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��Z~Z~��Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~ȴȴĉ�Z~Z~Z~�Z~Z~Z~Z~����������������������������������������������������������������������Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~>	G:	Evaluation of the Sustainable Coastal Tourism Indicator in Thailand by Analytic Hierarchy Process
Bangsuk Jantawan1, 2, Phongphanich Nara1, *, Cheng-Fa Tsai2
1Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912
2Department of Management Information Systems, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 912
*Corresponding author: pnarascape@gmail.com
Abstract
	The purpose of this paper is to develop and assess the Sustainable Coastal Tourism Indicator (SCTI) of Baan Haad Rin Community (BHRC) at Koh Phangan Island in Thailand, and to achieve balance between conservation and Sustainable Development (SD) in terms of experts� opinions by application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The SCTI was collected by a set of sustainable tourism indicators related to environmental, socio�cultural and economic dimensions. It was considered under a research evaluation framework of this study that there were 2 key factors inculding the aims of Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) and the tourism impacts of BHRC. The AHP questionnaire was used to survey the opinions of 35 experts to conduct the pair�wise comparisons of 33 SCTIs based on a multi-level hierarchical structure of the AHP. The result showed that the most of experts accepted the physical�ecological sustainability was the highest importance of objective level with the weight of 0.747. Almost every expert indicated the pollution and environmental quality was the highest importance of criterion level with the weight of 0.635. The solid waste pollution was the highest importance of sub�criterion level, which occupies 0.602 by almost every expert�s opinion. In conclusion, this study has proposed the major SD strategy of BHRC that should be focused on the management plan of the physical�ecological sustainability. This plan needed to prepare and implement the management of poor pollution and environmental quality from tourism activities.
Keywords: Analytic Hierarchy Process, Indicator, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Tourism Development







1. Introduction
1.1 Background 
	Nowadays, the impacts of coastal tourism occurred during the expansion of the urban area without the sustainable development plan. In Thailand, the rapid growth of tourists is a crucial challenge to manage and supervise tourism development of tourism authorities and local government and stakeholders. There are both negative and positive impacts of tourism on the economic, ecosystems, and local communities (Phongphanich et al., 2013). Also, the result of tourism impacts is a natural disaster or a political crisis in Thailand (Choibamroong, 2008).
The Department of Tourism (DOT) and the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) mention that the Koh Phangan Island has often been voted as one of the top coastal tourism destinations. This island is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the Southern Thailand, which it is located in the Gulf of Thailand and 73 kilometers east of mainland in the Southern Thailand (TAT, 2012; Malam, 2008). There are the beautiful landscapes and a famous party as known the Full Moon Party (Malam, 2008). This party is located on the Had Rin Nok beach at BHRC. It is the biggest party on the beach of the world, and attracted backpacker tourists approximately 20,000�30,000 from many countries around the world of every full moon evening (TAT, 2012). This area is one of the fastest growing tourist markets within Thailand�s coastal tourism industry. 
Therefore, the sustainable management of coastal tourism at BHRC is very important to Koh Phangan Island�s long-term commitment to SD. Because of SCTD is intended to solve issues related to the conflict between the need of services and developmental requirements to preserve cultural and coastal resources of BHRC.
1.2 Objectives of Study
	The main objectives of this study are to define a research evaluation framework for identifying and generating SCTI, to present a comparative analysis for classifying and measuring SCTI, and to evaluate important SCTI by AHP.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Sustainable Coastal Tourism Indicator
According to the United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, the UNCED adopted Agenda 21, which proposed SD as critical to environment and development sustainability goal (UNCED, 1992; Haas et al., 1992; Parson et al., 1992; Levy 1993). The goal of UNCED was expected to offer the adoption of suitable control measures for environmental degradation, elaborate statement of principles on environmental protection and development and encourage SD in all countries of the world (Haas et al., 1992; Mitchell et al., 1995; Reid 1995).
In tourism, the concept of SD has been universally accepted as a crucial form of tourism development, which is expected to encourage and manage both conservation and development goals at the same time (WCED, 1987; Zappino, 2005; Romero et al., 2012). The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has combined between the concept of SD and tourism together as known STD, with offer a definition of STD that �meets the needs of present tourists and host communities whilst protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future� (Tsaur and Wang, 2007). STD is seen as a tourism management guideline and a tool to manage all resources of tourism in such a way that economic, socio�cultural, and environmental dimensions for achieving sustainability (UNWTO, 2004; Tsaur and Wang, 2007). It is a tool for measuring a well�being of community and indicating the comprehensive level of tourism development towards SD in a tourist destination (IUCN, 1995; Ko, 2001).
However, the different characteristics of each coastal destination were applied to assign and create a different evaluation framework for achieving sustainability of each specific tourist destination (Tsaur and Wang, 2007). Consequently, implementation of SCTD needs to use a strict evaluation mechanisms to find a balance point between stakeholders, it can show conclusions for providing stakeholders with an immediate image of ecosystems and human well�being (Tsaur and Wang, 2007; Ko, 2001). An evaluation model of SCTD should offer a methodical framework of organizing, identifying, and measuring sustainability indicators, with combine human and natural indicators visually so that stakeholders can draw reasons about the impacts of tourism towards ecosystem, society, and people for achieving SD (Prescott-Allen, 1997; Ko, 2001). In Chapter 40 of the Agenda 21 indicated that the use of sustainability indicators has been proposed a basis tool to estimate SD, it contained recommendation that these indicators �need to be developed to provide solid bases for decision�making at all levels and to contribute to a self�regulating sustainability of integrated environment and development systems� (Takeuchi et al., 1998; UNCED, 1992). The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) also defined a work programme on sustainability indicators in 1995 that have been applied in several countries (Takeuchi et al., 1998; UNCSD, 1995). Hence, sustainability indicators permit as benchmarks to become useful tools that are a comprehensive literature review on case studies of STD (Tsaur and Wang, 2007; Butler, 1999; Ko, 2005).
2.2 Analytic Hierarchy Process
The AHP is designed to solve the complex multi�criteria decision problems by identifying a complicated problem into a simple element hierarchy system, and organizes the opinions of multiple experts (Tsaur and Wang, 2007; Lotfi and Solaimani, 2009). It is helpful to involve the collection and interpretation of experts� attitudes information and is able to evaluate a variety of multiple alternatives on the basis of several criteria which have different units (Hermann et al., 2007). The concept of AHP also proposes the objective mathematics to assess the inescapably subjective and personal preferences individual preferences or group in making decisions (Schmoldt et al., 2001; Crouch and Ritchie, 2005). It provides a methodology to measure the numerical scale of the both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of a decision (Kangas, 1992; Vaidya and Kumar, 2006). Thus, the operation of AHP consists of 4 main steps including (1) hierarchy construction, (2) priority analysis, and (3) consistency veri�cation (Harker and Vargas, 1987; Ho, 2008; Lotfi and Solaimani, 2009; Aggarwal and Singh, 2013).
Step 1: hierarchy construction, the decision makers need to decompose complex multi criteria decision problems into its component parts of which every possible attributes are organized into multiple hierarchical levels (Ho, 2008; Lotfi and Solaimani, 2009). They have to consider the relationship of each group in the same level to look for the corresponding criterion based on their own knowledge and experience (Ho, 2008). The overall goal is identified to define the main evaluation of the research or project in the first hierarchy, and the decision hierarchy is structured into the hierarchy that the similar attributes are grouped at the same level, which the second hierarchy is the objective level, and third hierarchy is the criterion level (Saaty, 1990; Tsaur and Wang, 2007).
Step 2: pair�wise comparisons, this step is designed to create a pair�wise comparison matrix at each level of the hierarchy in Equation 1 that the comparison can be carried out through personal or subjective judgments by the AHP scale of linguistic variable in Table 1 (Ho, 2008; Cheng, et al., 1999; Tsaur and Wang, 2007). Lotfi and Solaimani (2009) proposed that elements in each level are organized to compare in pairs with respect to their importance to an element in the next higher level. Starting at the top of the hierarchy and working down, the pair�wise comparisons at a given level can be reduced to a number of square matrices.

			
				(1)


Table 1. The AHP scale of relative importance in pair�wise comparisons matrix
Intensity of  Relative ImportanceDefinition of linguistic variableExplanation1Equal importanceTwo activities contribute equally to the objective.3Moderate importance of one over anotherExperience and judgment slightly favor one activity over another.5Essential or strongExperience and judgment strongly favor one activity over another.7Very strong importanceAn activity is strongly activity and its dominance is demonstrated in practice.9Extreme importanceThe evidence favoring one activity over another is the highest possible level of affirmation.2, 4, 6, 8Intermediate values between the two adjacent judgmentsWhen compromise is needed.Source: Adapted from Saaty and Kearns (1985)
Step 3: weight calculation, the AHP scale is gathered from the judgments of decision makers that is applied to generate the relative weights in each pair�wise comparison matrix, where each off�diagonal element is acquired by comparison of two elements and it goes to each level in comparison matrix (Saaty, 1980; Ho, 2008). In Equation 2, the eigenvectors (Wi) and eigenvalue (Wi�) are the degree of relative important amongst the elements and is designated multiplying the value of element in each row of the pair�wise comparative matrix where is getting geometric mean:
			 EMBED Equation.3  						(2)
n means the numbers of indicators/sub�indicators
When getting the Wi which is weight of each indicator/sub�indicator be following the row of comparative matrix until the end of row. After that we have to calculate a new Wi� by multiplying the pair�wise comparative matrix C with Wi together (as formulated below)
			

                (3)


However, the maximum eigenvalue (�max) is important validating parameter in AHP, which is used for checking the consistency of the pair wise comparison matrix (Saaty, 1977; Ishizaka and Labib, 2011). Thus, the maximum eigenvalue (�max) of the matrix C can be found out by calculating the arithmetic of Wi and Wi  
		 EMBED Equation.3             				(4)
Step 4: consistency veri�cation, this step is checked to ensure that the judgments of decision makers are consistent (Saaty, 1980; Lotfi and Solaimani, 2009). In Equation 5, it shows a consistency index (CI), which is related to the eigenvalue method (Saaty, 1977; Ishizaka and Labib, 2011). The maximum eigenvalue (�max) is used as a reference index to screen information by calculating the Consistency Ratio (CR) of the estimated vector (Lotfi and Solaimani, 2009).
				 EMBED Equation.3  						(5)
In Equation 6, it is used to assess the strength of the consistency ratio (CR) of comparative matrix, the CR value should lower or equal to 0.10. The Random Index (RI) is a direct function of the number of criteria or systems being considered. Table 2 shows the RI value for order 1 to 17 in comparison matrices (Saaty, 1980).
				 EMBED Equation.3  							(6)
Table 2. The random index (RI) value
n123456789101112131415RI0.000.000.580.901.121.241.321.411.451.491.511.481.561.571.59Source: Saaty (1980)
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Data Collection
The quantitative and qualitative data of this study were investigated to study and understand the SCTI from the primary and secondary sources in the context of BHRC. The primary data was conducted by performing interviews and surveys in the field. The secondary data was applied by considering the publications of Thai government and international organizations, research papers, and website on the tourism related to the research title.
For the sample selection, the sample size of this study was defined by a small group of samples that who had related to the BHRC and performed studies or profound knowledge on the SCTD in Thailand by the quota samplings. A small group of samples was a spacious range of experts, which there have to be an element of judgment in reaching a distribution of stakeholders from different backgrounds (Wheeller et al., 1990; Liu, 2003). They can pick to reply freely in an assigned time period (Tsaur and Wang, 2007). There were 35 experts, which include 5 local people, 5 private enterprises, 5 public enterprises, 5 government departments, 5 non-governmental organizations (NGO), 5 scholars, and 5 tourists.
For the site selection, Koh Phangan is a list of the five largest islands in Thailand and has a land area of 168 square kilometres and has 36 beaches around the island (TAT, 2012; Malam, 2008). There are numerous coral reefs and fishes along the north coast to the west coast of the island (Malam, 2008). The study area is located in the Baan Tai Municipality of Koh Phangan Island. It covered the areas of BHRC community, Haad Rin Nok beach in the East, and Haad Rin Nai beach in the West.
3.2 Data Analysis and Evaluation Framework
The method of the SCTI evaluation was operated under a research evaluation framework during January to August 2013 (Figure 1). Firstly, the early SCTI was collected from a set of sustainability indicators that have been published in the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2004). Sustainability indicators were analyzed by finding the correlation between the 12 aims of STD (UNWTO, 2004; UN, 2007) and the tourism impacts of BHRC (Phongphanich et al., 2013). Secondly, the first questionnaire for expert review was generated to survey and modify sustainability indicators by the 5�point Likert scale. The rating scale of this process was measured by the linguistic variables of �strongly disagree� (score 1), �disagree� (score 2), �fair� (score 3), �agree� (score 3), and �strongly agree� (score 5). However, the experts can be suggested their comments for modifying and identifying the final SCTI of this step (Saaty, 1980; Ho, 2008; Tsaur and Wang, 2007). Thirdly, the data analysis of this process was a theoretical approach of AHP, whereby relevant the SCTI. The second questionnaire were applied to evaluate the priority weight of the final SCTI by the AHP step that there were 4 main steps including discrimination, priority analysis, and consistency veri�cation steps, which the detailed descriptions of the AHP step were described in the evaluation of SCTI section (Saaty, 1977; Saaty, 1980; Vaidya and Kumar, 2006; Tsaur et al., 1997; Tsaur and Wang, 2007). Finally, the ranking value of important SCTI was applied to propose the guidelines for SD action plan of BHRC (Tsaur et al., 2006).






Figure 1. A research evaluation framework of SCTI
4. Research Findings
4.1 Collection of sustainability indicator
The early SCTI of this study was started by collecting 113 sustainability indicators related to the research title. After an attempt, a total of 48 sustainability indicators had been organized under moderation of a research evaluation framework above. These sustainability indicators were conducted by finding the correlation between the 12 aims of STD and the tourism impacts of BHRC from researcher and advisors.
4.2 Identification of SCTI 
This step used the first questionnaire for assessing experts� opinions towards 48 sustainability indicators. This questionnaire was applied to ask 35 experts by doing surveys via the face�to�face interviewing or telephone interviewing of all experts. They have considered the reliability and validity of each sustainability indicator based on their own knowledge and experience for modifying and identifying the final SCTI by the 5�point Likert scale. At the end of this step, there were the 33 final SCTIs that were identified from an examination of questionnaire evaluation by experts� opinions.
4.3 Evaluation of SCTI 
Step 1: hierarchy construction, the final SCTI was specified into the AHP structure by researcher and advisors that there were 4 levels in the hierarchical structure of SCTI (Figure 2). The first hierarchy was the goal level that referred to the main purposes of this study, which proposed the guidelines for SD action plan. The second hierarchy was the objective level that it included 3 major dimensions, which denoted as M01, M02, and M03, respectively. The third hierarchy was the criterion level that enclosed 8 key issues, which indicated as K01 to K08, respectively. The fourth hierarchy was the sub�criterion level that comprised 33 SCTIs, which presented as S01 to S33, respectively.






















Figure 2. The hierarchical structure of SCTI 
Source: Adapted from Tsaur and Wang (2007)
Step 2: pair�wise comparisons, the second questionnaire or AHP questionnaire was applied to conduct the pair�wise comparisons matrix of final SCTI according to the objective level, criterion level, and sub�criterion level in Figure 2. The AHP questionnaire was applied to survey the opinions of 35 experts by taking surveys via the face�to�face interviewing or telephone interviewing of all experts for ranking the priority weight of final SCTI. This questionnaire was generated to compare and evaluate each pair of final SCTI through the numeric variable scale of the AHP. 
Step 3: weight calculation, this step calculated the weight of each level based on the equation (1). In Table 3, the most of experts weighted �physical�environmental sustainability� or M01 was the highest value with the weight of 0.747. The almost every expert assured that M01 acted a significant major dimension of objective level and play a crucial role for the SCTD plan of BHRC. Nevertheless, the most of them accepted that the �socio�cultural sustainability� or M02 and the �political�economic sustainability� or M03 were considered to be the less major dimensions of this level, which show 0.134 and 0.119, respectively.
Table 3. The weight calculation of objective level
CodeMajor dimensionWeightRankingM01Physical�environmental sustainability0.7471M02Socio�cultural sustainability0.1342M03Political�economic sustainability0.1193In Table 4, they all regarded �pollution and environmental quality� or K03 that it was the highest importance of criterion level with the weight of 0.635. Then, �community well�being and cultural heritage� or K05, �health and safety� or K06, �policy and planning� or K07, and �economic benefits� or K08 were indicated to be the less key issues of this level, which possess mere 0.500. However, �natural disasters� or K01 was examined to be the least value importance of this level, which occupies 0.062 by almost every expert�s opinion.
Table 4. The weight calculation of criterion level
CodeKey issueWeightRankingK01Natural disasters0.0624K02Ecosystem and natural resources0.1513K03Pollution and environmental quality0.6351K04Infrastructure and facilities0.1513K05Community well�being and cultural heritage0.5002K06Health and safety0.5002K07Policy and planning0.5002K08Economic benefits0.5002In Table 5, almost every expert respected �solid waste pollution� or S10 that it was the highest importance of sub�criterion level with the weight of 0.602. This reflects that the impacts of solid waste pollution might deteriorate the delightful image of BHRC and influence the satisfaction and willingness of visitors to visit this community. 
Moreover, the weight of �coastal and marine protected areas� or S06, �recreational facilities and services� or S14, �extreme weather conditions� or S01, and �disaster preparedness and response� or S02 (S01 and S02 have a same value) were the higher value importance of this level, which show 0.551, 0.544, and 0.500, respectively. Other than, �strategic planning for tourism destination� or S25 and �sustainability management policy� or S26 were a same high value importance of this level, which calculate 0.429. In contrast, the weight of �air pollution� or S07 and �noise pollution� or S08 was diagnosed to be the least value importance of this level, which weight 0.038 by almost every expert�s opinion.
Table 5. The weight calculation of sub�criterion level
CodeSCTIWeightRankingS01Extreme weather conditions 0.5004S02Disaster preparedness and response0.5004S03Biodiversity0.05424S04Forests conservation0.18414S05Water resources conservation0.21113S06Coastal and marine protected areas0.5512S07Air pollution0.03827S08Noise pollution0.03827S09Water pollution0.24211S10Solid waste pollution0.6021S11Architectural/visual pollution0.07922S12Electric energy0.15815S13Water supply and drinking water0.15815S14Recreational facilities and services0.5443S15Transportation system0.14017S16Living conditions and resident lifestyles0.2589S17Residents� satisfaction with tourism0.24510S18Tourists� satisfaction with tourism0.04226S19Controlling use intensity0.13118S20Community participation0.21712S21Conserving built heritage0.10821S22Epidemic disease and  Infection0.3337S23Public health and sanitation0.3337S24Tourism security and public safety0.3337S25Strategic planning for tourism destination0.4295S26Sustainability management policy0.4295S27Land-use control0.14316S28Employment opportunities0.11719S29Community economic benefits0.3218S30Income poverty0.05025S31Tourism seasonality0.11620S32Competitiveness of tourism businesses0.3396S33Domestic material consumption0.05723Step 4: consistency veri�cation, the CR values of all levels achieved an acceptable level, which was smaller than 0.10 based on the Saaty s suggestion (1980).

5. Conclusions
The concept of SD is both conservation and development goals of SCTD and links with multi�dimensions, key issues, and many sustainability indicators. In the process of multi�criteria decision making, the AHP is able to apply a research evaluation framework and provides the appropriate steps for measuring and investigation. The different views of each expert group could be considered in the stage of pair�wise comparisons and weight calculation. From this process can help to utilize stakeholders� participations and perceptions in decision making for evaluating SCTI of BHRC. 
Therefore, this study can present prioritization and ranking of 33 SCTIs that those involved in this study can apply these indicators to formulate and design the guidelines for major SD strategy of BHRC later. The suggestion of this strategy should be focus on the thorough management plan of pollution and environmental quality to set its standard for BHRC by the urban planners and stakeholders.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully thank the Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan for their financial supports and highly appreciate all stakeholders of this study for their valuable opinion.
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�,�7��d��d�d[$\$^�7`��a$gd�Y���;�V�u���
�J���ņ؆�F���ڇ�����ԉ����Ɋ���*���֋9�K�����ǎ����B�|���c���ܑ�F����B�͓��`��級�����������������������~�����������級����|U6h�Y�h�Y�CJOJPJQJ^J_HaJnHo(tH��2h�Y�h�Y�6�CJOJPJQJ]�^JaJnHtH,h�Y�h�Y�CJOJPJQJ^JaJnHtH6h�Y�h�Y�6�CJOJPJQJ]�^J_H	aJnHtH0h�Y�h�Y�CJOJPJQJ^J_H	aJnHtH0, Vol. 169, pp. 1�29.
Wahab, S. and Pigram, J.J. (1998). Tourism and sustainability: policy considerations, In S. Wahab & J. J. Pigram (eds), Tourism, Development and Growth: The Challenge of Sustainability, 277�290. London: Routledge.
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Zappino, V. (2005), Caribbean Tourism and Development: An overview, European Centre for Development Policy Management (Discussion Paper No. 65). Maastricht: Netherlands. 























































 EMBED Equation.3 


SD action plan

 EMBED Equation.3 

(M01) Physical- environmental sustainability

(M02) Socio-cultural sustainability

(M03) Political-economic sustainability

(S33) Domestic material consumption

Proposed Guidelines for SD Action Plan by Ranking Value of Important SCTI 

Evaluation of SCTI by Second Questionnaire and AHP 

Identification of SCTI by First Questionnaire for Expert Review

Collection of Sustainability Indicator by Field Survey and Literature Review

(S32) Competitiveness of tourism businesses

(S31) Tourism Seasonality (activity and occupancy)

(S30) Income poverty

(S29) Community economic benefits

(S28) Employment opportunities

(S24) Tourism security and public safety

(S23) Public health and sanitation

(S22) Epidemic disease and infection

(S21) Conserving built heritage

(S20) Community participation

(S19) Controlling use intensity

(S18) Tourists� satisfaction with tourism

(S17) Residents� satisfaction with tourism

(S16) Living conditions and resident lifestyles

(S11) Architectural/visual pollution

(S10) Solid waste pollution

(S09) Water pollution

(S08) Noise pollution

(S07) Air pollution

(S04) Forests conservation

(S05) Water resources conservation

(S06) Coastal and marine protected areas

(S03) Biodiversity

(S02) Disaster preparedness and response

(S01) Extreme weather conditions 

(S26) Sustainability management policy

(S25) Strategic planning for tourism destination

(S27) Land-use control

(S15) Transportation system

(S14) Recreational facilities and services

(S13) Water supply and drinking water

(S12) Electric energy

(K08) Economic Benefits

(K07) Policy and Planning

(K04) Infrastructure and Facilities

(K03) Pollution and Environmental Quality

(K02) Ecosystem and Natural Resources

(K01) Natural Disasters

(K06) Health and Safety

(K05) Community Well-being and Cultural Heritage



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Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
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