����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 172.67.215.126  /  Your IP : 172.69.214.108
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/1895-0-Manuscript-2014-05-05.doc
��ࡱ�>��	cf����b�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	���Hbjbj����	4~ΐΐ�@+�������nn������������8���4��0��������PRRRRRR� �#fR������R�����g������P�P������T|�(��Z�<}0��#
��#�#�<�������RR�����������������������������������������������������������������������������#���������n	w:	Problem Behaviours Among Visitors to Lake Nakuru National Park: Management Considerations.


Fredrick Nyongesa Kassilly
Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute
P.o Box 842 NAIVASHA
KENYA
Email:nkasili@yahoo.com

















Abstract
A study was conducted between April and August 2013 to identify problem behaviours among visitors to Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya. A self-administered, closed ended, drop-and-collect questionnaire describing common habits among park visitors was served on rangers (n=40) who monitor visitor behavior within the park. The response scale ranged from �Major problem� (1), �Minor problem� (2), �Not a problem� (3), and �Not sure� (4). Questionnaire return rate was 100%. All described visitor behaviours were rated as problems of which fifteen (75%) were major and 5 (25%) were   minor problems. Overall,   visitor behavior was rated as a major problem (1.70). Negative impacts of reported visitor behaviours within the park   can be broadly categorized as animal harassment and habitat destruction. For effective protection of wildlife and its habitat from recreationists, it is recommended that the park management in collaboration with tour companies develop an elaborate and effective Visitor Impact Management (V.I.M) strategy. 
Keywords: animal harassment, kenya, rangers, visitor behavior, wildlife habitat.








Introduction
Wildlife is Kenya�s foremost natural resource. The wildlife sector is not only the country�s major foreign exchange earner through tourism revenue but is also an important source of employment to Kenyans (Kassilly, 2000). Kenya is among the most popular tourist destinations in Africa. The Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara (Middleton, 1997) indicates that it is the third most visited country in the region after South Africa and Zimbabwe. In spite of the beautiful scenery, friendly people and miles of excellent beaches, it is Kenya�s wildlife which draws tourists to the country (Kassilly, 2000). In Kenya, wildlife is a common property resource held in trust on behalf of Kenyans by the government through a state agency known as the Kenya Wildlife Service (K.W.S) which manages the country�s 27 national parks, 34 national reserves and 4 national sanctuaries.
Human-wildlife interactions are an inevitable consequence of visitor presence in wildlife protected areas. Managers of heavily visited national parks in Kenya have acknowledged that some visitor behaviours impact   negatively not only on the ecology of the wildlife habitat but also on the welfare of the animals (Kassilly, 2000). Wesley (1992) warns against uncontrolled and unregulated visitor use of wildlife protected areas because of the negative impacts it has on wildlife and its habitat. Sustainable use of Kenya�s wildlife as a facility for recreational viewing requires that attention be paid to the negative impacts of visitors to the park environment and to the tranquility of animal life.  Park managers have had to devise measures aimed at eradicating unacceptable visitor behaviours in a bid to ensure preservation of the ecological integrity of the wildlife habitat and to protect animals from undue harassment by visitors.  
Lake Nakuru National Park is one of the most visited parks in Kenya.  Information on the behaviours of the park�s visitors, however, remains scanty.  It has become necessary to accurately identify and document which visitor behaviours pose harm to the wildlife habitat and to the welfare of animals within the park as a basis upon which the park management can devise remedial measures.  
Kenya Wildlife Service rangers who routinely patrol the par monitoring visitor conduct to ensure they observe its rules and regulations are in a good position to identify problem behaviours and their prominence. A preliminary study was conducted to identify and classify problem behaviours among visitors in Lake Nakuru National Park to guide the development of a Visitor Impact Management strategy for the park. 

Study Area
The study was conducted within Lake Nakuru National Park. The park was established in 1961 and occupies an area of 187.9 square kilometers. Rural and urban settlements, ranching and agriculture outline its bounds. In 1976, the whole park was fenced with a chain link and in 1986, a solar electric fence was installed on the inside of the chain link, making it a double fenced park. It is managed by the central government through the Kenya Wildlife Service.
Methods
A self-administered, drop-and-collect questionnaire, prepared following the Total Design Method as described by Russell (1988) describing 20 common habits among visitors to Kenya�s wildlife protected areas was served on fifty  (40) rangers who monitor visitor behavior in the park. The response scale ranged from �Major problem� (1), �Minor problem� (2), �Not a problem� (3), and �Not sure� (4). A major problem was described as an activity that occurs frequently, a minor problem as an activity that occurs only some times and a non-problem as an activity that is rare or does not occur. The �Not sure� option was provided for respondents who were undecided  about the occurrence of a given activity. To ensure a high questionnaire return rate , two reminders were sent to the respondents before the researcher went round collecting the questionnaires. Evaluation of the seriousness of each activity was accomplished by  averaging its scores from individual respondents. 
Results
Questionnaire return rate was 100%.  Results from the study are given in Table 1 and indicate that, in the opinion of rangers within Lake Nakuru National Park, visitor behavior in the park is a major problem. Fifteen (75%) of the behaviours were rated as major problems and five (25%) were rated as minor problems. Minor problems included visitors persistently following animals, touching them, lighting unnecessary fires at camp sites, driving off the roads and being involved in vehicular accidents with animals within the park. Major problems included offering food to animals, disrupting animal activities, making noise to draw animals� attention, persistently following the animals, crowding around them and around their drinking and resting sites. Others included careless disposal of litter/wastes within the park, in rivers and at camp sites. The overall evaluation of visitor behavior was 1.70 which translates to a major problem.
Impacts of problem visitor behaviours described in this study can be broadly categorized as animal harassment and habitat degradation. Animal harassment would result from visitors crowding around animals or around their resting and drinking sites, animal poisoning through food or water, disrupting animal activities and movement,  and making noise to draw attention of animals. Habitat degradation on the other hand would chiefly result from off-road driving, irresponsible disposal of litter in rivers and other sites within the park and vegetation destruction. 
Discussion
This study serves to illustrate impacts of  park visitors  to wildlife and its habitat in Kenya and underscores the need for park managers to  monitor visitor  conduct and where necessary take appropriate   measures to protect both the animals and their habitat against recreationists.  Problem behaviours among park visitors are a major concern to  Kenya Wildlife Service because they not only  lead to a deterioration in  the quality of the wildlife habitat but also result in declined  welfare of the animals. On the whole, study findings  reinforce  the caution by Fitter (1986) that although wildlife viewing is one of the most recommended sustainable forms of wildlife utilization, this should not be taken for granted due to the harm resulting from some visitor activities within  protected areas.
Animal harassment implied by visitor behavior in this study supports findings by other workers in Kenya�s wildlife protected areas.  Day hunters in Maasai Mara Game Reserve are known to resort to night hunting and herbivorous animals are forced to graze or browse at night due to harassment during day time ( Kassilly, 2000). Such change in activity patterns may severely influence hunting success among carnivores and impact on food and nutrient intake among herbivores which ultimately affect their welfare and survival. Findings from this study on disruption of animal activity by park visitors further corroborate those by Muthee (1992) that feeding activity of cheetahs in Maasai Mara Game Reserve was lowest during times of peak game drives and highest during times when visitors retired to their lodges. Persistent following of animals by park visitors  as reported in this study  is known to result in  predators being harassed off their kill by too many visitors getting to close to them (Wesley, 1992). This is more so when the visitors yell, shout or throw objects at animals to draw their attention as was reported in this study.   
Generally, animals respond to harassment that results from visitor behaviours described in this study by running/walking away, stopping to watch visitors and/or their vehicles, hiding, ignoring the visitors or by a mix of these responses. Wildlife often  avoids use of certain sites within protected areas due to visitor harassment (Kassilly, 2000) and when it happens, animals�  natural use of space and resources is interfered with as they may  recline to unfavourable  habitat sites with inadequate requirements or where they may be  more predisposed to natural enemies. Gill and Sunderland (2000) equate avoidance by animals of certain areas because of human presence with habitat loss or degradation. Animals that are persistently followed by visitors often suffer additional energy demands required for continuously flushing in search of cover (Kassilly, 2000).If the persistent following is done regularly and for long durations, it would affect the animals� physical condition as a result of energy being spent on non-productive activities. Management of  Lake Nakuru National Park should guard against animal harassment by visitors.
Though off-road driving is a  major problem in heavily visited  parks in Kenya (Kassilly, 2000), findings on Lake Nakuru National Park are a departure from this and the issue is only a minor  problem.  This is because most roads in the park are banked which makes it difficult if not impossible for vehicles to drive off.  This feature of roads in the park appears to have effectively controlled the notorious habit of tour drivers driving off the roads in Kenya�s parks. Off-road driving in wildlife protected areas is often  which is mainly  in pursuit of  popular animals especially the �big five� (Eltringham, 1984; Western, 1992; Opala, 1996).  The danger with off-road driving is that it causes soil compaction and vegetation loss resulting in scarring and predisposing affected areas to soil erosion during rains. Furthermore, in the course of off-road driving, habitats of  small forms of animal life such as safari ants, dung beetles, ground nesting birds, reptiles and other animals are degraded or destroyed resulting in their displacement. Management of  Lake Nakuru National Park should ensure that the roads are effectively banked to prevent off-road driving in the park.
Irresponsible waste disposal and vegetation destruction reported in this study  compares with results from other studies in the country as reported by Muthee (1992)..  Environmental pollution resulting from problem visitor behaviours  reported in this study  poses real danger to wildlife in the park.  Kassilly (2000) reports that irresponsible disposal of  wastes has resulted in plastics being found in the dung of elephants and other herbivores  and cautions against the danger of  irresponsible waste disposal among park visitors for the danger it poses to  wildlife. Management of Lake Nakuru National Park needs to develop a clear strategy of combating irresponsible waste disposal by its visitors. Tree species usually  targeted by park visitors for destruction include  Salvadora persica  commonly  referred to as �mswaki� or toothbrush  used to maintain oral hygiene and the neem tree used as source of medicine. Park management needs to protect these and other trees against destruction by visitors. 



Conclusion and recommendation
Visitor behavior is a major problem in Lake Nakuru National Park and possibility exists for its adverse effects  on  wildlife and its habitat in the park. There is need for the management of the park to develop an effective Visitor Impact Management (V.I.M) program to protect wildlife and its habitat against visitors. Tour companies are encouraged to collaborate with the park management in ensuring that the park�s �dos� and �don�ts� are availed   to potential tourists to form part of their pre-trip education and information to caution them against unacceptable conduct within the park. advising them against behaviours that interfere with the welfare of wildlife and that of its habitat. Rangers who patrol the park to monitor visitor conduct are advised to be more vigilant in their  work to eradicate the problem behavior among the visitors. 









References
Eltringham, S. (1984). Wildlife resources and economic development. John Wiley and sons. 
		New York.
Fitter, R. (1986). Wildlife for Man. How and why we should conserve our species. Collins. 
		London.
Gill, J.A. and Sutherland,W.J. (2000). Predicting the consequences of human disturbances from 
		behavior. In: Gosling, L.M. and Sutherland, W.J. (Eds). Behaviour and 
		conservation 51-64. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Kassilly, F. N. (2000). Human Dimensions in Wildlife Resources Management in Kenya.  A 
		study of people-wildlife relations  around two conservation areas. Dr.nat.techn. 
		Dissertation, University of  Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna.
Muthee, L. (1992). Ecological impacts of tourism use on habitats and pressure point species. In 
		Gakahu, C.G. (ed0. Tourist attitudes and use impacts in Maasai Mara Game 
		Reserve. 18-38. Wildlife Conservation International. Nairobi.
Opala, K. (1996). The magic of the Mara. Swara magazine. July-August.
Russell, H.B. (1988).Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Sage Publications. London.
Wesley, H. (1992)  Carrying capacity, ecological impacts and visitor attitudes. Applying research 
		to park planning and management. In: Gakahu, C.G. and Goodie B.E. (Eds). 
		Ecotourism and sustainable in Kenya. 49-62. Wildlife Conservation International. 
		Nairobi.

Western, D. (1992). Ecotourism: The Kenya Challenge. In Gakahu, C.G. and Goodie, B. (Eds). 
		Ecotourism and sustainable development in Kenya. 39-48. Wildlife Conservation 
		International. Nairobi.



 

 









Table 1: Problem behaviours among visitors within Lake Nakuru National Park
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visitor behavior 							Score and Evaluation
1. Visitors touching animals						2.50 (Minor problem)
2. Visitors offering food to animals					1.40 (Major problem)
3. Visitors� throwing wastes/litter in rivers within the park   	1.50 (Major problem)
4. Visitors making noise to draw attention of animals		1.50 (Major problem)
5. Visitors crowding around certain animals				1.35 (Major problem)
6. Visitors persistently following certain animals			2.30 (Minor problem)
7. Visitors crowding around animals� drinking sites			1.30 (Major problem)
8. Visitors crowding around animals� resting sites			1.40 (Major problem)
9. Visitor presence disrupting animal activities			1.35 (Major problem)
10. Visitor presence forcing animals to hide away			1.50 (Major problem)
11. Visitors vehicles colliding with animals within the park		2.40 (Minor problem)
12. Visitors lighting unnecessary fires at camp sites			2.60 (Minor problem)
13. Visitors destroying vegetation at camp sites			1.45 (Major problem)
14. Visitors throwing waste/litter within the park  			1.35 (Major problem)
15. Visitors presence interfering with animals			2.25 (Major problem)
16.  Visitors throwing waste/litter at camp sites 			1.45 (Major problem)
17. Visitors throwing waste at camp sites				1.40 (Major problem)
18. Visitors throwing objects at animal to elicit response		1.35 (Major problem)
19. Visitors driving off the roads in the park				2.00 (Minor problem)
20. Visitors disobeying park rules					1.75 (Major problem)
Mean									1.70 (Major problem)
Evaluation:
1= Major problem, 2= Minor problem, 3= Not a problem, 4= Not sure









 PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 2




:JZ[���			4	9	�	�	�	�	�	�	



 
1
P
�
LNQXd}������ĴĨ��������x�����l�l��`h�hxCJOJQJaJh8#CJOJQJaJh-+�CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh�;CJOJQJaJhw�CJOJQJaJh�7�CJOJQJaJh�h*5�CJOJQJaJh9�CJOJQJaJhqo�CJOJQJaJh�
�CJOJQJaJh*CJOJQJaJh�i�CJOJQJaJ![\]x������������������������������������������������
$d�a$gd,l�
$d�a$gd�\$a$gd*}��������������� Fmu{�������������
��������������ܬ���ܔܠ��|�p�p���p`h�hw�5�CJOJQJaJhw�CJOJQJaJh^i�CJOJQJaJh�7�CJOJQJaJh�!�CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh-+�CJOJQJaJh�@CJOJQJaJhSp�CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh'�CJOJQJaJh�hxCJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJ$��L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
a
�z����s{HP� 1#<#a&�������������������������d�gd�|Agd�P5$a$gd*gdw�gd9�d�gd�




&
(
B
J
K
L
M
N
T
`
a
RWfg����"#+]���������������ĸĨ����t�����h�h�h\�hhSp�CJOJQJaJh�aCJOJQJaJh'�CJOJQJaJh^i�CJOJQJaJh�
�CJOJQJaJhL}h*5�CJOJQJaJhL}h�5�CJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh*CJOJQJaJh�;CJOJQJaJhrCJOJQJaJhw�CJOJQJaJh�6�CJOJQJaJ �c��%S\dkp����������DWw�������ĸ��РĔ��Ј�ĈЈЈД�|p|d|UhT�hT�CJOJQJaJh�	+CJOJQJaJh�
�CJOJQJaJh&J2CJOJQJaJhSp�CJOJQJaJh�4qCJOJQJaJh�wCJOJQJaJh�;CJOJQJaJh�lCJOJQJaJh^i�CJOJQJaJhI�CJOJQJaJh�aCJOJQJaJh�OCJOJQJaJh�NJCJOJQJaJ ���*6cs��������)56ABExyz�������6BLe�������������������Ь����Ь�蠔��蔠�踈|p|p|�hp�CJOJQJaJh+�CJOJQJaJh�|ACJOJQJaJh�T9CJOJQJaJh?Y�CJOJQJaJhT�CJOJQJaJh�OCJOJQJaJh
1�CJOJQJaJh�L�CJOJQJaJh�NJCJOJQJaJh^i�CJOJQJaJhg�CJOJQJaJ+������������"27MNXe�-L����Z[���s{��(����������ĸ�ܬ���Р��x�����l\l�lh�
�hg�5�CJOJQJaJhg�CJOJQJaJh�
�h-Qw5�CJOJQJaJh-QwCJOJQJaJh�
�CJOJQJaJhp�CJOJQJaJh�: CJOJQJaJh�R0CJOJQJaJh/CJOJQJaJh�OCJOJQJaJh^i�CJOJQJaJh+�CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJ$(0W`�#���)*HP���!/5����ĸĬ����|��|�l�`�THTh-Y�CJOJQJaJh�i�CJOJQJaJh�"dCJOJQJaJh�
�h�
�5�CJOJQJaJh`N�CJOJQJaJhy1qCJOJQJaJh�b�CJOJQJaJh�
�CJOJQJaJh�\CJOJQJaJh�
�CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�t
CJOJQJaJhp�CJOJQJaJhg�CJOJQJaJh-+�CJOJQJaJ5FU^bm{��cyz��( 3 B � � � 0#1#;#<#�#
$$$��������ĸ���������|p`SGpGhp�CJOJQJaJh�Q5�CJOJQJaJh�hiy25�CJOJQJaJh�QCJOJQJaJh	�CJOJQJaJh�1�CJOJQJaJhSxCJOJQJaJhiy2CJOJQJaJhu�CJOJQJaJh�	KCJOJQJaJhF
�CJOJQJaJh-Y�CJOJQJaJh�i�CJOJQJaJh#JCJOJQJaJhgJ�CJOJQJaJ$$Z$[$\$t$y$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$%$%<%e%0&5&:&O&`&a&s&�&�&�&�&�&�&''?'������������и������Ĭ������ymy�myamahd9#CJOJQJaJhVjCJOJQJaJh�F�CJOJQJaJh=:CJOJQJaJhVjhVjCJOJQJaJh/�CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�fCJOJQJaJh�QCJOJQJaJh%d�CJOJQJaJh�$
CJOJQJaJh�N�CJOJQJaJh�v�CJOJQJaJ%?'b'u'�'�'�'�'�'(l(�(�()) )�)�)�)*�*�*�*�*�*Y+w+z+�+�+�+�+�+�+�����������ĸĬ������|�pdXpXh6mCJOJQJaJhv�CJOJQJaJh�IwCJOJQJaJh�GCJOJQJaJhK^�CJOJQJaJh=:CJOJQJaJh�%GCJOJQJaJh<�CJOJQJaJh�fCJOJQJaJh	f�CJOJQJaJhVjCJOJQJaJh'\@CJOJQJaJhd9#CJOJQJaJhd�CJOJQJaJ a&�*P/�3�7�7�7�78Z;[;\;];^;_;`;a;b;c;n;�;�;/<9<�<�<=��������������������������dhgd�12d�gdHh�d�gd�|A�+�+6,U,V,^,j,y,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,-X.Y.�.P/�/�/�/�/�/�/00�����������ĸ������Р��|p|dpdpXh�s�CJOJQJaJh�NpCJOJQJaJhhD�CJOJQJaJh=U6CJOJQJaJh�fBCJOJQJaJhm:CJOJQJaJh�&DCJOJQJaJhL#�CJOJQJaJh�7<CJOJQJaJhK^�CJOJQJaJh?]�CJOJQJaJh$CJOJQJaJh6mCJOJQJaJh�]�CJOJQJaJ"0K0[0�0�0�0�0�0�0�01_1~1�1�1�1F2~2�2�2l3�3�3A4B4�4�4���������иииЬ���|pd|XLh~q-CJOJQJaJh�V�CJOJQJaJh:'�CJOJQJaJhm:CJOJQJaJhHmUCJOJQJaJheh�CJOJQJaJh�9�CJOJQJaJh�]CJOJQJaJhD[�CJOJQJaJh�kmCJOJQJaJh�[�CJOJQJaJh�&�CJOJQJaJh�s�CJOJQJaJhhD�CJOJQJaJh3B�CJOJQJaJ�4�4�4�4�4�45 5!5>5p5y5�5�5�5�5�56-6/6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6727c7�7�7�7�7�������������������������x�l`h(KpCJOJQJaJh:'�CJOJQJaJh�Q�CJOJQJaJh�F�h�F�6�CJOJQJaJh�\CJOJQJaJh�F�CJOJQJaJh�(WCJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJhi�CJOJQJaJh~q-CJOJQJaJh�V�CJOJQJaJh�ICJOJQJaJhq]�CJOJQJaJ#�7�7�788M8c8g8j8w8{8|8�859G9�9:W:�:;;K;Y;Z;[;c;m;n;�;����ȼȼȼ��Ȱ����������tdTHh��CJOJQJaJh��h�W�5�CJOJQJaJh��h��5�CJOJQJaJh[)�CJOJQJaJh�W�CJOJQJaJh�@CJOJQJaJh�a�CJOJQJaJh�b�CJOJQJaJh(KpCJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�-�CJOJQJaJh�[�h�W�5�CJOJQJaJh�[�h��5�CJOJQJaJh^i�CJOJQJaJ�;�;9<r=�=�=>>1>�>	?
??Q?X?f?�?�?�@�@�@�@AAIAgAjA�A�A�A�A�������и�и�����|�p|p�dXh�]�CJOJQJaJh:'�CJOJQJaJh�n�CJOJQJaJh�D;CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh{>CJOJQJaJh@]CJOJQJaJh.CJOJQJaJh�q�CJOJQJaJh�)oCJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�]CJOJQJaJ=v=�=>>�>?Q?�?@[@�@�@�@AhA�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A��������������������������d�gd�|Ad�gdHh�dhgd�12�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�AUBfBjBkBlB�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B����ĸ�����w�w�g��[O[�OC[�hO$JCJOJQJaJh�XACJOJQJaJhW]CJOJQJaJh�f�h(.5�CJOJQJaJh�f�h�M5�CJOJQJaJh�i�5�CJOJQJaJh�tbCJOJQJaJh�fCJOJQJaJh(.CJOJQJaJh��CJOJQJaJh�D;CJOJQJaJhiy2CJOJQJaJhSxCJOJQJaJh�CJOJQJaJh<�CJOJQJaJ�A�A�A�A�A�A�AUB�B�B�BMC�C�C'DrD�DEME�E�E5F�F�FGSG�G��������������������������d�&dP��gd(.d�gd(.d�gd�|A�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�B�BC8C>C?CCCLCMCXC�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�C�CDDD&DZD\D]DpDqDuD�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D�D����������Ĭ������Ĭ��������������������蠈���hO$JCJOJQJaJhztnCJOJQJaJh�w�CJOJQJaJh�pCCJOJQJaJh�ZCJOJQJaJhQPCJOJQJaJh�XACJOJQJaJhW]CJOJQJaJh�tbCJOJQJaJh�fCJOJQJaJ5�D�DEEEE5E7E8E>E?ECELEMEhE�E�E�E�E�E�E�E�EFF F%F'F+F4FVFcFhFiFkFlF�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F�F��������������Р���踬���Ј|����ЈЈ���Јh`N�CJOJQJaJh�E:CJOJQJaJhd �CJOJQJaJh�i�CJOJQJaJh�pCCJOJQJaJh�XACJOJQJaJh�fCJOJQJaJhW]CJOJQJaJh�w�CJOJQJaJhztnCJOJQJaJh�TCJOJQJaJ-�F�F�F�F�FG4G5G9G:G=G>GRGiGsG�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�G�GH
HHHH&H'H+HHHIH�H�H�H�����ĸĸ���Ĭ����Ġ��Ĕ�ܔ��Ąt�h`\h�:�jh�:�Uh�MCJOJQJaJh�f�h�f�5�CJOJQJaJh�f�h�XA5�CJOJQJaJh�H�CJOJQJaJhO$JCJOJQJaJh�fCJOJQJaJh�i�CJOJQJaJh�E:CJOJQJaJh�XACJOJQJaJhd �CJOJQJaJh`N�CJOJQJaJh�ZCJOJQJaJ$�G�G'HIHUH�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�������������������$a$	d��gd�
�d�$d&dN��P��gd(.d�gd(.�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�������������h�MCJOJQJaJhA�h�5�mHnHuh�
�jh�
�Uh�:�jh�:�U21�h:pqo���/ ��=!��"��#��$��%�������j���������666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>666666666666666666666666666�6666666666�666666666666hH66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666�62���� 0@P`p������2(�� 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p��8X�V~ OJPJQJ_HmH	nH	sH	tH	J`�Jqo�Normald��CJ_HaJmH	sH	tH	DA �D
Default Paragraph FontRi�R0Table Normal�4�
l4�a�(k �(
0No List4�4
�
�0Header

�H�$6��6�
�0Header CharCJaJ4 @4�
�0Footer

�H�$6��!6�
�0Footer CharCJaJPK!����[Content_Types].xml���j�0E����ж�r�(��΢Iw},��-j��4	��w�P�-t#bΙ{U�����T�U^h�d}㨫��)��*1P�'��	�^��W��0)��T�9<�l�#��$yi}��;�~@��(��H����u�*Dנz��/0�ǰ��$��X��3aZ����,�D0j~�3߶�b��~i>���3�\`�?�/�[���G��\�!�-�Rk.�s�Ի�..���a濭?��PK!�֧�6_rels/.rels���j�0���}Q��%v/��C/�}�(h"���O�
����=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_����6L�R�7`������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e��е�����PK!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xml�M
� @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ��C�AǠҟ����7��՛K
Y,�
�e�.���|,���H�,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW��)�E�+&
8���PK!����Ptheme/theme/theme1.xml�YOo�6��w toc'vu�ر�-M�n�i���P�@�I}��úa��m�a[�إ�4�:lЯ�GR��X^�6؊�>$�������!)O�^�r�C$�y@�����/�yH*��񄴽)�޵��߻��UDb�`}"�qۋ�Jח���X^�)I`n�E���p)���li�V[]�1M<������O�P��6r�=���z�gb�Ig��u��S�eb��O������R�D۫����qu	�g��Z����o~ٺlAp�lx�pT0���+[}`j���zA��V�2�F���i�@�q�v�֬5\|��ʜ̭N��le�X�ds���jcs���7���f����
��W��+�Ն�7����`���g�Ș��J���j|��h(�K��D-����
dX��iJ�؇(��x$(��:��;�˹!�I_�T��S1�����?E��?�����?ZBΪm���U/������?�~����xY���'���y5�g&΋/����ɋ�>���G�M�Ge���D�����3Vq%'#q�����$�8��K�����)f�w9:ĵ��
x}r�x����w���r�:\TZaG�*�y8I�j�bR��c|XŻ�ǿ�I
u3KG�nD1�NIB�s���
��R��u���K>V�.EL+M2�#'�f��i~�V��vl�{u8��z��H�
�*���:�(W�☕
~��J�T�e\O*�tHG��HY��}KN�P�*ݾ˦���TѼ�9/#��A7�qZ��$*c?���qU��n��w�N��%��O��i�4=3ڗP��
����1�P�m\\9���������Mؓ�2a�D�]�;Yt�\��[x����]�}Wr��|�]��g-���
eW�
�)6-r��CS�j��
i�d	�DЇA�ΜIqbJ#x�꺃6k���#��A�Sh��&ʌt(Q�%��p%m��&]�caSl=�X�����\P�1�Mh�9�M��V�dDA��aV�B��[݈fJ�íP|8�քA�V^��f
�H��n���-��"�d>�z��n��NJ�	�ة�>�b���&����2��v����Kyϼ��D:����,AGm��\nz��i�Ù��.uχYC�6�OMf��3o�r��$��5�����NH�T[XF64�T,ќ���M0�E)`#�5�XY�`�פ;��%�1�U�٥m;���R>QD����D�cp�U�'��&LE�/p���m���%]�����8fi��r�S4�d7y\�`�J�n���ί�I�R��3U�~7+���׸#��m�q�BiD���������i*�L6�9�m�Y&���i���HE��=(K&�N!V�.K�e�LD�ĕ�{D	����vEꦚde��NƟ��e�(�MN9ߜR�6����&3(��a���/D��U�z�<�{ˊ�Y��ȳ����V���)�9�Z[��4^n��5���!J��?��Q�3�eBo�C����M����m<�.�vp�����IY�f���Z�Y_p�[�=al-�Y�}Nc͙���ŋ4vfa��vl����'S��A�8�|�*u�{��-�ߟ0%M0�7%����<���ҍ���PK!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M
�0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5
6?$Q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{��P����8�g/]�QAsم(����#��L�[������PK-!����[Content_Types].xmlPK-!�֧�6+_rels/.relsPK-!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!����P�theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!
ѐ��'�	theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]�
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<a:clrMap xmlns:a="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main" bg1="lt1" tx1="dk1" bg2="lt2" tx2="dk2" accent1="accent1" accent2="accent2" accent3="accent3" accent4="accent4" accent5="accent5" accent6="accent6" hlink="hlink" folHlink="folHlink"/>�@
~����	***-}
���(5$$?'�+0�4�7�;�A�B�D�F�H�H%')*+,-./0234568:;<>�a&=�A�G�H&(179=$&-!����8�@�����������0�(	�
��B
�S����	?�&(/08�'�'�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@��_eEKdl�����#�#�&'k's'X)d)�*�*w++;,J,�,�,�.�.o0z0W2_23"3n3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�3%4-4R4V4�4�4�4�4�4565q5x5}5�5�5�5�5�6�6�6773747C7D7P7Q7�7�7�7�7�788]8�8�8�8�899I9j9x9�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333��Xd����&Wf��			%	\	d	p	�	�	�	�
�
*6��)56A����6
B
�
�
�
�
"27MNX
'
'O'O'�'�'�'�'�/�/�122W2�2Y3Z3b3�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@	��G8#R}$�7S#JEv�\�aSV	�$
�t
crSx
BLi*�Y�]i��.�Qn�O{b�m:��I�: v!\J"�s"d9#ch'on)�	+~q-(./�J0�R0�12&J2iy2�P5=U6 B8�9�T9=:�E:�b:�;�D;�;�<�7<[7={>�@�@�@@'\@�XA�|A�fB�pC�}C�&D�G�%GO$J�NJ�	K�MQPKS�T�(UHmU�(W�PW1uXpY�Z�\�\W]@]a:_�b�tb�"d�fVj�ZjPAk�l,|l6m�'m�kmztn�)o(Kp�Npqpy1q�4q�7s�u�Cu�w�Iw-Qw�hx�$z_YzT|L}>-�=�H��N�,l�I����`��w��9����:��"�'��7�w��]�Sp��O��B�rI����b�/��6�aa�QH�Hh��&���v����5�W%��-�qG��F��Q�^i�T����qo�F\�?Y�eh��w�3
����V�g��K�:'��1��i����
1�<����s����3B��q��9�nX��v��X��a�;<��Q��[��t���D[�K^��[)��?�x@�p�i����_�-+�`N��_��T���+��1��F��K�u��f���	f��i�1h�=��J��B�RE�~I��[�q]�F
��Q���
�hD�?]�Q�%d��
�g��	��b��s�9�HV�d ��L��W��!�A�gJ�d��}��b��-�E��n�-Y�	�L#��@�@�@�@h@��Unknown������������G��* ��Times New Roman5��Symbol3.��* ��Arial7.���{ @�CalibriA���� B�Cambria Math"1���hYl"�Yl"��	�6
!�u�	�6
!u!�������0w@w@2����HP	�$P����������������������*2!xx���DR F.N KASSILLYDR F.N KASSILLY����Oh��+'��0x��������	
4@
LX`hp�DR F.N KASSILLYNormalDR F.N KASSILLY2Microsoft Office Word@@��`�(�@��`�(�
�	�6����՜.��+,��0�hp��������
���PERSONALu!w@Title	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?����ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ����STUVWXY����[\]^_`a��������de��������h������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry��������	�F��[|�(�g1Table������������@�#WordDocument	��������4~SummaryInformation(����RDocumentSummaryInformation8������������ZMsoDataStore��������~M|�(��T|�(�L�4��GT��U�A�X��I1�Q�A==2��������~M|�(��T|�(�Item
���������Properties������������UCompObj����
y����������������������������	����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������<b:Sources xmlns:b="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" SelectedStyle="\APA.XSL" StyleName="APA"/><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<ds:datastoreItem ds:itemID="{A4A9072F-FB64-4ABD-80E9-7E3F21BE50E8}" xmlns:ds="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXml"><ds:schemaRefs><ds:schemaRef ds:uri="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography"/></ds:schemaRefs></ds:datastoreItem>��
����	�F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit