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:	 DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ALOE GEL MEDICATED SINGLE JERSEY KNITTED COTTON FABRIC FOR DERMATITIS 
INTRODUCTION	
Clothing and textile materials are not only the carriers of micro-organisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odour generating bacteria and mould fungi, but also excellent media for the growth of the microorganisms. The inherent properties of the textile fibers provide room for the growth of micro-organisms [1].Infestation by microbes cause cross infection by pathogens and development odour where the fabric is worn next to skin.  In addition, the staining and loss of the performance properties of textile substrates are the results of microbial attack.
	Recently, with a view to protect the wearer and the textile substrate itself antimicrobial finish is applied to textile materials [2]. Though the use of antimicrobials have been known for the decades, it is only in the recent couple of years several attempts have been made on finishing textiles with antimicrobial compounds. The consumers are now increasingly aware of the hygienic life style and there is a necessity and expectation for a wide range of textile products finished with antimicrobial properties. A wide palette of antimicrobial compounds is now in use but differ in their mode of action. Many commercial antimicrobial agents effective but they are not compatible with skin and the environment[3,4]. The consumers are now increasingly aware of the hygienic life style and there is a necessity and expectation for a wide range of textile products finished with eco-friendly antimicrobial properties [5,6].So, the natural herbal products can be used for antimicrobial finishes since there is a tremendous source of medicinal plants with antimicrobial composition to be the effective candidates in bringing out herbal textiles without side effects[7]. The present research work aims at developing an eco-friendly natural antimicrobial medicated fabric from natural herb Aloe Vera gel extracts on textile application. Recent developments on Aloe vera (a naturally occurring biopolymer) activity have opened up new avenues in this area of research and trying to keep pace by developing more and more effective and safe solutions. [8]. The herb has the remarkable properties of curing skin diseases like antimicrobial, anti inflammatory,  Syphilitic ulcer, bedsores, eczema, and wounds, rashes and rheumatism [9].  The Aloe vera gel extracts (25% and 50%) are applied on cotton fabric by pad dry cure method. An attempt also made to assess the healing activity of the aloe vera gel treated cotton knitted fabrics on skin dermatitis. An extensive study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of the herb by employing standard test methods and findings are discussed in this paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
Fabric
Cotton Knitted fabric with the count of 40�s with single jersey was selected for the study.  The fabric was desired and bleached prior to the application of finish.
Antimicrobial herb

 	Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) is the plant species chosen for the study. Fresh leaves of aloe vera was collected from the agricultural university and cleaned thoroughly.
Extraction of Aloe Gel 
Aloe gel is processed using the hand filleted or whole leaf procedure. This hand filleted processing carefully removes the inner gel while avoiding the yellow sap (latex) found next to the rind. The latex contains aloin, which is removed for internal and external gel products. Stabilizing the constituents within aloe is another essential part of developing effective products. The gel must be cool processed within 4 hours of harvesting. The gel was smashed and converted into solvent form as per the concentration required for the study. 
 METHODS 
Application of Finish on Single Jersey Cotton Fabric 
The processed gel extracts of herb were applied on to single jersey cotton fabric by dipping in bath at M:L ratio 1:10 in a padding mangle. The fabric was then dried at 800C for 10 minutes to remove the moisture. Finally the fabric samples were tested for antimicrobial activity and finish wash durability as per the standard test methods. 



STANDARD ANTIMICROBIAL TEST METHODS  
Anti Bacterial Activity

AATCC-147-1998 (USA): Qualitative Antibacterial Assessment of diffusible antibacterial agents (�quick method�)-Agar diffusion Test
	50ml of nutrient agar was prepared and sterilized at 1210C for 15 minutes. Petri plates were autoclaved in hot air oven at1210C for 30 minutes. 20ml of Nutrient agar was poured into each of these plates and were allowed to solidify.
	A series of 8 test tubes containing 4.5ml of sterile water was taken. 0.5ml of culture from nutrient broth containing the 25% gel treated sample was transferred aseptically into the first test tube. Serial dilution was carried out until its reduced dilution was 10^ (-8)
	100 micro liters of 10 (-8) diluted culture was taken aseptically and poured onto the Petri plates. This was spreaded by using L rod. The plates were incubated at 370C for 16-18 hours. Similar procedure was carried out for untreated sample, sample treated with 50% gel concentration treated sample.

AATCC-100-1998 (USA): Quantitative Assessment of Antibacterial finishes on textiles-measures the degree of antibacterial activity- Agar diffusion Test
	Five fabric samples of size 3x3 inches were taken from the untreated, treated with 25% and 50% of both the concentrations. 500ml Elenmeyer conical flasks containing 50ml of nutrients broth were prepared and sterilized at 1210C for 15 minutes. It was then allowed to cool. The fabric samples were then transferred aseptically into the conical flasks respectively. These were incubated at 370C for 24 hours in shaker at 121rpm. After incubation their absorbance were measured at 600nm. The 50% aloe gel treated fabric was found to be the best of all the samples expressed as a percentage reduction in standard time. The efficiency of the antimicrobial finished sample was determined by comparing the reduction in bacterial concentration of the finished sample with that of the control samples expressed as a percentage reduction in standard time. The bacterial counts were reported as the number of bacteria per sample and not as the number of bacteria per ml of neutralizing solution, �0� counts at 10 dilution was reported as less than 100. The percentage reduction of bacteria by the herbal finished samples was calculated against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella bacterias. The microbial inhibition was determined by the reduction in number of colony forming units (CFU) with respect to unfinished control sample using the following formula.
	Reduction rate in the number of colonies (R%)  =   EMBED Equation.3 
where
	R   =	Percentage reduction
	A   =	Number of colonies before shaking (CFU / ml at zero contact time 				of the reference sample)
	B   =	Number of colonies after one hour shaking (CFU / ml of finished 			sample after specified contact time).
Anti Fungal Activity

AATCC 30-1993: Antifungal activity, Assessment of textile material: mildew and rot resistance of textile material-Agar Diffusion Test
	500ml Elenmeyer conical flask containing 50ml of PD broth was prepared and sterilized at 1210C for 15 minutes. It was then allowed to cool. The fabric samples were transferred aseptically into the conical flasks respectively. These were kept at room temperature for 3 days. Then the growth of fungi in the conical flask was observed against Candida after 3 days. 


SEM (Surface Morphology) Study
		The SEM study is mainly used to identify the finished molecules present in the fabric sample. The herbal finished samples were analyzed using high resolution Scanning Electron Microscope JEOL M JSM-6360 with suitable accelerating voltage and magnification and used to conform the binding of solutions and alignment onto the fabric sample. The microscopic analysis was carried out with 3KV � 6 KV of voltage and below five vacuum levels. The 25% and 50% concentration herbal finished samples were examined under the X3000 magnifications using light microscopy with image processing technique to analyze the morphology of structures. The scanning was done for thirty minutes for each sample and the images were pictured and presented .

Finish durability to washing 
Specimens of the test material were shaken in a known concentration of bacterial suspension and the reduction in bacterial activity in standard time was measured. The efficiency of the antimicrobial treatment is determined by comparing the reduction in bacterial concentration of the treated sample with that of control sample expressed as a percentage reduction in standard time. 
The finished samples were washed using a standard detergent (2% on weight of fabric) and sodium carbonate (1% on weight of fabric) at 60�C. The antimicrobial activity was assessed after 25 washes by Challenge test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

AATCC-147-1998 (USA): Qualitative Antibacterial Assessment of diffusible antibacterial agents (�quick method�)-Agar diffusion Test
	After incubation, the plates were observed for bacterial growth. Then the numbers of colonies were presented and the zone of inhibition was observed for each plate. The plates showed that the 50% gel treated fabric has got less number of colonies and when compared to other samples.
	Samples treated with 50% gel concentration showed higher zone of inhibition of about 28 mm and 23 mm when compared to 25% gel treated (18mm& 17mm) and untreated samples. These results indicate that 50% gel treated fabric do not support the bacterial growth to larger extent against Staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella, where as 25% gel treated sample to a smaller extent when compared to untreated sample.
 
AATCC-100-1998 (USA): Quantitative Assessment of Antibacterial finishes on textiles-measures the degree of antibacterial activity- Agar diffusion Test
	Absorbance of the sample is directly proportional to the concentration of the cells in the sample. The absorbance values for the 5 samples were compared. It was found that fabric treated with 50% gel concentration gives low absorbance value. This indicates that 50% gel treated fabric do not support the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella bacteria compared to others. It also reveals that gel was absorbed to the fabric. The samples taken from the fabric treated with 25% concentration gel also gives low absorbance value when compared to untreated sample. 

AATCC 30-1993: Antifungal activity, Assessment of textile material: mildew and rot resistance of textile material-Agar Diffusion Test
It was found that there is no growth of fungi in the conical flask containing 50% gel treated fabric. This indicates that 50% gel treated fabric gives good anti fungal finishing. There is some growth of fungi in the conical flasks containing 25%gel treated fabric when compared to 50% gel treated fabric. But there is less growth when compared to untreated fabric. 

SEM (Surface Morphology) Study
	It is evident that, the results of scanning microscope photos clearly shows the bondage between the fibre structures and penetration of herbal capsules into the surface of the pad dry finished samples. The unfinished sample shows maximum pore size and clear structure with a large number of protruding fibers. The morphology of 50% concentration of aloe vera finished sample clearly shows the surface of the pad dry finished samples with few protruding fibers and the solution alignments. This shows the bondage between the fibre structures, penetration of herbal solutions into the fabric surface and space between the fibre molecules were presented in the figures-7 and 8.

Finish durability to washing 
The antimicrobial activity of the finished samples was evaluated for fastness to washing after different wash cycles. The washing fastness tests carried out revealed that 25% concentration of all the samples lasted for 11 washes, 50% concentration samples lasted for 20 washes. It is observed that the activity diminished gradually as the number of wash frequencies increase. The 50% gel treated fabric was found to be the best of all the samples.

CONCLUSION
The demand for functional and medicinal clothing increases drastically along with the requirement of clothing comfort. Multi functional products are more and more often projected and realized, where even contrasting performances must coexist and cohabit. This research work has given a new idea in finishing of cotton with herbs for antimicrobial activity (Aloe Vera).  The antimicrobial activity on cotton knitted fabric has added a colorful feather to cotton finish. From the studies conducted  Aloe Barbadians is found to contain active antimicrobial substances that can control the growth of microbes and also curing skin rashes and itching  and dermatitis.50% aloe gel treated samples exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity in all the  tests. The treated fabric is found to be very hygienic with less fungi and bacteria as well as making the cloth much softer than before.  The finish is cost effective and eco-friendly. It will also lay the foundation for medical textiles, where researches can be carried out on the applications of aloe vera finished jersey single cotton for remedies of various skin diseases. Apart, the study will surely enhance the export quality of cotton fabrics especially when Indian exporters face tough competition after globalization.

References
Anita, S., Ramachandran, T., Koushik, C.V., Rajendran, R. and Mahalakshmi, K., (2010), �Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and a Study of the Antimicrobial Property of Cotton Fabric Treated with the Particles�, Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, P. 2. 

Thilagavathi,G., Kannan,T  and   Rajendran,R (2010),�Combined antimicrobial and aroma finishing treatment for cotton, using micro encapsulated genarium leaves extrat�, Indian journal 	of natural products and resources, vol,1(3), 348-352.
Avernita srivastava.,  (2010), �Use of Aloe Vera For Furnishing Antimicrobial Finish on Cotton Fabrics�, Indian  Journal of  The  Textile Association, vol. 7-8 ,pp. 68-71.
Massey, D.,Geol,P and Swerev, M.(2008) Antimicrobial Finishes and Modification, Melliand Internationl, Auguest., 151.
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Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
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