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��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[�	���(bjbj����	E:ΐΐw��������		SS'''����;;;8s�/�;�[&�:��Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z�Z$_��aN�Z�'|!|!|!�ZSS�[444444|!>S�'�Z44|!�Z4444�H�0I����P���?X�;�/��H�Z�[0�[�H^b�1�b,0I0I&b'VIX��44��F 6�Z�Zv3��[|!|!|!|!��������������������������������������������������������������������b		:	Seasonal Nutritional evaluation of the Cultured Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in Vellar estuary; Southeast coast of India
Ganapathy Thirumaran1* and Perumal Anantharaman2
1Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, Coastal and Marine Division, P. O. Box No # 83, Opposite Changleshwar Temple, Bhuj, Gujarat � 370001, India. Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:gtmarancas@gmail.com" gtmarancas@gmail.com or  HYPERLINK "mailto:gtmaran_cas@yahoo.com" gtmaran_cas@yahoo.com
2Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai � 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.


















Corresponding Author
*G. Thirumaran
Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology
Coastal and Marine (Division)
P.O. Box No # 83, Opposite Changleshwar Temple
Mundra Road
Bhuj � Kachchh - 370001
Gujarat (India)
Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:gtmarancas@gmail.com" gtmarancas@gmail.com
Mobile : +91- 9978276028
Fax: 02832 - 235027

Abstract: 
The present study is concentrated on seasonal nutritional variation of protein, lipid, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from cultured seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India during January to September 2008. The protein and carbohydrate contents were recorded greatest value (9.63 � 0.75%; 17.40 � 0.17%) in postmonsoon and minimum (7.76 � 0.64%; 15.37 � 0.14%) during premonsoon. The lipid content highest value (3.49 � 0.28%) occurred in premonsoon season and lowest value (2.5 � 0.21%) obtained in summer. season. The maximum Essential Amino Acids was present in postmonsoon (30.17%) and minimum (23.01%) during summer. Among different seasons, total fatty acids recorded maximum (97.67%) in postmonsoon and minimum (91.47%) in summer. Vitamin A, E, and B6 obtained maximum (420 IU; 5.56 IU; 3.965 mg) in postmonsoon season and minimum (366 IU; (4.89 IU; 3.432 mg) in summer respectively. Potassium, Calcium and Iron were obtained maximum (89.74, 140.67, 0.706 mg) in postmonsoon and minimum (53.78, 112.07, 0.582 mg) during summer season. The biochemical composition of cultured seaweed varied with different seasons due to environmental factors.

Key Words:
Nutritional evaluation, Vegetative Propagation, Environmental Parameters, Seasonal Variation, Kappaphycys alvarezii, Southeast coast of India








Introduction
	Seaweeds have been used since ancient times as food, fodder, fertilizer and as source of medicine today seaweeds are the raw material for many industrial productions like agar, algin and carrageenan but they continue to be widely consumed as food in Asian countries [1]. They are nutritionally valuable as fresh or dried vegetables, or as ingredients in a wide variety of prepared foods [2]. In particular, certain seaweeds contain significant quantities of protein, lipids, carbohydrates vitamins and minerals [3-10], although nutrient contents vary with species, geographical location, season and temperature [11, 12].  
	The high vitamin and mineral contents of edible seaweeds make them nutritionally valuable [13, 14]. In addition to vitamins and mineral nutrients, seaweeds are also potentially good sources of proteins, polysaccharides, and fiber [15, 16]. Although the chemical content of edible seaweeds from some regions of the world had been documented, research is long overdue on the nutritive value of Hawaiian seaweeds so commonly collected, bought, sold, cultivated and consumed in the Hawaiian Islands. The chemical composition (water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash and calories) of three genera of Hawaiian algae: Ulva and Gracilaria [17]. 
However, only a few studies have been undertaken on the quality of seaweed protein and amino acids [18-21] because of the difficulties of extraction and preparation of seaweed protein concentrates (PCs). The extraction of seaweed protein by classical procedures is hindered by the presence of large amounts of cell wall polysaccharides, such as the alginates of the brown seaweed or the carrageenans of some red seaweed. The high content of neutral polysaccharides (xylans and cellulose) in some red and green seaweed can also limit the protein accessibility [22]. The protein content of some red seaweed of different coasts of India has been reported [23-27].
Studies on lipids and fatty acids in seaweeds have been investigated on their seasonal variation [28, 29], differences among different plant tissues [30]. Red seaweeds are rich in Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) mainly Arachidonic Acid (AA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acids which are precursors of prostaglandins [31, 32] and generally utilized in the manufacture of food stuff, cosmetic and food additives [33. Those major edible red seaweeds include Gracilaria, Gracilariopsis, Gelidium, Palmaria, Porphyra and Eucheuma [34, 35]. Most studies on nutritional evaluation were carried out from naturally collected seaweeds. The present study is concentrated on seasonal variation of protein, lipid, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from cultured seaweed (K. alvarezii) in the Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India.    
Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Seed Material
	The most common seaweeds are green, olive-green, red and brown colour type. All four types are roughly equivalent in the quantity and quality of the yield. In the present investigation brown colour seed materials were collected from (Pepsico Holding private Limited) Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India. The seed materials were transferred to culture site. The live material has generally been shipped in plastic bags or jute sacks wet enough to prevent desiccation. 
2.2. Preparation of Bamboo Raft
	The good floating nature of 4 numbers of 12 feet bamboo poles for mainframes and 4 numbers of 6 feet bamboo poles for additional frames were selected for the construction of bamboo raft with the help of nylon ropes. The interior part of the main frame was 3 x 3m in size. Fish nets were tied under the rafts to avoid the grazing.
2.3. Seed and Inserted Seed Rope Preparation      
	Well branched with good quality seed materials weighed approximately (75, 100, 125, 150 and 175g) was inserted in single braid knot (20 braid knots/single rope); thus 400 seed materials were prepared out of 20 ropes in a single raft. Approximately 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70kg of seed materials were inserted in a single raft; the distance between each tied rope was 15cm; finally the raft was tied at both corners of another raft. Stones were used for anchoring the raft and usually 10mm breadth with 10m length ropes was used. The vegetative propagation method was used for Kappaphycus alvarezii culture. 
2.4. Collection and process of seaweeds
The seaweeds were collected in different seasons (premonsoon, postmonsoon and summer) from the culture site of the Vellar estuary during the study period (January to September 2008). During monsoon, the freshwater input reduces the salinity of water in the study area which is not suitable for culture. The collected seaweeds were washed with seawater to remove all the epiphytes and then washed with distilled water to remove the salts and extraneous materials. Then the seaweeds were air dried for few days, then cut into small pieces and made into powder for biochemical analysis such as protein, lipid, carbohydrate, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals.     
2.5. Estimation of Carbohydrate
	The total carbohydrate was estimated by following the phenol-sulphuric acid method [36].
2.6. Estimation of Protein
	The total protein was estimated using the Biuret method [37].
2.7. Estimation of amino acids
	The amino acids were determined by an amino acid analyzer (Shimatzu- High Performance Liquid Chromatography, company-HITACHI, Detector � SPD 10A VP, Serial Number: C20 994111453LP, Pump LC-10 AT VP). Twenty micro liters of the filtered derived amino acid sample injected into single column and analyzed using sodium buffer system [38]. 
2.8. Estimation of Lipid
	The extraction of lipid was done by the chloroform-methanol mixture [39]. 
2.9. Estimation of Fatty acids
	For fatty acid analysis, the samples were homogenized with chloroform, methanol (2:1 V/V) mixture and extracted using the following method [40]. After fat extraction, they were esterified with 1% H2SO4 and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by following the procedure of Association of Official Analytical Chemists [41]. The identification and quantification of fatty acids was done using a Gas chromatography (AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, 6890 N, Net work GC Systems).

2.10. Estimation of vitamins
	The fat soluble vitamins A (Renitol), D (Calciterol), E (Tocopherol) and K (Menadione) and the water soluble vitamins B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B6 (Pyridoxine), B12 (Cyanocobalamine) and C (Ascorbic acid) were analyzed in the HPLC (MERCK HITACHI - 7400) following method [42]. The folic acid was estimated by calorimetric procedure [43]. The pyridoxin, panthothenic acid and vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine) were estimated by following the methods suggested in USP NF 2000 Asian edition.   
2.11 Estimation of Minerals
2.11.1. Iron, Copper and Phosphorus
	Iron, copper and phosphorus were analyzed by the following method [44].  The tissue samples were stored in precleaned polythene containers and were later aspirated in an Inductively Coupled Plasma spectrophotometer (ICP) (PERKIN ELMER, Optical Emission Spectrometer, Optima 2100 DV) after calibrating the instrument with appropriate blank and series of known standards for the minerals iron, copper and phosphorus. 
2.11.2. Calcium, Potassium and Sodium 
	Calcium, potassium and sodium were estimated by the following method [45]. 5g of wet tissue samples, mixture of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid (HCl, HNO3, HCLO4) at a ratio of 10:5:1 was added for digesstion at 300oC. The digests were filtered suitably and aspirated in digital flame photometer (Burner Unit 121, Digital Unit 125 and Compressor Unit 122). The obtained values were expressed in mg/100g.
2.12. Calorific content
	The calorific content was calculated from the biochemical composition by using calorific equivalents of 5.65 K Cal/g for protein, 9.45 K Cal/g for lipid and 4.1 K Cal/g for carbohydrate as suggested by Breet and Groves [46] and expressed on dry weight basis.    


2.14. Physico-chemical Parameters
	The water samples were collected in the study area using plastic bucket. Rainfall data obtained from the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology. Temperature (�C) was measured using centigrade Thermometer. Salinity (�) was estimated with the help of a refractometer (ERMA, Hand Refractometer, Japan). The pH was determined by using ELICO grip pH meter. The dissolved oxygen content (ml/l) was analyzed by modified Winkler�s method [47]. For the analysis of nutrients, surface water samples were collected using clean plastic bucket and the samples were immediately transported to the laboratory and were filtered by the millipore filtering system. For the analysis of nutrients the following standard procedure [47] was followed. 
2.15. Statistical Analysis
	Students t-test was performed the seasonal variation of proximate composition of cultured seaweed K. alvarezii. Pearson�s correlation analysis was used to determine the environmental factors. 
Results
3.1. Proximate Composition
The proximate composition of K. alvarezii presented in (Table 1). The protein and carbohydrate content was recorded maximum (9.63 � 0.75%; 17.40 � 0.17%) in postmonsoon and minimum (7.76 � 0.64%; 15.37 � 0.14%) during premonsoon respectively. The highest value of lipid content (3.49 � 0.28%) occurred during premonsoon and lowest value (2.5 � 0.21%) obtained in summer. The calorific value ranged from 1.495 � 0.138 to 1.371� 0.140 kcal/g and the maximum during postmonsoon and minimum in summer. There was significant variation observed in (pe"0.001) protein, lipid, carbohydrate and calorific value of the same algae attributed at different seasons.    
3.2. Amino acids
	The percentage composition of both essential and non essential amino acids is presented in Table 2. There were 10 essential amino acids and 11 non essential amino acids were observed. During postmonsoon, among the ten essential amino acids (EAA) tryptophan recorded 5.13% followed by leucine (4.26%) and histidine (3.42%) on dry matter basis and the other amino acids ranged between (2.07% to 3.08%). In postmonsoon, the total EAA was recorded as 30.17%. Among the eleven non essential amino acids (NEAA) aspartic acid was estimated maximum (11.86%) followed by glutamine (9.82%) and glycine (8.53) and other non essential amino acids ranged between 2.12 and 7.21%. The total NEAA recorded was 67.47%. The total quantity of amino acids observed for both EAA and NEAA 97.64%.   
In summer, among the EAA Tryptophan (3.58%) was maximum followed by leucine (3.36%) and valine (3.12) and the other amino acids ranged from 1.36 to 2.52%; total essential amino acids (23.01%) was found. The NEAA observed maximum in aspartic acid (16.12%) followed by glutamine (12.56%) and glycine (9.12%) and other amino acids noticed between 1.16 and 8.17%. The total NEAA 69.89% was obtained and the net quantity in both EAA and NEAA was observed as 92.9%.        
	During premonsoon in EAA tryptophan ranked first which contribute (4.06%) followed by valine (3.82%) and the other EAA ranged from 1.27 to 2.93%; the total EAA (26.32%) was obtained. In NEAA, maximum was obtained in aspartic acid (15.63%) followed by asparagine 8.34% and the other NEAA fluctuating from 1.72 to 7.87%; alanine was not detected. Total NEAA was recorded 69.78% and the net quantity of both EAA and NEAA was found to be (96.1%). Among the different seasons the higher percentage obtained during postmonsoon season (97.64%) and lower in summer season (92.9%). 
3.3. Fatty acids  
	The fatty acid showed quantitative differences in various seasons and individual acids are given in (Table 3). In the present study, totally 36 type of fatty acids were identified which containing 16 Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), 12 Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) and 8 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) with inclusion of Highly Unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA).
	In postmonsoon, the total fatty acids 97.67% were obtained in that MUFA followed by PUFA and SFA by 35.94%, 32.79% and 29.94% respectively. From that it could be inferred pentadecylic acid 15:0 (6.56%) followed by nonadecylic acid 19:0 (3.53%) are the major fatty acids and capric acid 10:0 and undecyclic acid 11:0 not detected among the SFA. In MUFA oleic acid 18:1 (8.62%) showed maximum and minimum in palmitoleic acid 16:1 (0.86%). PUFA obtained highest level in docosahexanoic acid 22:6 (11.56%) followed by eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 (6.02%) and lower value in linoleic acid 18:2 (1.27%).  
In summer, the total fatty acids reported to be 91.47%, in that total MUFA followed by PUFA and SFA by 34.37%, 30.87% and 27.23% respectively. From that pentadecylic acid 15:0 (5.76%) followed by Nonadecylic acid (4.08%) are the major constituent of fatty acids. Capric acid 10:0 (0.26%) followed by bhenic acid 22:0 (0.53%) are the minor components, whereas heneicosanoic acid 21:0 was not found in SFA. MUFA obtained maximum in oleic acid 18:1 (7.96%) followed by eurucic acid (6.31%) and minimum in palmitoleic acid 16:1 (0.76%). PUFA occurred maximum in docosahexanoic acid 22:6 (9.86%) followed by eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 (6.87%) and minimum in linoleic 18:2 (0.67%). 
During premonsoon, total fatty acids were found to be 93.79% in that MUFA followed by PUFA and SFA by 35.73%, 30.59% and 28.42% respectively. In SFA pentadecylic acid 15:0 (6.18%) followed by nonadecylic acid (4.16%) were the major and bhenic acids 22:0 was not found. MUFA showed maximum in oleic acid 18:1 (8.07%) and minimum in palmitoleic acid (0.43%). PUFA obtained maximum in docosahexanoic acid 22:6 (10.73%) followed by eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 (6.04%). The total fatty acids, SFA, MUFA and PUFA obtained higher levels during postmonsoon (98.67%, 29.94%, 35.94% and 32.79%) respectively.    
3.4. Vitamins
The values of vitamins detected are presented in Table 4. Among the four water soluble vitamins only two vitamins such as vitamin A and E were detected; whereas the other two vitamins (vitamin D and K) were not found, since they were present below the detectable level. Vitamin A obtained maximum (420 IU) in postmonsoon season and minimum (366 IU) in summer. Vitamin E obtained higher value in postmonsoon (5.56 IU) and lower level in summer (4.89 IU). At the same time, the other six fat soluble vitamins have been detected in microgram level except vitamin B12 and Folic acid which were contributed in millimicrogram level.  
	Vitamin B1 and B6, attained highest value (5.651 mg; 3.965 mg) in postmonsoon and lowest value in summer (4.962 mg; 3.432 mg) respectively. Vitamin B2 and B12 obtained maximum (8.051 mg; 0.083 mcg;) during premonsoon season and minimum (6.769 mg; 0.032 mcg) in summer correspondingly. Folic acid attained maximum (0.0454 mcg) in postmonsoon and minimum (0.0372 mcg) in summer; Niacinamide shows the highest value (0.3212 mg) in postmonsoon and lowest value (0.2839 mg) in summer.  	
3.5. Minerals
The mineral compositions are presented in (Table 5). Sodium attained the highest level (132.36 mg) during premonsoon and lowest level (106.27 mg) in summer; Potassium, Calcium and Iron were obtained maximum (89.74, 140.67, 0.706 mg) in postmonsoon and minimum (53.78, 112.07, 0.582 mg) during summer.   
Magnesium noticed higher value (0.603 mg) in postmonsoon and lower value (0.476 mg) in summer; phosphorus and sulphur obtained maximum (7.026, 0.87 g) and minimum (5.920, 0.53) in postmonsoon and summer season respectively; cobalt and zinc were not detected during all the three seasons. 
3.6. Environmental factors
	The physico-chemical parameters were noticed monthly and the mean seasonal variation were obtained. The monthly changes in environmental factors at Vellar estuary showed fluctuation during the study period (January to September, 2006) Table 6. The maximum rain fall (330 mm) was observed during premonsoon season and minimum (233.3 mm) in summer season. The maximum atmospheric temperature and surface water temperature, (31.66 � 1.52; 33.33 � 1.15�C) was observed during summer season respectively and the surface water temperature positively correlated to atmospheric temperature (r = 0.817; pe"0.01). The salinity was observed maximum (35 � 20 ) during summer season and minimum (31.66 � 2.510 ) which is positively correlated to surface water temperature (r =0.826) and significant at (pe"0.01) (Fig 1). 
	The pH showed maximum (7.73 � 0.35) in postmonsoon season and minimum (7.53 � 0.25) in summer season. Dissolved oxygen was recorded highest value (6.65 � 0.47�M L-1) in postmonsoon season and lowest value (5.14 � 0.38�M L-1) in premonsoon season. The dissolved oxygen was positively correlated to silicate (r = 0.711; pe"0.05); negatively correlated to nitrate and nitrite (r = 0.815 and r = 0.815) respectively and the significance was attained at (pe"0.01) (Fig 2).
	During the present study, silicate was observed maximum (35.88 � 7.9647�M) in postmonsoon season and minimum (22.64 � 3.60�M) at premonsoon season. The nitrate showed higher value (24.16 � 2.61�M) in premonsoon season and lower value (12.60 � 2.90) in postmonsoon season. The nitrite was obtained maximum (10.54 � 0.58�M) in premonsoon and minimum (7.57 � 0.52) in postmonsoon season. Phosphate level was maximum (0.71 � 0.16�M) and minimum (0.51 � 0.31 �M). The nitrite was positively correlated to nitrate (r = 0.943) and the significance was attained at (pe"0.01) (Fig 3). The growth rate was positively correlated to all different culture days (r = 0.810; r = 0.841; r = 0.799 and r = 0.737) and the significance was attained at (pe"0.01 and pe"0.05). The biomass yield was positively correlated to all the culture days (r = 0.996; r = 0.998 and r = 0.997) and significant difference observed at (pe"0.01). 
Discussion
The biochemical contents of Ulva lactuca, Sargassum wightii and Gelidiella acerosa from Port Okha were studied in relation to ecological factors [48]. They presented the month-wise proteins, carbohydrates, fat, crude-fibre, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus contents of these species. Estimation of major metabolites such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, found carbohydrate is decreasing in Ulva reticulata in December, probably due to the extensive growth of the thallus [49]. Protein values also followed the same trend while lipids did not show any significant seasonal variation. Marked changes in the chemical constituents were found to occur with change of seasons, environmental conditions as well as in the various phases of plants growth and fruiting cycle. The earlier study about seasonal variation in the major and minor constituents of green, brown and red algae was investigated in Indian coast [50, 51]. 
 In the present study the seasonal variation of carbohydrate content obtained maximum during postmonsoon (January to March) and minimum in summer (April to June) which is contrast to the earlier study. Studied the seasonal changes in biochemical constituents namely carbohydrate of Hypnea musciformis from Goa coast [52]. Carbohydrate varied from 31% to 50% with the maximum value in October and November and minimum in January and February. 
The percentage of carbohydrate in K. alvarezii was lower than those of several seaweed species of the red algae genus Hypnea collected in Darwin Harbour [53], the Indian Tuticorin Coast [54], and coastal Hong Kong [5]. In the present study, the lowest percentages of soluble carbohydrate were found in Halimeda opuntia and H. macroloba (2.5 and 2.7% dw, respectively). 
In the present study, the protein contents of K. alvarezii ranged from 7.76 � 0.64 to 9.63 � 0.75% which is similar to the earlier works in several marine algae estimated by many Indian authors [55, 23, 24, 56]. Species of Sargassum, Turbinaria and Gracilaria were analyzed by Chidambaram and Unny [55], the protein content was found to be less than 10% whereas in Acanthophora muscoides and Centroceras clavulatum it was estimated at 22-26%. Dave and Parekh [57] studied 8 genera of green algae of Saurashtra coast, found significant variation in protein in the same species of algae grown in different localities and different periods; the results coincide with the earlier reports and the protein level significantly attained at (pe"0.01) various seasons. 
Seasonal variations of protein content in red seaweeds were previously described the highest protein content was found during winter and early spring and the lowest during summer and autumn [58]. The previous study is supportive to the present investigation which obtained lower protein content during the summer. 
In general, seaweeds exhibit low lipid contents [59]. In fact, in comparison to other chemical constituents, lipid contents were the smallest component observed for the species studied. The lipid content of the seaweeds significantly varies throughout the year. The lipid content in K. alvarezii values were smaller than those obtained for most of the seaweeds, which range from 2.80 � 0.23% to 3.49 � 0.28 %. This value is relatively low; it is comparable to results obtained previous studies [60]. 
The literature has established that in seaweeds in general the lipid content is less than 4% [61]. Lipid content of the seaweeds studied in this work ranged from 2.80 � 0.23% to 3.49 � 0.28 % in these values significantly smaller than those determined by Wahbeh [62]. The differences could have been due to factors such as climate and geography of development of the seaweed. The percentages of lipid found in this study were slightly higher than previous reports for Phaeophytes, Chlorophytes and Rhodophytes [63, 64, 12, 2].
The present study obtained SFA ranged from 27.23% to 29.94%. From that pentadecylic acid (C15:0) was the most abundant SFA which is contrast to the previous studies; the content of C16:0 was highest in Porphyra sp. from China with 37% of total FAME and lowest levels were in Undaria pinnatifida with 14% of total FAME. Furthermore, the algae varieties tested had minor levels of myristic acid (C14:0) and trace levels heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) and heneicosanoic acid (21:0). Similar results were found in other analyses, but Laminaria sp., and Hizikia sp. had higher levels of myristic acid [65, 66]. 
Of the three different seasons investigated, the highest proportion of MUFA in their FAME distribution and oleic acid was the predominant FA within this class.  The concentrations of oleic acid were at high levels in Porphyra sp. and Laminaria sp. from China and accounted for more than 20% of total FAME but such a high content was found only in single samples. The oleic acid content of Porphyra sp. from Japan and Korea, Undaria pinnatifida and Hizikia fusiforme was at 2.6�9.3% of total FAME. Other studies showed similar concentrations of oleic acid in Laminaria sp., Undaria pinnatifida and Hizikia fusiforme, but lower concentrations in Porphyra sp [65, 66]. 
Mineral content are shown to vary according to species, wave exposure, seasonal, annual, environmental and physiological factors and the type of processing and method of mineralization [67-72]. Sulphate seems to be a typical component of marine algal polysaccharides, related to high salt concentration in the environment and to specific aspects of ionic regulation. Sulphate is derived from fucans in brown algae or from galactans in red ones. Such sulphated mucilages are not found in land plants [73]. 
Based on the results obtained in the present study, the protein, amino acids, carbohydrate, lipid, fatty acids, calorific value, vitamins and minerals are influenced by varying season. Although the results of chemical composition analysis had demonstrated that K. alvarezii can be potentially good and more study is necessary to evaluate the nutritional value of this seaweed as food ingredients.  
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Acknowledgements
	Authors are thankful to Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University and Ministry of Earth Science, Government of India for providing financial support. The authors are also thankful to Director/Additional Director of Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology for providing facilities and constant encouragement.










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