
%%%
%%%#%$%&%'%)%�%�%�%�%�%-&R&S&W&q&u&v&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&'''*'-'.'7'�������������ڴڴڴڴڦ������������ڴڴ�&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtHh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*phhwY�h?SJ6�B*]�phh?SJB*nHphtHhwY�h?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*o(ph4q&�&�(�(�(�,�,�,�/�/	0606272w2r5s5�5i7j7�������������������$
���!�$Bd�a$gd?SJ$
�H�!�$B��d�WD�`��a$gd?SJ�d�^�gd?SJ$
���!�$B��d�WD�`��a$gd?SJd�gd?SJ7'8'9'='A'K'O'S'_'e'j'k''�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'����������������´֥��u�d�UhwY�h?SJB*aJo(ph hwY�h?SJB*PJaJo(phh?SJB*PJaJphhwY�h?SJB*PJaJph(hwY�h?SJB*PJaJnHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHhwY�h?SJ6�B*o(phh?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*ph hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*ph�'�'�'�'( ("(#(%('(^(_(d(e(r(s(x(y(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(������ţ�����������|���|�Ըԣl�^h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*phh?SJB*PJaJnHphtHh?SJB*PJaJphh?SJB*nHphtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH(hwY�h?SJB*PJaJnHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*aJphhwY�h?SJB*PJaJphh?SJB*aJphhwY�h?SJB*aJo(ph$hwY�h?SJB*aJnHo(phtH!�(�(�(�(�(	)&)B)C)G)[)i)o)q)u)v)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)�)*****(*8*F*H*U*Y*]*b*d*v*z**�*�*�����˺�ӺӠ�˔Ӻ��˺����˺����Ӻ����Ӻ�v�����hwY�h?SJB*o(ph h�~�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtHh�~�h?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*phh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*ph&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtH.�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*�*++++"+#+5+7+8+:+=+A+B+C+L+M+Z+\+b+g+u+z+{+�+�+,,,#,O,P,U,b,c,d,i,j,�,�,�,�,�,�����������������������������������������������������Ϧ�h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*o(phh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*phhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*o(ph9�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,---
-------"-$-%-&-.-B-C-D-T-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-��������Ҫ�������������ҵ����������������|�|��hwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJB*H*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*phh?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*ph#h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHphtH&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtH0�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-�-.$.0.1.2.3.9.:.=.C.h.j.k.n.|.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�./������˾������࡭˾�����˾˾˭������������ୡ����ྭ���h?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*o(phh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*H*phhwY�h?SJB*ph(hwY�h?SJB*CJaJnHo(phtH?//////#/_/x/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/0	0
0
010���ͻͯ͠�ͯͯͯͯ͠�������z�fXfh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*ph&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�ph*hwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*H*ph 102060T0Z0`0a0h0k0l0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�01111U1d1p1{1~1�1�1�1�1�1�1�122222+2,2��λ��λλλλλλλ�λλλλλλλλλλλλ�΅!hEYih?SJ0J;B*nHphtH'hwY�h?SJ0J;B*H*nHo(phtH!hwY�h?SJ0J;B*nHphtH$hwY�h?SJ0J;B*nHo(phtHh?SJ0J;B*nHphtH&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtHh?SJ5�6�B*nHphtH0,2-20222325262728292:2;2\2`2w2�2�2�2�2�2�2�23���ڶ���u�u�f�ZIZIZIZI hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtHh?SJ5�6�B*nHphtHh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*ph&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtH!hwY�h?SJ0J;B*nHphtHh?SJ0J;B*nHphtH$hEYih?SJ0J;B*nHo(phtH!h�~�h?SJ0J;B*nHphtH$h�~�h?SJ0J;B*nHo(phtH$h5gh?SJ0J;B*nHo(phtH33"3/303>3L3M3Q3R3V3X3_3`3�3�3�3�3�3�3�344$434448494:4;4<4?4A4B4C4E4F4l4�4�4�4#5*5+5L5^5f5q5r5s5t5��������������������������߰�ӟ����������������&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtH h�JIh?SJB*nHo(phtH h`Jh?SJB*nHo(phtH#hwY�h?SJB*H*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH2t5u5v5w5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�56666#6Q6n6q6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6777^7`7�������ݽ������������������������~�������m hj4Gh?SJB*nHo(phtH#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJB*H*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJ5�6�B*nHphtH&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtHh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*ph*`7c7e7f7h7i7j7k7l7m7n7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7888 8!8"8&80858D8E8G8�8�8����ô������o�^�^�^�^�^�^�^�P�^h?SJ6�B*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH#h�~�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtH h�~�h?SJ6�B*nHphtHh�~�h?SJ5�6�B*ph&h�~�h?SJ5�6�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*nHphtH h�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh�~�h?SJB*nHphtH h�~�h?SJB*nHo(phtHj7�7�7�8�89�9�;�;�;�>�>�>U@V@W@b@�����������������d�^�gd��

���!d�gd���d�^�gd?SJ$��d�WD�`��a$gd?SJ$�����d�WD�^���`��a$gd?SJ
$d�a$gd?SJd�gd?SJ�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�899
999999/9Z9[9\9]9^9_9d9e9h9���������°����tf���t����������t������h�~�h?SJ6�B*o(ph h�~�h?SJ6�B*nHphtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*H*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJB*H*nHo(phtH#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtHh?SJ6�B*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtH(h9i9j9p9q9r9s9t9u9v9w99�9�9�9�9�9�9�9�9::=:@:A:E:{:}:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:;; ;";#;�����ѿ���ﮜ�������n�������������n�� hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHphtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJ6�B*nHphtH#h�~�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtH h�~�h?SJ6�B*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJB*H*nHo(phtH#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtHh?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH+#;m;p;q;r;s;y;z;|;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�������⿱џ����щzj]G*hwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�nHo(phtHh?SJ6�B*CJ]�phhwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�phhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*phh?SJ6�B*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJ6�B*nHo(phtHh?SJB*H*nHphtH#hwY�h?SJB*H*nHo(phtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH h�~�h?SJ6�B*nHphtHh?SJB*nHphtH�;:<B<C<T<�<�<�<�<�<=
==!="=-=5=K=L=M=N=]=e=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=>(>+>,>0>>>H>O>Q>R>V>k>l>�>�>�>�>�>�>�����������������������������hwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�ph!hwY�h?SJB*^JnHphtHhwY�h?SJB*nHphtHh?SJB*nHphtH hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtH$hwY�h?SJ0J;B*nHo(phtHh?SJ0J;B*nHphtH0�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>???2?N?W?X?Y?g?h?q?y?z?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?%@)@.@/@=@A@E@I@S@T@U@V@�������߹߹߹߬߬��߉�������߬����{�{�{�o�hwY�h?SJnHo(tHhwY�h?SJB*]�o(ph hwY�h?SJB*]�nHphtH#hwY�h?SJB*]�nHo(phtHhwY�h?SJB*]�ph hwY�h?SJB*nHo(phtHh?SJB*phhwY�h?SJB*o(phhwY�h?SJB*ph*hwY�h?SJ6�B*CJ]�nHo(phtH*V@W@b@j@k@m@n@o@p@y@z@|@}@~@@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@AAA��ппппппппЮ��ЮЮЮ����п��r�r�r�r� hwY�hvA\B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�f�B*ph hwY�h�
^B*nHo(phtHhwY�hABLB*nHphtH hwY�h�z�B*nHo(phtH hwY�hABLB*nHo(phtHhwY�h�z�B*nHphtHhwY�h�K�6�B*CJ]�ph hwY�h�K�B*nHo(phtH,b@�@zA<B�BsC�C�D�E*F�F�GDH�HdIJ�JMK�K������������������$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd�H�$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd�t�$���d�VDWD$�^�`��a$gd��$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd��AAAAiAjAlAnArAsAxAyAzA�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A0B2B:B;B<B=BBBCBEBGBOBPBRBTBYB[B\B���������������������䦕�u�u�u�u�u�u hwY�h��B*nHo(phtHhwY�h��B*nHphtH hwY�h�
^B*nHo(phtH hwY�h�q�B*nHo(phtH hwY�hnnTB*nHo(phtH hwY�h�f�B*nHo(phtHhwY�hvA\B*phhwY�h�f�B*ph hwY�hvA\B*nHo(phtH-\B^B`BoBpBrBuByBzB{B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�BCCCCC	C8C9CHCgChCqCrCsCwCxC|C}C�C�C�C�C�����������������±±±±±±±¤�±��s�s�s�shwY�h�M�B*nHphtH hwY�h�M�B*nHo(phtH hwY�hg�B*nHo(phtHhwY�hf�B*o(ph hwY�hf�B*nHo(phtHhwY�hg�B*o(ph hwY�h��B*nHo(phtHhwY�h��B*nHphtH hwY�h�mhB*nHo(phtH-�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�CDDPDxD�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�DmEsEuEyEzEE�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E������������������ȷȷȷȷȷȷȷȷȬ���ȷ��{�{�{hwY�hO�B*nHphtH hwY�hO�B*nHo(phtH hwY�h)%�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�Q3B*ph hwY�h�Q3B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�=B*phhwY�h��B*ph hwY�h��B*nHo(phtH hwY�h�M�B*nHo(phtH0�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�EF
FFFFFFF F!F$F%F(F)F*F0F2F3F4F5F6F@FAFCFDFEFFFPFQFSFTFVFWF�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F���������������������������������������������չ��Ĩ�� hwY�h�@(B*nHo(phtHhwY�h=0B*nHphtH hwY�h)%�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�_B*ph hwY�h�_B*nHo(phtHhwY�hF/B*phhwY�hO�B*nHphtH hwY�hO�B*nHo(phtH5�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�FsGyG~G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G���������������������߮��߽�������������������� hwY�h�dYB*nHo(phtHhwY�h�dYB*nHphtHhwY�h�@(B*nHphtH hwY�h=0B*nHo(phtH hwY�h��B*nHo(phtH hwY�h�@(B*nHo(phtHhwY�h=0B*nHphtH5�G�G�G-H/H5H6HDHLHMHOHPHQHRH^H_HaHbHdHeH�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�HMIUIVI�������ijijijijijijĨ���ij��wf�w�w�w� hwY�h�4�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�t�B*nHphtH hwY�h�t�B*nHo(phtH hwY�hg[B*nHo(phtHhwY�h6�B*ph hwY�h6�B*nHo(phtHhwY�hg[B*ph hwY�h�dYB*nHo(phtHhwY�h�dYB*nHphtH hwY�hB*nHo(phtH%VIXIZI]I^IaIdIfIgIiIjIkIlIoIqIsItIuIvI|I}II�I�I�IJJJJJJJJJ J*J+J-J.J0J1J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J������ϾϾϾϾϾϾϾϾϾϾϾ���������������������hwY�h�oVB*nHphtH hwY�h�oVB*nHo(phtHhwY�hd lB*nHphtH hwY�h�H�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�H�B*nHphtH hwY�h�t�B*nHo(phtH hwY�h6zB*nHo(phtH1�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J�J>K?KAKCKKKLKTKUKWKXKYKZKbKcKeKfKhKiK�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�K�K2L:LGL�������������������������������ࠑ�������hwY�h�4�B*nHphtH hwY�h�4�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�O�B*nHphtH hwY�h�O�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h;�B*nHphtHhwY�hd lB*nHphtH hwY�h;�B*nHo(phtH2�KGLM�M|�/���X�#��J�L�N�R�T�X�Z�����������������$a$gdQ7_$a$gdwH$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gdU�$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd��$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd,I$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd�4�GLOLQLRLSLULYL]L_L`LaLbLeLmLoLpLqLrLwLyL{L�LMMMM	MM
MMMMMMM%M&M(M)M/M0M2M3M5M6M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M������������������������������������������������������ hwY�h|8�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h�LB*nHphtH hwY�h�LB*nHo(phtHhwY�hd lB*nHphtH hwY�h[<�B*nHo(phtHhwY�h,IB*nHphtH hwY�h,IB*nHo(phtH8�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�M�m�u�v�z�{�|��������/�3�4�6�7�9�:�I�J�R�S�X�Y�����������������������ᄈ������u�u�ufufufu�uhwY�h:B*nHphtH hwY�h:B*nHo(phtHhwY�hU�B*nHphtH hwY�hU�B*nHo(phtHhwY�hU�B*o(phhwY�hU�B*ph hwY�hd lB*nHo(phtHhwY�h|8�B*nHphtHUhwY�hd lB*nHphtH hwY�h|8�B*nHo(phtH( 1991. Soil detachment by single raindrops of varying kinetic energy. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, 301-307. 
Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Station of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Department of water resources and water conservation. Regin http://stbc.digitwater.com/
Tang, K.L., 2004. Chinese Soil and Water Conservation. Beijing: Science Publishing Company, P213-216.
Zhang, X.C., Li, Z.B., Ding, W.F., 2005. Validation of WEPP Sediment Feedback Relationships using Spatially Distributed Rill Erosion Data. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, 1440-1447. 
Zheng, F.L., Huang, C.H., Norton, L.D., 2000. Runoff, Soil Erosion, and Erodibility of Conservation Reserve Program Land under Crop and Hay Production. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 4-11. 
Zhu, J.C., Gantzer, C.J., Anderson, S.H., Peyton, R.L., Alberts, E.E., 1995. Simulated Small-Channel Bed Scour and Head Cut Erosion Rates Compared. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, 211-218. 
 Corresponding author: D. Li, Guangzhou branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Science�Guangdong Key Laborato��������������������������������������(�G�H�J�L�V�W�]�^�`�a�b�c�j�k�m�n�o�p�x�y�{�|�~������!�"�&�'�)�*�+�,�5�6�8�9�:�;�E�F�H�I�J�K�S�T�V�W�X�Y�b�c��������������������������������������������������� hwY�h�$jB*nHo(phtHhwY�h�l{B*nHphtH hwY�h�l{B*nHo(phtHhwY�hd lB*nHphtHKc�e�f�h�i���޳߳������������v�z���$�B�H�����������߿�����l�[Y[J[h�g�h�g�B*CJaJphU h�y�hwHB*CJaJo(ph%h�y�hwHB*CJaJnHphtHh�y�hwHB*CJaJph(h�y�hwHB*CJaJnHo(phtHh�y�hwHCJaJ!jh�y�hwH0JCJUaJ hwY�hd lB*nHo(phtHhwY�h�$jB*nHphtH hwY�h�$jB*nHo(phtHhwY�hd lB*nHphtHry of Comprehensive Control of Agro-environment�No. 808 the Tianyuan Road, the Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650�Guangdong Province�China (Email: lidq@gzb.ac.cn  ).










 PAGE 1

PAGE  


PAGE  1




 PAGE 2

PAGE  


PAGE  2




 PAGE 13

PAGE  


PAGE  13






H�J�L�N�P�T�V�Z�\�`�b�f�h�t�v�x�z�~�����������������������������»Ļƻʻ̻ػڻܻ����������������������������ɸɴ�������ɸ�����ɸɴ�������ɸ��������
h?SJ0Jjh?SJ0JU�Hhk�զh0J �jHhk�զh0JUhhai�0JmHnHu
h0Jjh0JUjhByUhByh�y�hCJaJnHo(tHh�y�hwHCJaJnHo(tH4Z�^�`�d�f�|�~�����������������Ȼʻܻ޻���������������������������������������$a$����&`#$gd=eE$a$$a$���&�(�*�.�0�<�>�B�D�F�N�P�R�������������� hwY�hd lB*nHo(phtHhByhai�0JmHnHu
h?SJ0Jjh?SJ0JUh?SJ�*�,�.�F�H�J�L�N�P�R�����������$���h�d�VDWDV�^��`�h�a$gd��$a$$a$����&`#$gd=eE
3	0&P@P	��/ ��=!�"�#�$�%��8����3	0&P@P	��/ ��=!�"�#�$�%��8����=0P&P1�F:p?SJ��/ ��=!�"�#�$�%��8����=0P&P1�F:p����/ ��=!�"�#�$�%��8����@	00P&P1�F:p����/ ��=!�"�#�$�%��8����z�?���K�Ǽ�(*�z�?���K�Ǽ�(*�bL2���� 0@P`p������2(�� 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p��8X�V~PJ_HmH	nHsH	tH8`�8�Xck�eCJ_HaJmH	sH	tH	V@V
�Y@h�� 1$$d�@&a$5�B*CJ\�aJnHph�tHD@Dh�� 2$$�h@&^�ha$5�6�\�]�0@0h�� 3$@&5�\�6@6h�� 4$@&5�6�\�]�H@Hh�� 5$$
�"@&a$5�6�\�]�NA`�N؞���k=�W[SO, Char Char Char CharFi�Fnf�h�<h :V�4�4�
la� k � �eRh�4B@�4ck�e�e,g$d�a$5�,P@,ck�e�e,g 25�.Q.ck�e�e,g 3$a$(@"(��l�e,gCJ$&`�1$��l_(uH*,@B,u�	w

���!, @R,u��

���!)@�au�x(�qL��S:��:abs$$d����<a$B�O�Bp!$$��d����<`��a$5�B�O�BLEGENDd����<@&OJQJN@�Nck�e)ۏ$��1$`��a$CJKHPJnHtHu<>@�<h���[d����]�[
5�CJ\�L�O�LText$
���7$8$]�a$CJ\�aJH�O��HAuthor$�0d��T]�0a$CJaJR�O��RAffiliation$�0dL���]�0a$CJaJ8�O�8Ack �SdL�]�SCJaJV�O�VLevel 1 head!$d��J�xa$5�CJ\�aJD�O�"D	Level 2/1"$d$��|a$5�\�N�O�2NLevel 2 head#$d$����|a$5�\�^�O�B^
References($
���S���(�dL�]�S^��`�(�CJaJL�O�RL	Addresses%�S��dL�]�S`��CJaJH�O�bHMS dates&$�6dL�]�6a$CJaJD�O�rD	Footnotes'�SdL�]�SCJaJN�O��N
Running heads($�0dh]�0a$;�@���@Table title)$�]�a$\�O��\
Table data&*$����d$�]�^�`��a$CJaJh�O�h
Broadside cap'+$
����M�d8�7$8$]�M�a$CJ\�aJZ�o��Z1.5 col cap,$��d8�]��a$CJ_HmH	sH	tH	8�O��8	1 col cap-d8�\�2�q�2	Copyright.@&>�o��>Level 3 head5�OJQJ\�:�o�:Level 4 head
5�CJ\�(J@(oRh��15�\�H��"HTable fn2$��dL�^�`�a$0�o�10Cite: au6�CJ0�o�A0
Cite: yearCJ^�OR^Abstract,5$
���0d$��|��7$8$]�0a$CJaJ>Cb>ck�e�e,g)ۏ6$��h]�`�ha$J�OrJ�eC
 Char Char7$1$a$CJKHnHtH0�O��0�eClijuyuanxing0U`�0}9�����c7�>*S*�Y(ph5P� �O�� }9word"�O��"�rtrans:�o�:��
hithilite1
q�
����"W`��"aF���p5�\��o����X�{f�W 1�:V>�0������j�#��������j�#�����������
��>$1$a$"�O��"�B�email.�@.�eyb�lFh�e,g@CJaJ('`�(�w+yb�l_(uCJaJ$@"$�w+yb�l�eW[B*j@!"*�w+yb�l;N��C5�\�$$
�Y�vU_ 1D00
�Y�vU_ 3E�HVD�^�H00
�Y�vU_ 2F��VD�^��(��q(�6�std nobr.X`�.H[:_�5�6�\�]�ph�3<�o�<K0#	unnamed117�>*S*�Y(phfff��O��
�u�) Char Char3 Char Char Char Char Char CharJ$1$a$CJKHnHtH@�O�@xFp CharK$1$a$CJKHnHtHPK!����[Content_Types].xml���N�0E�H���-J��@%�ǎǢ|�ș$�ز�U��L�TB� l,�3��;�r��Ø��J��B+$�G]��7O٭V��<a���(7��I��R�{�pgL�=��r���8�5v&����uQ�뉑8��C����X=��$␴�?6N�JC������F�B.ʹ'�.�+���Y�T���^e5�5�� ��ð�_�g -�;�����Yl�ݎ��|6^�N��`�?���[��PK!�֧�6_rels/.rels���j�0���}Q��%v/��C/�}�(h"���O�
����=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_����6L�R�7`������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e��е�����PK!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xml�M
� @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ��C�AǠҟ����7��՛K
Y,�
�e�.���|,���H�,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW��)�E�+&
8���PK!�lN���theme/theme/theme1.xml�YOoG�W�w�b'v�#;6i!ņ��x=�2���'���T�*�8�ꥇ�-H�T�eJE��W蛙�N�n�(j��g�߼Y��p+bh�Iy��g+"�χ4�޵~�̊����3��7!һ�����
ID��*nz�R��‚�a˳<!1<qaE�0x�Fla�RY^�0�=��^��Oг�y�̓�n߃�Z���@Q��^��i
��h��ݪFȉl3��0kz�n�����R���W1?�����nbj��¾��I�����F���j��8���7�fq�N�ݩ���>xjm)ʬuW��Lfd���ݮ�+5_��4cs��j��-V��?k3���rm}����g��z����
��g��s�嚋7���xw����sȈ��R�
�W*)|��jȫK��Xͫ���
dX��IBF؇bn�h (�
�*��'vɗ3KZ����jz'c*����_=}��<9���ݻw~���]�8��^~��_o�?���xY��ýg�~^������G<y�/��__xP��iD$�B����1�r2'��1-�X��c������A_�`�fDZ�E�^@e��㛎��P�-�|)����Ei.i]�0��qP�\������t�q��3N�7��to��1s��X��D!���R��
J��nQ_p�G
ݠ��iiH�t�T�t�&� /�2�!�Nl���ge^o�=	]�Y��}œ0^�c��2�}�b�/c�ٛ���H��3$R��*��B�/a`�Ҵo�I�"���e2/c΋�
��q��a{4�؏�.�(F�\�����!�3��s�}�'�G��58&MD?��\^$ܩ�ބ�01T��puD�"nF�����#n���_=,��]��u8��zf�Q����6C�����b��zO����ϓ�~>}J��0��E�m��h��=���Ԅ����Ξa�>s�$�-,	�O�ɠ���=Hp�	Ua/�	�UO	d*:�(�.�f�T�����U��/!�9$V[|h���rv����s��-i�U�t.
�����6��ڪ�4C����ebs)���bMj�B�e��k�p��u�m����,�f�d��$͑�{6GU���Vf�~�b��#�V���b�@�q�TTW��.�ޛd)��i�@��vdq�9Y���^��X�����7�{2�%�u��H�x��+a��f6]>�f#s�m�*���q�q��DH��ehK�<JK��Z���a=-J��xV,�@1�kV@�Ԓш����Š����R)+"z�p
�X�`H�.U�gH%��0��?��9m��%��o�ήc��8�[ݢY'[�!���`�Vj�q�䮘�?%W�e�?sE�'�ai�3��b��Dž
9�PR�+`p0���w�1��6��ӿm�Y����vh���H���m�%S}G��g��RA��
��Ě= {��5.��C!��a���p����z�)���d��k{�mO>���)���@��?71����o�ggo��`:fղ�e������k�p£�2֌Nj��8��ǰ�D	�CB�?8���1e��>�nE��eU}�H�]��dm1iQ6��褣�֧<��z[[v�|�0�p�sz�4��F؉�]�j�����Qv�1�1ߖ��⃛��
��`̔4��S	3t��4��h���
��PK!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M
�0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5
6?$Q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{��P����8�g/]�QAsم(����#��L�[������PK-!����[Content_Types].xmlPK-!�֧�60_rels/.relsPK-!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!�lN����theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!
ѐ��'�	theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]�
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<a:clrMap xmlns:a="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main" bg1="lt1" tx1="dk1" bg2="lt2" tx2="dk2" accent1="accent1" accent2="accent2" accent3="accent3" accent4="accent4" accent5="accent5" accent6="accent6" hlink="hlink" folHlink="folHlink"/>^m�DCDG�U1W1�D�����5�����j�����������������	#0222>IVXXXep~�����������������
$
jn������!�$7'�'�(�*�,�-/10,23t5`7�8h9#;�;�>V@A\B�C�E�F�GVI�JGL�M��c�H��R�')*+,-/012345689:;<=>?@ABCEFGHIJLMNOPQRSUV[\_a�q&j7b@�KZ��R�(.7DKT`bq��������
���DX��X��X��X��#*,29;>EIPRX_belpwz�!����!�!���!����!�!���!����!�!����@� @���������H ��0�(	�
����0�(	�
��B
�S����	?���
OLE_LINK36
OLE_LINK37	OLE_LINK1	OLE_LINK2	OLE_LINK3	OLE_LINK4W1W1b1b1b1b1�Db1b1�B�B�B�B�DSZ)7
 iw���������Zh������,Xk���
�
������IQv}������  � � � � E)G)�)�)e*g*�+�+ ,",�0�0�0�011111$1�B_CpC�C�C�CD$D&D'D)D*D,D-D/D0D�D�DR��;%D%�1�1�1�1�122A2z2�2�23�3�3�34�4�4�45�5�5�67^7�7�7�7�8�8�9N:�:�:�:;8;~;�;<p<�<�<�<�<3=�>�>�>7?n?�?3@W@�@AxA�A�B$D&D'D)D*D,D-D/D0D�D�D3333333333333333333333333333333Q��%
6
�,�,�/�/�4�4Q5�5�?!@�AB�B�B�B$D&D'D)D*D,D-D/D0D�D�D .FFPQ@N��i�q��������		
U1b1b1�3�3�6�6�7�7�9�9c:;�<�<>>�>�>m? @�@�@�B�B#D$D$D&D'D'D)D*D,D-D/D0D:D<DDDGDQDVD�D�D�D�D�D�c�	j|���������7�	�� Ip�����������\�&���2�AK]=	�NrMP	��7_V	��VbY	�Z{vrx}����������9�r�Z�����������vtsp����������5�x�߂U����������n{��Y����������6�~	�h���{���^��`�{�o(.�������^��`���.��p�L��p^�p`�L�.��@����@^�@`���.������^�`���.����L���^��`�L�.��������^��`���.��������^��`���.��P�L��P^�P`�L�.�h����h^�h`���o(.�h����h^�h`���o(.�
�H�\��H^�H`�\��h�H)�
���\���^��`�\��h�H.�
���\���^��`�\��h�H.�
�4�\��4^�4`�\��h�H)�
��	�\���	^��	`�\��h�H.�
�|�\��|^�|`�\��h�H.�
� 
�\�� 
^� 
`�\��h�H)�
���\���^��`�\��h�H.���\���^��`�\�o(.	�h����h^�h`���o(.�h����h^�h`���o(.�h����h^�h`���o(.�h����h^�h`���o(.h�h����h^�h`���.�h�8����8^�8`���.�h��L��^�`�L�.�h��	�����	^��	`���.�h�������^��`���.�h�x�L��x^�x`�L�.�h�H����H^�H`���.�h�����^�`���.�h���L���^��`�L�.�������^��`���.��������^��`���.��p����p^�p`���.��@����@^�@`���.������^�`���.��������^��`���.��������^��`���.��������^��`���.��P����P^�P`���.h�������^��`���.�h�������^��`���.�h�p�L��p^�p`�L�.�h�@����@^�@`���.�h�����^�`���.�h���L���^��`�L�.�h�������^��`���.�h�������^��`���.�h�P�L��P^�P`�L�.�������^��`���.��������^��`���.��p����p^�p`���.��@����@^�@`���.������^�`���.��������^��`���.��������^��`���.��������^��`���.��P����P^�P`���.�������^��`���o(.��������^��`���.��p�L��p^�p`�L�.��@����@^�@`���.������^�`���.����L���^��`�L�.��������^��`���.��������^��`���.��P�L��P^�P`�L�.�h����h^�h`���o(.�7_V7��\�&�VbYAK]=NrMP�6�~�c�	�vtsZ{vr�n{� I�9�r5�x�������������������������������������������������������������#R								0���22�(�e1_x�A>��22�>�GX><])��22e1_�A>Ic�80��=Ic�8xGX>jT0Nx�BxE�#�Jx�#�J<])jT0N�QYJ<(`�(�nd�BxE@Pf�=�QY��22j�i��p<e4�</_�gy��8�BEEZ�hm��!�g"�]E;{�y0�L^l�{:�@�Fm�		#	46	8q	�
�
�G
:e
�J�P$J�]
q
f�(�[p|���5`K�6�e�r�sGy)�0tG�76�
�'�=�L�O�)�-t=�>�iIZ#\��&�_aA�n�x�0�ja+XLU�j�
B8wHrh� �;M�wW1=8�=�TA�X�d�!BA!;I!K!�U!C|!M	#9&#�&#K0#�K#�}#�$�$�$$$!2$�z$�>%P%yR% X%]%s{%�&�"&�'}K'�@(�L(�)�9)wu)*!I*mP*�S*�c*�	+�+}+�w+�1,GA,�d,�o,�s,?c-�h-�	..�:.F/�0/�[/mq/�t/U0�0D!0=0�D0�;1s2�12G<2t\2�/3�13�Q3�5#5�|5
%6�+6�_6a6�n64<7�L71m7�8�78�I8�~8}9V9F3:Y:lj:R:�D;n$=``=p>�B>"w>tz>$!?�??�@?�e?Dx?�x?c@I@�Y@�v@�{@�A�A^#AlXArZA*EB�,CO8C�eC�qC
DYD�pD�RE�WE�cE=eE�F�F>-FaFllF�xFcG�H�1H
;H�WH�}H�IKI:"I,IGVI�(J_6J?SJmkJ"xJ�zJ�K.KzHKNKK�zK�LABLHIL�ML�MM�CM�PM�N�N�N�NtN�O�O�O�O=O�GO�uOEnP(%Q�/Q�1Q@Q�sQ,RR�R�BRsS�BSYS�nSmT>T�FT�bTnnTuU*U�UF@UW
V�VaDV@FV�oV�W�HWOW:vXY�Ya(Y�6Y�MY�dYtYZ�[�[H[SG[g[vA\�M\�]\�z\4}\�]3%]|4]V] 	^�
^�^� ^x>^J}^"_Q7_�`p`�s`�0a�'b�9b�cGd�gd�e�.e}ieIre�"f�0f�g %g�)g0g�cg�tg$=h�Oh�mh�oh�ii�$j�`j�>k�hkd l�=l�Ml�cl�~l�+m02m�Zm�[m�Fo�UoObomo�+pGApxFp�yp�3q�bq�r�"rd9r{Bs�Es/t�/t51t�5t:At�\t�]tltIyt�u�uT&u//u�7u�Cu�:v2yvMw�w'w�7w\w�_wXawfw�fwFiw�xj<xZLxBy�Iy�Wy�Yy6z!Sz�%{�l{qV|y|�}|�|�}�}}&\}�~�Z~(27 A�G%�oM�nf�^$��$��8��O�=��"�E��[��x�]��4�9��H�����4��d��p���9��9�[Y��)�@<�f����.�A�Ya�l���O�g�2n����'�+�8��:�{G��J����'��-��4��H��L��\��t�u!��6�6>�ai�<��>��
��I�8U��j���� �t%�/o�=}�����)��z���>����8�$y���$��N��`��i�}���$;�HM��^��#�~/��q��R�X��k�D=��U��|�+��O�[�b��+�.��9�?�4X�'N���.��T�p�z���0��r�3y���Ca�U���(��2�3��0��/��
�N&�A��L�{�O�
=��X�m�\�9	�,#��5��A��^��b��f��q��y�<��1��8��J�I��%�b&�8>��Z���3"��A��H�vV��l�Mt��?���(*��v�xy�x.�Yj�7C��<��>�FG��}�����Q��R���wY��j���3��#��L��x�PK�O|������%��.�5��;�-���~^�o_�	��"�$��q���!��i��v��?�Vy����<�Sh����8��<��U�����|8�:��|���;�Ni�zu�~�ru�"��2�)%�
Y�e��z��z��w�IE�An��n�j���|&��7��:��@���y!��D�4U�{��}��K��U�^Z��t�L5��;�QH�0%��4�EA��M�X��|�Z �>.�hV�*����.�+0��4�wF��G��W�[��`���+U�^���8-��R�Cg����R�jd�6�9�tL��P��, �(*�]+���&���g8�d$��?�d�f�jD�-}�n�DY���3;��c�tl��u�<|���
�
�F��w�B����<��d��|��x�*��1�Y4�?V�8^�}&�GL����'��y�t'��E��K�Y��l����e��'�r6�	=�T��[��)�e0�(g�(m��z�1��7�Zk��t��6�L]��O�+o��o��y�5���";��x�����Z��n�o��!�E3��f��v���|2��T�"�' ��#�=��\��g�4w����D�nU��y����0�.c�0�??��@��H��I�@Z�$�[<�q�Y,��h� �70��<��V��`���B������X�2��b�qg�ys�(	��
��!�z0�#m���!��H�g��v��B�B��EN_Doc_Font_List_NameEN_Lib_Name_List_NameEN_Main_Body_Style_NameTimes New Roman22Tyson's references.enlWater Resources Res�@�QQQQX�>�B}C�D����,@�`@������UnknownLaosheng Wu������������G��* ��Times New Roman5��Symbol3.��* ��ArialS��NimbusRomNo9L-Regu�[SO;���[SOSimSunA���$B�Cambria Math"qH���h�*�F��$��"�L��	�8
"y�	�8
"y�������24�B�B	�
3�q����HX�?��������������<�2!xx����<C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\wrr_word2000.dot	CHAPTER 2gtlLenovo UserW�D ���i	���Z'��`���I���Z'��D	

����Oh��+'��0x�������	�
(4@
LX`hp�CHAPTER 2gtlwrr_word2000Lenovo User588Microsoft Office Word@v��+@V�W��@�Ft&��@�DBj_�
�	�8����՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,���
X`���������Iowa State Universityy"�B\ 8@_PID_HLINKS�AUP	�http://159.226.100.182/sess_1847/http182apps.isiknowledge.com/PROROOT/DaisyOneClickSearch.do?product=WOS&search_mode=DaisyOneClickSearch&db_id=&SID=N13ehPMHf@kbjKnf9nd&name=Arnaez%20J&ut=000244850400010&pos=16Amailto:zqliang@soil.gd.cnlmailto:zhyxie@soil.gd.cndmailto:mnzhuo@soil.gd.cn	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abc����efghijk����mnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry��������	�Fpf�Ej_��Data
������������d1Table��������l�YWordDocument
����*�SummaryInformation(�������������DocumentSummaryInformation8���������MsoDataStore���������݋Ej_��:�Ej_��P��X�0����RJ�O��PVZEQ==2���������݋Ej_��:�Ej_�Item
����	�����Properties������������UCompObj����
n����������������	����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������<b:Sources SelectedStyle="\APA.XSL" StyleName="APA" xmlns:b="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography"></b:Sources>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<ds:datastoreItem ds:itemID="{5FA3F8AC-B386-4BBB-9127-63A484F55911}" xmlns:ds="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXml"><ds:schemaRefs><ds:schemaRef ds:uri="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography"/></ds:schemaRefs></ds:datastoreItem>��
����	�FMicrosoft Word 97-2003 �ĵ�
MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit