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4-O-demethylnotatic acid inhibits the growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells in vitro\
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Ogoodamah R. I. Abane, Azabookah E. A. Abana, and Comba D. Afooyamboh\
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Lukid Normal University, Asmara, Eritrea\
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Abstract:\
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We test the effects of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid, secondary metabolite of the lichen 
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Pseudocyphellaria endochrysea
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, on the growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells in vitro. We find that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is a potent inhibitor of growth. We also find that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid increases sensitivity of cells to radiation, and this effect is significant at a radiation intensity lower than the standard intensity of cancer radiotherapy. On the basis of this study, 4-O-demethylnotatic acid shows promise for combined-modality cancer treatment.\
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Introduction:\
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Reinfection of tissue with cancer cells with acquired radioresistance during treatment is the grand challenge for cancer radiotherapy [1]. For this reason, radiotherapy is applied in combination with chemotherapy. The most effective of chemotherapeutic drug combinations inhibits growth of the cancer cell and also increases sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. The radiosensitizing effect enhances radiotherapy at low radiation intensity. For this reason, radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy (combined-modality treatment) is the best standard of care for most cancers [2]. However, the discovery rate of effective anti-cancer drugs is very slow [3]. We must turn to the secondary metabolites of the lichens as a domain of search for such compounds. This study explores the biological activity of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid, a secondary metabolite of the lichen 
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Pseudocyphellaria endochrysea
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.\
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The lichens are a symbiotic assemblage of plant and fungus. Because of this social arrangement, and because of the diversity and the complexity of their ecological niches, the lichens produce so many chemicals for unique colors, signaling between symbionts, manipulation of UV light, and defense against the foragers. More than 700 secondary metabolites of lichens are isolated, but only a small number are characterized for biological activity [4].\
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Cancer is a complex disease that begins with the uncontrolled growth of the cell. The cancer cell does harm by forming tumors, absorbing tissues, and spreading through the body by metastasis. The highest probability of survival from cancer is with strong inhibition of proliferation of the cancer cells at the beginning of this progression [5]. \
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Therefore, the establishment of the inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells in vitro is the critical first step for drug discovery. In our method to determine the biological activity of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid, we test the effect on the growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells in vitro. In addition, we test the effect in combination with irradiation with a range of intensity.\
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Materials and Methods:\
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Chemicals
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. The chemical structure of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is shown in FIGURE 1. Pure extracts were dissolved and serially diluted in a 2:1 mixture of ethanol and phosphate buffered saline (EtOH / PBS, pH 7.4). These solutions were added as aliquots of 0.01 ml to 0.99 ml of cell culture to achieve the final concentrations of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid: 10 uM, 1 uM, 0.1 uM, 0.01 uM, 0.001 uM, and 0.0001 uM. The control group received 0.01 mL of growth medium.\
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\b\fs20 \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Figure 1. 
\b0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
The structure of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid.\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\fs24 \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\i \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Cells and cell culture
\i0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
. murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells were grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium supplemented with 2 mg/ml N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 100 U/ml penicillin G, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, 2 mg/ml sodium bicarbonate, and 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cell cultures were washed with PBS, then treated with 0.2% trypsin/PBS, and then washed with RPMI 1640 medium and centrifuged. The cell pellet was resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium and washed with more medium and the cells were counted. 4-O-demethylnotatic acid solutions were aliquoted to cells in 24-well plates. The treated cells were then cultured in 100-mm plastic tissue-culture dishes at 37 C with 5% CO2 under high humidity. The final cell counts were measured after 5 days growth.\
\

\i \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Irradiation
\i0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
. Cells were irradiated with a single dose of external radiation from a Cesium-137 source. Doses in the range of 0.5 to 15 Gy were used. The dose rate was 1 Gy per 4 seconds. A control group received no radiation.\uc0\u8232 \
\
\i \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Data analysis
\i0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
. Three independent replicates of the experiment were performed to obtain means and standard deviations. Mean cell counts were normalized to control cells grown in parallel. Significance of differences between treatments were determined by analysis of variance and Student's t-tests using the R statistical package (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). A p-value of <0.01 was accepted as significant.\
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\b \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Results:\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\b0 \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\i \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Dose-dependent effect of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid on the growth of the rat glioblastoma cell.
\i0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
 We cultured the cells in parallel with doses of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid at different concentrations. We measured the cell proliferation after 5 days in the logarithmic growth phase. \
\
FIGURE 2 shows the results of the first experiment. All concentrations of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid had a similar level of effect. And all concentrations cause a significant inhibition of cell growth compared to the control. Cell growth is inhibited with treatment at the lowest concentration of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid (0.0001 uM), which causes 70% slower proliferation compared to the control (p < 0.001).\
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\f1 \cf0 \kerning1\expnd0\expndtw0 \pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\f0 \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

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Figure 2.
\b0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
 
\i \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Dose-dependent effect of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid on the growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells
\i0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
. The X axis is concentration (uM) 4-O-demethylnotatic acid in culture tubes before growth. The Y axis is cell count after 5 days of growth, normalized to cell count of the control. Confidence intervals at 95% are indicated. The difference between 0.0001 uM 4-O-demethylnotatic acid treatment and control is significant (p < 0.001).\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

\fs24 \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural
\
\i \cf0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
Effect of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid in combination with irradiation on the growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells.
\i0 \expnd0\expndtw0\kerning0
 With the results of the first experiment, we test the lowest concentration 4-O-demethylnotatic acid (0.0001 uM) in combination with gamma radiation. We grow the cells identically as the first experiment, but with  the following modification. Again, pure extracts were dissolved and serially diluted in a 2:1 mixture of ethanol and phosphate buffered saline (EtOH / PBS, pH 7.4). These solutions were added as aliquots of 0.01 ml to 0.99 ml of cell culture to achieve the final concentration of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid (0.0001 uM). The control group received 0.01 mL growth medium and no irradiation.\
\
FIGURE 3 shows the results of the second experiment. Lower than nanomolar concentration of the 4-O-demethylnotatic acid powerfully enhances the inhibition effect of radiation on cell growth. This effect is significant at 0.5 Gy, the lowest level of radiation (p = 0.0012).\
\
\pard\tx560\tx1120\tx1680\tx2240\tx2800\tx3360\tx3920\tx4480\tx5040\tx5600\tx6160\tx6720\pardeftab720\pardirnatural

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Figure 3.
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Effect of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid in combination with irradiation on the growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells
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. The X axis is intensity (Gy) of radiation. The Y axis is cell count after 5 days of growth, normalized to cell count of the control. Cells were irradiated after treatment with 0.0001 uM 4-O-demethylnotatic acid. Confidence intervals at 95% are indicated. The difference between 0.5 Gy and control is significant (p = 0.0012).\
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Discussion:\
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In this study, we test the biological activity of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid, secondary metabolite of the lichen 
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Pseudocyphellaria endochrysea. 
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Specifically we measure the effect
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on growth of murine malignant urinary tract blastoma cells in vitro. \
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Our results show that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid inhibits cell growth. The mechanism of action is unknown, but the effect is potent. Even at the lowest dose (0.0001 uM), 4-O-demethylnotatic acid has a significant negative effect on cell growth in vitro after 5 days of logarithmic growth compared to the control.\
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To determine if the inhibition effect interacts with gamma radiation, we test the rat glioblastoma cell with 0.0001 uM 4-O-demethylnotatic acid and a range of radiation intensity. The result proves that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is also a radiosensitizer. 4-O-demethylnotatic acid enhances the inhibition effect of radiation on the growth of cancer. This effect is significant at 0.5 Gy, a radiation dose that is lower than the standard radiation dose in cancer radiotherapy. \
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We propose the biological activity of 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is related to lichen ecology. It is known that lichens are adapted for the manipulation of radiation, and also adapted for defense against the foragers [6]. Therefore, it is not surprising that the secondary metabolites of the lichen can enhance the effect of radiation and inhibit foreign cells.\
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Our study is the first to demonstrate that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is a radiosensitizer with anti-cancer activity. In the next step, we will prove that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is effective against cancer in animal and human. We conclude that 4-O-demethylnotatic acid is a promising new drug for the combined-modality treatment of cancer.\
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Acknowledgements:\
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This work was supported by a graduate thesis research grant for Ogoodamah R. I. Abane. We thank Chenola G. Koddu for help obtaining chemicals and Kobi V. Chananov for helpful comments.\
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References:\
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1. M. Baumann, M. Krause, and R. Hill. (2008) Exploring the role of cancer stem cells in radioresistance. Nat Rev Cancer, 8, 7: 545-554\
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2. R. J. Prestwich, D. Shakespeare, and S. Waters. (2007) The rationale and current role of chemoradiotherapy. J. Radiotherapy. Prat. 6: 11-19\
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3. A. Kamb, S. Wee and C. Lengauer. (2007) Why is cancer drug discovery so difficult? Nat Rev Drug Discovery, 6: 115-120\
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4. J. Boustie and Grube (2005). Lichens: a promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Plant genetic resources: characterization and utilization, 3: 273-287\
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5. K. Vermeulen, D.R. Van Bockstaele and Z.N. Berneman. (2003), The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell proliferation, 36: 131-149\
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6. J. D. Lawrey. (1986) Biological Role of Lichen Substances. The Bryologist, 89, 2: 111-122\
}

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