����JFIFXX�����    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342  2!!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222����"��4�� ���,�PG"Z_�4�˷����kjز�Z�,F+��_z�,�© �����zh6�٨�ic�fu���#ډb���_�N�?��wQ���5-�~�I���8����TK<5o�Iv-�����k�_U_�����~b�M��d����Ӝ�U�Hh��?]��E�w��Q���k�{��_}qFW7HTՑ��Y��F�?_�'ϔ��_�Ջt��=||I ��6�έ"�����D���/[�k�9���Y�8ds|\���Ҿp6�Ҵ���]��.����6�z<�v��@]�i%��$j��~�g��J>��no����pM[me�i$[����s�o�ᘨ�˸ nɜG-�ĨU�ycP�3.DB�li�;��hj���x7Z^�N�h������N3u{�:j�x�힞��#M&��jL P@_���� P��&��o8������9�����@Sz6�t7#O�ߋ �s}Yf�T���lmr����Z)'N��k�۞p����w\�Tȯ?�8`�O��i{wﭹW�[�r�� ��Q4F�׊���3m&L�=��h3����z~��#�\�l :�F,j@�� ʱ�wQT����8�"kJO���6�֚l����}���R�>ډK���]��y����&����p�}b��;N�1�m�r$�|��7�>e�@B�TM*-iH��g�D�)� E�m�|�ؘbҗ�a��Ҿ����t4���o���G��*oCN�rP���Q��@z,|?W[0�����:�n,jWiE��W��$~/�hp\��?��{(�0���+�Y8rΟ�+����>S-S����VN;�}�s?.����� w�9��˟<���Mq4�Wv'��{)0�1mB��V����W[�����8�/<� �%���wT^�5���b��)iM� pg�N�&ݝ��VO~�q���u���9� ����!��J27����$O-���! �:�%H��� ـ����y�ΠM=t{!S�� oK8������t<����è:a������[�����ա�H���~��w��Qz`�po�^ ����Q��n� �,uu�C�$ ^���,������8�#��:�6��e�|~���!�3�3.�\0��q��o�4`.|� ����y�Q�`~;�d�ׯ,��O�Zw�������`73�v�܋�<���Ȏ�� ـ4k��5�K�a�u�=9Yd��$>x�A�&�� j0� ���vF��� Y�|�y��� ~�6�@c��1vOp�Ig����4��l�OD���L����� R���c���j�_�uX6��3?nk��Wy�f;^*B� ��@�~a�`��Eu������+���6�L��.ü>��}y���}_�O�6�͐�:�YrG�X��kG�����l^w���~㒶sy��Iu�!� W ��X��N�7BV��O��!X�2����wvG�R�f�T#�����t�/?���%8�^�W�aT��G�cL�M���I��(J����1~�8�?aT ���]����AS�E��(��*E}� 2��#I/�׍qz��^t�̔���b�Yz4x���t�){ OH��+(E��A&�N�������XT��o��"�XC��'���)}�J�z�p� ��~5�}�^����+�6����w��c��Q�|Lp�d�H��}�(�.|����k��c4^�"�����Z?ȕ ��a<�L�!039C� �Eu�C�F�Ew�ç ;�n?�*o���B�8�bʝ���'#Rqf���M}7����]����s2tcS{�\icTx;�\��7K���P���ʇ Z O-��~��c>"��?�������P��E��O�8��@�8��G��Q�g�a�Վ���󁶠�䧘��_%#r�>�1�z�a��eb��qcPѵ��n���#L��� =��׀t� L�7�`��V���A{�C:�g���e@�w1 Xp3�c3�ġ����p��M"'-�@n4���fG��B3�DJ�8[Jo�ߐ���gK)ƛ��$���� ���8�3�����+���� �����6�ʻ���� ���S�kI�*KZlT _`���?��K����QK�d����B`�s}�>���`��*�>��,*@J�d�oF*����弝��O}�k��s��]��y�ߘ��c1G�V���<=�7��7����6�q�PT��tXԀ�!9*4�4Tހ3XΛex�46���Y��D ����� �BdemDa����\�_l,��G�/���֌7���Y�](�xTt^%�GE�����4�}bT���ڹ�����;Y)���B�Q��u��>J/J �⮶.�XԄ��j�ݳ�+E��d ��r�5�_D�1 ��o�� �B�x�΢�#���<��W�����8���R6�@g�M�.��� dr�D��>(otU��@x=��~v���2� ӣ�d�oBd��3�eO�6�㣷�����ݜ6��6Y��Qz`��S��{���\P�~z m5{J/L��1������<�e�ͅPu�b�]�ϔ���'������f�b� Zpw��c`"��i���BD@:)ִ�:�]��hv�E�w���T�l��P���"Ju�}��وV J��G6��. J/�Qgl߭�e�����@�z�Zev2u�)]կ�����7x���s�M�-<ɯ�c��r�v�����@��$�ޮ}lk���a���'����>x��O\�ZFu>�����ck#��&:��`�$�ai�>2Δ����l���oF[h��lE�ܺ�Πk:)���`�� $[6�����9�����kOw�\|���8}������ބ:��񶐕��I�A1/�=�2[�,�!��.}gN#�u����b��� ~��݊��}34q����d�E��Lc��$��"�[q�U�硬g^��%B �z���r�pJ�ru%v\h1Y�ne`ǥ:g���pQM~�^�Xi� ��`S�:V29.�P���V�?B�k�� AEvw%�_�9C�Q����wKekPؠ�\�;Io d�{ ߞo�c1eP����\� `����E=���@K<�Y���eڼ�J���w����{av�F�'�M�@/J��+9p���|]�����Iw &`��8���&M�hg��[�{��Xj��%��Ӓ�$��(����ʹN���<>�I���RY���K2�NPlL�ɀ)��&e����B+ь����( � �JTx���_?EZ� }@ 6�U���뙢ط�z��dWI�n` D����噥�[��uV��"�G&Ú����2g�}&m��?ċ�"����Om#��������� ��{�ON��"S�X��Ne��ysQ���@Fn��Vg���dX�~nj�]J�<�K]:��FW��b�������62�=��5f����JKw��bf�X�55��~J �%^����:�-�QIE��P��v�nZum� z � ~ə ���� ���ة����;�f��\v���g�8�1��f24;�V���ǔ�)����9���1\��c��v�/'Ƞ�w�������$�4�R-��t���� e�6�/�ġ �̕Ecy�J���u�B���<�W�ַ~�w[B1L۲�-JS΂�{���΃������A��20�c#��@ 0!1@AP"#2Q`$3V�%45a6�FRUq��� ����^7ׅ,$n�������+��F�`��2X'��0vM��p�L=������5��8������u�p~���.�`r�����\���O��,ư�0oS ��_�M�����l���4�kv\JSd���x���SW�<��Ae�IX����������$I���w�:S���y���›R��9�Q[���,�5�;�@]�%���u�@ *ro�lbI �� ��+���%m:�͇ZV�����u�̉����θau<�fc�.����{�4Ա� �Q����*�Sm��8\ujqs]{kN���)qO�y�_*dJ�b�7���yQqI&9�ԌK!�M}�R�;������S�T���1���i[U�ɵz�]��U)V�S6���3$K{�ߊ<�(� E]Զ[ǼENg�����'�\?#)Dkf��J���o��v���'�%ƞ�&K�u�!��b�35LX�Ϸ��63$K�a�;�9>,R��W��3�3� d�JeTYE.Mϧ��-�o�j3+y��y^�c�������VO�9NV\nd�1 ��!͕_)a�v;����թ�M�lWR1��)El��P;��yوÏ�u 3�k�5Pr6<�⒲l�!˞*��u־�n�!�l:����UNW ��%��Chx8vL'��X�@��*��)���̮��ˍ��� ���D-M�+J�U�kvK����+�x8��cY������?�Ԡ��~3mo��|�u@[XeY�C�\Kp�x8�oC�C�&����N�~3-H���� ��MX�s�u<`���~"WL��$8ξ��3���a�)|:@�m�\���^�`�@ҷ)�5p+��6���p�%i)P M���ngc�����#0Aruz���RL+xSS?���ʮ}()#�t��mˇ!��0}}y����<�e� �-ή�Ԩ��X������ MF���ԙ~l L.3���}�V뽺�v�����멬��Nl�)�2����^�Iq��a��M��qG��T�����c3#������3U�Ǎ���}��לS�|qa��ڃ�+���-��2�f����/��bz��ڐ�� �ݼ[2�ç����k�X�2�* �Z�d���J�G����M*9W���s{��w���T��x��y,�in�O�v��]���n����P�$�JB@=4�OTI�n��e�22a\����q�d���%�$��(���:���: /*�K[PR�fr\nڙdN���F�n�$�4�[�� U�zƶ����� �mʋ���,�ao�u 3�z� �x��Kn����\[��VFmbE;�_U��&V�Gg�]L�۪&#n%�$ɯ�dG���D�TI=�%+AB�Ru#��b4�1�»x�cs�YzڙJG��f��Il��d�eF'T� iA��T���uC�$����Y��H?����[!G`}���ͪ� �纤Hv\������j�Ex�K���!���OiƸ�Yj�+u-<���'q����uN�*�r\��+�]���<�wOZ.fp�ێ��,-*)V?j-kÊ#�`�r��dV����(�ݽBk�����G�ƛk�QmUڗe��Z���f}|����8�8��a���i��3'J�����~G_�^���d�8w������ R�`(�~�.��u���l�s+g�bv���W���lGc}��u���afE~1�Ue������Z�0�8�=e�� f@/�jqEKQQ�J��oN��J���W5~M>$6�Lt�;$ʳ{���^��6�{����v6���ķܰg�V�cnn �~z�x�«�,2�u�?cE+Ș�H؎�%�Za�)���X>uW�Tz�Nyo����s���FQƤ��$��*�&�LLXL)�1�" L��eO��ɟ�9=���:t��Z���c��Ž���Y?�ӭV�wv�~,Y��r�ۗ�|�y��GaF�����C�����.�+� ���v1���fήJ�����]�S��T��B��n5sW}y�$��~z�'�c ��8 ��� ,! �p��VN�S��N�N�q��y8z˱�A��4��*��'������2n<�s���^ǧ˭P�Jޮɏ�U�G�L�J�*#��<�V��t7�8����TĜ>��i}K%,���)[��z�21z ?�N�i�n1?T�I�R#��m-�����������������1����lA�`��fT5+��ܐ�c�q՝��ʐ��,���3�f2U�եmab��#ŠdQ�y>\��)�SLY����w#��.���ʑ�f��� ,"+�w�~�N�'�c�O�3F�������N<���)j��&��,-� �љ���֊�_�zS���TǦ����w�>��?�������n��U仆�V���e�����0���$�C�d���rP �m�׈e�Xm�Vu� �L��.�bֹ��� �[Դaզ���*��\y�8�Է:�Ez\�0�Kq�C b��̘��cө���Q��=0Y��s�N��S.���3.���O�o:���#���v7�[#߫ ��5�܎�L���Er4���9n��COWlG�^��0k�%<���ZB���aB_���������'=��{i�v�l�$�uC���mƎҝ{�c㱼�y]���W�i ��ߧc��m�H� m�"�"�����;Y�ߝ�Z�Ǔ�����:S#��|}�y�,/k�Ld� TA�(�AI$+I3��;Y*���Z��}|��ӧO��d�v��..#:n��f>�>���ȶI�TX��� 8��y����"d�R�|�)0���=���n4��6ⲑ�+��r<�O�܂~zh�z����7ܓ�HH�Ga롏���nCo�>������a ���~]���R���̲c?�6(�q�;5%� |�uj�~z8R=X��I�V=�|{v�Gj\gc��q����z�؋%M�ߍ����1y��#��@f^���^�>N�����#x#۹��6�Y~�?�dfPO��{��P�4��V��u1E1J �*|���%���JN��`eWu�zk M6���q t[�� ��g�G���v��WIG��u_ft����5�j�"�Y�:T��ɐ���*�;� e5���4����q$C��2d�}���� _S�L#m�Yp��O�.�C�;��c����Hi#֩%+) �Ӎ��ƲV���SYź��g |���tj��3�8���r|���V��1#;.SQ�A[���S������#���`n�+���$��$I �P\[�@�s��(�ED�z���P��])8�G#��0B��[ى��X�II�q<��9�~[Z멜�Z�⊔IWU&A>�P~�#��dp<�?����7���c��'~���5 ��+$���lx@�M�dm��n<=e�dyX��?{�|Aef ,|n3�<~z�ƃ�uۧ�����P��Y,�ӥQ�*g�#먙R�\���;T��i,��[9Qi歉����c>]9�� ��"�c��P�� �Md?٥��If�ت�u��k��/����F��9�c*9��Ǎ:�ØF���z�n*�@|I�ށ9����N3{'��[�'ͬ�Ҳ4��#}��!�V� Fu��,�,mTIk���v C�7v���B�6k�T9��1�*l� '~��ƞF��lU��'�M ����][ΩũJ_�{�i�I�n��$���L�� j��O�dx�����kza۪��#�E��Cl����x˘�o�����V���ɞ�ljr��)�/,�߬h�L��#��^��L�ф�,íMƁe�̩�NB�L�����iL����q�}��(��q��6IçJ$�W�E$��:������=#����(�K�B����zђ <��K(�N�۫K�w��^O{!����)�H���>x�������lx�?>Պ�+�>�W���,Ly!_�D���Ō�l���Q�!�[ �S����J��1��Ɛ�Y}��b,+�Lo�x�ɓ)����=�y�oh�@�꥟/��I��ѭ=��P�y9��� �ۍYӘ�e+�p�Jnϱ?V\SO%�(�t� ���=?MR�[Ș�����d�/ ��n�l��B�7j� ��!�;ӥ�/�[-���A�>�dN�sLj ��,ɪv��=1c�.SQ�O3�U���ƀ�ܽ�E����������̻��9G�ϷD�7(�}��Ävӌ\�y�_0[w ���<΍>����a_��[0+�L��F.�޺��f�>oN�T����q;���y\��bՃ��y�jH�<|q-eɏ�_?_9+P���Hp$�����[ux�K w�Mw��N�ی'$Y2�=��q���KB��P��~������Yul:�[<����F1�2�O���5=d����]Y�sw:���Ϯ���E��j,_Q��X��z`H1,#II ��d�wr��P˂@�ZJV����y$�\y�{}��^~���[:N����ߌ�U�������O��d�����ؾe��${p>G��3c���Ė�lʌ�� ת��[��`ϱ�-W����dg�I��ig2��� ��}s ��ؤ(%#sS@���~���3�X�nRG�~\jc3�v��ӍL��M[JB�T��s3}��j�Nʖ��W����;7��ç?=X�F=-�=����q�ߚ���#���='�c��7���ڑW�I(O+=:uxq�������������e2�zi+�kuG�R��������0�&e�n���iT^J����~\jy���p'dtG��s����O��3����9* �b#Ɋ�� p������[Bws�T�>d4�ۧs���nv�n���U���_�~,�v����ƜJ1��s�� �QIz��)�(lv8M���U=�;����56��G���s#�K���MP�=��LvyGd��}�VwWBF�'�à �?MH�U�g2�� ����!�p�7Q��j��ڴ����=��j�u��� Jn�A s���uM������e��Ɔ�Ҕ�!)'��8Ϣ�ٔ��ޝ(��Vp���צ֖d=�IC�J�Ǡ{q������kԭ�߸���i��@K����u�|�p=..�*+����x�����z[Aqġ#s2a�Ɗ���RR�)*HRsi�~�a &f��M��P����-K�L@��Z��Xy�'x�{}��Zm+���:�)�) IJ�-i�u���� ���ܒH��'�L(7�y�GӜq���� j��� 6ߌg1�g�o���,kر���tY�?W,���p���e���f�OQS��!K�۟cҒA�|ս�j�>��=⬒��˧L[�� �߿2JaB~R��u�:��Q�] �0H~���]�7��Ƽ�I���(}��cq '�ήET���q�?f�ab���ӥvr� �)o��-Q��_'����ᴎo��K������;��V���o��%���~OK ����*��b�f:���-ťIR��`B�5!RB@���ï�� �u �̯e\�_U�_������� g�ES��3�������QT��a����x����U<~�c?�*�#]�MW,[8O�a�x��]�1bC|踤�P��lw5V%�)�{t�<��d��5���0i�XSU��m:��Z�┵�i�"��1�^B�-��P�hJ��&)O��*�D��c�W��vM��)����}���P��ܗ-q����\mmζZ-l@�}��a��E�6��F�@��&Sg@���ݚ�M����� ȹ 4����#p�\H����dYDo�H���"��\��..R�B�H�z_�/5˘����6��KhJR��P�mƶi�m���3�,#c�co��q�a)*Pt����R�m�k�7x�D�E�\Y�閣_X�<���~�)���c[[�BP����6�Yq���S��0����%_����;��Àv�~�| VS؇ ��'O0��F0��\���U�-�d@�����7�SJ*z��3n��y��P����O���������m�~�P�3|Y��ʉr#�C�<�G~�.,! ���bqx���h~0=��!ǫ�jy����l�O,�[B��~��|9��ٱ����Xly�#�i�B��g%�S��������tˋ���e���ې��\[d�t)��.+u�|1 ������#�~Oj����hS�%��i.�~X���I�H�m��0n���c�1uE�q��cF�RF�o���7� �O�ꮧ� ���ۛ{��ʛi5�rw?׌#Qn�TW��~?y$��m\�\o����%W� ?=>S�N@�� �Ʈ���R����N�)�r"C�:��:����� �����#��qb��Y�. �6[��2K����2u�Ǧ�HYR��Q�MV��� �G�$��Q+.>�����nNH��q�^��� ����q��mM��V��D�+�-�#*�U�̒ ���p욳��u:�������IB���m���PV@O���r[b= �� ��1U�E��_Nm�yKbN�O���U�}�the�`�|6֮P>�\2�P�V���I�D�i�P�O;�9�r�mAHG�W�S]��J*�_�G��+kP�2����Ka�Z���H�'K�x�W�MZ%�O�YD�Rc+o��?�q��Ghm��d�S�oh�\�D�|:W������UA�Qc yT�q������~^�H��/��#p�CZ���T�I�1�ӏT����4��"�ČZ�����}��`w�#�*,ʹ�� ��0�i��課�Om�*�da��^gJ݅{���l�e9uF#T�ֲ��̲�ٞC"�q���ߍ ոޑ�o#�XZTp����@ o�8��(jd��xw�]�,f���`~�|,s��^����f�1���t��|��m�򸄭/ctr��5s��7�9Q�4�H1꠲BB@l9@���C�����+�wp�xu�£Yc�9��?`@#�o�mH�s2��)�=��2�.�l����jg�9$�Y�S�%*L������R�Y������7Z���,*=�䷘$�������arm�o�ϰ���UW.|�r�uf����IGw�t����Zwo��~5 ��YյhO+=8fF�)�W�7�L9lM�̘·Y���֘YLf�큹�pRF���99.A �"wz��=E\Z���'a� 2��Ǚ�#;�'}�G���*��l��^"q��+2FQ� hj��kŦ��${���ޮ-�T�٭cf�|�3#~�RJ����t��$b�(R��(����r���dx� >U b�&9,>���%E\� Ά�e�$��'�q't��*�א���ެ�b��-|d���SB�O�O��$�R+�H�)�܎�K��1m`;�J�2�Y~9��O�g8=vqD`K[�F)k�[���1m޼c��n���]s�k�z$@��)!I �x՝"v��9=�ZA=`Ɠi �:�E��)`7��vI��}d�YI�_ �o�:ob���o ���3Q��&D&�2=�� �Ά��;>�h����y.*ⅥS������Ӭ�+q&����j|UƧ����}���J0��WW< ۋS�)jQR�j���Ư��rN)�Gű�4Ѷ(�S)Ǣ�8��i��W52���No˓� ۍ%�5brOn�L�;�n��\G����=�^U�dI���8$�&���h��'���+�(������cȁ߫k�l��S^���cƗjԌE�ꭔ��gF���Ȓ��@���}O���*;e�v�WV���YJ\�]X'5��ղ�k�F��b 6R�o՜m��i N�i����>J����?��lPm�U��}>_Z&�KK��q�r��I�D�Չ~�q�3fL�:S�e>���E���-G���{L�6p�e,8��������QI��h��a�Xa��U�A'���ʂ���s�+טIjP�-��y�8ۈZ?J$��W�P� ��R�s�]��|�l(�ԓ��sƊi��o(��S0��Y� 8�T97.�����WiL��c�~�dxc�E|�2!�X�K�Ƙਫ਼�$((�6�~|d9u+�qd�^3�89��Y�6L�.I�����?���iI�q���9�)O/뚅����O���X��X�V��ZF[�یgQ�L��K1���RҖr@v�#��X�l��F���Нy�S�8�7�kF!A��sM���^rkp�jP�DyS$N���q��nxҍ!U�f�!eh�i�2�m���`�Y�I�9r�6� �TF���C}/�y�^���Η���5d�'��9A-��J��>{�_l+�`��A���[�'��յ�ϛ#w:݅�%��X�}�&�PSt�Q�"�-��\縵�/����$Ɨh�Xb�*�y��BS����;W�ջ_mc�����vt?2}1�;qS�d�d~u:2k5�2�R�~�z+|HE!)�Ǟl��7`��0�<�,�2*���Hl-��x�^����'_TV�gZA�'j� ^�2Ϊ��N7t�����?w�� �x1��f��Iz�C-Ȗ��K�^q�;���-W�DvT�7��8�Z�������� hK�(P:��Q- �8�n�Z���܃e貾�<�1�YT<�,�����"�6{/ �?�͟��|1�:�#g��W�>$����d��J��d�B��=��jf[��%rE^��il:��B���x���Sּ�1հ��,�=��*�7 fcG��#q� �eh?��2�7�����,�!7x��6�n�LC�4x��},Geǝ�tC.��vS �F�43��zz\��;QYC,6����~;RYS/6���|2���5���v��T��i����������mlv��������&� �nRh^ejR�LG�f���? �ۉҬܦƩ��|��Ȱ����>3����!v��i�ʯ�>�v��オ�X3e���_1z�Kȗ\<������!�8���V��]��?b�k41�Re��T�q��mz��TiOʦ�Z��Xq���L������q"+���2ۨ��8}�&N7XU7Ap�d�X��~�׿��&4e�o�F��� �H����O���č�c�� 懴�6���͉��+)��v;j��ݷ�� �UV�� i��� j���Y9GdÒJ1��詞�����V?h��l����l�cGs�ځ�������y�Ac�����\V3�? �� ܙg�>qH�S,�E�W�[�㺨�uch�⍸�O�}���a��>�q�6�n6����N6�q������N ! 1AQaq�0@����"2BRb�#Pr���3C`��Scst���$4D���%Td�� ?���N����a��3��m���C���w��������xA�m�q�m���m������$����4n淿t'��C"w��zU=D�\R+w�p+Y�T�&�պ@��ƃ��3ޯ?�Aﶂ��aŘ���@-�����Q�=���9D��ռ�ѻ@��M�V��P��܅�G5�f�Y<�u=,EC)�<�Fy'�"�&�չ�X~f��l�KԆV��?�� �W�N����=(� �;���{�r����ٌ�Y���h{�١������jW����P���Tc�����X�K�r��}���w�R��%��?���E��m�� �Y�q|����\lEE4���r���}�lsI�Y������f�$�=�d�yO����p�����yBj8jU�o�/�S��?�U��*������ˍ�0������u�q�m [�?f����a�� )Q�>����6#������� ?����0UQ����,IX���(6ڵ[�DI�MNލ�c&���υ�j\��X�R|,4��� j������T�hA�e��^���d���b<����n�� �즇�=!���3�^�`j�h�ȓr��jẕ�c�,ٞX����-����a�ﶔ���#�$��]w�O��Ӫ�1y%��L�Y<�wg#�ǝ�̗`�x�xa�t�w��»1���o7o5��>�m뭛C���Uƃߜ}�C���y1Xνm�F8�jI���]����H���ۺиE@I�i;r�8ӭ����V�F�Շ| ��&?�3|x�B�MuS�Ge�=Ӕ�#BE5G�����Y!z��_e��q�р/W>|-�Ci߇�t�1ޯќd�R3�u��g�=0 5��[?�#͏��q�cf���H��{ ?u�=?�?ǯ���}Z��z���hmΔ�BFTW�����<�q�(v� ��!��z���iW]*�J�V�z��gX֧A�q�&��/w���u�gYӘa���; �i=����g:��?2�dž6�ى�k�4�>�Pxs����}������G�9��3 ���)gG�R<>r h�$��'nc�h�P��Bj��J�ҧH� -��N1���N��?��~��}-q!=��_2hc�M��l�vY%UE�@|�v����M2�.Y[|y�"Eï��K�ZF,�ɯ?,q�?v�M 80jx�"�;�9vk�����+ ֧�� �ȺU��?�%�vcV��mA�6��Qg^M����A}�3�nl� QRN�l8�kkn�'�����(��M�7m9و�q���%ޟ���*h$Zk"��$�9��: �?U8�Sl��,,|ɒ��xH(ѷ����Gn�/Q�4�P��G�%��Ա8�N��!� �&�7�;���eKM7�4��9R/%����l�c>�x;������>��C�:�����t��h?aKX�bhe�ᜋ^�$�Iհ �hr7%F$�E��Fd���t��5���+�(M6�t����Ü�UU|zW�=a�Ts�Tg������dqP�Q����b'�m���1{|Y����X�N��b �P~��F^F:����k6�"�j!�� �I�r�`��1&�-$�Bevk:y���#yw��I0��x��=D�4��tU���P�ZH��ڠ底taP��6����b>�xa����Q�#� WeF��ŮNj�p�J* mQ�N����*I�-*�ȩ�F�g�3 �5��V�ʊ�ɮ�a��5F���O@{���NX��?����H�]3��1�Ri_u��������ѕ�� ����0��� F��~��:60�p�͈�S��qX#a�5>���`�o&+�<2�D����: �������ڝ�$�nP���*)�N�|y�Ej�F�5ټ�e���ihy�Z �>���k�bH�a�v��h�-#���!�Po=@k̆IEN��@��}Ll?j�O������߭�ʞ���Q|A07x���wt!xf���I2?Z��<ץ�T���cU�j��]��陎Ltl �}5�ϓ��$�,��O�mˊ�;�@O��jE��j(�ا,��LX���LO���Ц�90�O �.����a��nA���7������j4 ��W��_ٓ���zW�jcB������y՗+EM�)d���N�g6�y1_x��p�$Lv:��9�"z��p���ʙ$��^��JԼ*�ϭ����o���=x�Lj�6�J��u82�A�H�3$�ٕ@�=Vv�]�'�qEz�;I˼��)��=��ɯ���x �/�W(V���p�����$ �m�������u�����񶤑Oqˎ�T����r��㠚x�sr�GC��byp�G��1ߠ�w e�8�$⿄����/�M{*}��W�]˷.�CK\�ުx���/$�WPw���r� |i���&�}�{�X� �>��$-��l���?-z���g����lΆ���(F���h�vS*���b���߲ڡn,|)mrH[���a�3�ר�[1��3o_�U�3�TC�$��(�=�)0�kgP���� ��u�^=��4 �WYCҸ:��vQ�ר�X�à��tk�m,�t*��^�,�}D*� �"(�I��9R����>`�`��[~Q]�#af��i6l��8���6�:,s�s�N6�j"�A4���IuQ��6E,�GnH��zS�HO�uk�5$�I�4��ؤ�Q9�@��C����wp�BGv[]�u�Ov���0I4���\��y�����Q�Ѹ��~>Z��8�T��a��q�ޣ;z��a���/��S��I:�ܫ_�|������>=Z����8:�S��U�I�J��"IY���8%b8���H��:�QO�6�;7�I�S��J��ҌAά3��>c���E+&jf$eC+�z�;��V����� �r���ʺ������my�e���aQ�f&��6�ND��.:��NT�vm�<- u���ǝ\MvZY�N�NT��-A�>jr!S��n�O 1�3�Ns�%�3D@���`������ܟ 1�^c<���� �a�ɽ�̲�Xë#�w�|y�cW�=�9I*H8�p�^(4���՗�k��arOcW�tO�\�ƍR��8����'�K���I�Q�����?5�>[�}��yU�ײ -h��=��% q�ThG�2�)���"ו3]�!kB��*p�FDl�A���,�eEi�H�f�Ps�����5�H:�Փ~�H�0Dت�D�I����h�F3�������c��2���E��9�H��5�zԑ�ʚ�i�X�=:m�xg�hd(�v����׊�9iS��O��d@0ڽ���:�p�5�h-��t�&���X�q�ӕ,��ie�|���7A�2���O%P��E��htj��Y1��w�Ѓ!����  ���� ࢽ��My�7�\�a�@�ţ�J �4�Ȼ�F�@o�̒?4�wx��)��]�P��~�����u�����5�����7X ��9��^ܩ�U;Iꭆ 5 �������eK2�7(�{|��Y׎ �V��\"���Z�1� Z�����}��(�Ǝ"�1S���_�vE30>���p;� ΝD��%x�W�?W?v����o�^V�i�d��r[��/&>�~`�9Wh��y�;���R��� ;;ɮT��?����r$�g1�K����A��C��c��K��l:�'��3 c�ﳯ*"t8�~l��)���m��+U,z��`(�>yJ�?����h>��]��v��ЍG*�{`��;y]��I�T� ;c��NU�fo¾h���/$���|NS���1�S�"�H��V���T���4��uhǜ�]�v;���5�͠x��'C\�SBpl���h}�N����� A�Bx���%��ޭ�l��/����T��w�ʽ]D�=����K���ž�r㻠l4�S�O?=�k �M:� ��c�C�a�#ha���)�ѐxc�s���gP�iG��{+���x���Q���I= �� z��ԫ+ �8"�k�ñ�j=|����c ��y��CF��/��*9ж�h{ �?4�o� ��k�m�Q�N�x��;�Y��4膚�a�w?�6�>e]�����Q�r�:����g�,i"�����ԩA�*M�<�G��b�if��l^M��5� �Ҩ�{����6J��ZJ�����P�*�����Y���ݛu�_4�9�I8�7���������,^ToR���m4�H��?�N�S�ѕw��/S��甍�@�9H�S�T��t�ƻ���ʒU��*{Xs�@����f�����֒Li�K{H�w^���������Ϥm�tq���s� ���ք��f:��o~s��g�r��ט� �S�ѱC�e]�x���a��) ���(b-$(�j>�7q�B?ӕ�F��hV25r[7 Y� }L�R��}����*sg+��x�r�2�U=�*'WS��ZDW]�WǞ�<��叓���{�$�9Ou4��y�90-�1�'*D`�c�^o?(�9��u���ݐ��'PI&� f�Jݮ�������:wS����jfP1F:X �H�9dԯ���˝[�_54 �}*;@�ܨ�� ð�yn�T���?�ןd�#���4rG�ͨ��H�1�|-#���Mr�S3��G�3�����)�.᧏3v�z֑��r����$G"�`j �1t��x0<Ɔ�Wh6�y�6��,œ�Ga��gA����y��b��)��h�D��ß�_�m��ü �gG;��e�v��ݝ�nQ� ��C����-�*��o���y�a��M��I�>�<���]obD��"�:���G�A��-\%LT�8���c�)��+y76���o�Q�#*{�(F�⽕�y����=���rW�\p���۩�c���A���^e6��K������ʐ�cVf5$�'->���ՉN"���F�"�UQ@�f��Gb~��#�&�M=��8�ט�JNu9��D��[̤�s�o�~������ G��9T�tW^g5y$b��Y'��س�Ǵ�=��U-2 #�MC�t(�i� �lj�@Q 5�̣i�*�O����s�x�K�f��}\��M{E�V�{�υ��Ƈ�����);�H����I��fe�Lȣr�2��>��W�I�Ȃ6������i��k�� �5�YOxȺ����>��Y�f5'��|��H+��98pj�n�.O�y�������jY��~��i�w'������l�;�s�2��Y��:'lg�ꥴ)o#'Sa�a�K��Z� �m��}�`169�n���"���x��I ��*+� }F<��cГ���F�P�������ֹ*�PqX�x۩��,� ��N�� �4<-����%����:��7����W���u�`����� $�?�I��&����o��o��`v�>��P��"��l���4��5'�Z�gE���8���?��[�X�7(��.Q�-��*���ތL@̲����v��.5���[��=�t\+�CNܛ��,g�SQnH����}*F�G16���&:�t��4ُ"A��̣��$�b �|����#rs��a�����T�� ]�<�j��BS�('$�ɻ� �wP;�/�n��?�ݜ��x�F��yUn�~mL*-�������Xf�wd^�a�}��f�,=t�׵i�.2/wpN�Ep8�OР���•��R�FJ� 55TZ��T �ɭ�<��]��/�0�r�@�f��V��V����Nz�G��^���7hZi����k��3�,kN�e|�vg�1{9]_i��X5y7� 8e]�U����'�-2,���e"����]ot�I��Y_��n�(JҼ��1�O ]bXc���Nu�No��pS���Q_���_�?i�~�x h5d'�(qw52] ��'ޤ�q��o1�R!���`ywy�A4u���h<קy���\[~�4�\ X�Wt/� 6�����n�F�a8��f���z �3$�t(���q��q�x��^�XWeN'p<-v�!�{�(>ӽDP7��ո0�y)�e$ٕv�Ih'Q�EA�m*�H��RI��=:��� ���4牢) �%_iN�ݧ�l]� �Nt���G��H�L��� ɱ�g<���1V�,�J~�ٹ�"K��Q�� 9�HS�9�?@��k����r�;we݁�]I�!{ �@�G�[�"��`���J:�n]�{�cA�E����V��ʆ���#��U9�6����j�#Y�m\��q�e4h�B�7��C�������d<�?J����1g:ٳ���=Y���D�p�ц� ׈ǔ��1�]26؜oS�'��9�V�FVu�P�h�9�xc�oq�X��p�o�5��Ա5$�9W�V(�[Ak�aY錎qf;�'�[�|���b�6�Ck��)��#a#a˙��8���=äh�4��2��C��4tm^ �n'c���]GQ$[Wҿ��i���vN�{Fu ��1�gx��1┷���N�m��{j-,��x�� Ūm�ЧS�[�s���Gna���䑴�� x�p 8<������97�Q���ϴ�v�aϚG��Rt�Һ׈�f^\r��WH�JU�7Z���y)�vg=����n��4�_)y��D'y�6�]�c�5̪�\� �PF�k����&�c;��cq�$~T�7j ���nç]�<�g ":�to�t}�159�<�/�8������m�b�K#g'I'.W�����6��I/��>v��\�MN��g���m�A�yQL�4u�Lj�j9��#44�t��l^�}L����n��R��!��t��±]��r��h6ٍ>�yҏ�N��fU�� ���� Fm@�8}�/u��jb9������he:A�y�ծw��GpΧh�5����l}�3p468��)U��d��c����;Us/�֔�YX�1�O2��uq�s��`hwg�r~�{ R��mhN��؎*q 42�*th��>�#���E����#��Hv�O����q�}�����6�e��\�,Wk�#���X��b>��p}�դ��3���T5��†��6��[��@�P�y*n��|'f�֧>�lư΂�̺����SU�'*�q�p�_S�����M�� '��c�6�����m�� ySʨ;M��r���Ƌ�m�Kxo,���Gm�P��A�G�:��i��w�9�}M(�^�V��$ǒ�ѽ�9���|���� �a����J�SQ�a���r�B;����}���ٻ֢�2�%U���c�#�g���N�a�ݕ�'�v�[�OY'��3L�3�;,p�]@�S��{ls��X�'���c�jw�k'a�.��}�}&�� �dP�*�bK=ɍ!����;3n�gΊU�ߴmt�'*{,=SzfD� A��ko~�G�aoq�_mi}#�m�������P�Xhύ����mxǍ�΂���巿zf��Q���c���|kc�����?���W��Y�$���_Lv����l߶��c���`?����l�j�ݲˏ!V��6����U�Ђ(A���4y)H���p�Z_�x��>���e��R��$�/�`^'3qˏ�-&Q�=?��CFVR �D�fV�9��{�8g�������n�h�(P"��6�[�D���< E�����~0<@�`�G�6����Hг�cc�� �c�K.5��D��d�B���`?�XQ��2��ٿyqo&+�1^� DW�0�ꊩ���G�#��Q�nL3��c���������/��x ��1�1[y�x�პCW��C�c�UĨ80�m�e�4.{�m��u���I=��f�����0QRls9���f���������9���~f�����Ǩ��a�"@�8���ȁ�Q����#c�ic������G��$���G���r/$W�(��W���V�"��m�7�[m�A�m����bo��D� j����۳� l���^�k�h׽����� ��#� iXn�v��eT�k�a�^Y�4�BN��ĕ��0 !01@Q"2AaPq3BR������?���@4�Q�����T3,���㺠�W�[=JK�Ϟ���2�r^7��vc�:�9 �E�ߴ�w�S#d���Ix��u��:��Hp��9E!�� V 2;73|F��9Y���*ʬ�F��D����u&���y؟��^EA��A��(ɩ���^��GV:ݜDy�`��Jr29ܾ�㝉��[���E;Fzx��YG��U�e�Y�C���� ����v-tx����I�sם�Ę�q��Eb�+P\ :>�i�C'�;�����k|z�رn�y]�#ǿb��Q��������w�����(�r|ӹs��[�D��2v-%��@;�8<a���[\o[ϧw��I!��*0�krs)�[�J9^��ʜ��p1)� "��/_>��o��<1����A�E�y^�C��`�x1'ܣn�p��s`l���fQ��):�l����b>�Me�jH^?�kl3(�z:���1ŠK&?Q�~�{�ٺ�h�y���/�[��V�|6��}�KbX����mn[-��7�5q�94�������dm���c^���h� X��5��<�eޘ>G���-�}�دB�ޟ� ��|�rt�M��V+�]�c?�-#ڛ��^ǂ}���Lkr���O��u�>�-D�ry� D?:ޞ�U��ǜ�7�V��?瓮�"�#���r��չģVR;�n���/_� ؉v�ݶe5d�b9��/O��009�G���5n�W����JpA�*�r9�>�1��.[t���s�F���nQ� V 77R�]�ɫ8����_0<՜�IF�u(v��4��F�k�3��E)��N:��yڮe��P�`�1}�$WS��J�SQ�N�j�ٺ��޵�#l���ј(�5=��5�lǏmoW�v-�1����v,W�mn��߀$x�<����v�j(����c]��@#��1������Ǔ���o'��u+����;G�#�޸��v-lη��/(`i⣍Pm^���ԯ̾9Z��F��������n��1��� ��]�[��)�'������:�֪�W��FC����� �B9،!?���]��V��A�Վ�M��b�w��G F>_DȬ0¤�#�QR�[V��kz���m�w�"��9ZG�7'[��=�Q����j8R?�zf�\a�=��O�U����*oB�A�|G���2�54 �p��.w7� �� ��&������ξxGHp� B%��$g�����t�Џ򤵍z���HN�u�Я�-�'4��0��;_��3 !01"@AQa2Pq#3BR������?��ʩca��en��^��8���<�u#��m*08r��y�N"�<�Ѳ0��@\�p��� �����Kv�D��J8�Fҽ� �f�Y��-m�ybX�NP����}�!*8t(�OqѢ��Q�wW�K��ZD��Δ^e��!� ��B�K��p~�����e*l}z#9ң�k���q#�Ft�o��S�R����-�w�!�S���Ӥß|M�l޶V��!eˈ�8Y���c�ЮM2��tk���� ������J�fS����Ö*i/2�����n]�k�\���|4yX�8��U�P.���Ы[���l��@"�t�<������5�lF���vU�����W��W��;�b�cД^6[#7@vU�xgZv��F�6��Q,K�v��� �+Ъ��n��Ǣ��Ft���8��0��c�@�!�Zq s�v�t�;#](B��-�nῃ~���3g������5�J�%���O������n�kB�ĺ�.r��+���#�N$?�q�/�s�6��p��a����a��J/��M�8��6�ܰ"�*������ɗud"\w���aT(����[��F��U՛����RT�b���n�*��6���O��SJ�.�ij<�v�MT��R\c��5l�sZB>F��<7�;EA��{��E���Ö��1U/�#��d1�a�n.1ě����0�ʾR�h��|�R��Ao�3�m3 ��%�� ���28Q� ��y��φ���H�To�7�lW>����#i`�q���c����a��� �m,B�-j����݋�'mR1Ήt�>��V��p���s�0IbI�C.���1R�ea�����]H�6����������4B>��o��](��$B���m�����a�!=��?�B� K�Ǿ+�Ծ"�n���K��*��+��[T#�{E�J�S����Q�����s�5�:�U�\wĐ�f�3����܆&�)����I���Ԇw��E T�lrTf6Q|R�h:��[K�� �z��c֧�G�C��%\��_�a�84��HcO�bi��ؖV��7H �)*ģK~Xhչ0��4?�0��� �E<���}3���#���u�?�� ��|g�S�6ꊤ�|�I#Hڛ� �ա��w�X��9��7���Ŀ%�SL��y6č��|�F�a 8���b��$�sק�h���b9RAu7�˨p�Č�_\*w��묦��F ����4D~�f����|(�"m���NK��i�S�>�$d7SlA��/�²����SL��|6N�}���S�˯���g��]6��; �#�.��<���q'Q�1|KQ$�����񛩶"�$r�b:���N8�w@��8$�� �AjfG|~�9F ���Y��ʺ��Bwؒ������M:I岎�G��`s�YV5����6��A �b:�W���G�q%l�����F��H���7�������Fsv7��k�� 403WebShell
403Webshell
Server IP : 104.21.45.146  /  Your IP : 172.69.214.108
Web Server : Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)
System : Linux ip-172-31-19-221 6.8.0-1029-aws #31~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Apr 24 21:16:18 UTC 2025 x86_64
User : www-data ( 33)
PHP Version : 8.1.28
Disable Function : NONE
MySQL : OFF  |  cURL : ON  |  WGET : ON  |  Perl : ON  |  Python : OFF  |  Sudo : ON  |  Pkexec : ON
Directory :  /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/

Upload File :
current_dir [ Writeable ] document_root [ Writeable ]

 

Command :


[ Back ]     

Current File : /efsdata/scitechnol.com/httpdocs/submission/uploads/373-1-Manuscript-2013-02-20.doc
��ࡱ�>��	�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������[���0��bjbj����	L�ΐΐFW&K�������UU�%�%�%�����%�%�%85&<q'T�%muB�'�'"�'�'�'�2�2�2�t�t�t�t�t�t�t$�x�Q{b�t9�%7�2�277�tUU�'�'�
u,H@H@H@7�U��'�%�'�tH@7�tH@H@��ed�"��h�'����`&��@���%�<�f"�t1u<mug��{�<��{D�h�h4�{�%�h��2�3�H@`4��4*�2�2�2�t�t�=��2�2�2mu7777���������������������������������������������������������������������{�2�2�2�2�2�2�2�2�2	:	Recharge flux to the Nubian Sandstone aquifer and its impact on the present development in southwest Egypt
by
M. H. Masoud1, M. Schneider2 and M. M. El Osta3
1 Hydrology Department, Desert Research Center, El Matarya, Cairo, Egypt
2Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin � Berlin- Germany
3 Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt
Emails: zakimilad@hotmail.com, m.schneider@fu-berlin.de &  HYPERLINK "mailto:drmagedelosta.edu.alex@hotmail.com" drmagedelosta.edu.alex@hotmail.com 
Abstract 
The southwestern part of Egypt (East El Oweinat) is an arid area with no surface water and only one resource of useable groundwater in the well�known Nubian Sandstone aquifer. This resource has been heavily exploited since 1990, which has led to a continuous decline in the potentiometric surface of this aquifer. The groundwater recharge in the concerned area depends exclusively on the subsurface inflow across the Egyptian/Sudanese borders. A FEFLOW, finite element groundwater model, has been used to investigate the length of the recharge window and to predict the hydrodynamic impacts of different groundwater extractions on the potentiometery of this aquifer. A complete database of the hydrogeological and drilling information of about 600 water wells drilled in the period 1985-2010 was evaluated and used for the model parameter input as well as for its simulation. The results of steady-state simulation indicate that the length of the southwest flux boundary is about 170 km with angle flow direction about 52o NW with a groundwater flow rate about 0.018 m/day. A calibrated regional numerical model with refined grid on the pumping centres, hydraulic properties and flux boundary in the southwest is used to simulate the impacts of the present and planned groundwater extraction on the potentiometry of the aquifer. The results show a real danger of increasing the water depth to uneconomic lifting depth. Through implementation of 135 pumping wells in time 2002 to 2008, the lowering of water table ranges from 1 to 1.5 m in the reclamation areas. On the other hand, the distribution of 1600 proposed wells with distance between every two adjacent wells not less than 2700 m indicates that the lowering of water table ranges from 5m away of the reclamation areas to 15 m in the reclamation areas in time period of 27 years (2008 � 2035). This result seems to be the better for the present irrigation project in East El Oweinat area.
 Keywords: East El Oweinat; Nubian Sandstone aquifer; FEFLOW model; recharge flux; simulation. 
1. Introduction
The study area is located in the southwestern part of the Western Desert of Egypt at the Egyptian/Sudanese border. The area is located between latitudes 22� 002  "23� 002  N and longitudes 28� 002  29� 002  E (Fig. 1). As Egypt is essentially a desert land (about 94%), great consideration is given to desert reclamation and to the exploration of groundwater, which is the sole resource to be used for different purposes such as domestic and irrigation uses ,spatially in the areas outside of the Nile valley. The East El Oweinat area has attracted considerable attention with respect to the exploration and exploitation of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. The natural resources of this area cover the demands for the continuing reclamation and housing projects, where the good soil quality and groundwater resources are important factors. In the last few decades, intensive drilling for groundwater has been performed; there are now about 600 wells, while the total proposed wells in this area of about 1884 wells will be finished in 2017 for reclamation the full capacity of the project (220, 000 feddan) in 22 plots with 10000 feddan/plot (Fig.1). The principal goal of this national project is to drill 83 wells within each plot with a discharge of 230 m3/h/well and for a pumping period of 15 hours/day/well (Ministry of Agriculture, 1997). Several rural villages have been established, which depend on the newly explored and exploited groundwater resources. The area concerned could be taken as an example of poverty alleviation through migration of people from overpopulated areas in the Nile Valley towards the newly initiated settlements in this far southern area of Egypt but it is dependent on the available water resources. From the climatic point of view, the area is located in an arid region, being warm in winter and rather hot in summer with wide diurnal variations and almost no precipitation, where the maximum air temperature is 39.3�C in July and the minimum is 13.1�C in January. The prevailing wind direction in the study area is generally from northwest to north-northeast. Natural evaporation ranges between 10.1 m/day during January to 32.8 mm/day during June  with an annual  average of 22.2 mm/day.
2. Geologic and hydrogeologic settings
Geologically, the rock formations occupying the study area belong to the Precambrian, Triassic, Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous (Nubian Sandstone), and Quaternary. In East El Oweinat area, the  sedimentary succession in subsurface represents the filling of Misaha Graben, a NNW-SSE- striking structure east of Gebel Kamil  which  attains  a maximum  thickness  of about 720 m  (Himida, et al., 2007). It belongs to Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous and Quaternary (Fig.1). The Precambrian basement rocks are composed of granite, gneisses, and granodiorite, and are exposed in Qaret El Mayit (the northeastern part of the studied area), Gabel Oweinat (in the west) and east Sudan.  The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone occupies the majority of the surface forming isolated hills with a height ranging from 3 m to about 10 m above the surrounding sand sheet. It is built up of sandstone beds, ranging from very fine to medium grained with different color gradation (Six Hills Formation). It is considered the main water bearing formation in East El Oweinat area. The Nubian Sandstone Sequence is extensively covered by the Quaternary aeolian sand sheets of the southward-extending Great Selima Sand Sheet, stretching into the northern Sudan (). In the eastern part it is overlain by an Upper Cretaceous�Lower Tertiary rock complex (Kamel et al (1984).
The Nubian Sandstone is the main exploitable water bearing formation in the studied area. This aquifer is used for the agricultural and socio-economical development of the whole southern Western Desert of Egypt. It was formed by the local infiltration during the past wet periods (pluvial periods), which ended in the northeastern Sahara about 8,000 years ago, while it ended in the south about 4,000 years ago (Hesse et al. 1987, Heinl and Thorweihe 1993). Regionally speaking, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is the Sahara�s most important easterly groundwater province. It covers southeast Libya, Egypt, northeast Chad, and northern Sudan with a total area of about 2.4 million km2. From the data derived from 300 drilled wells in the East El Oweinat area, it is concluded that the hydrogeological framework consists of one water bearing unit known as Six Hills Formation which is built up of fine to medium grained sand and sandstone intercalated by water confining beds of clay and silt. The presence of these semi-permeable sediments is discontinuous due to rapid lateral changes of facies. This situation has lead to hydraulic interconnection between upper and lower water bearing sandy and sandstone layers. Therefore, the Nubian Sandstone in the investigated area acts as one hydraulic unit of unconfined type. The inflow to this aquifer includes recharge by underground inflow through the southwest boundary of the system. 
Objective of the study: 
From the monitoring of the water table of the drilled wells in the study area, it was found that a noticeable lowering of the water table started after condenses of well drilling in the reclaimed area. Two profiles (NNW-SSE and E-W) were constructed for the period between 2002 and 2008 (Fig. 2). These profiles show that the water table lowered about 1.5 to 2 meters per year. This lowering is very serious, since it was as result of pumping groundwater only from about 200 pumped wells, while the total proposed wells in this area about 1884 wells will be finished in 2017. So, this is the question of the present study, if the water table has been lowered as result of pumping of 200 wells with 2 meter per year, how is the situation of water table after pumping the proposed 1884 wells? And what is the recharge flux and groundwater flow rate?
3. Materials and methodology
The methodology adopted in this work is described briefly as:
Compiling the available well logs of most new and old water wells drilled in the area, measurements recorded between 1985 and 2008 and pumping tests. 
Landsat satellite ETM+ image and gological maps processing and interpretation for extracting linear features (geological and hydrogeological fractures and/or faults) and planning for future possible groundwater artificial recharging and aquifer development planning.
On-screen digitizing with the aid of ArcGIS (version 9.x) and ArcView softwares, where various hardcopy maps were converted into digital formats.
Carrying out groundwater flow model using FEFLOW which provide  an advanced 2D and 3D graphically based modelling environment with the purpose to meet water needs, and to avoid groundwater depletion and/or groundwater depth increase
4. Implementation of a large scale groundwater flow model
To answer the raised questions of the impact of the planned groundwater extraction from the concerned aquifer on the local aquifer a finite element groundwater model was established. 
The study area of about 14000 km2 is located East of Gebel Oweinat and Gilf Kabir Plateau close to the Egyptian/Sudanese borders. The model area is extended into north Sudan to the natural hydrogeological boundary of the Nubian aquifer (Fig. 3).
4.1 Setting up the numerical model
- The 3rd Dimension and 3 D slice elevation
The model of the study area consists of three slices or 2 layers namely ( Table 1 and Fig. 4):
Quaternary layer.
Nubian Sandstone aquifer (NSA) layer.


 - Stratigraphical model using FEFLOW
FEFLOW allows the user to choose which interpolation technique suites the available data best. Because of the present well logs only restricted for the study area not for all the model area. Therefore, an interpolation for the thickness of the Quaternary and Nubian layers was made using Arcview and FEFLOW techniques with kriging and Akima methods to produce some assumed wells to make an improvement for the hydrogeological cross sections. Two hydrogeological cross sections are constructed crossing the model area to study the geographical extension of the Quaternary and Nubian aquifers (Fig. 5). From this Figure the following can be concluded:
The thickness of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer increases towards the south and west directions with the greatest thickness in the southwestern part of the study area.
The study area is affected by many steps faulting striking in NW�SE and NE�SW which causes at the same time the increase of thickness of the Nubian aquifer to the southwest and west directions (Dahab, et al., 2006).
4.2 Problem classes
The specifications of all model attributes in a given finite element mesh are completed in the FEFLOW problem classifier menu which allows to define model physics, specify problem classes, control data and time characteristics and manipulate mesh data. In the problem, class window it should be defined the principal type of the FEFLOW Model. The problem class in the study model area is defined into the following classes:
First simulation (Initial condition): Variable saturated media, unconfined aquifer with steady flow.
Second simulation: Variable saturated media, unconfined aquifer  with  transient  flow 
(2500 m3/day).
Third simulation:  Variable  saturated media,  unconfined  aquifer with transient  flow 
(2500 m3/day).
Fourth Simulation: Variable saturated media, unconfined aquifer with transient flow (2500 m3/day).
4.3 Model properties
FEFLOW has a comprehensive selection of graphical tools for assigning and modifying model properties like flow, mass and heat transport properties. The FEFLOW tools allow assigning properties using: 
A global-uniform value for the entire model.
Element-specific values for selected elements.
Node-specific values for selected nodes. 
Uniform values to an area defined by a box. 
Stored values from an external database (X,Y, Z) or ARC/INFO GIS file. 
Imported model properties can be regionalized with respect to a local model area or extrapolated to the entire area model domain. FEFLOW model properties are divided into three major categories that define various characteristics and conditions of both flow and transport models as shown in Table (2) as follows.
- Flow Boundaries
The flow boundaries of the Nubian aquifer are shown in Figure (4) and Table (3), where the north boundary is of the first kind boundary (hydraulic fixed head or Dirichlet boundary), which equals +218 m in the North. The northeast, southeast and northwest boundaries are of 2nd type where there are no fluxes since the basement rocks act as barrier which prevent the water flux. The southwest boundary is of 2nd type, where there is flux water which is calculated through the modulus contour map to be equal 0.018 m/day (El Osta, 2006).


- Initial hydraulic head
The hydraulic head has been defined as the water level above a zero datum (mean sea level) of water in a well tapping an aquifer that is open to the atmosphere (unconfined aquifer). The initial hydraulic head in this study (Fig. 6) depends on the measured water table for 10 wells that drilled in the concerned area by G. P. C. (1985) and are tapped the Nubian sandstone aquifer (Schneider, 1986). It can be noticed that the initial hydraulic levels mainly incline towards northeast, i.e. the water flows from southwest to northeast. It is also noticed that the initial hydraulic gradient is, generally, from south to north. 
- Flow materials
Flow materials include; hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity of the two layers (Table 1), as well as storativity, storage compressibility, and density ratio.
Simulation results and discussion
- First simulation; hydraulic head and groundwater flow with steady state condition: 
The model is firstly run under steady state flow conditions. According to the mentioned model properties, the results of the first simulation with FEFLOW for the water table map of the initial flow condition of Nubian aquifer as shown in Figure (7) is based on linear Akima (1975) interpolation with three neighbouring points. They indicate that the water flows from the southwest to the northeast and from south to north. The gradient of water table is steep in the southwest where the recharge window and northeast direction where the thickness of the aquifer in this area is thin than the southwest aquifer thickness. But the gradient is gentle in the southeast direction where there is no recharge (no flux) and the thickness is great. The resulted initial condition of the water flow depends on the actual hydraulic properties that measured and the calibration of the flux boundary from the southwest. 
A lot of scenarios were attempt to set the flux boundary in the southwest, the best assume was with the length of southwest boundary about 170 km with angle flow direction about 52� NW (Fig. 7). With these boundary conditions the simulated water table is compatible with the initial hydraulic heads of the drilled wells. Eventually, both the length of recharge flux (170 km) to the Nubian Sandstone aquifer and the groundwater flow rate (0.018 m/day) are small to support a future large scale of agricultural expansion if comparison with the future requirements from this aquifer. Therefore, the groundwater levels will subject to continuous depletion due to that the major part of groundwater withdrawal will be taken from the aquifer static reserved. The impact of recharge flux on the present and future groundwater extraction from this aquifer is simulated under unsteady state conditions as follows:
- Second simulation; hydraulic head and groundwater flow with unsteady state condition  (17 years duration):
The simulated hydraulic water table of time 1985, (Fig. 7) is used as base in  this second 
simulation, with implementation of the 80 pumping wells in time 2002 (transient state), with pumping rate about 2500 m3/day. The resulted water table map (Fig. 8) was compatible with the contour water table map of El Osta (2006). From this simulation it is found that sudden drop of water table is occurred specially in the reclaimed area where the condense of pumping wells, with range between 0.40 to 0.55 meter per year.
- Third simulation; hydraulic head and groundwater flow with unsteady state in time 2008 (7 years duration):
The resulted water table of the second simulation (Fig. 8) is used as base for the third simulation, with keeping all the model parameters, only the change is with the fourth kind boundary conditions through implementation of 135 pumping well (2500 m3/day/well). The resulted water table map show considerable lowering only in the reclamation area (Fig. 9). This lowering of the water table ranges from one to 1.5 meter per year.  This is compatible with the hydrological profile of actual measured water table variation in time between 2002 and 2008 (Fig. 2). This lowering is very serious, it is as result of the condenses distribution of the wells, where at the north of the reclamation areas the distance between the drilled wells less than 1000 m. So, the question is what about the water table if the proposed 1884 wells were implemented? The better for the present irrigation project in East El Oweinat area will be in the next fourth simulation.
- Fourth simulation; hydraulic head and groundwater flow with unsteady state in time 2035 (27 years duration):
The resulted water table of the third simulation (Fig. 9) is used as base for the fourth simulation, with keeping all the model parameters only the change was with the fourth kind boundary conditions through implementation of 1600 proposed pumping well (2500 m3/day/well). Many scenarios were applied to set the proposed 1600 wells. The better scenario was the distribution of all proposed wells with distance between every two adjacent wells not less than 2500 m. In this Scenario the distance between wells is 2700 m, and the lowering of water table ranges from 5 meter away of the reclamation area to 15 meter in the reclamation areas in time period of 27 years (Fig. 10), where the pumped wells. The rate of the water table lowering in the reclamation areas about 0.6 m/year (Fig. 11).
Conclusion 
According to results of the present work the following concluding remarks are of particular interest:
The main recharging source of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the southwestern part of the Western Desert of Egypt is the underground inflow reaching the aquifer across the southwestern boundary of the system. 
The length of the southwest recharge flux is about 170 km with angle flow direction about 52o NW with a groundwater flow rate about 0.018 m/day.
The groundwater flow is in one main direction from southwest to northeast and in other parts from south to north directions.
The water abstraction from the middle parts in the Nubian aquifer in the reclamation areas is estimated for 135 pumped wells to be 25000 m3/day in time 2008. Such water abstraction affects the water level in the central areas causing a kind of trough in the water body extended to the adjacent area of the pumping wells with water lowering about 1.5 meter per year for the distance between the pumping wells less than 1000 m.
The same pumping rate (2500 m3/day) for proposed 1600 pumping wells but with distance between every two adjacent well not less than 2500 m (Fourth simulation) causing water table lowering about 0.6 m per year at the different reclamation areas. This result provides this simulation a degree of acceptance in mitigating the drawdown in groundwater levels due to the following reasons; no complete depletion of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer at any part of the proposed reclamation areas by the end of simulation period (year 2035), not increasing the water depth to uneconomic lifting depth (more than 100 m) and the decline in head of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in all proposed development areas will not exceed half of the saturated thickness within a pumping time 27 years.
References
CEDARE, (2002): "Regional stratigraphy for the utilization of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer system, Ground Water Model".  CEDARE 2002, Vol. III, 91p.
Dahab, K. A., Abdel Baki, A. A. and El Osta, M. M. (2006): "The impact of land reclamation activities on groundwater occurrence and quality in East El Oweinat area, Western Desert, Egypt". The Seventh International Conference on Geochemistry, Alexandria University, Egypt, 6 � 7 September 2006, V.III, P. 47-71. 
El Osta, M.M. (2006): "Evaluation and management of groundwater in East El Oweinat area, Western Desert, Egypt". Ph.D. Thesis, Geology Dept., Fac. of Sci., Minufiya Unvi., 215p.
General Petroleum Company (G.P.C., 1985): "Hydro � Agriculture study project of East El Oweinat region, Western Desert, Egypt". G.P.C., Ministry of Petroleum A.R.E., Vol. 3-A, 178p.
Hesse, K.-H., Hissene, A., Kheir, O., Schn�cker, E., Schneider, M. & Thorweihe, U. (1987): Hydrogeological investigations of the Nubian Aquifer System, Eastern Sahara.- Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, A, 77.2, S. 397-464, Berlin.
Himida, I. H., Abdel Baki, A. A., Gad, M.I. and El Osta, M. M. (2007): "New strategy for groundwater resources management in the reclaimed areas of East El-Oweinat -Western Desert - Egypt". The Second International Conference on Geo-Resources in the Middle  East and North Africa, 24 � 28 February 2007, Cairo University, Egypt, V.II, P. 309-328.
Kamel, H., et al (1984): "Observation geology of East El Oweinat area South Western of Egypt". Int. Report, G.P.C., Cairo, Egypt.
Schneider, M. (1986): "Hydrogeologie des Nubischen Aquifersystems am Suedrand des Dakhla-Beckens, Suedaeypten/	
=@WZ\adejklmnz{���������ɾ�ɨɝ��saNa<aNaN"hoh�+�5�CJ\�aJmH	sH	%hoh9j�5�CJH*\�aJmH	sH	"hoh9j�5�CJ\�aJmH	sH	hoh9j�5�CJ\�aJhoh��5�CJ\�aJhoh�+�5�CJ\�aJh��5�CJ\�aJhn5r5�CJ\�aJh�E�5�CJ\�aJhaC�5�CJ\�aJh��5�CJ\�aJh�R
5�CJ\�aJh.3H5�CJ\�aJhbb�5�CJ\�aJh�5�CJ\�aJkn��6	|	

�2R�]!�&���������������$��d�7$8$H$`��a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<$d���[$\$a$gd�y<d�gd�y<$
&F
��d�a$gd�y<$�8��d�^�8`��a$gd�y<
$d�a$gd�y<
$d�a$gd�y<�������	
						$	5	6	7	8	^	`	i	j	t	u	v	{	|	����Ƹ�����������o�e�XKe�e�h�!�hoCJ_HaJhohoCJ_HaJhoCJ_HaJ h�q�h9j�CJ_HaJmH	sH	h�H�h9j�CJ_HaJh�a%CJ_HaJh9j�CJ_HaJh�!�h9j�CJ_HaJh�CJ_HaJh�H�h9j�CJH*_HaJh9j�CJaJh�!�h9j�CJaJh�q�h9j�CJH*aJh9j�CJH*aJ!h�q�h9j�5�CJZ�\�_HaJ|	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	�	







"
'
����ۼ����ۑm^ZL>h�Ovh��5�CJ\�aJh�OvhaC�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�#A5�B*CJ\�aJph#h��h��5�B*CJ\�aJph#h��h��5�B*CJ\�aJphh�kHh9j�>*CJZ�aJo(!h�kHho0JB*CJaJph�h�kHhoCJaJjh�kHhoCJUaJh�kHh�+�>*CJaJmH	sH	h�kHh9j�CJaJh�kHh9j�>*CJaJh�kHh9j�5�CJ\�aJ'
.
=
O
U
�
�
�
X\h������������ȺȬ���|n`��R�`Dh�OvhG5�CJ\�aJh�Ovho9�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�br5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh��5�CJ\�aJ&h�Ovh�]V5�CJ\�_HaJnH	tH	h�Ovh��5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�]V5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�Y�5�CJ\�aJh�OvhV6&5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�J�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�f65�CJ\�aJh�OvhaC�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�#A5�CJ\�aJ�
	
�
�
�
�
'8BNP]�MN[����Ⱥȫȝ����seWI;h�Ovh�e�5�CJ\�aJh�OvhkuD5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�x�5�CJ\�aJh�OvhQ�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�n�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�q�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�25�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�.5�CJH*\�aJh�Ovh�[C5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�.5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh^%�5�CJ\�aJh�OvhTu5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�xv5�CJ\�aJ[��8YZ�������.028P����Ⱥ���|lbXbXKA4h! h�q�CJOJQJh��CJOJQJh_lhc�CJ_HaJhc�CJ_HaJh�	"CJ_HaJhc�5�6�CJ\�]�_HaJh�Ovhc�5�CJ\�_HaJhTuh"R�5�\�#h�Ovhc�5�B*CJ\�aJph#h�OvhO%�5�B*CJ\�aJphh�OvhO%�5�CJ\�aJh�OvhT\c5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh�}�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovh"R�5�CJ\�aJh�Ovhg�5�CJ\�aJPR������48^���������������ܼܬ��ܜ�|jU�E�|E�E�h�B*CJaJnH	phtH	)h�m�h�m�B*CJPJaJnH	phtH	#h�m�B*CJPJaJnH	phtH	)h�m�h�m�B*CJPJaJnH	phtH	h�#Ah�R�CJaJhqIB*CJaJnH	phtH	h�R�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h��B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	 h�0�h�q�CJOJQJmHsH�����������,-efq��������������Ÿ������p�p�����`N#h\!B*CJ_HaJnH	phtH	h<�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h	�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�n�h�m�CJaJnH	tH	%h�m�h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�B*CJaJnH	phtH	)h�m�h�m�B*CJPJaJnH	phtH	)h�m�h�B*CJPJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�h�B*CJaJnH	phtH	!'6?@tu�����7?YZ�������8[z{|���ܼܼܼܼܩܼܙܼܼܼ܉܉��yiyYh��B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�B*CJaJnH	phtH	hE�B*CJaJnH	phtH	hi�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�IyB*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�hFB*CJaJnH	phtH	h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h<�B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h\!B*CJaJnH	phtH	!|���������

 -IJdij����09�����������鱥��vfvfvfvS%h�m�hhfB*CJaJnH	phtH	h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	hRw h��CJ^JaJhRw hRw CJaJnH	tH	hRw CJaJnH	tH	hRw CJ^JaJh��CJH*^JaJh�B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�h�B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�!�h��CJ^JaJh��CJ^JaJ9:op�����1789������������������sg�R�C3h�q?B*CJaJnH	phtH	hp4�h�q?CJaJnH	tH	)h�,h�,B*CJPJaJnH	phtH	h
�CJaJnH	tH	h�,h�,CJaJnH	tH	h�,nH	tH	h
�B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�,h
�B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�,h�,B*CJaJnH	phtH	hRw 5�CJaJ%h�m�h�m�B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�hhfB*CJaJnH	phtH	hhfB*CJaJnH	phtH	����%/9DYabc��Ų��}q}bS}D8-h�Q�h�w$CJaJh�w$CJaJnH	tH	hGh�w$CJaJnH	tH	hGh�Q�CJaJnH	tH	hGhGCJaJnH	tH	h0�CJaJnH	tH	hGhrA@CJaJnH	tH	%h�,5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	%h�}�5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	%h! 5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	+h! h! 5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	%h��5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	!h�p�h�p�B*CJnH	phtH	c����������2FSwxz{~�������SUfjk~�����º��������}�}�u�i���u�aV�}Va�hGhf�CJaJhf�CJaJhGhG5�CJaJh�+CJaJhGh�('CJaJhDEXCJaJh�('CJaJhn^1CJaJhGhGB*CJaJph# hGhGCJaJh@
CJaJhG5�CJaJhGhrA@CJaJnH	tH	hGhGCJaJnH	tH	h�P�CJaJnH	tH	h�Q�h�Q�CJaJ!����������Xnv{|- . h i � � � � � � !!@!G!I![!]!`!�������ʿʷʷ�ʤʕʷʕʕʕʊp�ghCh�CJ\�aJh�VTh�%3CJaJnH	tH	h�VTh''�CJaJh�VTh�}eCJaJh�}eh�}eB*CJaJph# h�Q�CJaJh�}eh�{�CJaJh�{�CJaJh�Q�h�Q�CJaJh�}eh�}eCJaJh�}eCJaJh�`QCJaJh�h�CJaJhGhGCJaJhf�CJaJ `!�!�!�!�!�!1"3"i"l"m"t"�"�"�"#####&#m#�ѽ�����і��vbvbvN�;�$h.d�h��CJaJmH	nH	sH	tH	'h�*�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	'h''�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	'hU=�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	h.d�h�S�CJ\�aJh.d�h�S�CJ\�aJmH	sH	-h.d�h&>B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	'h&>B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	-h.d�h�S�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	-h.d�h��B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	m#n#�#$$
$*$+$-$C$R$S$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�%�ϸϟϋ�π��l�a�ϸJl;h.d�h.d�CJaJnH	tH	-h.d�h.d�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	h.d�h.d�CJaJ'h�~B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	h.d�h�S�CJaJ'h.d�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	0h.d�h�S�B*CJH*aJmH	nH	phsH	tH	-h.d�h�S�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	-h.d�h��B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	1h.d�h��B*CJPJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	�%�%�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&�&''���¶¨�¶��tdQ>%h�5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	%h�~5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	h�}�h�D�CJ\�aJmH	sH	-h�}�h�S�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	h�Y|CJaJnH	tH	 h�}�h�}�CJ_HaJnH	tH	h�}�CJ_HaJnH	tH	h�}�CJaJnH	tH	h�}�h�}�CJaJnH	tH	'h�}�B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	h.d�h.d�CJaJnH	tH	h�~CJaJnH	tH	'''�'�'9(:(L()
)1)3)!*#*)***+*�Ӿ�����v�v�d�O="hcU[CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	(h�
�h6HCJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"h�j_CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"hW�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"h(J�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"h8[1CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"hpl�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	(h�
�h�
�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	+hkh�D�5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	+hkhk5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	�&'d*�*�*V+a,�,�-.�.�/�/0r0��������������
$d�a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<$
&Fd�7$8$H$a$gd�y<$��d�7$8$H$`��a$gd�y<d�7$8$H$gd�y<$��d���[$\$`��a$gd�y<$d���[$\$a$gd�y<+*.*D*H*b*c*d*g*�*�*�*�*�*A+U+V+s+�����p\pE8E*phu^�h6#5�CJ\�aJhu^�h6#CJ_HaJ-hu^�h6#B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	'h6#B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	-h�h�h6#B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	3h! h6#5�B*CJ\�aJmH	nH	phsH	tH	-h/�5�B*CJ\�aJmH	nH	phsH	tH	"h�
�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"h�M�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"hcU[CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"hGzkCJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	s+�+�+�+_,`,a,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,�,q-�-�-�-�-.��������������wlwYFY%h �5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	%h�-�5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	hQ-�h6#CJaJhQ-�h6#CJ\�aJ$hQ-�hJ[�CJaJmH	nH	sH	tH	h!c�hJ[�CJaJhJ[�CJaJmH	nH	sH	tH	h�~CJaJmH	nH	sH	tH	$hQ-�h6#CJaJmH	nH	sH	tH	-h�h�h6#B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	'h6#B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	..$.*.+.3.5.I.J.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.//'/(/5/N/_/a/k/{/|/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/����������ֻ��������zo����a�������h��B*CJ\�aJphh�#Ah�b-CJaJh�b-B*CJaJnH	phtH	#h!c�h�b-B*CJH*\�aJph h!c�h�b-B*CJ\�aJphh�b-B*CJ\�aJphh�b-CJaJh�-�CJaJh!c�h �CJaJh �CJaJh!c�h�-�CJaJ+h�h�-�5�CJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	"�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/�/0;0T0Z0\0i0o0p0r0|0�0�0�0�����´������|t|i�[P[Bh]gh��5�CJ]�aJh]gCJ\�]�aJh]gh��CJ\�]�aJh-h]gCJaJh�3�CJaJh]gCJaJh-CJaJh-h��CJaJh��h��5�CJH*\�aJh��h��5�CJ\�aJh��ha=5�CJ\�aJh�M�h�o�5�CJaJmHsHhS'�h�8�5�CJaJh�8�5�CJaJhS'�h�o�5�CJaJhS'�hS'�5�CJaJr0�0�0�0�0�0\34�4�4�6�6S7b7�7�7-8����������������$��d�^��a$gd�y<$
&Fd�a$gd�y<$
&Fd�a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<
$d�a$gd�y<$��d�^��a$gd�~
$d�a$gd�~$
&Fd�a$gd�y<�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0+1@1H1�1�1�1292l2t2|2�2�2�2�2�2�2�2�2�2
3(3���Ⱥ����ynfnyny[yfyfnfPyfyfynfh3�h�CJaJh3�h� CJaJh�CJaJh3�h�J�CJaJh3�h�RYCJaJh��h�RY5�CJ\�aJh��ha=5�CJ\�aJh��hDz�5�CJ\�aJh]gh��CJ]�aJh]gh�~5�CJ]�aJ!�Hh޲gh�~5�CJ]�aJ!�Hh޲gh��5�CJ]�aJh]gCJ\�]�aJh]g5�CJ]�aJ(3*34353;3I3Z3%4*4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4D6E6b6e6m6q6�6�6�67;7<7A7B7L7M7Q7R7S7Z7�����������л��л������������x�x�x����h�3�CJaJh�h�_CJaJmH	sH	h�_CJaJh�h�_CJaJh�h�_5�CJ\�aJh�_5�CJ\�aJ
hE~ICJ
h�%�CJh�O�h�%�CJh�O�hE~ICJh�O�h~|CJh�h�CJaJh�CJaJh3�h�RYCJaJ*Z7[7t7u7~77�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�78$8%8&8,8-818B8�8�8
95969d9e9�9�9�9�9:::.;/;0;1;��������������������ؾ����������������zrzh�t:CJaJh�hWF�CJaJh�2CJ\�aJh�~dhM(CJ\�aJh�hLf�CJaJh�hM(CJaJh�hM(5�CJ\�aJh�5�CJ\�aJh�h�_CJaJmH	sH	h�_CJaJh�3�CJaJh�h�_CJaJh�h�_CJH*aJ)-8B8
979f9�9�9:>;P;h=i=j=�=�?@�@�@%A������������������d�gd�y<
&F�e���d�^�e`���gd�y<$��d���[$\$`��a$gd�y<$
&F�����d�^��`���a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<
$d�a$gd�y<1;<;=;>;@;P;k;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;<E<K<N<b<d<v<�<�<�<�<X=[=_=`=f=g=h=����ƻ����������������~�sgs�s�s_�h��CJaJhB+?h�[�CJH*aJhB+?h�[�CJaJhB+?h��CJaJhB+?h�6�CJH*aJhB+?h�CJaJhB+?h6pCJaJh6pCJaJh�CJaJhB+?h�6�CJaJh��h��5�CJ\�aJh��ha=5�CJ\�aJh�hM(CJaJh�hWF�CJaJh�~dCJaJ!h=i=j=l=m=�=�=7>8>9>B>a>b>k>�>�>�>�>???"?4?>?@?\?a?e?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?��Ϳ��������}�y�}��}rk�krk�k�k�krk�k�hB+?hM(hB+?hA�h�Yph
0hB+?h�[�h�6hB+?h�u�h�0�mH	sH	hB+?h�[�mH	sH	hB+?hM(mH	sH	h��hM(5�CJ\�aJh��h�[�5�CJ\�aJh��ha=5�CJ\�aJ3�h�y<h�~5�CJ\�aJcHdhdhdh޲gh�y<5�CJ\�aJ%�?@@5@9@L@^@i@t@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@�@AA"A#A$A%A�������깱�����vhZhL�h>h�>�h�4�5�CJ\�aJh�>�h�u.5�CJ\�aJh�>�h/�5�CJ\�aJh�>�h�	5�CJ\�aJh�>�h"j5�CJ\�aJhfk�5�CJ\�aJh�>�5�CJaJhB+?h�	5�CJaJh�0J 5�CJ\�aJh�CJaJh��h�CJaJh�t:CJaJh��h$0*CJaJh$0*CJaJh�z�h�z�CJaJh�CJaJh��h�z�5�CJ\�aJ%A`AaAbAnA|A�A�A�ABBBBBBB B�B�B�B�B�B�B�BkC�C�C�C�C	D
DD/D�D�DfEpE��������ϼ������������ēĈ}rgrgr_r}h�CJaJh�x>h��CJaJh�x>hIiCJaJh�6�hIiCJaJh�6�h��CJaJh�6�h�j�CJaJh�x>CJaJh�6�h$
MCJaJh�6�hfk�CJaJhfk�CJaJh�6�hW�CJaJh�6�h�	CJaJh��h�	CJaJh�"�CJaJh��CJaJh��h��CJaJ$%A�D:H�HI�JK�NAOWRcR�R�S-T�TTV���������������$
&Fd�a$gd�y<$
&Fd�7$8$H$a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<
$d�a$gd�y<��d�`��gd�y<$���r�d�^��`�r�a$gd�y<$��d�`��a$gd�y<pEtEyE~E�E�E�E�E�E�E�EF'F(FKFfFkFlFsFGG�G�G�G�GH9H:H���������ǿ����{g{�Y�KYKYK�h94�CJ_HaJnH	tH	h��CJ_HaJnH	tH	&h94�5�6�CJ\�]�_HaJnH	tH	,h9"+h94�5�6�CJ\�]�_HaJnH	tH	 h9"+h94�CJ_HaJnH	tH	h�x>h94�CJaJ h94�h94�5�6�CJ\�]�aJh94�CJaJh��CJaJh�x>h�x>CJaJh�x>CJaJh�6�h�x>CJaJh�6�h�CJaJh9CJaJ:H;H<H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�H�HII*I,IyIzI�I�I�I�I�I�I�J�J�J�JKK���������������������������������{m{bh�5�CJ\�aJh�h�5�CJ\�aJh�h�5�CJ\�aJh�CJaJh�lh�0CJH*aJh��CJaJhV6&CJaJh�lhV6&CJaJh�0CJaJh�lh�0CJaJhfk�5�CJ\�aJhfk�h�05�CJ\�aJhfk�hfk�5�CJ\�aJhfk�hfk�5�CJ\�aJ&KK?KUK�K�K�K�KLLsL|LDMFM�M�MHNLNhN�N�N�N�N�N�N?O@OAOrO}OEPFP>Q@Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q�Q9R:RKRURVRWRXR����������������������߹���������������������~h�<�h�j^5�CJ\�aJhFA�h�D�CJH*aJh�D�CJaJhFA�h�D�CJaJhN?sh�D�5�CJ\�aJh�D�5�CJ\�aJh&�h�B*CJaJphh�/�h�CJH*aJh�CJaJh�/�h�CJaJh�h�5�CJ\�aJ.XRaRcRpRtRR�R�R�R�R�R�R�R�R�R�RSSS#S$S;S<SCS�����ܻ����܂�z�gWgWgWKh�j^CJaJnH	tH	h�j^B*CJaJnH	phtH	%h�m�h�j^B*CJaJnH	phtH	h�<�CJaJhS
�CJaJh��CJaJhJh�."CJaJhJh�."CJaJmH	sH	hJh� CJaJmH	sH	hJhin�CJaJhJhBxvCJaJhJh��CJaJh�j^CJaJh�<�h�j^5�CJ\�aJh�<�h�<�5�CJ\�aJCSVS�S�S�S�S�S�STT+T,T-TZTeTiTrTvTwT�T�T�T�TU��Ӽ�������sh]h]h]hU]J?h��hBxvCJaJh��h��CJaJh$�CJaJhJh��CJaJhJhBxvCJaJhI/�hI/�CJ\�aJmH	sH	h�a�CJaJhI/�h�a�CJaJhI/�hI/�CJH*aJhI/�hI/�CJaJh�	|h�j^CJaJmH	sH	-h�	|h�j^B*CJaJmH	nH	phsH	tH	h�	|h�j^CJaJnH	tH	h�	|h�	|CJaJnH	tH	h�}�h�j^CJaJnH	tH	UUUUUUU!U&U-U3U4U5U9UFUcU�U�U;VSVTVUVjVxV|V�V�V$WGWHWTW\W]WcWmW�W�W�W�W�WXWXcX������������߽�겪�������y�ynyn�n�y�n�n�hS
�h��CJaJhS
�hS
�CJaJhVv�CJaJhS
�h�3�CJaJhS
�hBxvCJaJhn$CJaJhS
�CJaJh��h��CJaJh��h�CJaJh��h��CJH*aJh��h�3�CJaJh��h��CJaJh��hBxvCJaJh��h$�CJaJ*cXiX�X�X�X�X�X�X�X�XYRYTYZY[Y\Y]YfYgYsYtYwYxY�Y�Y�Y�Y�YZ��������Ͼ�����titi^iPh�<�h�$V5�CJ\�aJh�<�h�@�CJaJh�<�h{<-CJaJh�<�h{<-B*CJaJphh�<�h�@�5�CJ\�aJh�<�h{<-5�CJ\�aJ htR�h_T5�B*CJaJphh�<�5�B*CJaJph htR�h�<�5�B*CJaJphh�B�h��CJaJh�B�h�B�CJaJhn$CJaJh&�h�B�CJaJh�B�CJaJTV\YgY�Y5[�[�\�]
_�_�������y^$
�n#����7��d�]���^�7`��a$gd�y<$
�7B�7��d�1$^�7`��a$gd�y<$����7��d�]���^�7`��a$gd�y<$�F���d�]�F^�`��a$gd�y<$�7��d�1$^�7`��a$gd�y<$���d�^�`��a$gd�y<
$d�a$gd�y<$
&Fd�a$gd�y<	Z-Z6Z7Z�Z#[2[5[J[�[\\\d\e\�\�\�]�]�]m^�^_
_"_#_���÷���������΁s��d���YKhpx�h�<�5�CJ\�aJhpx�h�<�CJaJh�<�h�$VB*CJaJphh�<�h�*�5�CJ\�aJh�<�h�*�CJ\�aJh�<�h�b�CJaJh�<�h�b�5�CJ\�aJ!h�<�h�$VB*CJ^JaJphh�<�h�$VCJaJhh�<�h�$VCJaJh�<�h�$V5�CJ\�aJ h�<�h�$V5�B*CJaJph#h�<�h�$V5�B*CJ\�aJph#_$_f_g_�_�_�_�_�_�_�_�_�_�_�_�_�	�%�K�L�M�����ͻ͖ͩ�x�xigxXIB:jho�UhtR�h�$Vh�<�h��CJaJmHsHh�<�h�CJaJmHsHUh�<�htR�CJaJmHsHh�<�h�6'CJaJmHsHh�<�h�rCJaJmHsH%h�<�h�rB*CJaJmHphsH"h�<�h�5�CJ\�aJmHsH"h�<�h&>5�CJ\�aJmHsH"h�<�h�r5�CJ\�aJmHsHhpx�h�<�5�CJ\�aJ#hpx�h�<�5�B*CJ\�aJphNordsudan, Berlin Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A/Band 71, 66 p.








PAGE  


PAGE  12















































































�_L�N�O�Q�R�T�U�W�X�a�b�c�o�p�q�r�s�t�u�v�w�x�y�z��������������������������h]�hgd�>Y����&`#$gd�m$���d�^�`��a$gd�~M�O�P�R�S�U�V�X�Y�_�`�a�c�d�j�k�m�n�o�q�r��������������������������htR�h�$Vh#j�h�~0JmHnHuh��
h��0Jjh��0JUjho�Uho�z�{�|�}�~���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������gd
������������������������������������$���d�^�`��a$gd�~J
00PP&P	1��:p�Z.��. ��A!��"��#��$��%�������Dp^-2���� 0@P`p������2(�� 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p������ 0@P`p��8X�V~_HmH	nH	sH	tH	8`�8�~"Normal_HmH	sH	tHl@l�q�	Heading 1)$
&F
�h����|�@&^��`�|�5�CJOJQJ\�aJDA`�DDefault Paragraph FontVi�VTable Normal :V�4�4�
la�(k �(No ListV�O�V�~"bodytext�d�d[$\$CJOJQJ^JaJmHsHj��j�:
Table Grid7:V�0������R^@RM(Normal (Web)�d�d[$\$CJaJmHsH4 @"4�>YFooter

��p#.)@�1.�>YPage Number4U@�A4��	Hyperlink	>*ph�V��QV�q�Heading 1 Char"5CJOJQJ\aJmH	sH	tHbC@bb��Body Text Indent$��`��a$CJ^JhmH	sH	tHR��qR��Body Text Indent CharCJ^JhtH4�4�F�Header

�9r :���:�F�Header CharmH	sH	tH>Q�>�,Body Text 3�xCJaJL���L�,Body Text 3 CharCJaJmH	sH	tH2B�2��	Body Text�x@���@��Body Text CharmH	sH	tHJ>@�J�YpTitle$a$5�CJ0\�_HaJ0mH	sH	tHB���B�Yp
Title Char5CJ0\_HaJ0tH*W@�*��Strong5�\�B'�B�h�Comment ReferenceCJaJ4"4#�h�Comment Text"B��1B"�h�Comment Text CharmH	sH	@j!"@%�h�Comment Subject$5�\�F�2QF$�h�Comment Subject Char5\H�bH'�h�Balloon Text&CJOJQJ^JaJV��qV&�h�Balloon Text CharCJOJQJ^JaJmH	sH	H�/�H�*�StandardschriftB*mH	phsH	6���6�*�0Times12 Schwarzj�/�j�*�0Standardabsatz*d7$8$H$!B*CJ_HaJmH	phsH	tH.X��.�b-Emphasis6].(��.�Z.Line NumberPK!����[Content_Types].xml���j�0E����ж�r�(��΢Iw},��-j��4	��w�P�-t#bΙ{U�����T�U^h�d}㨫��)��*1P�'��	�^��W��0)��T�9<�l�#��$yi}��;�~@��(��H����u�*Dנz��/0�ǰ��$��X��3aZ����,�D0j~�3߶�b��~i>���3�\`�?�/�[���G��\�!�-�Rk.�s�Ի�..���a濭?��PK!�֧�6_rels/.rels���j�0���}Q��%v/��C/�}�(h"���O�
����=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_����6L�R�7`������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e��е�����PK!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xml�M
� @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ��C�AǠҟ����7��՛K
Y,�
�e�.���|,���H�,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW��)�E�+&
8���PK!����Ptheme/theme/theme1.xml�YOo�6��w toc'vu�ر�-M�n�i���P�@�I}��úa��m�a[�إ�4�:lЯ�GR��X^�6؊�>$�������!)O�^�r�C$�y@�����/�yH*��񄴽)�޵��߻��UDb�`}"�qۋ�Jח���X^�)I`n�E���p)���li�V[]�1M<������O�P��6r�=���z�gb�Ig��u��S�eb��O������R�D۫����qu	�g��Z����o~ٺlAp�lx�pT0���+[}`j���zA��V�2�F���i�@�q�v�֬5\|��ʜ̭N��le�X�ds���jcs���7���f����
��W��+�Ն�7����`���g�Ș��J���j|��h(�K��D-����
dX��iJ�؇(��x$(��:��;�˹!�I_�T��S1�����?E��?�����?ZBΪm���U/������?�~����xY���'���y5�g&΋/����ɋ�>���G�M�Ge���D�����3Vq%'#q�����$�8��K�����)f�w9:ĵ��
x}r�x����w���r�:\TZaG�*�y8I�j�bR��c|XŻ�ǿ�I
u3KG�nD1�NIB�s���
��R��u���K>V�.EL+M2�#'�f��i~�V��vl�{u8��z��H�
�*���:�(W�☕
~��J�T�e\O*�tHG��HY��}KN�P�*ݾ˦���TѼ�9/#��A7�qZ��$*c?���qU��n��w�N��%��O��i�4=3ڗP��
����1�P�m\\9���������Mؓ�2a�D�]�;Yt�\��[x����]�}Wr��|�]��g-���
eW�
�)6-r��CS�j��
i�d	�DЇA�ΜIqbJ#x�꺃6k���#��A�Sh��&ʌt(Q�%��p%m��&]�caSl=�X�����\P�1�Mh�9�M��V�dDA��aV�B��[݈fJ�íP|8�քA�V^��f
�H��n���-��"�d>�z��n��NJ�	�ة�>�b���&����2��v����Kyϼ��D:����,AGm��\nz��i�Ù��.uχYC�6�OMf��3o�r��$��5�����NH�T[XF64�T,ќ���M0�E)`#�5�XY�`�פ;��%�1�U�٥m;���R>QD����D�cp�U�'��&LE�/p���m���%]�����8fi��r�S4�d7y\�`�J�n���ί�I�R��3U�~7+���׸#��m�q�BiD���������i*�L6�9�m�Y&���i���HE��=(K&�N!V�.K�e�LD�ĕ�{D	����vEꦚde��NƟ��e�(�MN9ߜR�6����&3(��a���/D��U�z�<�{ˊ�Y��ȳ����V���)�9�Z[��4^n��5���!J��?��Q�3�eBo�C����M����m<�.�vp�����IY�f���Z�Y_p�[�=al-�Y�}Nc͙���ŋ4vfa��vl����'S��A�8�|�*u�{��-�ߟ0%M0�7%����<���ҍ���PK!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M
�0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5
6?$Q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{��P����8�g/]�QAsم(����#��L�[������PK-!����[Content_Types].xmlPK-!�֧�6+_rels/.relsPK-!ky���theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!����P�theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!
ѐ��'�	theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]�
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<a:clrMap xmlns:a="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main" bg1="lt1" tx1="dk1" bg2="lt2" tx2="dk2" accent1="accent1" accent2="accent2" accent3="accent3" accent4="accent4" accent5="accent5" accent6="accent6" hlink="hlink" folHlink="folHlink"/>	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJ�W������������<.����/��������I��������������������		����

������������

��������������������������������0��������������������������������,���� ����1����G=����!>����"?����#@����$A����%B����&C����'D����!��������*����+����(E����-F����.G����/H����0I����)"����2#����3$����4%����5&����H(����7)����8*����9+����:,����;-���� 2����=3����>4����?5����@6����A7����B8����C9����D:����E;����F<����6'��������1J����	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJM	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI���W
�����	%%%(�|	'
�[P�|9�c�`!m#�%'+*s+.�/�0(3Z71;h=�?%ApE:HKXRCSUcXZ#_M���023456789:;<=>?@ABDEFGIJKMNOPRSTUVWXZ[^�&r0-8%ATV�_z�������1CHLQY]_`a���WX��!(!�!�����	�?�Db�$;�#���p����l��P�g`����2�$�4���Ph���¿+}�E,����2�$�=q{�d���%~D�J��u#����"�$>��s��65&cl$�-�����b�$���J�zt��/>ij�E�����"�$�}�N��3c�*Y5����>����"�$hB�N��$j(4�'�)^��M����"�$щ������i����������b�$�oj�Xmu.�L9������"�$�'��d�q.ۦ�p\��~����"�$d�޻/c[AK�;bb��z����"�$Ng?�V�~z��OC�S�����"�$"���)��d�Z�ĉ�4�����b�$6D�`��
t��vЈ=��
�����"�$��^-kj�&&߀V��9J����"�$���c���u>���t�����"�$�Ò�j��`8�{�h#������"�$d<��H�M�D��HW��N������"�$a��>�0=���=-�u�������\�0e����0e���������
  ������ ��A����������������� 8c8c	

?A�)BCD|�E�|���|���"����0e@����������� ������������ ��������������������� ��������� ����������������@AB���C DEEF�GHIJK5%LMNO�PQRSTUWY����Z����[ \�]����^����_ `�a����b����N������� ��E�������5%����������������������� ������������� �������������N������� ��E�������5%����������������������� ������������� �������������N��� F�	
5%
��������� ���������  �!����"����?N@AB���C DEFF�GHIJK5%LMNO�PQRSTUWY����Z����[ \�]����^����_ `�a����b������������������@�������������(	
	�0�(	�
��B
�S����	?���W����l�#���#��l�#����#���#��,�#��l�#����#���#��,�#��l�#���#��l�#����#���#��,�#��l�#����#����77di��<Ig������W	

����<<ho��?Mm������W	

=*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags	�PlaceType�=*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags	�PlaceName�8*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�City�B
*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�country-region�9*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�place�C*�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�metricconverter��0�10 m�3 m	�ProductID





����
`i".FM0>����1>�	�	�	�	/6tz������
AF�$0EJNSYe����.5����IN��KRr���V"]"w"�"�"�"�#�#�#�#�#�#	&&&&&&�&�&�'�'�(�())!)&)l){)�)�)�*�*�+�+�2�2[4_495B5E5a5h5k5s5�5�5�5�5�5�56
666"6(646>6@6E6\6g6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6t771969�@�@�E�EJJvJ�J�P�P�PQQQ#Q'Q�Q�Q8R<R�R�R�R�R�R�R?SFS�S�S�S�S�S�S�S�S�S�S�STfTT�T�T�T�T�T�T�T�TKURU
VVCVJV�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�V�VWW!WDWFWFWHWHWIWIWKWLWNWOWQWRWkWlW�Wr'�'�'�'+*\*S.b.�.�.�/
0�7�7FWFWHWHWIWIWKWLWNWOWQWRWkWlW�W�'�'�'�'-/-//2/2>2>2i4j4i7i7�7�7�7�7�7�799<?<?WIWIaIaI\P\P�P�P5R5R�R�R�S�S�T�T�V�VDWDWEWEWFWFWHWHWIWIWKWLWNWOWQWRWkWlWnWnWoWoW�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W�W1X��$�]���������\[%<�~����������7�)�Sw���������:U�5��@���������Qu>j�H����������^�?�,�@���������uT�@���P���������j[�MJ��7���������3.!_��ȏ����������$�dT�����������WE}hx�̟���������[2NpH� ����������2Ut�����������eE}>�F���������h�����^��`���5\�h�H.�8���^�8`���o(.��0�^�`�0�o(..��	��^��	`��o(...	�@��^�@`��o(	....	��`�^�`�`�o(.....	
�x�`�^�x`�`�o(
......	
�H���^�H`���o(.......	
�����^��`���o(........
�h����h^�h`����h�H.
�������^��`����h�H.
�p����p^�p`����h�H.
�@����@^�@`����h�H.
�����^�`����h�H.
�������^��`����h�H.
�������^��`����h�H.
�������^��`����h�H.
�P����P^�P`����h�H.h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�p����p^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�@����@^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�P����P^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���������^��`���OJPJQJ^Jo(����������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho��p����p^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H����@����@^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho��������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H����������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H����������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho��P����P^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H��h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�p����p^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�@����@^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�P����P^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h���^�h`���o(�h���^�h`���o(.���0�^��`�0�o(..���0�^��`�0�o(...	�8��^�8`��o(	....	�8��^�8`��o(.....	
���`�^��`�`�o(
......	
���`�^��`�`�o(.......	
����^�`���o(........h
�����^��`����h�H.�8���^�8`���o(.��0�^�`�0�o(..��	��^��	`��o(...	�@��^�@`��o(	....	��`�^�`�`�o(.....	
�x�`�^�x`�`�o(
......	
�H���^�H`���o(.......	
�����^��`���o(........h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�p����p^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�@����@^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�P����P^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H��h�����^��`���5\�h�H.�h
�����^��`����h�H.�h
�p�L�^�p`�L��h�H.�h
�@���^�@`����h�H.�h
����^�`����h�H.�h
���L�^��`�L��h�H.�h
�����^��`����h�H.�h
�����^��`����h�H.�h
�P�L�^�P`�L��h�H.h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�p���^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h����^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�����^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�P���^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���������^��`���CJOJQJo(����������^��`���CJOJ
QJ
o(o��p����p^�p`���CJOJ	QJ	o(����@����@^�@`���CJOJ	QJ	o(��������^�`���CJOJ	QJ	o(����������^��`���CJOJ	QJ	o(����������^��`���CJOJ	QJ	o(����������^��`���CJOJ	QJ	o(����P����P^�P`���CJOJ	QJ	o(��h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�p����p^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�@����@^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�P����P^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H��h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�p����p^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�@����@^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�����^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H���h�������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho�h�P����P^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H��!�����^��`���5CJOJPJQJ\^JaJo(-������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho��p���^�p`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H����@���^�@`���OJQJo(�h�H�������^�`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho������^��`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H��������^��`���OJQJo(�h�H��������^��`���OJ
QJ
^J
o(�h�Ho��P���^�P`���OJ	QJ	o(�h�H��[2Np:U�5j[�M\[%��	�1X��$�duT�@3.!_�7�)Qu>�2UtWE}heE}�^�?���������������������`1U��0�`1����������������������������������������������									���																		v�0^																										���								[��r�j,�=j,�=���M�Ua=�x)m� �J�%5Vqo�H�l�	�N	p
�g
�9! �(!
�R
@
@�,
/rX�1�56H�=Fn$�H�hG�2�_~|��`�[�`U��j�o�[9;`�&e/�F�c&>2G���"'
-�6�9qI-c�v���S�"�2�,�1�� �s Rw G!\!^+!y]!�	"�"�."�~"6#�9$�W$�w$�a%*k%�y%W&4&V6&�q&'&'�('�6'T'�d'x(M(�"(�&(nQ)�R)$0*V3*�
+�+B+�#,-X-{<-�b-�.Z.�T.�Z.Q\.�u.
0�0{w0�{08[1~\1n^1�2�T2�X2�%343Xa3�#4&c4�a5=6�f6�w6ds7q#8�(8�R8(9�)9�-9�:9�W9�:�t: Y;�y<�]>_j>Fv>�x>�?B+?cL?vZ?�q?�8@rA@J@xf@�#A�DANBC~6C�[CkD�7D�JDkuD�CEkE�F�cF�iF�CGGhG.3H�kH"AI#GIE~IUJZ^J�L�SL1ZL�lL$
M�>N�O�O�O�4O�~O�P�HP2QEQ�`QZRR�RR�ZR�
S�S�:S%T�/T�VT_T�$V�FV�]VDEX�>Y�RY�gYZsZ�RZ*aZ�oZY4[cU[�U[�q[�\x%\o]�^Q%^�P^�j^?y^6_| _�9_�S_�j_�p_Y`jw`�a,za4Ibc4cT\c	_c�Wdnd�~d�~d�}e.%f�=fhf�4g]g�Oh_fhjmh,i�-i!.iIiQkiUir j"j�mj�	kk�Ek�Lk�xkGzkCql6m7m*nnoGolp6p4Jp�YpIq�r�rn5r�br�$s*sN?s7gs�Nt  u�/uTu�tu�OvBxv�xv�&wjx]x,`x�dx�Iy5 z1$zPz�|z�?{�	|�|�Y|�m|
E}�~�~�p~�L�m�~T�pe��o���)��D���)�4�I�Ch��P��S�!c����F���9j�����2��E�;Y�:�S'��+�W�S[��{���)m���<��\�"s�0��
�*)���J�;N�_^�pf��m��r�����.�<��I��]�Kh����#��K�g��K��Q���<F��x�o��<��D�&��.�i��+�3��?��>�n��8�(J���x����/�D7�WF�u^��i����-�����.��0�Z��2�s�w��[�*s�Q�>$�^%��E�pl�l����#��O��Y��j��o����C�)H��Y��{�E���1D�����4(��2��\��n��o����h��r�''�S(�+4��6��A��B��P�S��*��/��4�c��h��
����4�Y:�W�)D��S��b�����r��Y� ��%����)��F����q�{s�TF��[�fk��l���� ��@���+�1��:�FA��P�J[��z�v���P>���-�![�!j���P��^�/�o�0��q�3r�j0��0�)q��~��?�[>�2?�Jc��e��i����D��`��l��~��>� ���[;��O��/��U�`t����)���{�	�|+�z9��B�'I��I��}�������L��M�dU��\���aC�8|��6��a��B��K�?p��������/��0��3�S��u�1�"Y�Lf����
��W��Y�!~�bV��Y�j�EH�7e��q��.�&e�<r�.d� ~���n�$�-@�nP��}��
����"��:�9D��
��!��5��R���(=�qa�f�\r�������\�f��/�aK��R�W�w����6�U=�B��E�#j�
�#�I/�A@����*��s��}���O%��9�A�in���j"�9K�bb�Dz�� @��I��}��s��m�S
����I���Y�xR�w���di�@���3��M��`��/��;�"R�A��*��J�-M��p��q�}���9�Vv��-��7��C��J�tR��z���U���F'���o9�x9��h�yv��z�������,�Q-�U?�oL�6\�|�{.�94�W<��b�^J����v���@
�|��-�A@��J��L��R��d��p�FWHW�@��!�!X�!�!4
�V�WP@PP(@Pp@��Unknown
Light.user������������G��* ��Times New Roman5��Symbol3.��* ��Arial]��AdvTT3713a231+20MS Mincho]��AdvTT3713a231+22MS MinchoK�� @Simplified ArabicA.���Arial NarrowM�� @Traditional Arabic5.��*a��Tahoma;��Wingdings?=�	�* ��Courier NewA���� B�Cambria Math"1������m�߲g�;�
@J,�
@J,�!���j��4dWW2�q����HX	�?��'���������������Cql2 xx���CHAPTER VIIIJhikhu
Light.userD	

����Oh��+'��0x�������	�
(4@
LX`hp�CHAPTER VIIIJhikhuNormalLight.user6Microsoft Office Word@`4<@�ؙ�D�@@�8a�@�mu@��
@J����՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,��h$hp��������
���BRO .inc�,W
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER VIIITitleTitel� 8@_PID_HLINKS�A�@h*mailto:drmagedelosta.edu.alex@hotmail.com\	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`ab����defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Root Entry��������	�F`���@���1Table������������c�{WordDocument	��������L�SummaryInformation(�����DocumentSummaryInformation8�������������MsoDataStore������������@��`&��@��LNGHJE�BZ�W�J��BTTT��Q==2������������@��`&��@��Item
���������Properties������������UCompObj����
y����������������������������	����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������<b:Sources xmlns:b="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography" SelectedStyle="\APA.XSL" StyleName="APA"/><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<ds:datastoreItem ds:itemID="{2487D12C-014B-4566-BC26-29C14D34FF99}" xmlns:ds="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXml"><ds:schemaRefs><ds:schemaRef ds:uri="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography"/></ds:schemaRefs></ds:datastoreItem>��
����	�F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q

Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit