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S. Purusothaman*, N. Jayaprabha, A. Silambarasan, P. Murugesan
Centre of Advanced study in Marine biology
Faculty of Marine Sciences
Annamalai University
Parangipettai-608502, Tamil Nadu, India 
E-mail: purusothaman30@gmail.com

Abstract
	The finfish resources of the trawl bycatch were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in regards to their abundance in coastal waters of Cuddalore and Parangipettai, for a period of two years, from January 2009 to December 2010, in the southeast coast of India. A total of 123 species of finfishes, belonging to 13 orders, 49 families and 82 genera were recorded. Among the orders, Perciformes were found to be dominant with 62% followed by Clupeiformes with 23%, Pleuronectiformes with 4%, Aulophiformes with 3%, Siluriformes with 2% and Torpediniformes, Anguilliformes, Beloniformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes and Tetraodontiformes with 1% each. The abundance was varied from 477 to 1085nos in Cuddalore and Parangipettai. The maximum abundance of fishes was recorded during premonsoon season and minimum was in summer and monsoon seasons. This data is clearly indicating the seasonal variation in fish abundance with a noticeable decrease in the catch during the summer season. There was a substantial increase in abundance during the premonsoon seasons, after the fish ban was completed. The mean biomass obtained in the two regions during the study period was 86.10 kg h-1 in Cuddalore and 80.51 kg h-1 in Parangipettai. 
Key words 
Fishery resource; Relative abundance; Biomass; Fish production; Southeast coast of India

Fishery Resources in the Trawl bycatches of Cuddalore and Parangipettai, Southeast Coast of India
Introduction
Marine fisheries are very important to the economy and well-being of coastal communities, providing food security, job opportunities, income and livelihoods as well as traditional cultural identity. They produced 80 million tonnes of fish during 2009 and directly employed 34 million people in fishing operations in 2008. Fish and fishery products are a vital and affordable source of high-quality protein and fish supplied more than 3 billion people with atleast 15 % of their average animal protein intake [1]. 
The estimated marine fish landings during 2009 were at 3.16 million tonnes, which showed a decline of 43, 891 tonnes when compared to that of the previous year. During 2010, it was 3.07 million tonnes which recorded a decline of about 1.31 lakh tonnes when compared to the estimate for 2009. The pelagic finfishes constituted bulk of the landings with a share of about 55 per cent. 
Tamil Nadu showed 16.5% increase in catch totaling to 4,81,783 t in 2009 and contributed 15.2% to the all-India estimates, standing third in marine resources. Lizardfish, seerfish, perches and threadfin breams registered remarkable increase in 2009 [2]. The marine fish landings along Andhra Pradesh coast showed a significant expansion during the past five years to register an all time high catch of 2,83,795 t in 2009. The significant feature was the 26.3% rise in the landings of pelagic fishes. An overall increase in demersal fishes, crustaceans and molluscs was also observed during the year.
The total marine fish production in Tamil Nadu during the year 2010 was 5.55 lakh tonnes. The mechanised sector contributed 65% to the total landings, motorised sector 34% and the non-mechanised sector only 1%. Trawl landings formed 59% of the total landings, with      52 kg per hour. Fishes formed 85% of the total landings, crustaceans 7% and molluscs 5%. Clupeids contributed 38% to the total landings while the oil sardine (1.14 lakh tonnes) was dominant with 54% of the landing of clupeids. Drift gillnets contributed 32% to the oil sardine landings, trawlnets 29% and seines 15%. Silverbellies were the next dominant group, contributing 9% to the total landings. Indian mackerel contributed 5% to the total landings. Analysis of landings data for the period from 2006 to 2010 showed that the annual landings in Tamil Nadu increased from 3.62 lakh tonnes in 2006 to 5.55 lakh tonnes in 2010. Oil sardine, silverbellies and other sardines remained the top three contributors during the period [2].
As there is no comprehensive information available on the trawl bycatch fishery resources of Cuddalore and Parangipettai coastal waters, the present study provides the  first  quantitative  data  on bycatch  composition  and  temporal  variation  in bycatch  composition  of  Cuddalore and Parangipettai, southeast coast of India. This study also therein light on the community composition of catches and relative abundance of each bycatch species.
Materials and methods
	The bycatch data from trawls were collected once in a month to estimate annual finfish landings [3]. Data were collected onboard by recording the fish catch and discard catch of each haul. The weight of the entire catch from each trawl was recorded on board. The whole catch was segregated into groups, brought to the laboratory in an ice box and kept frozen for later identification. All the samples were identified up to species level [4,5]. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples were carried out in the laboratory and data were recorded. Although this method has a disadvantage of under estimation of true fishery biomass since many larger and adult fin fishes are less susceptible to capture in trawls, this method of sampling yielded a fairly consistent sample for occurrence, abundance and diversity. As the fishing ban was imposed during the month of May, samples were not collected in that month.
The period of observation was from January 2009- December 2010 along the two coastal regions, Cuddalore and Parangipettai. Samples were collected monthly at a depth ranging from 5 to 35 m, thus covering a swept area of 0.0243 km2 for 75-minutes tow. Abundance (no. of fish species per trawl) and dominance (D= "Pi2) where Pi is the proportional abundance of species per haul) were estimated: a dominance value of 1 indicates total dominance by one species [6].



Results
	In the present study, fishes belong to two classes, Elasmobranchii and Actinopterigii and 13 orders were recorded in the trawl bycatch from Cuddalore and Parangipettai. Among thirteen orders, clupeiformes encountered the large numbers from both regions.
Percentage composition of trawl fish bycatch
	The order wise percentage contributions of fishes were recorded. During January-December 2009, in Cuddalore waters, Perciformes were found to be the dominant group with 62% followed by Clupeiformes (23%), Pleuronectiformes (4%), Aulophiformes (3%), Siluriformes (2%) and Torpediniformes, Anguilliformes, Beloniformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes and Tetraodontiformes with 1% each (Fig.1a). In Parangipettai waters, Perciformes constituted the dominant group with 64% of the total landings. Clupeiformes formed the second dominant group with 19%, followed by Pleuronectiformes (4%), Aulopiformes (3%), Siluriformes (2%) and Torpediniformes, Anguilliformes, Gadiformes, Beloniformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes, Mugiliformes and Tetraodontiformes with 1% each (Fig.1b). 
During January-December 2010, in Cuddalore waters, Perciformes were found to be dominant with 58% followed by Clupeiformes (23%), Pleuronectiformes (5%), Aulopiformes and Siluriformes with 3% each, Torpediniformes and Tetraodontiformes with 2% each, Anguilliformes, Beloniformes, Syngnathiformes and Scorpaeniformes with 1% each (Fig.2a). In Parangipettai waters, Perciformes were at the top with 62% to the total. Clupeiformes formed the second dominant group with 20%, followed by Pleuronectiformes with 6%, Aulopiformes with 3%, Siluriformes with 2%, Torpediniformes, Anguilliformes, Gadiformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes, Mugiliformes and Tetraodontiformes with 1% each (Fig.2b).
In both the regions, Perciformes occupies the dominant group of more than 50%, followed by Clupeiformes (more than 20% of the total bycatch) and other groups are meager percentages in both the years.	
The percentage contribution of members of the dominant families recorded during the study period is given in tables 1 and 2. In Cuddalore waters, during January-December 2009, the finfish assemblage was dominated by members of the family Leiognathidae (33.1%) and Engraulidae (14.7%) which accounted for more than 47% of the total fishes taken in trawls throughout the study period. The members of other families such as Clupeidae, Sillaginidae and Haemulidae contributed less than 5% of the total abundance. In Parangipettai waters also, fishery was dominated by the members of the family Leiognathidae (34.1%) followed by Engraulidae (7.3%) and Clupeidae (4.0%) which accounted for more than 45% of the total catch. Species belonging to families such as Carangidae, Haemulidae and Mullidae contributed less than 3% of the total abundance.
	During January-December 2010, in Cuddalore waters, the finfish assemblage was dominated by members of the family Leiognathidae (20.5%) followed by Engraulidae (13.7) and Teraponidae (3.5%) which accounted for more than 37% of the total catch. Members of other families such as Clupeidae, Synodontidae, Sillaginidae, Carangidae, Haemulidae, Sciaenidae, Mullidae and Trichiuridae accounted for less than 3% of the total bycatch. In Parangipettai waters, as in Cuddalore, the fish assemblage was dominated by the members of the family Leiognathidae (30.8%) followed by Engraulidae (10.2%), Trichiuridae (4.5) and Carangidae (4.3%) which occupied the more than 49% of the total fish bycatch. Species belonging to families such as Clupeidae, Sillaginidae, Haemulidae and Mullidae contributed less than 3% to the total abundance. 
	Among the families, Leiognathidae was dominant (20 to 30%), followed by Engraulidae (10 � 20%) and other families contributed less than 5% during the study period in both the regions.
Monthly variation of relative abundance of trawl fish bycatch
	In the present study, the monthly variations of relative abundance of fin fishes were also recorded. During January-December 2009 in Cuddalore waters, the maximum density of 1003 nos in September (premonsoon) and minimum of 495 nos was recorded in November (monsoon). In Parangipettai the maximum density of 1062 nos was recorded in August (premonsoon) and minimum of 479 nos was recorded in April (summer season) (Fig.3).
	During January-December 2010 in Cuddalore, the maximum density of 1080 nos was recorded in August (premonsoon) and minimum of 477 nos was recorded in April (summer). In Parangipettai, the maximum density of 1085 nos was recorded in September (premonsoon) and minimum of 478 nos was recorded in April (summer season) (Fig.4). This data is clearly indicating the seasonal variation in fish abundance with a noticeable decrease in the catch during the summer season. There was a substantial increase in abundance during the premonsoon seasons, after the fish ban was completed.
Monthly variation of relative biomass of the trawl bycatch
	In the present study, the monthly variations of relative biomass of fin fishes were also recorded. During January-December 2009 in Cuddalore waters, the maximum biomass of         85 kg/h was registered during August (premonsoon season) and minimum was 34 kg/h during April (summer season). In Parangipettai, the maximum biomass of 84 kg/h was recorded during September (premonsoon season) and minimum was 35 kg/h during April (summer season) (Fig.5). The mean biomass obtained in the two regions during the study period was 86.10 kg h-1 in Cuddalore and 80.51 kg h-1 in Parangipettai.
During January-December 2010 in Cuddalore, the maximum biomass of 95 kg/h was recorded during August (premonsoon season) and minimum was 32 kg/h in April (summer season). In Parangipettai, the maximum biomass was 78 kg/h during August (premonsoon season) and minimum was 38 kg/h in April (summer season) (Fig.6).  The mean biomass obtained in the two regions during the study period was 90.38 kg h-1 in Cuddalore and 83.50 kg h-1 in Parangipettai. Although monthly fluctuations in total biomass were similar, there were differences in species occurrence. The biomass showed substantial increase in premonsoon season after the fish ban was completed.
The order wise catch rate and their percentage composition in the Cuddalore and Parangipettai waters during January 2009 � December 2010 is given in table 3.  In these two regions, Perciformes formed the major catch of above 60% of total bycatch. Subsequently Clupeiformes (above 16%),  Pleuronectiformes (above 5%) and other groups were in meager percentage of total bycatch.
Discussion
Analysis of the fishery resources are important for the proper understanding of regional process and functioning of the ecosystem. Several authors around the world discussed about the variability of bycatch composition due to bottom trawling. In order wise percentage composition, Perciformes formed the most dominant group followed by Clupeiformes, while other orders are in meager percentages among the trawl bycatch along Cuddalore and Parangipettai coastal waters during the study period (January, 2009-December, 2010). The species composition of fishes recorded was in good agreement with the study made by Bapat et al. [7] from west coast of India. 
	While considering family�wise contribution, Leiognathidae was dominant followed by Engraulidae which accounted for more than 40% of the total bycatch in both the regions during the entire study period. It was compared to the studies made by Bapat et al. [7] and Anzari et al. [8] who reported almost similar percentage combination of fish groups. Sivakami [9] also reported that Leiognathidae was dominant in Andaman and Nicobar waters. The tropical Indo-Pacific demersal fish assemblage was dominated numerically by families such as Leiognathidae, Clupeidae, Sciaenidae, Cynoglossidae and Lactariidae [10]. Tonks et al. [11] also reported that more abundant species from the families Leiognathidae, Carangidae and Sciaenidae in Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, northwestern Australia. The contribution of other species was insignificant. Further, as the study areas are characterized by the estuarine influences, results indicated that the two regions and their associated estuaries are important to a number of fin fishes of commercial value. True to this, studies conducted in other places reported high number of marine teleosts, which are typically the most abundant group of fishes from estuaries and coastal waters [12,13].
	In the present study, families such as Carangidae, Leiognathidae, Engraulidae and Gerreidae, were present only as juveniles. Luther and Sastry [14] also reported that major part of the landings in different maritime states comprised of juveniles. Sivasubramanyam [15] observed 50% of the bycatch sample was immature fish in trawlers from Bay of Bengal. Pillai [16] also observed that 40% of the catch from Indian seas was juveniles. Gordon [17] estimated that juvenile discards from trawling operations, off Visakhapatnam was 25 to 30%. Menon [18] has estimated that 6,200 t of juvenile fish were discarded back into the sea during 1980-84 along the south-west coast of India. Dineshbabu et al. [19] studies on trawl fishery of Karnataka (2007-2008) revealed that an estimated 63.7% (by numbers) of discards were constituted by juveniles of commercially important fishes causing significant damage to valuable species. Spatio-temporal and bathymetric variation in abundance of the species in the bycatch was recorded which will be useful for introducing fishing restrictions based either on season or on fishing grounds to reduce the  bycatch in  trawl  fisheries. Dineshbabu and Radhakrishnan [20] also reported that the majority of juveniles in trawl fishery along Mangalore Malpe coast. Sujatha [21] found that bycatch in Visakhapatnam by small trawlers amounted from 66-94% of juveniles. The reasons being small mesh size at the cod end and the design of the cod ends [22].
	In the present study, the relative abundance varied from 477 nos (summer) to 1085 nos (premonsoon season).	The data clearly indicated the seasonal variation in fish abundance with a noticeable decrease in the catch during the summer season. Several studies have also reported temporal changes in bycatch assemblages in tropical regions [23,24]. Variations in the number of fish species were similar. The relative abundance of fish may vary within the surveyed area since gradients can occur related to oceanographic parameters like water depth, salinity, temperature etc. [25]. Although monthly fluctuations in total numbers and biomass were similar, there were differences in species occurrence. The mean biomass obtained in the two regions during the study period was 86.10 kg h-1 and 90. The average biomass of both regions was 83.32 kg h-1 and 86.94 kg h-1 respectively. The estimated biomass during the present study (15 kg h-1) was less than that of Anzari et al. [8], who reported that it was 49.29 kg h-1 for the west coast of India. This discrepancy might be due to the use of shrimp trawl alone for the estimation of the fin fishes during the survey. Similarly, Bapat et al. [7] estimated biomass at 192 kg h-1 from the neighbouring coast at Karwar, India and Lowe-McConnell [26] reported the biomass range between 100-800 kg h-1 for the west coast of India. Tonks et al. [11] reported the estimated 211 kg h-1 from Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, northwestern Australia. Low catch rates observed during the present study reflect the increased fishing pressure and depth zone since the present study was made only upto 35 m. According to Venu and Kurup [27], depth zone of 301-400 m off the southwest coast of India, has more abundance than any other depth zone. Extra efforts and utmost care, however, is needed in interpreting differences in catch rates between regions, due to the effect of gear and particularly depth differences [28]. The similar situation was observed in the main channel of Caete Estuary, north Brazil [29]. For many demersal fishes, a positive correlation between size of fish and depth has been reported [30]. The highest average catch rate of 377 kg/h was obtained from 301-400 m depth zone, followed by 201-300 m depth zone (203.26 kg/h) which was recorded from west coast of India [27]. As regards the depth wise abundance of fishes, the highest catch rate of 230.9 kg/hr was recorded from 0-50 m and 27.8 kg/hr and 17.9 kg/hr from 51-100 and 101-150 m depth respectively off Andaman Nicobar waters [9]. Studies of inshore-estuarine fish assemblages of Cuddalore and Parangipettai coast shows that they undergone seasonal fluctuation in density and biomass. These changes have been ascribed mainly to reproductive patterns, increased requirements, and, albeit indirectly, rainfall [29,31,32].
	The fin fish community in the two regions showed predictable seasonal changes in abundance, biomass and species occurrence. The fluctuations at both sites were similar. Abundance of quasi-resident and resident species increased during the premonsoon season prior to spawning. Similar fluctuations in the abundance and species composition of fin fishes have been reported from the shallow waters of the west coast of India [7,33]. Abundance of resident and seasonal species always increased both the coast during the premonsoon season. Similar fluctuations in fish abundance and species composition have been reported in many Indo-pacific regions [8]. The catch data of the present study showed significant differences in the composition of dominant species, when compared with the earlier observations [33]. Longhurst and Pauly [34] have also reported changes in composition of dominant groups due to high mechanized fishing pressure in the Gulf of Thailand. A similar trend was reported for the Terenggane coast of Malaysia, where Leiognathidae decreased significantly following heavy exploitation [35]. There was little difference in the species composition of fin fish of the two regions. During the monsoon season, the overall abundance and number of species were decreased. This was mainly due to increased freshwater discharge through the rivers in the coasts and lowering of salinity.
	The present findings contribute additional knowledge of the trawl bycatch fishery resources in the areas studied as limited studies on these aspects of the coast of Tamil Nadu southeast Indian coast has been made. However, the present findings would serve as valuable baseline information to the posterity.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Dean & Director, Centre of Advanced study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University for facilities and encouragement. The authors are also thankful to Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India for the financial Assistance. The first author was supported by University Grants Commission (CPEPA Programme), Government of India, during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Tables
Table 1:  Relative abundance (%) of dominant species in Cuddalore and Parangipettai regions during January-December 2009.

FamiliesSpeciesCuddalore-2009Parangipettai-2009Leiognathidae Leiognathus bindus 2.72.6L. brevirostris 5.47.6L. lineolatus -1.9L. dussumieri 9.48.0Gazza minuta 9.76.6Secutor insidiator 6.07.4Engraulidae Stolephorus indicus 8.77.3S. insularis 3.8-Thryssa mystax 2.1-ClupeidaeSardinella longiceps 3.04.0Carangidae Atule mate  -2.7SillanginidaeSillago sihama 1.8-Haemulidae Pomadasys maculates1.92.5Mullidae Upeneus vittatus -2.7Total54.553.2No. of Dominant species1111








Table 2: Relative abundance (%) of dominant species in Cuddalore and Parangipettai               regions during January-December 2010.

FamiliesSpeciesCuddalore-2010Parangipettai-2010Leiognathidae Leiognathus blochii1.9-L. bindus-3.7L. brevirostris  7.29.5L. dussumieri4.76.2Gazza minuta -4.2Secutor insidiator6.77.3Engraulidae Stolephorus indicus 8.92.5S. insularis2.55.1Thryssa mystax 2.32.7ClupeidaeSardinella longiceps 2.72.4SynodontidaeSaurida tumbil1.7-TeraponidaeTerapon jarbua1.8-T. puta1.7-SillanginidaeSillago sihama 1.82.4Carangidae Atule mate2.6-Alepes vari-2.1Selaroides leptolepis-2.2Haemulidae Pomadasys maculatus2.02.4SciaenidaeOtolithes ruber1.6-Mullidae Upeneus vittatus-2.9TrichiuridaeLepturacanthus savala1.72.5Trichiurus lepturus-2.0Total1616No. of Dominant species51.959.9






Table 3: Fish production and percentage composition of orders in Cuddalore and      Parangipettai regions.

           
                  Station
OrdersCuddalore-2009Parangipettai-2009Cuddalore-2010Parangipettai-2010Production (kg)Catch (%)Production (kg)Catch (%)Production (kg)Catch (%)Production (kg)Catch (%)Perciformes405.461.1402.564.944363.6403.962.8Clupeiformes108.316.3102.516.511716.811117.3Pleuronectiformes395.9315.043.56.3457.0Aulopiformes22.53.423.53.8314.5284.4Siluriformes37.55.729.84.8253.6182.8Tetraodontiformes162.4121.9131.981.2Torpediniformes152.371.1142.0152.3Anguilliformes142.150.881.171.1Scorpeiniformes40.65.10.800.05.20.8Syngnathiformes1.20.21.30.21.50.21.50.2Gadiformes00.00.10.000.00.10.0Beloniformes0.10.00.10.00.30.000.0Mugiliformes00.00.10.000.00.30.0Total663620696643






Figure legends
Figure 1: Percentage composition of fishes caught in the trawl bycatch from (a) Cuddalore and b) Parangipettai during 2009
Figure 2: Percentage composition of fishes caught in the trawl bycatch from (a) Cuddalore and b) Parangipettai during 2010
Figure 3: Monthly variation of relative abundance of trawl fish bycatch from Cuddalore and Parangipettai-2009
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��dha$gd!9H$���|�dh�x^��`�|�a$gd�N�$��d���1$7$8$H$]��a$gdhP$��d��1$7$8$H$]��a$gdhP$��d���1$7$8$H$]��a$gdhP$��d����1$7$8$H$]��a$gdhP�}�}�}�}�}TcTdTkTlTnT�T�T�T�T�TDUEUFUGUHUIUJULUMUOUPURUSUUUVUmUnUpUqUsUtUuUvU����ɶ���ݶ���ݶ�ݧ����������yuylyuh��h�Mh�8cmHnHuh��jh��Uh�Aujh�AuUh!9Hh!9HCJOJQJh�T(h!9HCJOJQJhhPhhPCJOJQJaJ%hhPhhPB*CJOJQJRHgphU"h�D*5�B*CJOJQJRHgph"hhP5�B*CJOJQJRHgphhhPB*CJOJQJRHgph&Monthly variation of relative abundance of trawl fish bycatch from Cuddalore and Parangipettai-2010
Figure 5: Monthly fluctuation of relative biomass in Cuddalore and Parangipettai during January-December 2009.
Figure 6: Monthly fluctuation of relative biomass in Cuddalore and Parangipettai during  January-December 2010.














 PAGE   \* MERGEFORMAT 17




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