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The Editor-in chief,



Subject:  Original article entitled �Is N-acetylcysteine a better insulin sensitizer than Metformin in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?� for consideration of publication.
Sir,
We are sending an original article entitled �Is N-acetylcysteine a better insulin sensitizer than Metformin in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?� for consideration of publication in your esteemed journal. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Decision regarding the publication of the article will be upheld by us as final.
Looking forward to your early and kind response.
Yours sincerely



Dr Mandira Dasgupta
Associate Professor
Dept of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 
Medical College Kolkata, 
88 College Street, 
Kolkata-700073     

Enclosure: author information, manuscript, tables (4), figures (2).








Title of the Article: Is N-acetylcysteine a better insulin sensitizer than Metformin in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?
Mandira Dasgupta 1, Tapas Kumar Roy 1, Partha Sarathi Mitra 1, Sudhir Adhikari 1, Tarashankar Bag 1
1 Dept of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College Kolkata, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Corresponding Author
 Mandira Dasgupta,  MD, DNB (G&O)  
 Associate Professor, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
 Medical College, Kolkata
       88, College Street, Kolkata-700 073
       Residential Address � 559, Block N, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053.
       Ph: 9831106193.
       E-mail id:  HYPERLINK "mailto:mandiradasgupta@hotmail.com" mandiradasgupta@hotmail.com

None of the authors have any disclosures to make.

Running Head: N-acetylcysteine vs Metformin in insulin resistance in PCOS
Keywords: N-acetylcysteine, Metformin, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR
Abbreviations:
1. PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome
2. IR: Insulin resistance     
3. MET: Metformin
4. Hcy: Homocysteine
5 NAC: N-acetylcysteine 
6. BMI : Body Mass Index
7. HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Measurement Assessment Insulin Resistance
8.  FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar
9.  LH: Leutinising Hormone
10. AUC: Area Under Curve
11. USG: Ultrasonography

Abstract 
Background: The treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) involves reducing insulin resistance (IR) & hyperandrogenism with insulin sensitizers. The commonly used agent is Metformin (MET). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a new agent which inhibits oxidative stress and improves insulin resistance with minimum adverse effects.
Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, comparative study, conducted on 88 randomly selected PCOS patients attending Gynaecology and Obstetrics OPD, in a tertiary care hospital in  Kolkata comparing MET and NAC in improving IR (by BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, FBS and fasting insulin), and hyperandrogenism (biochemical and clinical) over a three months period. 
Results: Both NAC and MET groups had statistically significant fall in BMI, waist circumference, FBS, Fasting Insulin and HOMA-IR. The comparison between NAC vs MET for change from baseline values were better in NAC for BMI (3.46 �1.45 vs 1.24�1.02, P =0.000), fasting insulin (3.99 �3.34 vs 1.95 �2.23, P=0.001), HOMA-IR (1.13� 0.72 vs 0.61� 0.56, P=0.001), and total testosterone level (0.374 � 0.23 vs 0.1945�0.20, P<0.00). No significant clinical improvement was noted in both groups. Side effects were less in NAC group (10% vs 15%).
Conclusion: Due to better control of IR, hyperandrogenimia and fewer side effects NAC may be regarded as a better insulin sensitizer than MET in PCOS patients.




Introduction
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest endocrinopathy which causes anovulation. It affects 5 to 10% of women of reproductive age 1.The etiopathogenesis of this condition is still not completely understood. Multiple risk factors such as genes, environment, nutrition, sedentary lifestyle have been implicated and several others are still under investigation.
Insulin resistance (IR) which is probably due to an underlying post- receptor dysfunction and oxidative stress is currently thought to be the key causative factor of PCOS 2 3. The compensatory hyperinsulinemia arising thereof accelerates the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) on ovarian theca and results in hyperandrogenimia 3. This in turn, results in chronic anovulation and causes large polycystic ovaries. 4

The management of PCOS involves control of menstrual problems, subfertility, acne and hirsutism with various hormonal and non-hormonal agents. However, being an insulin resistant state it is intuitive that insulin sensitizers should also have an important role. Metformin (MET) 5 has stood the test of time as the most widely prescribed insulin sensitizer in PCOS. The problems with MET are gastrointestinal side effects, fear of hypoglycemia, and its potential to increase serum homocysteine (Hcy) 6, 7 levels in some patients. This is a matter of concern as this adds to the already increased risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), early onset coronary, cerebral and peripheral atherosclerosis, deep vein thrombosis, pre-eclampsia and recurrent abortion 8, 9 in PCOS. In addition randomized control studies of MET in PCOS have failed to show the promise as was earlier suggested by observational studies 7. Hence, the quest for other insulin sensitizing agents devoid of the above disadvantages is still on.
 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an insulin sensitizer which has shown promise in PCOS10. NAC is a stable acetylated variant of the sulfhydryl containing amino acid L-cysteine. By virtue of its powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenging property it preserves the insulin receptors against oxidant agents thereby preventing IR and hyperinsulinemia. It has a good safety profile being neither teratogenic nor mutagenic. Overall, NAC is well tolerated but can cause minor gastrointestinal side effects including nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhoea particularly when used in high doses. Its only contraindication is hyper-sensitivity to the drug. The advantage of NAC over MET is its good tolerance and ability to reduce plasma Hcy level 10, 11.  However, studies comparing these two agents as insulin sensitizers in PCOS are scarce. In this study we have thus envisaged to find out whether NAC is equal or better than MET as an insulin sensitizer in which case it would be a suitable replacement of MET.

The effectiveness of insulin sensitizers in general is measured by their effects on BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and Homeostatic Measurement Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Amongst these, the most validated index is the HOMA-IR. 3,12, 13, 14. In the general population HOMA-IR <3 indicates no IR, 3-5, indicates mild-moderate IR, and >5 indicates severe IR   A HOMA-IR of at least 2.0 is generally used for diagnosis of insulin resistance in young PCOS women 13, 14.

The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of NAC on IR by HOMA-IR compared to that of MET in PCOS patients. The secondary objectives were to study their effects on other parameters : BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, serum testosterone and clinical improvement of hyperandrogenic features.
Materials and Methods:
Study design 
This is a prospective, randomized, comparative study which was conducted amongst the patients attending the outpatient department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata during the period of 1st March, 2011 to 28th February, 2013. Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of our Institution. . 

Study population
Patients with PCOS who satisfied the Revised Rotterdam Criteria 2003 15, 16, were recruited from the OPD during the study period. Patients were excluded if they had used hormonal treatment, and took the medication for dyslipidemia within 3 months and/or received steroid within 6 months prior to enrollment, hypersensitivity to either NAC or MET, pelvic organic pathologies, diabetes mellitus, severe hepatic or kidney diseases, active peptic ulcer disease or did not consent to participate in the study.

Study definitions
 PCOS was diagnosed by the Revised Rotterdam Criteria 2003 15, 16 that is, including a patient who had at least 2 in 3 of the following:  1) Oligo ovulation and/or anovulation, 2) Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, 3) polycystic ovaries ( by USG at least one ovary showing either twelve or more follicles (2-9mm diameter), or ovarian volume 10ml) and exclusion of other etiologies (e.g., hyper/hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen-secreting tumors, Cushing's syndrome). The HOMA-IR was calculated by multiplying fasting Insulin (U/mL) by fasting glucose (mg/dl) and dividing by 450. 12 Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) e"25 kg/m2, obesity was defined as (BMI) e"30 kg/m2.17 .Central obesity was defined as WC e"80 cm according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2005 18. Hyperandrogenemia was defined as total testosterone>0.8 ng/mL. 19

All laboratory assays were performed at the laboratory unit of Department of Clinical Pathology, and Department of Biochemistry of Medical College, Kolkata.

Study methods
After obtaining a written informed consent the subjects were randomly assigned to either i) N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) group or  ii) Metformin (MET) group  by the table of random numbers.
All the patients provided history of their detailed menstrual pattern, and underwent a physical examination for measurement of vital signs (diastolic and systolic blood pressure), skin lesions, and anthropometric measures (body weight, height and waist circumference).
 
Overnight fasting (at least 12 hours) venous blood samples were drawn to measure glucose and insulin level at baseline. The first blood sample was also examined for baseline testosterone.
The patients in the NAC group were prescribed N-acetyl cysteine 1.8gm/day (600mg thrice daily) for 3 months while patients in the MET group were prescribed metformin (500mg once daily for one week, twice daily for another one week followed by thrice daily thereafter) for 3 months. All patients were advised to avoid any change in their physical activity and nutrition and not to undergo any new pharmacotherapy during the study. After 3 months the patients were reevaluated in terms of their BMI, waist circumference, FBS, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and testosterone levels. 
Statistical Analysis
The data analysis was done by SPSS version 19.00. Comparison of the change from baseline variables between groups (NAC and MET) was done by unpaired t �test for normally distributed parameters and by Mann-Whitney U test for skewed data. Comparison of the effects of NAC and MET before and after treatment was done by paired t test. Comparison of proportion (percentages) parameters before and after treatment with NAC and MET was conducted by chi square test. �P� value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
This study included 88 patients, of which 10 patients i.e. 6 from NAC and 4 from Metformin group dropped out and 2 from MET group discontinued the medication due to gastrointestinal intolerance. Therefore 38 patients in each of the two groups were evaluated. Both the groups were homogenous considering their demographic characteristics, clinical features and biochemical profile (Table 1).

The comparison of markers of IR i.e. HOMA-IR (Fig 1), BMI, waist circumference, FBS, and Fasting Insulin, pre vs post intervention, showed significant improvement in both NAC and MET groups. This is depicted in Table 2. 

The comparison of change from the baseline values of the markers of IR (Table 3) showed statistically significant difference between NAC and MET for BMI (3.46 �1.45 vs 1.24�1.02), fasting insulin (3.99 �3.34 vs 1.95 �2.23), HOMA-IR (1.13� 0.72 vs 0.61� 0.56). The changes in waist size and FBS were not significant.
The significant reduction of hyperinsulinimia resulted in change in total testosterone level. This change in total testosterone level in NAC group (0.374 � 0.23) was statistically significant when compared to that of the MET group (0.1945�0.20). (Fig. 2)

The clinical improvements in the two groups were however not statistically significant (Table 4).

 Discussion
PCOS is characterized by IR, compensatory hyperinsulimia, hyperandrogenism and follicular dysmaturation.  The main aim of management of PCOS focuses on regulation of insulin and androgen secretion. Our study sought to evaluate and compare the improvement of IR following treatment with two insulin sensitizing agents N- acetylcysteine (NAC) and Metformin (MET). 

Our results show that both NAC and MET individually significantly improved IR with only 3 months of treatment as evidenced by significant reduction in HOMA-IR, anthropometric parameters � BMI and waist circumference, FBS and Fasting Insulin. NAC was better than MET in reducing HOMA-IR and testosterone level.

Metformin, the most commonly used insulin reducing medication has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity thereby reducing serum insulin and free testosterone levels 14 in PCOS patients. Our findings reiterated this observation i.e. there was reduction of IR resulting in significant reduction of BMI, Waist size, FBS, Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and testosterone level.
However unlike this study, some studies with different study designs showed that MET did not have an improvement of the hyperinsulinemic and excessive testosterone state 7, 12.
Studies have shown that NAC 20, 21 like MET, can improve anthropometric measurements i.e. BMI and waist size when compared to placebo after six weeks of treatment. However, there are other studies 22, 23 where no significant change in BMI have been noted. These later studies being on obese patients, it is possible that they might have required higher doses of the drug to achieve a significant fall in BMI.

In our study, biochemical markers of IR i.e. FBS, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR has reduced from pre-treatment values in both the groups. This is similar to previous studies which have also shown that NAC improves IR by significantly decreasing fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR index. 6,21. In another study where 22 insulin sensitivity was assessed by a different method - the Colompe euglycemic hyper-insulinemic technique, an increased sensitivity to insulin and significant decline in insulin area under curve (AUC) after oral glucose tolerance test with unchanged fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and glucose AUC was reported. Thus, it seems that, NAC consumption is associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization.

When NAC and MET were compared we found a statistically significant differences in the fall in BMI, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR with greater reductions in the NAC group. We thus, found NAC superior to MET in improving insulin sensitivity.  Insulin resistance, which was determined by a combination of fasting insulin, fasting glucose/insulin ratio, FBS and HOMA-IR, had improved significantly after NAC treatment as compared to Metformin treatment in other trials. 12. Conflicting results showing MET superior to NAC has been reported by few studies 23, 14. 
The significant reduction of hyperinsulinimia resulted in change in total testosterone level in both the groups and more so in NAC group. Similar decline was observed by other studies. 10,  20, 21,  22, 23 This change in total testosterone level in NAC was statistically significant when compared to that of the MET.

The improvement of hyperinsulinimia and hyperandrogenimia was not reflected clinically. There was no significant impact on acne, hirsutism, oligomenorrhoea and amenorrhoea, in both NAC and MET group which corroborates with the previous findings 20, 21. This may be due to the short duration of our study. It is possible that longer courses of treatment (24-36 weeks) might be needed for the control of hyperandrogenism to be manifest clinically.

NAC was well tolerated by our sample population as compared to MET similar to other studies20,21. The only side effect with both were gastrointestinal intolerance in the form of bloating sensation and nausea (NAC vs MET 10% vs. 15%).

The main limitation of our study is its short duration. We also did not examine the hormonal changes of PCOS (LH ,FSH) nor was USG done in our follow-up protocol. This was mainly due to the economic constraints of the participants. Thus, the improvement in PCOS per se either by clinical signs and symptoms or by laboratory or USG criteria was not studied in our series. We only concentrated on the insulin sensitizing properties of these two agents, trying to find a suitable replacement of MET.  

This study is one of few studies which have compared two insulin sensitizers with an adequate study power (>90%). Our study demonstrated that both NAC and MET are good insulin sensitizers- both causing improvements in IR reflected by anthropometric and biochemical parameters within 3 months with NAC being superior to MET with a greater reduction in hyperandrogenimia. Although it was not a part of our study it seems that NAC in conjunction with ovulation inducing agents will also be beneficial in producing good quality follicles in infertility patients thereby replacing MET in the ovulation induction protocols. In fact, MET has already fallen into disrepute due to its tendency for causing hyperhomocystinimia and reducing the take home baby rates. 


Conclusion
It may be concluded that NAC is better in suppressing IR than MET even when used for short time periods (3 months). It has the potential to replace MET in the years to come as a safe and better treatment option for patients with PCOS. However, more robust studies of longer duration are required to reinforce our findings.















Table 1- Baseline parameters in the two groups.


VariableNAC (n=38)
Mean (SD)MET (n=38)
Mean (SD)p-valueAge in years    24.47(5.38)24.42 (5.35)      0.96BMI in Kg/m233.82 (3.86)35.15 (4.89)0.19Waist circumference (cm)85 (4.7)87 (9,2)0.11Sysolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg)132(7.8)130(9.74)0.38Diastolic Blood pressure (mm Hg)82(5.4)79 (6.25)0.03FBS (mg/dl)87.26 (7.37)86.39 (5.33)0.56Fasting Insulin (mU/ml)24.99 (4.82)23.30 (4.10)0.11LH (mIU/ml)10.17 (1.69)10.53 (0.97)0.25Total Testosterone (ng/ml)1.59 (0.23)1.29 (0.31)0.0001HOMA-IR (glucose X Insulin /450)4.87 (1.15)4.48 (0.84)0.09Oligomenorrhea (%)27 (71.0)                          20 (52.6)0.09Amenorrhea (%)6 (15.8)8 (21.1)0.55Obesity (%)16 (42.1)14 (36.8)0.64Acne (%)6 (15.8)2 (5.3)0.13Hirsutism (%)8 (21.1)2 (5.3)0.04




















Table 2: Comparison of markers of IR within groups pre vs post intervention


VariableNAC Mean (SD)MET Mean (SD)PrePostP valuePrePostP valueBMI in Kg/m233.82 (3.86)30.35 (3.14)<0.000135.15 (4.89)33.92 (4.76)<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)85 (4.7)83.53(4.44)<0.000187 (9.2)86.63 (8.78)<0.0001FBS (mg/dl)87.26 (7.37)80.05 (4.40)<0.000186.39 (5.33)81.55 (3.42)<0.0001
Fasting Insulin (mU/ml)24.99 (4.82)21.00 (5.46)<0.000123.30 (4.10)21.35 (3.43)<0.0001HOMA-IR 4.87 (1.15)3.74 (1.02)<0.00014.48 (0.84)3.87 (0.63)<0.0001





























Table 3: Comparison of change in baseline values in IR markers in both groups



VariableNAC Mean (SD)MET Mean (SD)p-valueChange in BMI (Kg/m2)3.46 (1.45)1.24(1.02)0.000
Change in Waist circumference (cm)1.21 (1.143)0.84(0.68)0.09Change in FBS (mg/dl)7.21(6.36)4.84 (5.69)0.09
Change in fasting insulin (mU/ml)3.99 (3.34)1.95 (2.23)0.001Change in HOMA-IR1.13(0.72)0.61(0.56)0.001
Change in testosterone(ng/ml)0.374 (0.23)0.1945(0.20)<0.00




























Table 4 : Post intervention comparison of clinical parameters between NAC and MET


VariableNAC (n=38)MET (n=38)p-valueOligomenorrhea (%)20 (52.6)17 (44.7)0.17
Amenorrhea (%)4 (10.5)7 (18.4)0.54
Obesity (%)5 (13.2)5 (13.2)0.86
Infertility (%)9 (23.6)7 (18.4)0.85
Acne (%)1 (2.6)2 (5.3)0.06
Hirsutism (%)1 (2.6)1 (2.6)0.08






























Figure 1: HOMA-IR values in both groups (pretreatment and post treatment)














































Fig. 2:  Total testosterone values in both groups (pretreatment and post treatment)

















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