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����%P"�%P"P"P"������M����� �P"%I%0y%P"�)":�)P"�)�P"���P"�����%%P"���y%�������������������������������������������������������������������������)���������H	Q:	IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES LANTANA CAMARA L. ON THE VEGETATION OF VELLIANGIRI HILL RANGES, THE SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA 
Aravindhan, V. and A. Rajendran* 
Plant Systematics Laboratory 
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore � 641 046 
Tamil Nadu, India 
E-mail: av.aravind2001@gmail.com; arajendran222@yahoo.com
*Corresponding Author 
Abstract 
In India, a large number of exotics are naturalized, affecting the distribution of native flora and few among them have conspicuously altered the vegetation patterns of the country. Lantana camara L., also known as Spanish Flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Verbenaceae, which is native to the American tropics. The species has been introduce into other parts of the world as an ornamental plant and is considered an invasive species in many tropical and sub-tropical areas. It is a major invader of forests, pasture and wastelands throughout the India. Several factors like high reproductive potential, absence of preferred predators, evergreen nature and sufficient moisture favour extraordinary growth of species. In the present study, the impact of L. camara L. invasion on density, frequency and abundance of indigenous species were determined in the study area Velliangiri Hills, the Southern Western Ghats of India and is known for its very diverse vegetation. The study revealed that invasion of this species led to the degradation of typical structure of valuable flora in the Velliangiri Hills in terms of richness, diversity and composition of native species and also it favoured exotics over endemic species in this area.
Key words: Lantana camara, Habitat destruction, Invasion, Western Ghats    
Introduction 
Plant invasions are posing a great threat to biodiversity [1], which is already threatened by habitat destruction due to human population growth. Invasive species are broadly defined as those species that are not native to an area and that may displace or otherwise adversely affect native plant species. These species often produce prolific seeds that may disperse widely and remain viable in the soil for long periods of time [2]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) defines Invasive Species as an alien species which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, an agent of change and threatens native biological diversity. 
Invasion is defined as the whole process from the arrival of a new species into a community, its establishment and maintenance in that community, to its further spread into neighbouring communities [3]. Plant invasions pose a serious threat to natural and managed ecosystems globally [4, 5] and produce a marked change in composition and structure of communities as well as ecosystem processes. The invasives are widely distributed in all kinds of ecosystems throughout the world and include all categories of living organisms i.e., plants, mammals and insects which comprise the most common types of invasive alien species in terrestrial environments [6]. 
Plant invaders of natural ecosystems, also, termed �environmental weeds� [7], have been shown to inhibit the recruitment of resident native species by preventing seedling establishment and growth, and modifying plant-pollinator interactions [8-11]. The differences between native and exotic plant species in their requirements and modes of resource acquisition and consumption may cause a change in soil structure, its profile, decomposition, nutrient content of soil, moisture availability [12, 13]. 
Exotic species invasion is amongst the most important global scale problems experienced by natural ecosystems and is also considered as the second largest threat to global biodiversity [14-18]. They may also lead to local declines [19], and even extinction of native species (Pimm, 1986), thus altering the species richness in the forest fragment [20]. They are thought to be one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide and native species and habitats are continuously put at risk of displacement and extinction from invasion by these non-native plants [21].  
According to Crawley [22], alien plants are the biggest single threat to plant conservation in nature reserves in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics. In India, a large number of exotics are naturalized, affecting the distribution of native flora and a few among them have conspicuously altered vegetation patterns of the country.  Invasive species are thus a serious hindrance to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, with significant undesirable impacts on the goods and services provided by ecosystems. Amongst these Lantana camara L. is considered as one of the world�s top 100 invasive species and top 10 worst weeds of the world [23, 24]. 
Lantana camara L. is a major invader of forests, pasture and wastelands throughout the India [25]. The success of L. camara may be attributed to large number of fruits per plant [26], its ability to grow under a wide range of climatic conditions [27], allelochemicals released by roots in the soil inhibiting the growth of neighbouring plants [28, 29], and possession of some feeding deterrents that probably render them less acceptable to generalist herbivores than non-native plants [30]. Its dominance in invaded areas and possession of poisonous components like triterpenes leads to forage scarcity and bad health or deaths of animal [31, 32]. This species also possess ability to change socio-economic scenario of invaded regions. 
Knowledge of species or life forms potentially at risk from plant invaders would inform conservation priorities and facilitate effective policy and management strategies for areas of high conservation value [33]. For effective management of invasive species, knowledge about their ecology, morphology, phenology, reproductive biology, physiology and phytochemistry is essential. Such information will be crucial to develop our understanding about impacts of alien plant invaders on species diversity in natural communities. In accordance with the above factuality, the present study was aimed to assess the impact of invasive plant species Lantana camara L. on vascular plant species diversity in Vellinagiri Hills of Southern Western Ghats. 
Materials and Methods
Study area and Habitat
The present study was conducted in Velliangiri hill, a part of Southern Western Ghats, which is floristically very rich and socio-religiously important since a holy shrine called �Velliangiri Aandavar� temple also known as �Thenkailayam� (South Kailas) is situated at the peak of hills (1840 m above MSL). The hill is comes under Boluvampatti reserve forest of Coimbatore District and form a major hill range in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The geographical position of the study area is lies between the longitude 6(- 40( and 7(- 10( E and latitude 10( - 55( and 11(-10( N with altitudes varies from 520 and 1840 m above MSL. The average rain fall in the hill is ca 3500 mm at the foot hills and 4500 mm at the peak per year respectively. It forms a part of Western boundary of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, bordering the Palakkad District of the Kerala. 
The potential natural vegetation in study area are includes southern tropical thorn forests (scrub jungles), tropical dry deciduous forests, tropical wet evergreen forests, temperate forests (sholas) and southern montane humid grasslands. The soil type is red, loamy, acidic and ferruginous. The average rainfall in the hills is ca 3500 mm at the foothills and 4500 mm at the peak per year. The amount of rainfall increases with the increase of altitude in the study region. Lantana formed a dominant component of understory vegetation and was considered the primary weed threat to the biodiversity of Velliangiri hills. It grows on all types of well-drained soils and in a wide rainfall range (from seasonal dry forests to rainforest) but is also very drought-resistant.
Field methods 
The collected plants were identified to species level with the help of available floras [34 -38] and an online database. For authentication of species, the herbarium of Botanical Survey of India (Southern Circle), Coimbatore was also consulted. Quantitative analysis of plants for per cent basal area, abundance and density was done as per Misra [39], Ambasht [40].  
Description of L. camara
Lantana camara is a low, erect or sub-scandent, vigorous shrub which can grow to 2-4 m in height. The leaf is ovate or ovate oblong, 2-10 cm long and 2-6 cm wide, arranged in opposite pairs. Leaves are bright green, rough, finely hairy, with serrate margins and emit a pungent odour when crushed. The stem in cultivated varieties is often non- thorny and in weedy varieties with recurved prickles. Flower heads contain 20-40 flowers, usually 2.5 cm across; the colour varies from white, cream or yellow to orange pink, purple and red. Flowering occurs between August and March, or all year round if adequate moisture and light are available. The fruit is a greenish blue-black colour, 5-7 mm in diameter, drupaceous, shining, with two nutlets; seed setting takes place between September to May with 1-20 seeds on each flower head (Plate � 1).  
Results and Discussion 
Origin of Lantana camara L.
L. camara is a significant weed with some 650 varieties in many regions where it is established and is expanding in range. It was introduced by Dutch explorers into Netherlands in the late 1600�s from Brazil and it was then grown in glasshouses in Europe before its importation to other countries as an ornamental. Having originated from South America [41], it is now naturalized in approximately 60 counties or island groups and it grows under a wide range of climatic conditions.  
In India, it was introduced in early nineteenth century as an ornamental plant to be planted in gardens and hedges [42], but now it is growing densely throughout the country. The species is native only to the tropical and subtropical zones of the American (Neotropics). It is among the most widespread terrestrial invasive species today, particularly in dry-to-moist deciduous forests in India [43]. Introduced for horticultural purposes, it becomes a major invader for agricultural and natural ecosystems. With increased growth rate, Lantana proliferates luxuriantly, which as demonstrated in this study results in changes in species composition.
Invasive characteristics of L. camara 
Being an invader, it possesses a number of biological attributes that characterize it as an invader. The success of L. camara may be attributed to the presence of a range of pollinators, accounting for the high percentage of fruit-set. Once formed in high numbers, the seeds of L. camara are dispersed efficiently through the participation of a variety of animal dispersal agents that feed on its fruit such as birds, foxes, rodents and other vertebrate foragers [44]. Most changes in species composition reflect changes in soil water and nutrient availably and changes in availability of essential plant resources such as light, nutrients and water may result in a change in vegetation community composition [45, 46]. 
Assessment of L. camara invasion in the study area
The study area is unique because there are no human settlements within it, as there are in most other protected areas of India. However, the forest experiences anthropogenic pressures of varying intensity through activities including Minor Forest Produce (MFP�s) collection, fuel wood harvest and livestock grazing. Lantana camara L. is established and expanding in many regions of the world, often as result of clearing of forests for timber and agriculture which enhance exotic species invasion by acting as corridors or agents for dispersal, providing suitable habitat, and containing reservoirs of propagules for future episodes of invasion. Thus, it is now widely known that the flux of exotic plants into forest interiors is promoted by edges and the ecological impacts of which have gone largely unaddressed.  
The present study revealed that the invasion of Lantana camara in Velliangiri hills also spatially co-occurs with clearings such as fire-breaks, waterholes and salt-licks. Further, the greatest abundance of Lantana is found in invaded localities in the study region along with the following species: Sida acuta, Boerhavia diffusa, Oxalis corniculata, Cissampelos pareira, Cyanotis cristata, Dioscorea belophylla, Triumfetta rhomboids, Corchorus trilocularis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Fimbristylis ferruginea, Hyptis suaveolens, Leucas aspera, Urena lobata, Setaria pumila, Mukia maderaspatana. It is obvious from the study that the unutilized lighted spaces in between forest areas are mainly occupied by L. camara supporting the findings that this species preferred open sunny habitats and was conspicuously absent in dense shady forests.         
Conclusion 
In conclusion, this study has provided strong evidence that L. camara invasion is reducing biodiversity level and negatively affecting other ecosystem processes in the study area. Though it is premature to say, it seems that L. camara favours exotics over endemic species and is one of the factor that is significantly altering native vegetation and composition. However, more studies are required to further investigate this relationship.            


Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi for providing financial assistance for the study. We also admire the help provided by Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle (Coimbatore) in identification of various plant species. Thanks are also due to Professor & Head, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu for providing necessary facilities and encouragement.
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