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Abstract
Shoe is thought to enhance the bouncing properties of the human lower limb thanks to its amortization qualities. When human walks, runs of jumps, the leg musculoskeletal system behaves like a single linear spring which propels using the ground reaction forces. The interaction of this system with the shoes has been studied during a hopping in place at preferred frequency test. Three conditions were proposed: hopping barefoot, hopping shod with a low-cost sport shoes and hopping shod with trademark athletic shoes (high-cost). The hopping height, leg stiffness, reactivity index, contact and flight time were measured. The results showed that wearing low-cost shoes surprisingly decreased the hopping height and the contact and flight times as well. Wearing trademark shoes increased only the performance compared to low-cost condition. However, there are no effects of wearing high-cost shoes on the bouncing properties. The study revealed that the leg musculoskeletal system did not benefit from shoes types. To summarize, a trademark sport shoe is not more than a comfortable shoe that allows a better use of the lower limb elasticity, probably thanks to a better feeling of security before foot touch-down.  
Introduction 
The plantar feedbacks have been reported to affect the regulation of the leg movement  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fiolkowski</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><IDText>Plantar feedback contributes to the regulation of leg stiffness</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>24</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Plantar feedback contributes to the regulation of leg stiffness</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fiolkowski,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bishop,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Brunt,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Williams,B.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/11</Date_Primary><Keywords>CUTANEOUS AFFERENTS</Keywords><Keywords>DIABETIC-NEUROPATHY</Keywords><Keywords>foot</Keywords><Keywords>gait</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>HUMAN HAND</Keywords><Keywords>JOINT RECEPTORS</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>PERIPHERAL NEURAL MECHANISMS</Keywords><Keywords>peripheral sensory</Keywords><Keywords>POSITION SENSE</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>spring</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>SPRINGS</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SURFACE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>952</Start_Page><End_Page>958</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0268-0033</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_3>DOI 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.03.013</Misc_3><Address>Gemini Res Consulting, Springfield, PA 19064 USA&#xA;Univ Florida, Dept Phys Therapy, Gainesville, FL USA&#xA;E Carolina Univ, Dept Phys Therapy, Greenville, NC USA</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000232570900011</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Clinical Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[9]. During everyday walking, or sports activities, the displacement occurs over the ground in a bouncing fashion studies  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McMahon</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><IDText>The role of compliance in mammalian running gaits</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>86</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="AdvPSTim">The role of compliance in mammalian running gaits</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1985</Date_Primary><Keywords>running</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>263</Start_Page><End_Page>282</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Experimental Biology</Periodical><Volume><f name="AdvPSTim">115</f></Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Experimental Biology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>McMahon</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum><IDText>Groucho Running</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>42</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Groucho Running</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Valiant,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frederick,E.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>running</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2326</Start_Page><End_Page>2337</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Applied Physiology</Periodical><Volume>62</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>8750-7587</ISSN_ISBN><Address>NIKE SPORT RES LAB,BEAVERTON,OR 97005</Address><Web_URL>ISI:A1987H878900029</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Applied Physiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[18, 20]. This is more likely to be a necessity for energy storage and restitution. The litterature consider that the leg behaves like a linear single spring-mass system, by compressing the spring during the eccentric phase of movement and return it during the concentric one  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Blickhan</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><IDText>The Spring Mass Model for Running and Hopping</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Spring Mass Model for Running and Hopping</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blickhan,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>MODEL</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1217</Start_Page><End_Page>1227</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>11-12</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Address>HARVARD UNIV,CONCORD FIELD STN,BEDFORD,MA 01730</Address><Web_URL>ISI:A1989CN19300012</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>McMahon</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>43</RecNum><IDText>The Mechanics of Running - How Does Stiffness Couple with Speed</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>43</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Mechanics of Running - How Does Stiffness Couple with Speed</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cheng,G.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>LENGTH</Keywords><Keywords>LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>MODEL</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring</Keywords><Keywords>STEP</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>VELOCITY</Keywords><Keywords>WORK</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>65</Start_Page><End_Page>78</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>ISI:A1990EV30400008</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[3, 19]. The shoes are meant to improve the local amortization at the level of the ankle allowing the optimization of this spring-like behaviour. In other words, the leg stiffness could be directly affected by the shoes properties. It has been reported that ankle stiffness determines the total leg stiffness during hopping tasks  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Farley</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><IDText>Leg stiffness primarily depends on ankle stiffness during human hopping</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>19</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg stiffness primarily depends on ankle stiffness during human hopping</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Farley,C.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morgenroth,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>ENERGETICS</Keywords><Keywords>GRAVITY</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>joint stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>MASS</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>MODEL</Keywords><Keywords>motor control</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLE</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>SPRINGS</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SURFACE</Keywords><Keywords>SURFACE STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>267</Start_Page><End_Page>273</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>32</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Locomot Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000079106300005</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[8]. By following these observations, it seems fundamental to question about the effect of wearing shoe on the bouncing properties: does shoe enhance the movement? Do different shoes induce different leg properties adaptations or does �the average consumer� only pays for comfort? 
The properties of the bouncing could be quantified using the leg stiffness index (k), the ground contact time (CT), the flight time (FT) and the reactivity index (RI) which are determinant of the jumping performance (hopping height: HH). These parameters are precious indicators of athletic capacities in many jump-based activities (team sports  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [6, 15], vertical jumping  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [2, 13-16] and running  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1, 4, 21]. 
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of wearing shoe on bouncing properties. For that purpose, trademark athletic shoes (TM) were compared to low-cost sports shoes (LC). In order to standardize the motor behaviour of the participants the proposed task consisted in hopping in place at preferred frequency. This kind of test has been deemed reproducible since it is involves a comfortable sub-maximal frequency  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McMahon</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum><IDText>Groucho Running</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>42</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Groucho Running</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Valiant,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frederick,E.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>running</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2326</Start_Page><End_Page>2337</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Applied Physiology</Periodical><Volume>62</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>8750-7587</ISSN_ISBN><Address>NIKE SPORT RES LAB,BEAVERTON,OR 97005</Address><Web_URL>ISI:A1987H878900029</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Applied Physiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>McMahon</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>43</RecNum><IDText>The Mechanics of Running - How Does Stiffness Couple with Speed</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>43</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The Mechanics of Running - How Does Stiffness Couple with Speed</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McMahon,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cheng,G.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990</Date_Primary><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>LENGTH</Keywords><Keywords>LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>MODEL</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring</Keywords><Keywords>STEP</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>VELOCITY</Keywords><Keywords>WORK</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>65</Start_Page><End_Page>78</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Web_URL>ISI:A1990EV30400008</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[19, 20].     


Materials and Methods 
Participants 
Twenty one healthy physical education students [(mean �SD) age = 20.8 � 1 years, height = 1.79 � 0.6 m, body Mass = 76.0 � 4 kg and BMI = 24 � 1.8] participated in this study. The participants (21 men) gave their written consent to the testing protocols after having been informed of the scientific aims and the possible risks of injury. The experiment was firstly approved by the university ethics committee and was conducted according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975)  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Harriss</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>85</RecNum><IDText>Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>85</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Harriss,D.J</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Atkinson,G</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2009</Date_Primary><Keywords>EXERCISE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>701</Start_Page><End_Page>702</End_Page><Periodical>International Journal of Sports Medicine</Periodical><Volume>30</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">International Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[11]. 

Protocol 
The experiment consisted of 3 trials of �hopping in place� on a hard and straight surface. The task consisted in 6 consecutive �hopping in place� in three different and randomized conditions: barefoot (BF) (control) or shod with low-cost sports shoes or shod with a trademark athletic shoes. The participants were asked to (1) stand over ground assuming a vertical posture with hands placed on waist, (2) jump at their preferred frequency upon acoustic signal and (3) to reassume vertical standing posture and wait for a final acoustic signal given after the 5th jump by the accelerometry-based device used in the experiment. The first movement prior the hopping in place was deemed as a countermovement and was consequently discounted for analysis. The remaining 5 effective jumps were retained and averaged for analysis. A warm-up followed by familiarization trials for the hopping task was performed prior testing. In particular, the experimenters asked the participants to keep the hands on waist during the jumps, which avoid upper body interference  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lees</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>39</RecNum><IDText>Understanding how an arm swing enhances performance in the vertical jump</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>39</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="Times New Roman">Understanding how an arm swing enhances performance in the vertical jump</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lees,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vanrenterghem,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Clercq,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/11</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1929</Start_Page><End_Page>1940</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>37</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0748-7711</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[17]. The rest between two jumps was approximately 30 seconds and the rest between sets was 3 minutes. Only successful trials were retained and averaged for further analysis. 

Materials 
The participants were equipped by an accelerometry-based device Myotest (Myotest�, Myotest S.A., Switzerland) (length � width � depth: 9.5 � 5 �1 cm; mass: 60g; sampling frequency: 500 Hz) (figure 1) which was attached to a belt and vertically fixed on the middle of the lower back. This device has been previously deemed valid for assessing vertical jump height  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Casartelli</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><IDText>Validity and reliability of the Myotest accelerometric system for the assessment of vertical jump height</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>5</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="Times New Roman">Validity and reliability of the Myotest accelerometric system for the assessment of vertical jump height</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Casartelli,N</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Muller,R</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mafiuletti,N</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2010/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>assessment</Keywords><Keywords>RELIABILITY</Keywords><Keywords>validity</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>3186</Start_Page><End_Page>3193</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</Periodical><Volume>24</Volume><Issue>11</Issue><Web_URL><u>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940642</u></Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nuzzo</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>67</RecNum><IDText>The reliability of three devices used for measuring verticla jump height</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>67</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The reliability of three devices used for measuring verticla jump height</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nuzzo,J.L</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Anning,J.H</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Scharfenberg,J.M</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2011/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>RELIABILITY</Keywords><Keywords>VERTICAL JUMP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2580</Start_Page><End_Page>2590</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[5, 22]. The participants declared that the placement of the belt did not trouble their comfort or jumping technique.

***Insert figure 1 about here ***

Contact and flight time measurement
CT corresponds to the lapse of time (ms) between the feet touch-down and take-off. It is considered as the time between the minimum velocity Vmin (when the force �F� = mass � gravity) and Vmax (when F = mass � gravity). The basic parameter measured by the device is the vertical acceleration (a). The force is calculated according to the Newton s second law (�F= m � a). Besides, the vertical velocity (V) corresponds to the integration of the acceleration. Hence, the velocity curve is considered by the Myotest as a criterion for detecting the most important instant of the jump. The flight time (FT) is the lapse of time (ms) during which the feet are not in contact with the ground. 

Reactivity index measurement 
The reactivity index corresponds to the ratio of flight time to contact time (FT/CT). 

Hopping height measurement 
HH is measured in cm as follows  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Frick</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>66</RecNum><IDText>Comparison of biomechanical measuring procedures for the determination of height achieved in vertical jumps</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>66</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Comparison of biomechanical measuring procedures for the determination of height achieved in vertical jumps</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frick,U</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>VERTICAL JUMP</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>448</Start_Page><End_Page>53</End_Page><Periodical>Leistungsport</Periodical><Volume>21</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Leistungsport</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[10]: 
 EMBED Equation.3    (Equation 1 proposed by Myotest�)

Leg stiffness measurement 
The leg stiffness (kN.m-1) is calculated as the ratio of concentric force when V = 0 (Fc(v=0)) to lowering of the legs during grounding  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Dalleau</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><IDText>A simple method for field measurements of leg stiffness in hopping</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A simple method for field measurements of leg stiffness in hopping</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dalleau,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Belli,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Viale,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lacour,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bourdin,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>field testing</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>JOINT</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCULOTENDINOUS STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>OPTIMIZATION</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>POWER</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>TREADMILL</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>170</Start_Page><End_Page>176</End_Page><Periodical>International Journal of Sports Medicine</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0172-4622</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_3>DOI 10.1005/s-2003-45252</Misc_3><Address>Univ Reunion, Fac Sci &amp; Technol, Ctr Univ Rech Act Phys &amp; Sport, F-97430 Le Tampon, France&#xA;Univ Lyon 1, Fac Med Lyon Sud, Lab Physiol Exercice, F-69622 Oullins, France&#xA;Univ St Etienne, Dept STAPS, Lab Physiol GIP Exercice, St Etienne, France</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000220990300002</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">International Journal of Sports Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[7]. The lowering (position) is calculated by integrating the velocity during the grounding phase from Vmin to V0.  

Statistical analysis 
All descriptive statistics were used to verify whether the basic assumption of normality of all studied variables was met. Shapiro-Wilk tests revealed no abnormal data pattern. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used in order to compare each dependent variable (HH, CT, FT, RI, K) in function of the type of shoe. Significance level was met at p < .01. All statistical tests were processed using STATISTICA for Windows (Version 10, StatSoft(, Texas, USA).   


Results 
The hopping height, contact and flight time, reactivity index and leg stiffness have been measured during hopping in place tasks with three conditions (BF, LC, TM). The mean HH values (37.02 � 5.7 cm, 33.8 � 6 cm and 35.56 � 5.5 cm, respectively) were significantly different between all conditions [F(2, 40) = 13.23, at p < .01] as confirmed by the Bonferroni�s post-hoc test (figure 2). 

***Insert figure 2 about here ***

At the contrary, mean CT and FT were significant only between barefoot (CT: 138.62 � 15.2 ms and FT: 546.7 � 42.2 ms) and low-cost shoes (CT: 31 � 10.8 ms and FT: 521.47 � 48.8 ms) conditions [F(2, 40) = 7.29 and F(2, 40) = 10.37, respectively, at p <.01] (figure 3). 

***Insert figure 3 about here ***

As regards reactivity index (i.e. FT/CT), the difference between mean RI was insignificant at p < 0.1. Similarly to CT and FT, mean leg stiffness values were significantly different between barefoot (45.26 � 11.4 kN.m-1) and low-cost shoes (50.57 � 11.3 kN.m-1) conditions [F(2, 40)=8.22, at p < .01] (figure 4). 

***Insert figure 4 about here ***


Discussion
We hypothesized that the shoes enhances the bouncing properties. Indeed, the leg stiffness increased by 10.5 % when shod (between the barefoot and low-cost shoes conditions). However, that was surprisingly accompanied by a decrease in hopping height between barefoot condition and the two other conditions (- 9.51% compared to LC and - 4.1 % compared to TM) (figure 2). High leg stiffness values were reported to be responsible of a decrease in running velocity  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chelly</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><IDText>Leg power and hopping stiffness: relationship with sprint running performance</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg power and hopping stiffness: relationship with sprint running performance</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chelly,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Denis,C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>ELASTICITY-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIPS</Keywords><Keywords>ergometric treadmill</Keywords><Keywords>EXERCISE</Keywords><Keywords>FORCE-VELOCITY</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>mechanical power</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLE</Keywords><Keywords>muscle volume</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>POWER</Keywords><Keywords>RUNNERS</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SURFACE STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>TREADMILL</Keywords><Keywords>WALKING</Keywords><Keywords>WORK</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>326</Start_Page><End_Page>333</End_Page><Periodical>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</Periodical><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0195-9131</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Fac Med, Grp PPeh, Lab Physiol GIP Exercice, St Etienne, France</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000166822300024</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[6]. That being said, the shoes seem to add an additional stiffness to the spring-mass system. That is why the leg-spring stiffness increased when shod compared to barefoot condition. The increase in leg stiffness was accompanied by a decrease in contact time duration as shown in our results (figure 3) and according to the literature   ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hobara</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>87</RecNum><IDText>Determinant of leg stiffness during hopping is frequency-dependent</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>87</Ref_ID><Title_Primary><f name="AdvPTimesB">Determinant of leg stiffness during hopping is frequency-dependent</f></Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hobara,H</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inoue,K</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Omuro,K</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Muraoka,T</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kanosue,K</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2011</Date_Primary><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2195</Start_Page><End_Page>201</End_Page><Periodical>European Journal of Applied Physiology</Periodical><Volume>111</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">European Journal of Applied Physiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>[12].   
Concerning the effect of different types of shoes, the only change was observed in hopping height between low-cost and trademark shoes (+ 4.94 % in TM condition compared to LC) (figure 2). However, there are no changes in all other studied variables which could be interpreted as an equivalency between the effects of the different shoes. So, what are the benefits of wearing a trademark shoe?
The response is available in the temporal parameters observations. The contact time as well flight time was no altered. That indirectly means that the shoe offers some comfort at the level of the ankle which allowed the participants to stay longer in contact with the ground even if the results are not significant. The longer flight time duration observed when shod with a trademark sport shoes could be explained by a better restitution of the elastic energy which seems to be stored with a sufficient quantity during a relatively longer ground contact time. The combination of longer contact time and flight time allowed the participants to hop higher when shod with trademark compared to low-cost ones. This was the only effect of wearing high-cost shoes (trademark sport shoes). Otherwise, except the comfort �sensation� such shoe did not prove to have an effect on the contact time and/or the leg stiffness. To conclude, a trademark sport shoe is not more than a comfortable shoe that allows a better use of the lower limb elasticity, may be, thanks to a better feeling of security before foot touch-down. Regrettably, this research work had not been conducted in collaboration with sport psychologist who could detect possible effects of �plantar sensations� and comfort apprehension on the lower limb movement. That being said, the results of this study seem encouraging to focus on the particular effects of different types of shoes on the ankle movements according to the expected aims to which the shoe is conceived (sport, rehabilitation, handicap, deficit compensation). That would be of a major benefit for the medical and rehabilitation field.      

Figures legends
Figure 1. The Myotest�: an acceleromtrey-based device 

Figure 2. The hopping height recorded during the three conditions:  
BF: barefoot ; LC: low-cost shoes ; TM: trademark sport shoes
(*) or (�) significantly different from the neighbor bar. 

Figure 3. The contact (left side) and flight (right side) time recorded during the three conditions. 
BF: barefoot ; LC: low-cost shoes ; TM: trademark sport shoes

Figure 4. The reactivity index (left side) and leg stiffness (right side) recorded during the three conditions. 
BF: barefoot ; LC: low-cost shoes ; TM: trademark sport shoes






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D<Refman><Cite><Author>Chelly</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><IDText>Leg power and hopping stiffness: relationship with sprint running performance</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg power and hopping stiffness: relationship with sprint running performance</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chelly,S.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Denis,C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>ELASTICITY-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIPS</Keywords><Keywords>ergometric treadmill</Keywords><Keywords>EXERCISE</Keywords><Keywords>FORCE-VELOCITY</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>mechanical power</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLE</Keywords><Keywords>muscle volume</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>POWER</Keywords><Keywords>RUNNERS</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SURFACE STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>TREADMILL</Keywords><Keywords>WALKING</Keywords><Keywords>WORK</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>326</Start_Page><End_Page>333</End_Page><Periodical>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</Periodical><Volume>33</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0195-9131</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Fac Med, Grp PPeh, Lab Physiol GIP Exercice, St Etienne, France</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000166822300024</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Laffaye</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><IDText>Leg stiffness and expertise in men jumping</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>34</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg stiffness and expertise in men jumping</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laffaye,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bardy,B.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Durey,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>Athletes</Keywords><Keywords>BASKETBALL</Keywords><Keywords>BIOMECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>Data Collection</Keywords><Keywords>ENERGY</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>jumping</Keywords><Keywords>Kinetics</Keywords><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Models,Biological</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>PLAYERS</Keywords><Keywords>Principal Component Analysis</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>Sports</Keywords><Keywords>spring</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>536</Start_Page><End_Page>543</End_Page><Periodical>Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.</Periodical><Volume>37</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Misc_3>00005768-200504000-00002 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University Paris XI, Paris, FRANCE. eg@aol.com</Address><Web_URL>PM:15809549</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>�$D<Refman><Cite><Author>Arampatzis</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><IDText>Influence of leg stiffness and its effect on myodynamic jumping performance</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Influence of leg stiffness and its effect on myodynamic jumping performance</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arampatzis,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schade,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walsh,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bruggemann,G.P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>ANKLE JOINT STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>COCONTRACTION</Keywords><Keywords>DROP JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>drop jumps</Keywords><Keywords>inverse dynamic</Keywords><Keywords>joint stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>mechanical power</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLE-STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>REFLEX COMPONENTS</Keywords><Keywords>SHORTENING CYCLE EXERCISE</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>STRETCH-INDUCED ENHANCEMENT</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>355</Start_Page><End_Page>364</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>1050-6411</ISSN_ISBN><Address>German Sport Univ Cologne, Inst Biomech, D-50933 Cologne, Germany</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000172166500006</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hobara</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>64</RecNum><IDText>Knee stiffness is a major determinant of leg stiffness during maximal hopping</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>64</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Knee stiffness is a major determinant of leg stiffness during maximal hopping</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hobara,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Muraoka,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Omuro,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gomi,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sakamoto,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inoue,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kanosue,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2009/8/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>ANKLE STIFFNESS</Keywords><Keywords>Athlete</Keywords><Keywords>Athletes</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>JOINT</Keywords><Keywords>joint stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>lower extremity</Keywords><Keywords>LOWER-EXTREMITY</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>MODEL</Keywords><Keywords>motor control</Keywords><Keywords>Movement</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>Sports</Keywords><Keywords>Sports performance</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>SPRINGS</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>Torsional spring model</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1768</Start_Page><End_Page>1771</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Issue>11</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_3>DOI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.04.047</Misc_3><Address>Natl Rehabil Ctr Persons Disabil, Res Inst, Dept Rehabil Movement Funct, Motor Control Sect, Saitama 3598555, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Grad Sch Human Sci, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Consolidated Res Inst Adv Sci &amp; Med Care, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Grad Sch Sport Sci, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Fac Sport Sci, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000269269800029</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hobara</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><IDText>Leg stiffness adjustment for a range of hopping frequencies in humans</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>31</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg stiffness adjustment for a range of hopping frequencies in humans</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hobara,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inoue,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Muraoka,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Omuro,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sakamoto,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kanosue,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2010/2/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>EXCITABILITY</Keywords><Keywords>GENDER-DIFFERENCES</Keywords><Keywords>Ground reaction force</Keywords><Keywords>hopping</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>JOINT</Keywords><Keywords>joint stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>KINEMATICS</Keywords><Keywords>knee</Keywords><Keywords>LATENCY STRETCH REFLEXES</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>lower extremity</Keywords><Keywords>LOWER-EXTREMITY</Keywords><Keywords>MODULATION</Keywords><Keywords>motor control</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLE</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLES</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>SPRINGS</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>STRIDE FREQUENCY</Keywords><Keywords>SURFACE</Keywords><Keywords>WALKING</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>506</Start_Page><End_Page>511</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>43</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Misc_3>DOI 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.040</Misc_3><Address>Natl Rehabil Ctr Persons Disabil, Motor Control Sect, Dept Rehabil Movement Funct, Res Inst, Saitama 3598555, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Grad Sch Human Sci, Saitama, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Consolidated Res Inst Adv Sci &amp; Med Care, Tokyo, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Grad Sch Sport Sci, Saitama, Japan&#xA;Waseda Univ, Fac Sport Sci, Saitama, Japan</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000274927800017</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Laffaye</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><IDText>Leg stiffness and expertise in men jumping</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>34</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg stiffness and expertise in men jumping</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laffaye,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bardy,B.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Durey,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>Athletes</Keywords><Keywords>BASKETBALL</Keywords><Keywords>BIOMECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>Data Collection</Keywords><Keywords>ENERGY</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>jumping</Keywords><Keywords>Kinetics</Keywords><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg spring</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>LOCOMOTION</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>Models,Biological</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>PLAYERS</Keywords><Keywords>Principal Component Analysis</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>Sports</Keywords><Keywords>spring</Keywords><Keywords>Stiffness</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>536</Start_Page><End_Page>543</End_Page><Periodical>Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.</Periodical><Volume>37</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><Misc_3>00005768-200504000-00002 [pii]</Misc_3><Address>Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University Paris XI, Paris, FRANCE. eg@aol.com</Address><Web_URL>PM:15809549</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Laffaye</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><IDText>Principal component structure and sport-specific differences in the running one-leg vertical jump</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>36</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Principal component structure and sport-specific differences in the running one-leg vertical jump</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laffaye,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bardy,B.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Durey,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/5</Date_Primary><Keywords>Adult</Keywords><Keywords>Athletes</Keywords><Keywords>BASKETBALL</Keywords><Keywords>BIOMECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>HUMANS</Keywords><Keywords>JUMP</Keywords><Keywords>jumping</Keywords><Keywords>lower extremity</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>MASS</Keywords><Keywords>motor control</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>PLAYERS</Keywords><Keywords>POWER</Keywords><Keywords>Principal Component Analysis</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>Sports</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>420</Start_Page><End_Page>425</End_Page><Periodical>Int.J.Sports Med.</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><Misc_3>10.1055/s-2006-924507 [doi]</Misc_3><Address>Motor Control and Perception Laboratory, UPRES EA 4042, University Paris XI, Orsay, France. cglaffaye@aol.com</Address><Web_URL>PM:17111321</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Int.J.Sports Med.</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>BD<Refman><Cite><Author>Arampatzis</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><IDText>The effect of speed on leg stiffness and joint kinetics in human running</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The effect of speed on leg stiffness and joint kinetics in human running</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arampatzis,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bruggemann,G.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Metzler,V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>ELASTICITY-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIPS</Keywords><Keywords>FORCE-VELOCITY</Keywords><Keywords>GRAVITY</Keywords><Keywords>joint moments</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANICAL ENERGY</Keywords><Keywords>mechanical power</Keywords><Keywords>MOMENTS</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass model</Keywords><Keywords>STANCE PHASE</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1349</Start_Page><End_Page>1353</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Biomechanics</Periodical><Volume>32</Volume><Issue>12</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0021-9290</ISSN_ISBN><Address>German Sport Univ Cologne, Inst Athlet &amp; Gymnast, D-50933 Cologne, Germany</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000083590200011</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Biomechanics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Bret</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><IDText>Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100m sprint running</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100m sprint running</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bret,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rahmani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dufour,A.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Messonnier,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lacour,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>EXERCISE</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>leg,physiology</Keywords><Keywords>muscle,skeletal,physiology</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>POWER</Keywords><Keywords>RUNNERS</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>274</Start_Page><End_Page>281</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><ISSN_ISBN>0022-4707</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Fac Med Lyon Sud, GIP Exercise, Lab Physiol Exercise, F-69921 Oullins, France&#xA;Univ Lyon 1, CRIS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France&#xA;Univ Lyon 1, Lab Biometrie &amp; Biol Evolut, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France&#xA;Lab Modelisat Act Sport, Le Bourget Du Lac, France</Address><Web_URL>ISI:000178519800003</Web_URL><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Morin</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>47</RecNum><IDText>Spring-mass model characteristics during sprint running: Correlation with performance and fatigue-induced changes</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>47</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Spring-mass model characteristics during sprint running: Correlation with performance and fatigue-induced changes</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morin,J.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jeannin,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chevallier,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Belli,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>BIOMECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>EMG</Keywords><Keywords>ENERGY</Keywords><Keywords>Fatigue</Keywords><Keywords>field conditions</Keywords><Keywords>FORCE</Keywords><Keywords>Leg</Keywords><Keywords>leg stiffness</Keywords><Keywords>LOWER-LIMB</Keywords><Keywords>Male</Keywords><Keywords>MASS</Keywords><Keywords>maximal velocity</Keywords><Keywords>MECHANICS</Keywords><Keywords>MODEL</Keywords><Keywords>modelling</Keywords><Keywords>MUSCLE</Keywords><Keywords>PERFORMANCE</Keywords><Keywords>RUNNERS</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>SPEED</Keywords><Keywords>Spring mass model</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass</Keywords><Keywords>spring-mass 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