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��ࡱ�>��	jl����i�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	���8bjbj����	4fΐΐ�0������������������l}L~4������\\\�3�3�3�3�3�3�3$�6�49V#4�\\\\\#4�����84N#N#N#\4�����3N#\�3N#N#��0��2������xS�6����1�3N40~4�1��9&#(�9(�2�2��9�93�\\N#\\\\\#4#4N#\\\~4\\\\���������������������������������������������������������������������9\\\\\\\\\�	�:	Scapy � A Python tool for Security Testing
Shipra Bansal 1 and Nitin Bansal 2
1Department of Computer applications , Lovely Professional University , Jalandhar
Shipra_goelred@yahoo.co.in
2 Department of Management , Lovely Professional University , Jalandhar
shipraknmiet@yahoo.com

Abstract: - 
Security Testing is the method to detect flaws in the security measures of an Information System which protect the data from an unauthorized access.[1] Security Testing is the essential method of any information System. Passing the Security testing method does not ensures you that flaws are not present in that System. Python is a new emerging Programming language [8]. This research paper formulates a tool named Scapy which is based on Python language; list some vital commands, explanation with examples and uses for Security Testing. This research paper formulates only the introduction, brief description and uses about this security Testing tool.
Keywords: 
Security Testing, Python, Scapy, Flaws.
Introduction:-  
Security is defined as �No unauthorized Access of information �.  Security is very essential to maintain the integrity of System[2]. Security Testing is a very 1st Step to detect flaws in the security measures of System[3]. Security of System can be measures by following criteria:
Confidentiality: Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information.
Integrity: - Integrity means correctness of information. If the integrity of information is reserved then quality of information will definitely increased. 
Authentication: - This might involve confirming the identity of a person, tracing the origins of an artifact, ensuring that a product is what its packaging and labeling claims to be, or assuring that a computer program is a trusted one.
 Authorization: - Authorization means access rights. The process of granting or denying access to a network resource. 
Non-repudiation :-  In reference to digital security, nonrepudiation means to ensure that a transferred message has been sent and received by the parties claiming to have sent and received the message. Non-repudiation is a way to guarantee that the sender of a message cannot later deny having sent the message and that the recipient cannot deny having received the message.
Security Testing Terminologies:
Unit Testing :-  Testing is the strategy to detect faults in the System. Unit Testing means testing each line in a component or modules.
Functional Testing :- Functional Testing is used to measure the quality of functional components of System.
System Testing :- System Testing is used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of whole System in real world constraints.
Introduction to Python:
Python is fast, reusable and micro threaded language. Its byte code generated is reusable in nature. There are 5 versions of Python are: CPyhton, Jython, IronPython, Stackless and PyPy. All versions have own different features. But the standard among all of them is CPython. Jython is python language with java byte code features , IronPython is a Python language enable with dotnet framework, Stackless is used for concurrency and PyPy has greater speed execution than CPython.Its extension is .py normally.
          Introduction to Scapy 
Scapy is a manipulator tool for interactive packets. This tool is totally based on Python language. Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language.[5]  It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python�s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. Scapy tool has the capability of encoding , decoding, sending , matching senders and receivers , and many more[7]. Its interface is Python. Scapy tool is more powerful tools than firewalls. It can detect faults in the security systems that firewalls can not detect. 
Scapy interactive sessions can be started by putting undersigned command at the shell prompt:
$ sudo scapy

Welcome to Scapy (2.0.1-dev)

>>>
On Windows, please open a command prompt (cmd.exe) and make sure that you have administrator privileges:
C:\>scapy
INFO: No IPv6 support in kernel
WARNING: No route found for IPv6 destination :: (no default route?)
Welcome to Scapy (2.0.1-dev)
>>>

For example :- 
#! /usr/bin/env python

import sys
from scapy.all import sr1,IP,ICMP
p=sr1(IP(dst=sys.argv[1])/ICMP())
if p:
    p.show()

This example demonstrates dissected return packets . This example taking name or an IP addresses as a first Parameter , sends an ICMP echo request and display dissected packets. 
 
                              This tool is used to discover invalid frames send by sender ,injecting 802.11 frames and VLAN hopping . 

Important Commands of Scapy

Ls() :- lists all supported protocol layers . 
 Lsc():- list all user commands
Config:-Configuration about object.

For example :-

Ls():- 

>>> from scapy.all import *
WARNING: No route found for IPv6 destination :: (no default route?)
>>> ls()
ARP        : ARP
ASN1_Packet : None
BOOTP      : BOOTP
CookedLinux : cooked linux
DHCP       : DHCP options
DHCP6      : DHCPv6 Generic Message)
DHCP6OptAuth : DHCP6 Option - Authentication
DHCP6OptBCMCSDomains : DHCP6 Option - BCMCS Domain Name List
DHCP6OptBCMCSServers : DHCP6 Option - BCMCS Addresses List
DHCP6OptClientFQDN : DHCP6 Option - Client FQDN
DHCP6OptClientId : DHCP6 Client Identifier Option
DHCP6OptDNSDomains : DHCP6 Option - Domain Search List option
DHCP6OptDNSServers : DHCP6 Option - DNS Recursive Name Server
DHCP6OptElapsedTime : DHCP6 Elapsed Time Option
DHCP6OptGeoConf : 
All the object list TCP: 

2. lsc()

>>> lsc()
arpcachepoison      : Poison target's cache with (your MAC,victim's IP) couple
arping              : Send ARP who-has requests to determine which hosts are up
bind_layers         : Bind 2 layers on some specific fields' values
corrupt_bits        : Flip a given percentage or number of bits from a string
corrupt_bytes       : Corrupt a given percentage or number of bytes from a string
defrag              : defrag(plist) -> ([not fragmented], [defragmented],
defragment          : defrag(plist) -> plist defragmented as much as possible 
dyndns_add          : Send a DNS add message to a nameserver for "name" to have a new "rdata"
dyndns_del          : Send a DNS delete message to a nameserver for "name"
etherleak           : Exploit Etherleak flaw
fragment            : Fragment a big IP datagram[6]
fuzz                : Transform a layer into a fuzzy layer by replacing some default values by random objects
getmacbyip          : Return MAC address corresponding to a given IP address
hexdiff             : Show differences between 2 binary strings
hexdump             : --
hexedit             : --
is_promisc          : Try to guess if target is in Promisc mode. The target is provided by its ip.
linehexdump         : --
ls                  : List  available layers, or infos on a given layer
promiscping         : Send ARP who-has requests to determine which hosts are in promiscuous mode
rdpcap              : Read a pcap file and return a packet list
send                : Send packets at layer 3
sendp               : Send packets at layer 2
sendpfast           : Send packets at layer 2 using tcpreplay for performance
sniff               : Sniff packets
split_layers        : Split 2 layers previously bound[7]
sr                  : Send and receive packets at layer 3
sr1                 : Send packets at layer 3 and return only the first answer
srbt                : send and receive using a bluetooth socket
srbt1               : send and receive 1 packet using a bluetooth socket
srflood             : Flood and receive packets at layer 3
srloop              : Send a packet at layer 3 in loop and print the answer each time
srp                 : Send and receive packets at layer 2
srp1                : Send and receive packets at layer 2 and return only the first answer
srpflood            : Flood and receive packets at layer 2
srploop             : Send a packet at layer 2 in loop and print the answer each time
traceroute          : Instant TCP traceroute[9]
tshark              : Sniff packets and print them calling pkt.show(), a bit like text wireshark
wireshark           : Run wireshark on a list of packets
wrpcap              : Write a list of packets to a pcap file

Conclusions :- 

Today Python is emerging scripting language. Compiler is located at run time[10]. So there is no need to recompilation of every single change in source code. Everything is fast,quick and responsive. So security is essential in Python language. So we conclude that Scapy is packet sniffing tool for packet and  this research paper is an introductory paper which gives a brief introduction about scapy ,examples and some commands with the help of examples.

Future Work:

Scapy is a powerful tool. We can use this above explained commands in our application for packet sniffing , unit testing, functional testing,System testing,encoding,decoding etc. We can Scype also for security management in linux/Unix operating Systems. In future we can Expand Scapy to include features of Synchronization with Security while sending a packet from sender to receiver. 


References :-

[1] M. R. Lyu, Ed., Handbook of Software Reliability Engineering: McGraw-Hill and IEEE Computer Society Press, 1996

[2] C. C. Michael and Will Radosevich. Risk-Based and Functional Security Testing.( HYPERLINK "https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/best-practices/testing/255-BSI.html" https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/best-practices/testing/255-BSI.html

[3]  NIST Special Publication 800-39, Managing Information Security Risk: Organization, Mission, and Information System View (March 2011).

[4]  P. Biondi, Scapy  HYPERLINK "http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/" http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/ Ed3f, 2002, Firewall spotting with broken CRC, Phrack 60 http://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x0c.txt

[5] Ofir Arkin and Josh Anderson, Etherleak: Ethernet frame padding information leakage, http://www.atstake.com/research/advisories/2003/atstake etherleak report.

[6] P. Biondi, 2002 Linux Netfilter NAT/ICMP code information leak 
http://www.netfilter.org/security/2002-04-02-icmp-dnat.html 

[7] P. Biondi, 2003 Linux 2.0 remote info leak from too big icmp Citation       http://www.secdev.org/adv/CARTSA-20030314-icmpleak

[8]  Gift, Noah; Jones, Jeremy M. (2008).  HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7RCCgjmowcC" Python for Unix and Linux System Administration.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" \o "O'Reilly Media" O'Reilly Media. pp.�173�176.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN� HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51582-9" \o "Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51582-9" 978-0-596-51582-9. 
[9]  Dwivedi, Himanshu; Clark, Chris; Thiel, David (2010).  HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=Iq11Hs6FFm4C" Mobile Application Security.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill" \o "McGraw-Hill" McGraw-Hill. p.�384.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN� HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-163356-7" \o "Special:BookSources/978-0-07-163356-7" 978-0-07-163356-7.

[10] Learning Python by O�Reilly and Mark Lutz.
	

Biography

Mrs. Shipra Bansal is working as an Assistant Professor in Lovely Professionally University in department of Computer Applications. She has Teaching, Research and industrial experience of 7 years. She has done her Graduation and Postgraduation from Delhi University and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University respectively. Her major research interests include : Mobile computing,Grid Computing,Data warehousing and Mining.

Mr Nitin Bansal. Mr. Nitin Bansal is working as an Assistant Professor in Lovely Professional University in department of Management. He has Teaching, Research and industrial experience of 7 years. He has done his graduation and post graduation from chauhary charan singh university and kurushetra university respectively. His major interests include : cost accouting,accountancy and financial management.










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