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Upper Extremity Muscle Activation Following 6-Weeks of Intervention Focusing on the Lumbopelvic-Hip Complex 


Corresponding Author:

Gretchen D. Oliver PhD, FACSM, ATC
301 Wire Rd
School of Kinesiology
Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849
859-200-4035
 HYPERLINK "mailto:goliver@auburn.edu" goliver@auburn.edu



Gretchen D. Oliver PhD, FACSM, ATC
Assistant Professor School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.  HYPERLINK "mailto:goliver@auburn.edu" goliver@auburn.edu 

Audrey J. Stone PhD, ATC, CSCS
Post-doctoral Research Scholar, Heart and Vascular Institute Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.  HYPERLINK "mailto:astone1@hmc.psu.edu" astone1@hmc.psu.edu 

Christopher P. Dougherty DO
Agility Center, Orthopedics. Bentonville, AR  HYPERLINK "mailto:cptd12@gmail.com" cptd12@gmail.com

Lawrence Lemak MD
Lemak Sports Medicine and Orthopedics. Birmingham, AL  HYPERLINK "mailto:llemak@thelemakgroup.com" llemak@thelemakgroup.com



ABSTRACT

Background: The current study examined the effects of a six-week lumbopelvic-hip complex [LPHC] strengthening program on muscle activation when performing the shoulder dump exercise. 
Methods: A pre-post test with a control group was implemented. Twenty-seven graduate students [23.5 � 1.34yr; 174.4 � 11.0 cm; 76.6 � 16.9 kg] participated. Participants were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group where the intervention group performed LPHC exercises. 
Results: Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant increase in muscle activation of the serratus anterior from pre and post LPHC intervention, [t=6.5, p<0.001].  
Discussion: The shoulder dump is a total body exercise that includes overhead arm movements. As presented by these data, incorporation of LPHC exercises may assist in facilitating greater activation in some of the scapula stabilizing musculature that has traditionally been rehabilitated in a prone or side lying positions. It is, therefore, suggested that LPHC exercises be incorporated in a regular shoulder pre-rehabilitation program. 
Key Words: Core; EMG; functional shoulder rehabilitation; kinetic chain
INTRODUCTION
Most shoulder rehabilitations focus solely on symptom resolution while restoration of total body function is overlooked (1-4). Kibler et al. (4,5) emphasize the importance of a shoulder rehabilitation that addresses dysfunction at the proximal end of the kinetic chain in attempt to facilitate efficient movement at the distal end. The term, kinetic chain, has been described to have several functions, three of which are: (1) providing a proximal stable base for distal arm mobility (6), (2) maximizing force development from the lower extremity in an upward direction, through the lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC), and eventually to the hand (7-9), and (3) producing torques to decrease deceleration forces (10-12). Thus, reiterating the commonly accepted notion that optimal shoulder function relies on the kinetic chain (13-15).
The LPHC is the central link connecting the upper extremity to the lower extremity. Additionally, it is the musculature of the LPHC that is active through the feed-forward mechanism for all extremity movements, indicating that LPHC musculature activation occurs in anticipation of limb movements (16,17).  It is the LPHC, therefore, that assists the body, functioning as a kinetic chain and facilitating efficient movement to meet the demands of the desired task.
 The kinetic chain approach to dynamic upper extremity movement patterns focuses on glenohumeral motion first through scapular control and then through hip stability (1). It is the pelvis, essentially, providing a platform for the scapula which in turn provides a stable platform for the shoulder. Thus, it is accepted that scapula control is coordinated through a stable base of support from the trunk and pelvis (1,18), essentially allowing the musculature of the lumbopelvic-hip complex to initiate shoulder movement. 
It has previously been established that implementing the Bodyblade (Mad Dogg Athletics, Venice, California) into a total body shoulder exercise allows for effective activation of not only the scapular stabilizing muscles but also LPHC muscles (18,19). As shoulder rehabilitation has shifted to more of a total body approach, exercises known to activate the musculature of the LPHC could be performed simultaneously with shoulder exercises (20). If the LPHC is activated in attempt to stabilize the pelvis, then the musculature that stabilize the scapula will be more efficient due to the stable base of support of the pelvis. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to determine if upper extremity muscle activation changes following a six-week intervention program focusing on LPHC exercises.  It was hypothesized that those who were engaged in the intervention program would have greater upper extremity muscle activation during the shoulder dump than those in the control group.

METHODS
Study Design
	A pretest-posttest controlled laboratory study with repeated measures on time was used.  The dependent variable was the percent of maximum voluntary isometric contraction [%MVIC] for each muscle (multifidus, latissimus dorsi, lower trapezius, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, serratus anterior) and the independent variables were time (pretest, posttest) and group (intervention and control).     
Participants
Twenty-seven healthy collegiate graduate students [24 � 1yr; 174 � 11 cm; 77 � 17 kg], regardless of sex, consented to participate. Healthy was defined as having no history of any type of injury in the last six months as well as currently participating in physical activity for at least 30 minutes, four times a week. In addition, participants were excluded if they were either currently performing a LPHC strengthening program or if they reported a previous history of shoulder pain. The University Institutional Review Board approved testing protocols used in the current study, and prior to participation, the approved procedures, risks, and benefits were explained to all participants. All participants consented and the rights of the participants were protected according to the guidelines of the University's Institutional Review Board.
Procedure
Participants were randomly assigned to either the control or intervention group. All subjects participated in two EMG testing sessions that were separated by six weeks. During the six weeks between testing, the intervention group performed LPHC exercises. The LPHC exercises were based on a previous study validating the activation of the LPHC musculature (21). All participants reported for pre and post testing prior to engaging in any vigorous activity for that day. Location of the dominant side multifidus, latissimus dorsi, lower trapezius, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, and serratus anterior were identified through palpation of the muscle belly. Prior to testing, the identified locations for surface electrode placement were shaved, abraded, and cleaned using standard medical alcohol swabs. Subsequent to surface preparation, adhesive 3M Red-Dot bipolar, 6cm Ag/AgCl diameter disk shaped, surface electrodes [3M, St. Paul, Minnesota] were attached over the muscle bellies and positioned parallel to muscle fibers using previously published standardized methods (22-24). The selected inter-electrode distance was 25mm (25). 
Electromyographic data were collected via a Noraxon Myopac 1400L 8-channel amplifier (Noraxon USA, INC, Scottsdale, Arizona). The signal was full wave rectified and root mean squared at 100 ms. Surface EMG data were sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz. The surface EMG data were notch filtered at frequencies of 59.5 and 60.5 Hz (26). An additional electrode was placed on the contralateral anterior superior iliac spine [ASIS] to serve as a reference lead for the examined muscles. Following the application of surface electrodes, manual muscles testing (MMT) techniques by Kendal et al. (27) were used to determine steady state contraction.  A certified athletic trainer (AT), trained in performing MMTs, conducted all MMT to ensure reliability throughout testing. Three MMTs lasting five seconds were performed for each muscle, with the first and last second of each test removed to obtain steady state results. The MMT provided baseline maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) data to which all surface EMG were compared.  The aforementioned surface EMG methodologies were performed again during the post testing.
Manual Muscle Testing
	The multifidus was tested with the participant prone, arms crossed over chest and attempting to perform back extension and rotation to the opposite side while the AT resisted. The latissimus dorsi was tested with the participant prone with arm adducted, extended and medially rotated. The AT applied resistance against the forearm, in the direction of abduction and slight flexion of the arm. To test the lower trapezius, the participant was prone with arm diagonally overhead, in line with the lower fibers of the trapezius. The AT applied pressure against the forearm, in a downward direction. To test the upper trapezius, the participant was sitting while the AT applied pressure against the shoulder in the direction of depression and against the head in the direction of flexion anterolaterally. For the infraspinatus, the participant was prone with arm resting on the table and elbow flexed to 90�. Participant attempted to laterally rotate the shoulder, with elbow held at 90� while AT applied pressure in the direction of medial rotation
The serratus anterior was tested with the participant lying supine, shoulder forward flexed to 90�. The AT resisted force against the participants fist as the participant attempted to protract.  
Following MMTs, investigators instructed participants on the proper technique of the shoulder dump rehabilitation exercise which was previously examined by McMullen and Uhl (1).  Participants were instructed to stand in a staggered stance with their left foot forward, left hip flexed, trunk flexed and rotated to the left, and right elbow at knee level. Participants were then instructed to shift weight to the right foot while extending and rotating the trunk to the right (Figure 1). All participants performed the shoulder dump exercise with a Bodyblade (Mad Dog Athletics, Venice, California) CxT [0.57 kg, 101.6 cm]. The Bodyblade is an oscillatory device that allows the individual, through isometric contractions of the upper extremity. The CxT model was chosen because it was applicable for beginners and was easier to control (18). Before the participants began the EMG testing, they were given an average of three minutes to warm-up and become familiar with the Bodyblade (Mad Dogg Athletics, Venice, California) as well as the shoulder dump exercise. Participants were instructed on proper posture through verbal cues and visual aids provided by an AT.  After participants were familiar with the exercise technique, they were instructed to perform three repetitions of the shoulder dump. 
Please insert Figure 1 here.

Intervention Program
The intervention program consisted of performing five isometric body weight exercises focusing on the LPHC, two days a week, for six weeks (28,29). Each exercise was performed for a duration of 30 seconds. After completion of the exercise, 15 seconds of rest was given before the next exercise was performed. An AT familiar with the intervention exercises supervised all intervention sessions. Participants enrolled in the intervention reported to perform the intervention program under supervision at the same time and place twice a week. All participants were compliant with the intervention and were monitored throughout the duration by the AT. The intervention program consisted of a total of eight exercises [Figures 2-9], which were randomly alternated throughout the six weeks so that five exercises were performed every day of the intervention. Eight exercises were given with only five being required in attempt to allow for variation of exercise selection. The control group was instructed to continue their normal physical activity of at least 30 minutes of physical activity four days a week.
Intervention Exercises
Side Plank: The participant supported their body on side with weight on their forearm and lateral aspect of foot. Body remained in a straight line, pelvis was held in neutral. Position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 2).
Please insert Figure 2 here.
Front Plank: The participant supported their body on bilateral forearms and balls of feet. The body remained in a straight line and pelvis was held in neutral. This position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 3).
Please insert Figure 3 here.
Flying Squirrel: Participant was prone with knees flexed, hips internally rotated and extended (legs off the floor), pelvis held in neutral. The shoulders were externally rotated and elbows flexed. This position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 4).
Please insert Figure 4 here.
Bird Dog: The participant was on all fours and then extended contralateral arm and leg and maintained their pelvis in neutral. This position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 5).
Please insert Figure 5 here.
Advanced Front Plank: Participant was in front plank position and extended contralateral arm and leg. The pelvis was held in neutral and the position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 6). 
Please insert Figure 6 here.
Pelvic Tilt: The participant was supine. Participant�s contralateral hip was in maximal flexion and held by participant with their hands. Ipsilateral foot was on ground. Ipsilateral foot pushed into floor to raise LPHC off floor. The participant�s body remain in straight line and this position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 7).
Please insert Figure 7 here.
Advanced Bird Dog: The participant positioned to perform the Bird Dog and then dropped into hip flexion while remaining in hip extension on the contralateral side. Position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 8).
Please insert Figure 8 here.
Push UP Hold: Participant was prone with weight supported on bilateral balls of feet and palms of hands. The participant�s pelvis was in neutral and body was in a straight line, this position was held for 30 seconds (Figure 9).
Please insert Figure 9 here.

Statistical Analysis
While performing the shoulder dump, mean activation from each muscle were normalized and expressed as a percent contribution of their %MVIC. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. La Jolla, California). Descriptive statistics were expressed by means and standard error of means (SEM). For each muscle group, a two-way, repeated measures analysis of variance [ANOVA] was performed. An overall �-level was set a priori at p<0.05. Post hoc analyses using Holm-Sidak for multiple comparisons were conducted when appropriate.   

RESULTS
Pre and posttest %MVICs for each muscle group were analyzed between groups.  There were no significant interactions between time (pretest vs posttest) and group (intervention vs control) for the lower trapezius, middle trapezius, infraspinatus, multifidus, or latissimus dorsi muscles, p>0.05 (Figure 10 A-E).  There was a significant main effect for time for the multifidus muscle (p=0.025) and the latissimus dorsi muscle (p=0.026). We are unaware of any cause for this change overtime.  There was a significant interaction for the serratus anterior muscle, and post hoc analysis showed that within the intervention group, the posttest (95.6�13 %MVIC) was significantly higher than the pretest (28.3�8 %MVIC) (Figure 10 F, p<0.05).  
Please insert Figure 9.

DISCUSSION 
The current study examined muscle activation of the upper extremity while performing the shoulder dump, pre and post intervention. In partial agreement with our hypothesis, we found that the intervention group achieved greater activation of four of the six muscles examined. The current study has demonstrated increased activation of scapular stabilizing musculature, specifically the lower and upper trapezius and serratus anterior, in a standing posture while performing a total body functional movement pattern; though only statistically significant increases in activation by the serratus anterior. It has been reported that when standing, activation of the upper trapezius is increased due to its postural function and the effects of gravity (30). Therefore, it has been suggested that patients with upper trapezius/lower trapezius imbalances only perform forward shoulder side lying or prone. Cools et al. (30) advocates shoulder exercises where the patient is side lying or prone as an attempt to gain the greatest lower trapezius and serratus anterior activation during the early phases of rehabilitation. However, the problem that arises is the need to have the rehabilitation mimic activities of daily living or sports specific movement patterns. To perform the shoulder dump exercise, one has to incorporate diagonal patterns that mimic sport specific movements. Therefore, the implementation of diagonal patterns while standing as an attempt to engage the trunk and lower extremity is desired in shoulder rehabilitation (1,4,18).
It should be noted that the current study only examined healthy subjects, and further investigation into the injured population is needed. It is unknown if there is a need to correct a LPHC problem or do we just need to make the LPHC stronger.  It is known that tissue injury as well as anatomical deficits in the lower extremity, LPHC, or scapular stabilizers can lead to overuse shoulder injury (2,14). Therefore, much more attention should be placed on the function of the LPHC and its relation with not only performance but also injury prevention.  Our study was able to show increased activity in scapular stabilizing muscles, specifically serratus anterior, while incorporating the LPHC in a shoulder rehab exercise.  
In conclusion, this study was able to demonstrate that the shoulder dump exercise performed after a six-week intervention resulted in significantly greater activation of the serratus anterior. As a periscapular muscle, the serratus anterior functions as one of the scapula stabilizers during overhead movements (30-35). The shoulder dump is a total body exercise that includes overhead arm movements. As presented by these data, incorporation of LPHC exercises may assist in facilitating greater activation in some of the scapula stabilizing musculature that has traditionally been rehabilitated in a prone or side lying positions. The authors thus suggest incorporation of LPHC exercises into a regular shoulder pre-rehabilitation program in attempt to facilitate great upper extremity muscle activation.

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FIGURE LEGENDS:
Figure 1. Bodyblade description.

Figure 2. Side Plank: body remains in a straight line and the position is held for 30 seconds.

Figure 3. Front Plank: body remains in a straight line and the position is held for 30 seconds.

Figure 4. Flying Squirrel: shoulders are externally rotated and hips are internally rotated with torso and thighs held off the floor for 30 seconds.

Figure 5. Bird Dog: contralateral arm and hip are extended with body maintaining pelvic neutral is held for 30 seconds.

Figure 6. Advanced Front Plank: body is in the front plank position, then contralateral arm and legs are extended while body remains in a straight line and held for 30 seconds.

Figure 7. Pelvic Tilt: contralateral hip is pulled into extreme hip flexion while other hip is extended maintaining pelvic neutral and held for 30 seconds.  

Figure 8. Advanced Bird Dog: hip is extended as high as possible and then lowered to the floor in a controlled manner. Repetitions are performed for 30 seconds.

Figure 9. Push Ups: body should be in a straight line maintaining pelvic neutral with repetitions performed for 30 seconds

Figure 10. Muscle activations (%MVIC) for 6 muscle groupsnoq���%	&	'	9	:	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	t
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