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The upper and lower body aerobic fitness of semi-elite Rugby League players

AUTHORS: 
Dale I Lovell1, Mathew Bousson1 and Chris McLellan2

AUTHORS� AFFILIATIONS: 
1 School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
2 Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia

AUTHOR FOR CORRESPONDENCE:
Dale I Lovell
School of Health and Sport Sciences
Faculty of Science, Health & Education
University of the Sunshine Coast
Queensland Australia 4556
Telephone: 61 7 5459 4464
Facsimile: 61 7 5430 4880
Email: dlovell@usc.edu.au	

Running head: Aerobic fitness and rugby league





Abstract

The aim of this study was to measure the upper and lower body aerobic capacity of semi-elite Rugby League (RL) players. Twenty-two RL players and 24 physically active but untrained men completed a maximal oxygen consumption test (VO2 max test) on a treadmill and electronic arm ergometer in a randomized counter-balanced order. Lower and upper body absolute (P=0.03 and P=0.02 respectively) but not relative VO2 max was higher in the RL group compared to the control group. Upper body peak power (P=0.001), ventilation (P=0.05) and lactate concentration (P=0.03) were higher in the RL group compared to the control group. For the lower body only ventilation (P=0.04) was higher in the RL group compared to the control group. Maximum heart rate was lower during arm ergometry for both groups (P d" 0.001) compared to predicted and treadmill values. The results of our study show that while semi-elite Rugby League players have above average lower body aerobic capacity their upper body aerobic capacity is not well developed and similar to untrained men. Coaches and players need to implement specific training programs to enhance the development of the upper body aerobic system in Rugby League players. 

Key words: maximal oxygen consumption, arm ergometry, rugby, high-intensity, game







Introduction
The game of rugby league (RL) is a physically demanding game with frequent bouts of high-intensity activity separate by periods of low-intensity activity or rest. Players may cover distances of over 6-km during a game with an average work-to-rest ratio of approximately 1:5 although players may be required to spend longer periods involved in high-intensity activity with limited rest periods  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>King</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9axxdv9z1wxvthevtfyp05pmsw9ppz5d0ewr">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>King, T.</author><author>Jenkins, D.</author><author>Gabbett, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. trish.king@srq.qld.gov.au</auth-address><titles><title>A time-motion analysis of professional rugby league match-play</title><secondary-title>J Sports Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>213-9</pages><volume>27</volume><number>3</number><edition>2009/02/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Athletic Performance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Cohort Studies</keyword><keyword>Football/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Movement</keyword><keyword>Time and Motion Studies</keyword><keyword>Video Recording</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Feb 1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0264-0414 (Print)&#xD;0264-0414 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19184713</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19184713</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>908385365 [pii]&#xD;10.1080/02640410802538168</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_1" \o "King, 2009 #1" 1]. As a result, considerable physiological stress is placed on both the lower and upper body during a game. A high aerobic capacity is therefore essential to successfully compete in RL and reduce the chances of injury  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gabbett</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gabbett, T. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Queensland, Australia. timg@broncos.com.au</auth-address><titles><title>Influence of fatigue on tackling technique in rugby league players</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>625-32</pages><volume>22</volume><number>2</number><edition>2008/06/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Athletic Performance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Fatigue/*physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Football/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lactic Acid/blood</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18550983</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18550983</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181635a6a&#xD;00124278-200803000-00041 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_2" \o "Gabbett, 2008 #7" 2]. Although the lower body aerobic capacity or maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) of elite and semi-elite RL players is well established  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gabbett</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gabbett, T.</author><author>King, T.</author><author>Jenkins, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Red Hill, Queensland, Australia. timg@broncos.com.au</auth-address><titles><title>Applied physiology of rugby league</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>119-38</pages><volume>38</volume><number>2</number><edition>2008/01/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Anthropometry</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Competitive Behavior/physiology</keyword><keyword>Fatigue/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Football/injuries/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Running/physiology</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Time and Motion Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18201115</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18201115</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>3823 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Gabbett, 2008 #5" 3] no data presently exists on the upper body VO2 max of RL players.
A well developed upper body VO2 max is an important physiological adaptation for the modern RL player.  During a game, players are required to complete a series of tackles whereby a player will take hold of the opponent by grabbing at their upper body whilst physically trying to push and pull them to the ground. The entire time a player is performing a tackle they are trying to minimize the forward momentum of the opposition player. This is the very same objective in wrestling where each combatant is trying to wrestle/grapple the opponent to the floor via pushing and pulling techniques  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yoon</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[4]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yoon, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Korea Sport Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea. jryoon@sports.re.kr</auth-address><titles><title>Physiological profiles of elite senior wrestlers</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>225-33</pages><volume>32</volume><number>4</number><edition>2002/04/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anaerobic Threshold/physiology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Wrestling/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11929352</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11929352</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>320402 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Yoon, 2002 #1" 4]. Such is the importance of the tackle that many professional teams are now seen to employ wrestling/grappling coaches to better prepare players for the physical demands of RL. 
While little is known on the upper body VO2 max of RL players other sports that involve the upper body musculature such as wrestling  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yoon</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>[4]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yoon, J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Korea Sport Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea. jryoon@sports.re.kr</auth-address><titles><title>Physiological profiles of elite senior wrestlers</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>225-33</pages><volume>32</volume><number>4</number><edition>2002/04/04</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Anaerobic Threshold/physiology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Wrestling/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11929352</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11929352</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>320402 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Yoon, 2002 #1" 4], sailing  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bernardi</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>38</RecNum><DisplayText>[5]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>38</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">38</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bernardi, M.</author><author>Quattrini, F. M.</author><author>Rodio, A.</author><author>Fontana, G.</author><author>Madaffari, A.</author><author>Brugnoli, M.</author><author>Marchetti, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome.</auth-address><titles><title>Physiological characteristics of America&apos;s Cup sailors</title><secondary-title>J Sports Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>1141-52</pages><volume>25</volume><number>10</number><edition>2007/07/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Energy Metabolism/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test/instrumentation/methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Italy</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/*psychology</keyword><keyword>*Ships</keyword><keyword>*Sports</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0264-0414 (Print)&#xD;0264-0414 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17613738</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17613738</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>779901903 [pii]&#xD;10.1080/02640410701287172</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_5" \o "Bernardi, 2007 #38" 5] and kayaking  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Forbes</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText>[6]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Forbes, S. C.</author><author>Chilibeck, P. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>Comparison of a kayaking ergometer protocol with an arm crank protocol for evaluating peak oxygen consumption</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>1282-5</pages><volume>21</volume><number>4</number><edition>2007/12/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arm</keyword><keyword>*Clinical Protocols</keyword><keyword>Ergometry/*instrumentation/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18076236</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18076236</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-20636 [pii]&#xD;10.1519/R-20636.1</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_6" \o "Forbes, 2007 #37" 6] have well developed upper body aerobic systems . In particular wrestlers whose sport closely resembles the upper body aerobic demands of RL, have been reported to have higher upper body VO2 max (40-41 ml"kg"min-1)  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Horswill, 1992 #88" 7, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_8" \o "Seals, 1982 #42" 8] compared to untrained individuals and athletes from other sports (20-32 ml"kg"min-1) that do not extensively use the upper body musculature  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Franklin</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>46</RecNum><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Franklin, B. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48072.</auth-address><titles><title>Aerobic exercise training programs for the upper body</title><secondary-title>Med Sci Sports Exerc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Sci Sports Exerc</full-title></periodical><pages>S141-8</pages><volume>21</volume><number>5 </number><edition>1989/10/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arm/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0195-9131 (Print)&#xD;0195-9131 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>2691826</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=2691826</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Franklin, 1989 #46" 9].  
Therefore the aim of this study was to measure the upper body VO2 max of semi-elite RL players and compare them with physically active but untrained men of a similar age. A second aim was to examine the relationship between upper and lower body VO2 max in semi-elite RL players. We hypothesized that RL players would have a greater developed upper body VO2 max compared to untrained individuals and that there would be a strong relationship between upper and lower body VO2 max.


Methods
Participant recruitment
Twenty-two semi-professional rugby league players (21.6 � 2.5 years, height 182.2 � 6.1 cm and weight 92.6 � 7.7 kg) and 24 physically active but untrained men (age 22.1 ( 2.4 years; height 174 ( 8 cm; weight 75 ( 11.5 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Following the screening procedure and the completion of a medical history questionnaire all participants were healthy and free from any cardiovascular or neuromuscular irregularities. Prior to participation, the experimental procedures and potential risks were explained to the participants and all provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the University of the Sunshine Coast Ethics Committee in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Experimental Design
The study adopted a randomised counter-balanced protocol in which half the participants completed the upper body VO2 max while the other half completed the lower body VO2 max. Four days following the initial testing this procedure was then reversed for the second VO2 max. All participants were familiarised with the testing procedures before the commencement of the study to reduce learning effects. All tests were conducted at the same time of the day with participants asked to avoid exhaustive exercise 48 h prior to testing and to avoid food and caffeine 3 h prior to testing.

Maximal Aerobic Tests
The upper body VO2 max test was conducted on a modified electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer (EE) (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V., Netherlands). The EE was fixed to a table with the table fixed to the ground to prevent any movement in the EE during the VO2 max test. Participants sat in a chair (also fixed to the ground) and were advised to keep their feet flat on the ground and remain seated throughout the VO2 max test. The seat height and back rest were adjusted so that with the crank position on the opposite side to the body and the hand grasping the handles, the elbow joint was almost in full extension (165-175() and the shoulders in line with the centre of the ergometers shaft. After an initial warm-up of two minutes at 45 Watts, the test began at 60 Watts and increased one Watt every five seconds until volitional exhaustion or until fly wheel revolutions dropped below 60 rpm.
Lower body VO2 max was assessed during a graded exercise test on a treadmill (Woodway, Waukesha, USA). After an initial warm-up of three minutes at 6kmh"1, the test began at 8kmh"1 and speed increased by 1 kmh"1 every 1 min until 16 kmh"1 with grade increasing thereafter until exhaustion.
Cardiorespiratory-metabolic variables were measured using open circuit spirometry (Parvo-Medics TrueOne� 2400 Metabolic Measurement System, Sandy, UT). Heart rate (HR) was measured via a HR monitor (Polar S610 HR Monitor, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) strapped against the participant�s chest. During the progressive exercise test, each participant was encouraged to give a maximal effort. Maximal values for oxygen consumption were calculated from the average of the last minute of exercise before volitional fatigue. VO2 max was confirmed when three or more of the following criteria were met: (1) a plateau in VO2  despite an increase in running speed/grade or ergometer power; (2) a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) higher than 1.20; (3) a heart rate within 10 bpm of its predicted maximum; (4) a lactate concentration higher than 8 mmol l"1. 

Anthropometric Measurements
The participants� height was measured with a wall-mounted stadiometer (Holtain Ltd, Crymych, Wales). Body mass was measured with a beam balance scale (Avery Ltd, Fairmont, MN) with the participants wearing shorts only. Skinfold thickness was measured by a highly qualified observer on the right side of the body at appropriately marked sites and recorded to the nearest 0.2 mm with a Harpenden caliper (range: 0.00�50.00 mm; minimum graduation: 0.20 mm; accuracy: 99.00%). Skinfold thickness was measured at six sites (triceps, abdominal, subscapular, supraspinale, front thigh, medial calf) according to standardized anatomic locations and methods  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Roche</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText>[10]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9axxdv9z1wxvthevtfyp05pmsw9ppz5d0ewr">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roche, A. F.</author><author>Lohman, Timothy G.</author><author>Martorell, Reynaldo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anthropometric standardization reference manual</title></titles><pages>vi, 177 p</pages><keywords><keyword>Anthropometry.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1988</year></dates><pub-location>Champaign, Ill.</pub-location><publisher>Human Kinetics Books</publisher><isbn>0873221214</isbn><call-num>SSAH Quarto GN51 .A58 1988 AVAILABLE&#xD;Herston Medical GN51 .A58 1988 AVAILABLE</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_10" \o "Roche, 1988 #3" 10]. From the sum of skinfolds, body density was calculated using the formula for males aged 20�29 years of Durnin and Womersley  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Durnin</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>50</RecNum><DisplayText>[11]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>50</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="2sf50z05aa9fsbeww2cxrw0nfsxx09e255t0">50</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Durnin, J. V.</author><author>Womersley, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years</title><secondary-title>Br J Nutr</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Nutr</full-title></periodical><pages>77-97</pages><volume>32</volume><number>1</number><edition>1974/07/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adipose Tissue/*analysis</keyword><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Age Factors</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>*Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Bone and Bones/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cadaver</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Muscles</keyword><keyword>Obesity</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>*Skinfold Thickness</keyword><keyword>Specific Gravity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1974</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0007-1145 (Print)&#xD;0007-1145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>4843734</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=4843734</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_11" \o "Durnin, 1974 #50" 11] and percentage body fat estimated using the Yuhasz equation  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yuhasz</Author><Year>1977</Year><RecNum>4</RecNum><DisplayText>[12]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="9axxdv9z1wxvthevtfyp05pmsw9ppz5d0ewr">4</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yuhasz, Michael Stephen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physical fitness manual</title></titles><pages>204 p.</pages><keywords><keyword>Physical fitness Testing.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1977</year></dates><pub-location>London, Can.</pub-location><publisher>University of Western Ontario</publisher><call-num>DBW stack ovrsize GV436.Y86 IN LIBRARY&#xD;DBW stack GV436.Y86 c.2 IN LIBRARY</call-num><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_12" \o "Yuhasz, 1977 #4" 12].

Statistical analysis
The Standard descriptive statistics were obtained (mean and standard deviation) for all variables using SPSS (16.0, Chicago). Independent t tests were conducted to determine differences between groups for physiological parameters. Pearson r correlation was used to determine the relationship between upper and lower body VO2 max.  Significance was accepted at P d" .05.



Results
The RL players body mass and height were significantly (P d" 0.001) higher than the control group but there was no difference in the sum of six skinfolds and percent body fat between the two groups (Table 1). Lower and upper body absolute (P=0.03 and P=0.02 respectively) but not relative VO2 max was higher in the RL group compared to the control group. Upper body peak power (P=0.001), ventilation (P=0.05) and lactate concentration (P=0.03) were higher in the RL group compared to the control group. For the lower body only ventilation (P=0.04) was higher in the RL group compared to the control group (Table 2). Maximum heart rate was lower during arm ergometry for both groups (P d" 0.001) compared to predicted and treadmill values. No correlation was found between the upper and lower body VO2 max in either group.



 











Discussion
Rugby League is a physically demanding game with frequent bouts of upper and lower body high-intensity activity requiring players to have a well developed aerobic system. However little data exists on the upper body aerobic capabilities of RL players. Therefore the purpose of this study was to measure the upper body VO2 max of semi-elite RL players and examine its relationship with lower body VO2 max.
The present study found no difference in the upper body relative VO2 max of RL players compared to the men of the control group. This was an unexpected result as the RL players participating in this study regularly train the upper body as part of their RL training. Their upper body training consists of boxing, rowing, arm grinding and various local muscular endurance exercises such as pull-ups and pushups. The upper body relative VO2 max of the RL players in the present study (31 � 4.3 ml�kg�min-1) is also similar to untrained men of a similar age (31-33 ml�kg�min-1) reported in other studies  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_13" \o "Kang, 2004 #59" 13, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Yasuda, 2006 #58" 14]. Therefore our evidence suggests that the upper body training by the RL players lacked sufficient stimulus to create adaptations in the upper body and improve their VO2 max. Our study also further highlights the lack of transfer of training effects from the lower body to the upper body. Although the RL players may have had central cardiovascular changes due to large volumes of lower body aerobic training resulting in above average lower body VO2 max (50 � 4.2 ml�kg�min-1), changes in upper body VO2 max have been shown to be primarily the result of peripheral adaptations in the trained muscle  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bhambhani</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>60</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>60</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">60</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bhambhani, Y. N.</author><author>Eriksson, P.</author><author>Gomes, P. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</auth-address><titles><title>Transfer effects of endurance training with the arms and legs</title><secondary-title>Med Sci Sports Exerc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Sci Sports Exerc</full-title></periodical><pages>1035-41</pages><volume>23</volume><number>9</number><edition>1991/09/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arm/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Ergometry</keyword><keyword>Hemodynamics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscles/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Respiration/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1991</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0195-9131 (Print)&#xD;0195-9131 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>1943623</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=1943623</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_15" \o "Bhambhani, 1991 #60" 15]. In support of these findings we found no correlation (data not shown) between upper and lower body VO2 max in either the RL players or the control group. Furthermore the ratio of upper-to-lower body VO2 max (62%) was similar to untrained men (56%)  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yasuda</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>58</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>58</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">58</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yasuda, N.</author><author>Ruby, B. C.</author><author>Gaskill, S. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1825, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Substrate oxidation during incremental arm and leg exercise in men and women matched for ventilatory threshold</title><secondary-title>J Sports Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>1281-9</pages><volume>24</volume><number>12</number><edition>2006/11/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Calorimetry, Indirect</keyword><keyword>Carbohydrate Metabolism</keyword><keyword>Energy Metabolism/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*Exercise Test</keyword><keyword>Fats/metabolism</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Oxidation-Reduction</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Pulmonary Ventilation/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0264-0414 (Print)&#xD;0264-0414 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17101530</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17101530</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>W51U187102620XV0 [pii]&#xD;10.1080/02640410500497709</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_14" \o "Yasuda, 2006 #58" 14] and other sports that predominately use the lower body such as athletics (60%)  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>deJong</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>83</RecNum><DisplayText>[16]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>83</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">83</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>deJong, A. T.</author><author>Bonzheim, K.</author><author>Franklin, B. A.</author><author>Saltarelli, W.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>William Beaumont Hospital, Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, 3601 W. Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. adejong@beaumont.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Cardiorespiratory responses to maximal arm and leg exercise in national-class marathon runners</title><secondary-title>Phys Sportsmed</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Phys Sportsmed</full-title></periodical><pages>120-6</pages><volume>37</volume><number>2</number><edition>2010/01/06</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arm/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Calorimetry, Indirect</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Oxygen Consumption/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Running/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0091-3847 (Print)&#xD;0091-3847 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20048518</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=20048518</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3810/psm.2009.06.1718</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_16" \o "deJong, 2009 #83" 16] but lower than sports such as rowing and wrestling (69-75%)  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Yoon, 2002 #1" 4, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Volianitis, 2004 #82" 17] that typically use both the upper and lower body aerobic systems. 
A significant (p ( 0.05) difference was found in the absolute VO2 max of the upper and lower body of the RL players compared to the control group. The main reason for a difference in absolute but not relative VO2 max is the larger body mass and in particular muscle mass of the RL players compared to the control group. Anthropometric data (Table 1) revealed higher body mass and height in the RL compared to the control group but no difference in the sum of six skinfolds and consequently percent body fat. Although not measured directly we can assume from the anthropometric data that the RL players would have greater muscle mass (higher body mass with similar percent body fat) compared to the control group which is consistent with previous research  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_18" \o "Baker, 2009 #68" 18, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_19" \o "Morgan, 2011 #81" 19]. The higher muscle mass in the upper body of the RL players may also be the primary reason for the higher peak power and lactate achieved during their VO2 max test. 
While the lower body VO2 max values achieved by the RL players in the present study are consistent with previous data  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gabbett</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gabbett, T.</author><author>King, T.</author><author>Jenkins, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Red Hill, Queensland, Australia. timg@broncos.com.au</auth-address><titles><title>Applied physiology of rugby league</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>119-38</pages><volume>38</volume><number>2</number><edition>2008/01/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Anthropometry</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Competitive Behavior/physiology</keyword><keyword>Fatigue/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Football/injuries/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Running/physiology</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Time and Motion Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18201115</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18201115</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>3823 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Gabbett, 2008 #5" 3], comparisons with upper body VO2 max values are not possible due to a lack of studies in this area. Compared with other sports that have similar upper body aerobic demands as RL  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_4" \o "Yoon, 2002 #1" 4, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_7" \o "Horswill, 1992 #88" 7, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Volianitis, 2004 #82" 17], the upper body VO2 max (31 � 4.3 ml"kg"min-1) of the RL players of the present study was not as high as expected. This may be due to the semi-elite players not being as aerobically fit as professional RL players with the fitness of players shown to increase as the level of playing competition increases  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gabbett</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gabbett, T.</author><author>King, T.</author><author>Jenkins, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Club, Red Hill, Queensland, Australia. timg@broncos.com.au</auth-address><titles><title>Applied physiology of rugby league</title><secondary-title>Sports Med</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Sports Med</full-title></periodical><pages>119-38</pages><volume>38</volume><number>2</number><edition>2008/01/19</edition><keywords><keyword>Anthropometry</keyword><keyword>Athletic Injuries/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Body Composition</keyword><keyword>Competitive Behavior/physiology</keyword><keyword>Fatigue/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Football/injuries/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword><keyword>Risk Factors</keyword><keyword>Running/physiology</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Time and Motion Studies</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0112-1642 (Print)&#xD;0112-1642 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18201115</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18201115</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>3823 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_3" \o "Gabbett, 2008 #5" 3].  In agreement with this, Baker et al (2006)  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Baker</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>61</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>61</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">61</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baker, D. G.</author><author>Newton, R. U.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Discriminative analyses of various upper body tests in professional rugby-league players</title><secondary-title>Int J Sports Physiol Perform</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Sports Physiol Perform</full-title></periodical><pages>347-60</pages><volume>1</volume><number>4</number><edition>2006/12/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Athletic Performance</keyword><keyword>*Discriminant Analysis</keyword><keyword>*Exercise Test</keyword><keyword>*Football</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Muscle Strength</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance</keyword><keyword>*Resistance Training</keyword><keyword>*Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1555-0265 (Print)&#xD;1555-0265 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19124892</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19124892</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_20" \o "Baker, 2006 #61" 20] also found that strength endurance of the upper body was a strong predictor of elite level RL players. Or as previously mentioned the RL players may not have completed sufficient upper body training to improve their VO2 max. 
Maximum heart rates were similar during the arm ergometer and treadmill VO2 max tests for both the RL players and control groups.  As expected maximum heart rates were lower for both groups during arm compared to leg VO2 max tests and predicted values (Figure 1). The ~ 20 beats"min-1 difference is similar to other studies of trained and untrained men  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Franklin, 1989 #46" 9, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_17" \o "Volianitis, 2004 #82" 17].  The difference in maximum heart between the upper and lower body VO2 max tests highlights the need for exercise prescription for the upper body to be based on values achieved during arm ergometry and not predicted or maximal treadmill tests.  Arm exercise based on the chronotropic response to treadmill testing or from predicted values may result in an improper target heart rate for arm training  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_9" \o "Franklin, 1989 #46" 9, HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_21" \o "Sawka, 1986 #89" 21].

Conclusions
The high-intensity intermittent nature of professional Rugby League requires players to have a well developed aerobic system to cope with the physiological demands of the game. A well developed aerobic capacity is required for both the lower and upper body due to the large amount of running and wrestling/tackling. The results of our study show that while semi-elite Rugby League players have above average lower body aerobic capacity their upper body aerobic capacity is not well developed and similar to untrained men. Coaches and players need to implement separate and dedicated training programs to enhance the development of the upper body aerobic system in Rugby League players. Furthermore upper body training prescription should be based on maximal heart rate values achieved during upper body maximal testing. Future studies should examine the upper body aerobic capacity of elite Rugby League players and other sports that have similar upper body metabolic demands.








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Table 1. Anthropometric measurements
Rugby League Group (n=22)Control Group (n=24)Age (yr)21.6 � 2.522.1 � 2.4Body mass (kg)92.6 � 7.7 *75 � 8.5Height (cm)182. 2 � 6.1 *174 � 8.2Sum of six skinfolds (mm)106.5 � 15114.2 � 22Percent body fat� 3.714.70 � 4.1Data are mean � SD; * Significantly different at p ( 0.001.







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Figure 1. Comparison of maximum heart rate values from maximal exercise tests and predicted maximum values  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tanaka</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>56</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>56</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="55z5xpw2s95ppne05ahx5edadpw5xwwrxrpv">56</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tanaka, H.</author><author>Monahan, K. D.</author><author>Seals, D. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, UniversS\]jkm{|�������1	3	�	�	�	�	�
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hZT&OJQJUV^JhZT&OJQJ^JjhZT&OJQJU^J.jh`AOJQJU^JmHnHsH	tH	uhAvOJQJ^Jity of Colorado at Boulder, 80309-0354, USA. tanakah@colorado.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited</title><secondary-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Am Coll Cardiol</full-title></periodical><pages>153-6</pages><volume>37</volume><number>1</number><edition>2001/01/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Aging/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Heart Rate/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0735-1097 (Print)&#xD;0735-1097 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11153730</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11153730</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>S0735-1097(00)01054-8 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[ HYPERLINK \l "_ENREF_22" \o "Tanaka, 2001 #56" 22]. * Lower than predicted and treadmill values (P d" 0.001).


























Table 2.  Upper and lower body maximal oxygen consumption data.
VariableRugby League GroupControl GroupUpper bodyVO2max
L�min-1
ml�kg�min-1
2.79 � 0.37 *
31.1 � 4.3
2.38 � 0.53
28.7 � 4.7Peak power (W)158 � 13 **135 � 15     Ventilation (L�min-1)132.7 � 29.1 *111.6 � 27.6RER1.25 � 0.041.27 � 0.08Lactate (mmol l"1)11.2 � 1.3 *9.3 � 0.8Lower bodyVO2max
L�min-1
ml�kg�min-1
4.53 � 0.34 *
50.4 � 4.2
4.11 � 0.51
48.7 � 4.5Duration (min)11:40 � 1:3011:15 � 1:10Ventilation (L�min-1)154.8 � 19.8 *135.5 � 23.1RER1.20 � 0.041.22 � 0.05Lactate (mmol �X�X�XFYHYJYNYPYRYTYXY�Y�Y�Y�Y�YZ8Z������줓�p�bTB1 hS�h�0CJOJQJ^JaJ#hS�h�05�CJOJQJ^JaJh�0CJOJQJ^JaJhAvCJOJQJ^JaJ#h�0h�06�CJOJQJ^JaJ h�0h�0CJOJQJ^JaJ h�0h��CJOJQJ^JaJ)jh�0h�
�CJOJQJU^JaJ4�j�h�
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la�ytS�l"1)15.7 � 1.816.5 � 1.6VO2max = maximal oxygen consumption; RER = respiratory exchange ratio; * Significantly 
different at p ( 0.05; **Significantly different at p ( 0.001



*

*



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