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��ࡱ�>��	QS����P�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	��>Bbjbj����	4Pΐΐ>:�������J	J	����������������0��������LNNNNNN$���:r������r������������L�L�����`��͑��jv8�0���4���$�������rr��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������J		S:	Abstract
Generation of statistics related to tourism has traditionally not received the attention it deserves given the perceived size and pervasive presence of the sector. With the recent adoption by the United Nations Statistical Commission of the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA), a well developed methodological framework is in place to develop credible magnitudes related to economic phenomena stemming from tourism. Several countries around the world have now implemented their TSAs, while numerous others are in the process of developing them, including India. 
Within this context, the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) had undertaken in 2001 a feasibility study for the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India, on developing India�s TSA. Subsequently, the Ministry of Tourism again reposed their trust in NCAER, requesting a national survey of domestic tourism with a view to both help move forward the process of TSA development, as well as to generate a better understanding of domestic tourism in India. The present survey of Domestic Tourism in India marks the first time a national household survey dedicated to tourism has been undertaken in the country 
It gives me great pleasure to present this report with the major findings of this unique survey, which shed light on a part of our national economy hitherto not well documented. The survey of Domestic Tourism in India marks the first time a national household survey dedicated to tourism has been undertaken in the country. Moreover, the survey methodology and framework are consistent with the most recent methodological advances in quantifying tourism and its role in the economy, as embodied in the UN�s framework for Tourism Satellite Accounts. The survey is also unique in that for the first time ever, household activities related to same-day tourism have also been studied on a pilot basis. With almost 800,000 households across the country covered in two rounds, this survey is also one of the largest surveys undertaken in the country. As an organization, we also take pride at finishing this immense task within 18 months, including a year spent in data collection.
Key words:- TSA, NCAER, Domestic Tourism, Economy.





INTRODUCTION 
Tourism in India, and domestic tourism in particular, veils many a mystery, in part due to inadequate collection of data related to the sector and partly due to the absence of a systematic framework for analysing the sector. While statistics related to international visitors have periodically been collected, data on domestic tourists have been generated only sporadically, in an ad hoc manner, typically by non-government entities. In more than fifty years since Independence, only one large government survey -- the NSSO�s 54th Round (January - June 1998), based on a thin sample -- contained a tourism module along with other modules focusing on daily commuters and the use of mass media by households. The definition of tourists underlying the survey was inconsistent with the current international definition and the survey did not include tourist expenditures except for travel costs. Earlier surveys date back to more than twenty years ago, and these were typically small, isolated attempts by state governments or business associations or researchers. 
The present survey of Domestic Tourism in India thus marks the first time a national household survey dedicated to tourism has been undertaken in the country. Moreover, the survey methodology and framework are consistent with the most recent methodological advances in quantifying tourism and its role in the economy, as embodied in the framework for Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) adopted recently by the United Nations Statistical Commission. Indeed, the survey is part of an integrated approach by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, in developing and formulating a TSA for the Indian economy. However, the findings of the survey will also help generate important stylised facts � the critical building blocks of a broader exploration and understanding � of domestic tourism in India. 
The two broad objectives of the survey were to (1) to estimate the total number of domestic tourists by different purposes of travel; and, (2) to estimate the total magnitude and patterns of tourist expenditures. This report presents the major findings of the national household survey of domestic tourism in India. It is hoped that these findings will be of immense interest to a broad community including government entities, private-sector stakeholders in tourism, academics, media and even the vast majority of individuals whose aggregated travel and tourism behaviour is captured in these findings. In particular, it is also hoped that the survey findings will spur analysts and researchers interested in tourism to identify and develop hypotheses and models to better understand the �how�s and why�s� of the findings presented here, with a view to improving policies for development of tourism in the country. Consistent with that spirit, our constant endeavour in the presentation of the report is to focus tightly on providing material facts devoid of speculation and opinion. Or, as they say in crime novels, to provide �just the facts, and nothing but the facts�. 
The outline of this report is as follows. The next chapter clarifies and defines important concepts discussed in this report, and provides a brief non-technical explanation of the sampling design and the statistical methodology of the survey. Chapter 3 presents findings related to major socio-economic attributes of tourist households in the country. A discussion of tourist trips, as distinct from tourist households, is presented in Chapter 4 while Chapter 5 summarises findings related to tourists. Survey findings regarding expenditures on trips are presented in Chapter 6. Finally, in Chapter 7, we discuss two specialised topics � package tours and the phenomenon of same-day tourism. The appendices provide detailed tables beyond those presented in the main body of the report.
Definitions 
Popular perceptions of domestic tourists tend to be quite narrowly defined, as persons traveling to leisure resorts or tourist destinations or on religious pilgrimage. However, the internationally accepted definitions are broader, and are the ones adopted in the present survey. To avoid confusion, we define below some basic concepts used in the survey and in this report. 
Tourist: The UN/WTO (World Tourism Organisation) defines visitors as �any person travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose main purpose of the trip is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.� Visitors are further sub-divided into two categories: tourists, who must stay one or more night in the place visited, and same-day visitors, comprising visitors who visit a place and return the same day (without overnight stay). 
This definition recognises the following categories as characterising the main purpose of travel for tourists: (a) leisure, recreation and holidays, (b) visiting friends and relatives, (c) business and professional (including for study), (d) health treatment, (e) religion and pilgrimage, and, (f) sports. 
Tourist households: A household in which at least one member was a tourist during the reference period. 
Tourist trips: A trip is defined as consisting of both travel to the destination(s) as well as return to the usual environment of the visitor. A trip is counted as part of tourism if it conforms to the definition of tourist travel given earlier.
Tourist Expenditures: All expenditures related to acquisition of goods and services for a trip, made by the visitor or on behalf of the visitor before, during and after the trip. 
Survey Description and Methodology 
The all-India survey of domestic tourism had two objectives: to estimate total number of domestic tourists by different purposes of travel, and to estimate domestic tourism expenditure. The target population of the survey was the tourist population in the country, with states and urban/rural categories as sub-populations or target groups, for whom too representative estimates were sought. The geographical coverage of the survey includes all the states and union territories of India.3 
The survey methodology and sampling design adopted is quite similar to that used by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in its Household Budget Surveys (HBS), but also distinguished by the need to incorporate important aspects of tourism activities. For example, domestic tourism is greatly affected by factors such as seasonality and socio-cultural traits. Cross-section data generated through a single point survey (as in a HBS) would not be able to capture any impact of such parameters. Instead, a repeated survey over a period (half yearly) enabling generation of longitudinal data was decided upon. Thus, the survey period was divided into two sub-rounds, each with duration of six months, the first from January to June 2002 and the second from July to December 2002. 
Second, the domestic tourism expenditure survey is a household survey but, unlike an HBS, the ultimate unit of selection is a tourist household. Consequently, a list of tourist households (sampling frame) is prerequisite to selecting the representative sample (tourist households) from which to collect the desired information. The sampling frame should be up-to-date and free from errors of omission and duplication (which is particularly problematic). In developing countries like India, such sampling frame is neither readily available nor can it be easily prepared since developing new frames is an expensive proposition. The survey design adopted a three-stage stratification in which a ready-made frame could be used at least for the first two stages, and a sampling frame 
developed in the last stage (discussed below). The same sample design was adopted for both rounds, with respect to coverage, stages of selection, stratification variables and sample size. In other words, primary data were collected from the same villages and urban blocks during both rounds. This was done in a view to keep costs low without any significant loss in precision. 
NCAER�s experience with socio-economic surveys in India has been that, more than the total sample size, it is the geographical spread over the country that is more important from the point of view of statistical efficiency of estimates. This applies perhaps even more so to tourism, whose distribution across the population is likely to show large degree of heterogeneity. Consequently, a notable feature of the survey design is that the sample of tourist households was selected from a wide cross-section of households in the country, covering both rural and urban areas, with the objective of enhancing the precision of the estimates. The rural sample for the survey were selected from a representative number of districts from across the country, while the urban sample covered a range from big metropolitan cities to small towns with populations below 5000. Appendix-I provides more details on selection of the rural and urban samples. 
While the first two stages of stratification in the survey used pre-existing sampling frames (see Appendix-I), the survey developed a sampling frame of tourist households at the third and last stage. This was done by undertaking a listing of all households in the selected sampling area, which were then stratified using nine purposes of travel, from each of which households were then selected at random. Developing the sampling frame at the third � household selection � stage did add some costs to the survey, but it was deemed as highly desirable for two reasons related to the intrinsic nature of tourism. First, the distribution of various tourists is far from homogeneous across any population, particularly in rural areas of India, and therefore adoption of a sample design (through listing in this case) to select a representative sample is very crucial. Second, and related, the distribution of tourists across purposes of travel is highly skewed in India (according to the NSSO survey that found an overwhelming concentration of tourists in two categories of travel � travel for social purposes and �others�). Given the skewed distribution, the listing at the third/household stage would ensure statistically adequate representation of low-frequency purposes of travel (such as for medicine, study, etc.) while attempting to estimate tourism expenditures. 


Household Composition, Age Distribution and Literacy Level 
Survey results reveal that a little over 50 per cent of the total tourist households have nuclear families while about 41 per cent have joint families. The average family size is estimated to be 5.45 persons. This however, varies to some extent between rural and urban areas. For instance, tourist households in rural areas have a larger family size of 5.50 as compared to 5.31 in urban areas. A further analysis of households has revealed that the ratio of adults to children was about 1.8:1 and the male-female ratio stood at 1.1:1 for the country as a whole. 
The age distribution of population indicated that a majority (over 60 percent) of people belong to the 15-50 years age category, followed by people less than 15 years of age who formed about 30 percent of the total population. 
As far as the literacy level is concerned, at the aggregate level, about three-fourth of the total population of tourist households is literate and a majority of them (over 61 per cent) is educated up to the secondary level. As is expected, the data shows that the share of literate population, at various levels, in urban areas is significantly higher than its rural counterpart.
Conclusion 
Day tourism is conceptually related but distinct from tourism for a number of reasons. The concept of the �usual environment� is central to both, in that the visitor is a tourist only if she is away from her usual environment. However, day tourism is confined to a single day, as distinct from the definition of tourism based on �at least one night away� from the usual environment. In addition, what constitutes �usual environment� in the context of day tourism is more complicated and has more nuances than in case of tourism. For these and various other reasons, including appropriate sampling design for day tourism, a comprehensive survey of day tourism should ideally be a stand-alone exercise.









Reference
1 UN/WTO Recommendations on Tourism Statistics �20. 
2 In addition, there are other special categories such as airline or ship crews, transit travellers, etc. For greater details as well as for a discussion of consistency of this definition with that used by the Government of India, see Developing a TSA for India, NCAER, New Delhi, 2001.  
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