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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	��0��bjbj����	A�ΐΐ�F�������``������������8�tc��m3�?????82:2:2:2:2:2:2$O5��7B^2��^2��??�'3�%�%�%T
�?�?82�%82�%�%rh/Th0?�������c���n"H�/$2=30m3�/�38�#38h038�h0��%^2^2�%m3��������������������������������������������������������������������38`	i:	Characterization of two Cucurbitaceae species seeds flour and its utilization in biscuits processing 
BY
Abdeen ELsiddig ELtyeb ELkhedir1 and Abel Moneim Ebrahim Mustata2

1. Industrial Research and Consultancy Center (IRCC)- Khartoum - Sudan E.mail. abdeensiddig@yahoo.com
2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khartoum University- Khartoum - Sudan
ABSTRACT:
 The objectives of this study were to characterize and utilize the seeds flour of two species of cucurbitaceae with wheat flour for biscuits making. Cucurbitaceae species used were (Tibish) Cucumis melo agrestis and (Fagoos) Cucumis metuliferus obtained from Khartoum and Darfor, respectively, season 2011/12. The cucurbitaceae seeds were milled into flour by warring blender then proximate analysis, minerals composition and protein fractions were conducted. Biscuits were made from cucurbitaceae seeds flour and wheat flour in ratios 5:95, 10:90 and 15:85 respectively. Organolyptic quality of biscuits was investigated. Proximate analysis of the seeds flour revealed that the moisture content of the two species (Tibish and Fagoos) were 2.8 and 4.3% respectively, crude protein was  26.1 and 27.0% respectively, crude fat was 26 and 33.3%, crude fiber 24.8 and 25% and ash 2.8 and 5.3 respectively. The results proved that the two species contained height amount of minerals especially iron (7.4 mg/100g and 5.7 mg/100). The protein fractions showed that the water- and salt-soluble proteins (albumin and globulin) of the two species of cucurbitaceae seeds flour were the ranges of (32.4, 35.1) and 26.57 to 28.7% respectively, prolamin and glutelin fractions were (10.9, 11.15) and (23.85, 19.7%), respectively. The highest spread ratio of the wheat biscuits and composite cucurbitaceae seeds flour biscuits was observed in 5%Fagoos (3.63) and the lowest in 15% Tibish (4.07). The mean quality scores for the overall acceptability was highest in 15%Tibish (7.87) and the lowest score of (4.5) was obtained by 5% Fagoos. In conclusion the results revealed that the good nutritional value of seeds flour reinforced the usefulness of cucurbitaceae seeds flour in biscuits making.
Key words cucurbitaceae, biscuits, C. metuliferus, C. melo agrestis  
Introduction
The cucurbitaceae is a predominantly tropical plant family of about 130 extant genera and 900 species, the over-whelming majority of which are distributed in Africa, Madagascar, Central and South America and Southeast Asia [1]. In tropical Africa, cucurbitaceae distributions especially characteristic of the drier regions [2], the cucurbitaceae are an important source of vegetables, fruits, edible seeds and seed oil, domestic utensils, medicines, water, animal fodder and fuel. In spite of this potential, less than 0.5% of the species are being commercially exploited and the family is relatively poorly known.
Good nutrition is a basic human right. In order to have a healthy population that can promote development, the relation between food, nutrition and health should be reinforced. In developing countries, one of the ways of achieving this is through the exploitation of available local resources, in order to satisfy the needs of the increasing population.
Knowledge of the nutritive value of local dishes, soup ingredients and local foodstuffs is necessary in order to encourage the increased cultivation and consumption of those that are highly nutritive. This consumption will help to supplement the nutrients of the staple carbohydrate foods of the poor who cannot afford enough protein foods of animal origin. Cereals are staple foods for human nutrition and their incorporation into various products is of great economic importance [3]. 
The fruits from Cucurbitaceae species are valued for nutritional and medicinal purposes [4]. The remaining portion of the Cucurbit fruits, especially the seed (often discarded as a waste), can be utilized for other food applications, oil extraction and animal feeds contributing to less waste disposal and value-addition. The high protein of the seed kernels in some of cucurbitaceae family coupled with a fairly high concentration and distribution of the amino acids; make it suitable for fortification of foods [5]. 
The uses of cucurbit seeds as potential sources of oil have been [6]. The high content of oil, showing useful characteristics such as odorlessness, and good color and appearance, make these seeds suitable for oil industrial applications [7,13]. Cucurbita seeds oil mainly consist of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1 n-9), and linoleic (18:2 n-6 or �-6) acids. Due to high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, these oils have favorable nutritional status and beneficial physiological effects towards prevention of coronary heart disease and cancer [8].
The use of wheat as an ample food due to the scrupulous properties of proteins in flour which accelerate rheological properties of dough related to baking quality. However, wheat hold lower amount of protein and also deficient in certain amino acids cause the dilemma of malnutrition. World protein requirements persist to be a worldwide matter with heightened concerns about food security and protein malnutrition. 
For this reason, most developing countries were interested in the possibility of replacing the wheat needed for making baked goods, wholly or partly with flour obtained from home grown products. Possible sources are cassava, yam, maize, millet, soy, peanut, cucurbitaceae seeds and sorghum.
Since the objectives of this study were to investigate the characterization and Utilization of two species of cucurbitaceae seeds flour. 
Materials and Methods
 Materials
The seeds of two species of cucurbitaceae famly namely tibish,  and fagoos were obtained from Sudan regions of Khartoum and Darfor, season 2011/12.
 Seeds were separated manually from fruits, and fibrous material was washed with tap water. The seeds were dried in an oven at 40�C. The dried seeds were ground into powder by using porcelain mortar and pestel. The powder was thoroughly mixed, stored at deep freezer, and used as the stock seed samples for further analyses. Wheat flour was obtained from flour mill in Khartoum North. Sugar powder, oil, sodium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate and shortenings were purchased from the local market.


Methods
 Proximate analysis of cucurbitaceae seeds was cried out according to the method described by AOAC (2000), minerals were determined by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.A.S model GBC 932 plus) according to AOAC (2000) method. 	
Protein fractions: the nitrogen from the defatted flour was extracted stepwise by a series of solvents according to the Osborne (1924) technique. 
 Preparation of cucurbita seeds flours the seeds were milled using lab mill. The flour was sieved by 60 mesh-sieves.  
Composite flours of wheat and cucurbita seeds flours were prepared by different replacement levels (5, 10, and 15%) of cucurbita seeds flour.
Biscuits were prepared from composite flours of wheat and cucurbita seedsflour according to the methods described by  Manohar and Rao, 91997).
Physical evaluation of biscuits were evaluated according to Manohar and Rao (1997) 
Sensory evaluation of biscuits
Were performed by panelest using scoring method including appearance and color, texture, flavor and acceptability, the test was carried out by 10 panelists according to the method described by drake et al, 2003.
Statistical analysis
Results expressed as the mean value � standard deviation (SD) were performed using Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) according to the procedures described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Data were assigned in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Software of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, 2004) was used to analyze data. 
Results and Discussion
Chemical composition of cucurbitaceae seeds flour
Table (1) shows the results of the chemical composition of the two species of cucurbita seeds flour (Tibish and Fagoos).
 Moisture content
As shown in (Table 1) the moisture content of the two species of the cucurbita seeds flour (Tibish and Fagoos) were 4.3% and 2.8% respectively. The value obtained for Tibish was in line with that reported by Mariod et al. (2009) who found that the moisture content of Tibish was 4%. The lowest moisture content found in Fagoos may be due to the harvested time of Fagoos seeds which was in (2011) while tibsh seeds were in (2012). 
 Protein content
 According to the results in (Table 1) protein content of seeds flour of the two species Tibish and Fagoos were 26.1 and 27% respectively. The results were above of the finding of Mariod et al., (2009) who concluded that the protein content of seeds of tibish and fagoos were 16.6% and 14.5%, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the two tested samples.

Table (1) proximate analysis of the two species of cucurbitaceae seeds flour
Cucurbita seeds flourParametersMoisture%Fat content%Protein%Fiber%Ash%Available Carbohydrates%Tibish4.3a
�0.1426.0b
�0.0726.1b
�0.1425.0a
� 0.145.3a
�0.013.3a
�0.07Fagoos2.8b
�0.2833.3a
�0.1427.0a
�0.1424.8a
�0.424.6a
�0.148.0a
�0.21L.s.d 0.050.46390.53570.46390.43090.27180.4382Mean�SD value(s) bearing different superscript letter(s) within the same column differ significantly (Pd"0.05).
 Oil content
A according to Table 1oil of the two species of cucurbita seeds flour (Tibish and Fagoos) were 26.0% and 33.3% respectively. The value of oil content obtained from Gurum was in line with that reported by Mariod et al.,  (2009) who reported the oil content of  tibish was 23.33%., the highest oil content was obtained by Fagoos.
Crude fiber
 As shown in (Table 1) the two species (cucurbita seeds flour) Tibish and Fagoos has 25.0 and 24.8% crude fiber, respectively. Values obtained for species were within the range of 13.34- 34.36% reported by Mariod et al. (2009). Statistical analysis indicated crude fiber obtained for Tibish and Fagoos was non significantly different. 
Ash content
 The ash content of the Tibish and Fagoos seeds flour was 5.3and 4.6% respectively, value obtained for Tibish was in agreement with the result obtained by Mariod et al.(2009) who stated that the ash content of Tibish was 5.2%, and  fagoos 8.3% which above with our finding.
Available carbohydrates (CHO)
As shown in (Table 1) Tibish and Fagoos seeds flour has 13.1and 8.0 % carbohydrates, respectively, the value obtained for Tibish was in agreement with the result obtained by Mariod et al.(2009). 
Minerals content of cucurbitaceae seeds flour
Table (2) shows minerals content of the two species (cucurbita seeds flour). Iron content was 1.2 mg/100g (Fagoos) and 7.4 mg/100g (Tibish), the high content of iron would serve to complete the deficiency of iron in wheat. The Ca and Mg content of Tibish and Fagoos were 10.1 mg/100g, 19.4 mg/100g, 45.1 mg/100g, and 46 mg/100g respectively.  Na and K were 44.1mg/100g, 23.6 mg/100g, 158.9 mg/100g and 194.7 mg/100g respectively. The highest values of Ca, Mg, and K obtained by Fagoos, whereas the highest value of Na content obtained by Tibish. The results revealed that the Mn and Cu of Tibish and Fagoos were 1.13mg/100g, 0.98, 2.33 and, 2.2mg/100g respectively.


Table (2) Minerals content of the two species of cucurbitaceae seeds flour (mg/100g)
Cucurbitaceae
SamplesMineralsCaMgNaKMnCuFeTibish10.1b45.1b44.1b158.9b1.13b2.33b7.4bFagoos19.7d56.8d23.6d194.7d0.98d2.2b5.7dL.S.D 0.050.45780.09990.45780.65510.01530.29970.2079Mean value (s) bearing different superscript letter(s) within the same column differ significantly (Pd"0.05)
Protein fractions of seeds flour of the two species of cucurbitaceae 
As shown in Table (3) the water- and salt-soluble proteins, albumin and globulin of the two species (Tibish and Fagoos) of cucurbitaceae seeds flour were 32.4, 36.2%, 24.5 and 28.7% respectively. Prolamin and glutelin fractions were 10.91 to 11.15%, 23.85 and 19.7 % respectively. The Insoluble protein residue of Tibish and Fagoos was 8.01 to 8.9%. The result obtained for albumin and glubulin were near to that results obtained by Giami, (2004) who reported the albumin and globulin to constitute about 59% of the total proteins of the pumpkin seed.
The albumin and globulin protein fractions have been reported to have higher levels of the amino acid lysine (Johnson and Lay, 1974).
 The albumin and globulin protein fractions of the two species of cucurbitaceae seeds flour comprised about 56.9 � 68.8%. Thus, the nutritional value of biscuits made from composite flour of cucurbitaceae seeds flour and wheat flour is expected to increase.
Table (3) Protein fractions of the two species of cucurbitaceae seeds flour               
Cuccrbita
Seeds flourAlbumin%
Globulins%
Prolamin%
Glutelin%
Insoluble protein% (residues)Total protein recovered%Tibish32.4b
�0.1426.57b
�0.219.6a
�0.1523.85a
�0.498.01a
�0.15101.72a
�0.56Fagoos35.1a
�0.4228.7a
�0.2410.9a
�0.4919.7b
�0.428.9a
�0.42102.44a
�1.34L.s.d #0.051.2701.90593.3030.6351.45952.7392








Mean value (s) bearing different superscript letter(s) within the same column differ significantly (Pd"0.05)

Physical evaluation of biscuits 
The mean values of physical characteristics of wheat biscuits and composite cucurbitaceae seeds flour biscuits are presented in Table (5). The data recorded for pread ratio was ranging from 3.63 to 4.07. Considering the spread factor of control biscuits (100% wheat flour as 100), results given in Table 5) indicated that the higher value was 105.2 obtained by 5% Fagoos and the lower spread factor was 93.8 obtained by 15% Tibish.
Table (5) Physical characteristics of wheat flour and composite cucurbita seeds flour biscuits 
Biscuit samplesWidth (cm)Thickness (cm)Spread ratioSpread factorWheat5.51.423.87b100g5% Tibish 5.411.473.68b95.1i10% Tibish 5.451.493.66j94.6j15% Tibish 5.481.513.6393.8k5% Fagoos 5.31.34.07a105.2b10% Fagoos5.341.324.05a104.6d15% Fagoos5.251.34.04a104.2cL.s.d 0.05--0.1290.152







 Mean�SD value(s) bearing different superscript letter(s) within the same column differ significantly (Pd"0.05 
 Sensory evaluation of the biscuits 
 The biscuits were evaluated for color, taste, odor, texture and overall acceptability.
. The mean quality scores for the overall acceptability was highest in 15%Tibish (7.87) and the lowest score of (4.5) was obtained by 5% Fagoos. 
 Table (6) Sensory evaluation of composite flour of wheat and cucurbitaceae seeds flour biscuits 

TreatmentCharacteristicsColorTasteFlavorTextureOver all acceptability5% Tibish 7.4e7.3b6.45f7.37b7.16d10% Tibish 7.6c8.1a7.8b6.8d7.58b15% Tibish8b6.9c8.1a8.1a7.87a5% Fagoos 5.62f7c6.8d4.5f5.94g10% Fagoos8b6.5d6.3e7.2c7.04f15% Fagoos7.5d7c6.7g7.2c7.27cWheat8.3a6.8c7.3c6.58e7.12eLsd  0.050.0580.2160.0580.0760.015








Mean�SD value(s) bearing different superscript letter(s) within the same column differ significantly (Pd"0.05). 



Conclusions
1. The results of the present study showed that cucurbitaceae seeds contained appreciable amounts of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and moderate amount of ash content.
2. The high amount of protein and minerals especially iron as well as amino acid lysine reinforced the usefulness of cucurbitaceae seeds flour for supplementation of wheat flour.
3. The sensory evaluation of biscuits made from composite cucurbitaceae seeds flour and wheat flour did not show Significant differences in most of cucurbitaceae seeds flour replacements.   
References
Jeffrey, C. (1980). Flora of tropical East Africa (Cucurbitaceae) Journal Bot. Zhurn 90: 332�335.
Maggs,G.L.and Guarino,I. (1995) Worked example :Mapping the ecogeographic distribution of  biodiversity In: genetic Diversity, technical guidelines, international, Wallingford. pp, .3 03-31.
Pena, R.; Fokou, E.; Leke, R.; Fotso, M.; Souopgui, J.; AchuMercy, B. and Tchouangue, P. F. (2006). Methods of preparation and nutritional evaluation of dishes consumed in a malaria endemic zone in camerooon (Ngali II). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4 (3): 273-278.
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