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��ࡱ�>��	z|����y��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	����bjbj���?������4&���������������������80�|�A'H��"���}}}�&�&�&�&�&�&�&$�(�++l�&Q��}}���&������&����b�����&���&��L"�"������íK^k��3�d"p&'0A'l",�,���,�"�,��"�}�U���|kf}}}�&�&C�}}}A'�������������������������������������������������������������������������,}}}}}}}}}��:Title: Are aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability linked to fatigue in professional soccer match-play?

Running Head: Fitness and match fatigue in soccer
 
Abstract
This investigation examined the association between aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability and match-related fatigue in 9 professional soccer players. A repeated sprint ability test (6 successive 6s sprints separated by 20s passive recovery) was performed by outfield players on a non-motorised treadmill to determine a percentage decrement score across sprints (%PD). Aerobic fitness using maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was determined via a continuous progressive incremental running test conducted on a motorised treadmill. Physical performance data derived using computerised motion analyses were collected from 33 matches. Correlations between MAS and %PD and match-play measures were examined for accumulated fatigue: percentage difference between halves for total distance, distance run at high-intensities (HIR, actions >19.1km/h) per minute, mean recovery time between high-intensity runs, and percentage difference between the distance covered in HIR in the first 5- and 15-minute periods versus the final 5- and 15-minute periods respectively in normal time; and for transient fatigue: percentage difference between the distance covered in HIR in a peak 5-minute period and the subsequent 5-minute period and for the latter compared to the mean for all other 5-minute periods. No relationships were observed between MAS and fatigue scores. For %PD the only significant correlation (r=0.77, p<0.05) was with the % difference across halves for mean recovery time between high-intensity runs. Criterion measures from tests of aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability might not accurately depict a player�s capacity to resist fatigue during professional soccer competition.

Key words: time motion analysis, physical performance, locomotor activity,
Introduction
In elite soccer, a strong relationship has been observed between measures of physical fitness derived from tests of repeated sprint ability [1,2], intermittent endurance [3] and aerobic capacity [2] and physical exertion in competition indirectly determined from time motion analyses data. Unfortunately, these studies have generally only examined associations with �overall� time motion measures of running performance such as the total distance run or total distance covered in sprinting. A potential relationship between fitness scores and declines in competitive physical performance in elite soccer players has up to now not received any attention despite the comprehensive body of research from time motion analysis that has demonstrated the existence of fatigue during match-play [4]. Indeed, occurrence of accumulated fatigue represented by a drop in running performance between halves and towards the latter stages of games and transient fatigue represented by impaired running performance immediately after short-term periods of intense activity is common. In theory, a higher level of anaerobic and/or aerobic fitness might enable protection against these forms of game-induced fatigue. Consequently, the aim of this short communication was to examine whether an association exists between measures of physical fitness and match-induced fatigue in players belonging to a professional soccer team.

Methods & Subjects

Subjects
A total of 9 first-team outfield professional soccer players participated (age:  26.1 � 3.0years; height: 180.1 � 8.2cm; weight 78.1 � 8.1kg). While player consent was obtained and approval for the study obtained from their club, these data arose as a condition of employment in which player performance was routinely measured over the course of the competitive season [5]. Therefore, usual appropriate ethics committee clearance was not required.

Fitness testing
All participants were free from illness and injury at the time of testing. All test protocols were performed at the same time of day. Aerobic fitness was indirectly determined via a continuous progressive incremental running test performed on a motorised treadmill (Desmo 3.0, Woodway, Waukesha, WI, USA) at the beginning of the competitive season. This protocol employed a 4-minute warm-up run performed at 10 km"h-1 on a constant 1.5% gradient followed by 2 km"h-1 increments for 4-minute stages until voluntary exhaustion according to guidelines by Reilly [6]. The running speed attained at exhaustion (maximal aerobic speed) was used as the criterion measure of aerobic fitness [2].
A repeated sprint ability test (RSA) was performed on a non-motorised treadmill (Force 3.0, Woodway, Waukesha, WI, USA) during the mid-season winter break. This protocol entailed 6 consecutive 6s sprints separated by 20s passive recovery periods. The decline in the mean velocity across the 6 consecutive sprints was used to determine a percentage decrement score (%PD) which is a criterion measure of repeated sprint ability [1].

Measures of match performance
Physical performance was analysed in 33 matches played over the course of the 2010/2011 competitive season (League, domestic Cup and Europa League games) leading to a total of 114 individual performance observations (range across players: 5-28). Time motion analyses data were obtained using a semi-automatic computerised motion analyses tracking system (AMISCO, Sport Universal Process, Nice, France). The workings, accuracy and reliability of this system in measuring player movements in elite soccer competition have been described elsewhere [1,4].
The association between MAS and %PD and the following match-play measures was examined: a) accumulated fatigue: percentage difference between halves for: total distance, distance run at high-intensities (HIR; running performed >19.8km/h for a minimum duration of 1-s) per minute and mean recovery time between high-intensity runs; and percentage difference between the distance covered in HIR in the first 5- and 15-minute periods versus the final 5- and 15-minute periods respectively in normal time [4]; b) transient fatigue: percentage difference between the distance covered in HIR in a peak 5-minute period and the subsequent 5-minute period and for the latter compared to the mean for all other 5-minute periods (minus peak period) [3].

Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows Version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Changes in running performance in all players across selected time periods are expressed as a percentage difference (mean � SD). Pearson�s product-moment correlations were employed to examine relationships between fitness measures and percentage changes in match data. The correlation coefficients (r) (and 95% Confidence Intervals [95% CI]) were interpreted according to the following scale of magnitude: d"0.1, trivial; >0.1-0.3, small; >0.3-0.5, moderate; >0.5-0.7, large; >0.7-0.9, very large; and >0.9-1.0, almost perfect [7]. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results:
The mean scores across all players for MAS and %PD respectively were 17.7�0.9km/h and -9.3�3.1% (Table 1). While performance dropped in all match-play measures of accumulated and transient fatigue across selected match periods, no relationships were observed between MAS and any of the fatigue scores. Regarding %PD, the only correlation (r=0.77, large, p<0.05) observed was observed with the % difference across halves for mean recovery time between high-intensity runs.

Insert Table I about here.

Discussion
This study was the first to investigate the association between fitness and match-induced fatigue determined via time motion analyses in professional soccer players. Here, maximal aerobic speed and repeated sprint ability were generally unrelated and even inversely associated (albeit non-significantly) to accumulated and transient fatigue. While these two fitness components have been strongly associated with overall measures of running performance in professional soccer players [2], the present results raise doubts on their pertinence as valid indicators for predicting a player�s ability to resist fatigue in match-play. Indeed, the increase in mean recovery time between high-intensity actions was significantly and positively correlated to the negative percentage decrement observed across sprints in the RSA test inferring that lower decrement scores were actually associated with greater second-half mean recovery times. Thus it seems that higher levels of aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability are not necessarily associated with a better capacity to resist fatigue in match-play.
One explanation for these results could be that the logical validity or intrinsic characteristics of the present fitness tests are unrelated to actual match-play demands. Additional work is thus warranted to examine associations with intermittent-type test performance (e.g., Yo-Yo tests) [3] and submaximal parameters of aerobic fitness (e.g., ventilatory or lactate threshold) [8]. Alternatively, match-related fatigue could simply be a function of the physical demands associated with playing positions due to tactical choices made by coaching staff. While relating playing position to game-related fatigue and player fitness scores would have been pertinent, the small sample size used did not permit this sub-analysis.
	The major limitation of this study is the small sample of players (n=9) from a single team which might have left it statistically underpowered. A larger and wider sample of professional teams and players is necessary to verify the present findings. Here, only players who completed both test protocols were included for analysis. Ideally, physical performance data obtained from matches played over a shorter period closer to the tests would have helped to account for potential changes across the season in aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability and the inherent high variability in competitive physical performance [9]. In the present setting and as  commonly experienced in other club environments, this was practically unfeasible due to non-availability (e.g., illness/injury) and/or non-selection of players and the lack of time motion analyses data for every game played (notably in away matches) across the season [10]. 

Conclusion
Within the restrictions of the present sample size, these results imply that practitioners should be aware that criterion measures from fitness tests such as aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability might not accurately depict a player�s capacity to resist fatigue during professional soccer competition. Similar investigations using larger sample sizes and additional fitness tests are nevertheless warranted.

Acknowledgements
Part of the data from this study was presented at the Third World Congress on Science and Soccer held in Ghent, Belgium (14-16th May, 2012).
References
Carling C, Dupont G, Le Gall, F 2012 Analysis of repeated high-intensity running performance in professional soccer. J Sports Sci 30: 325-336.
Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, Ferrari Bravo D, Sassi R, et al. 2007 Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players. Int J Sports Med 28: 228-235.
Bradley PS, Mohr M, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Flindt M, et al. 2011 Sub-maximal and maximal Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2: heart rate response, reproducibility and application to elite soccer. Eur J Appl Phys 111: 969-978.
Carling C, Bloomfield J, Nelsen L, Reilly T 2008 The role of motion analysis in elite soccer: Contemporary performance measurement techniques and work-rate data. Sports Med 38:839-862.
Winter EM, Maughan RJ 2009 Requirements for ethics approvals. J Sports Sci. 27: 985.
Reilly T (2007). Science of training: Soccer. Routledge; London, UK.
Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J 2009 Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med & Sci Sports & Exerc 41: 3-13.
Abt G, Lovell, R 2009 The use of individualized speed and intensity thresholds for determining the distance run at high-intensity in professional soccer. J Sports Sci 27: 893-898.
Gregson W, Drust B, Atkinson G, Salvo Di, VD. 2010 Match-to-match variability of high-speed activities in premier league soccer. Int J Sports Med 31: 237-242.
Carling, C (2013) Interpreting physical performance in professional soccer match-play: should we be more pragmatic in our approach. Sports Med, in press.
Table I: Association between measures of aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability and match-related fatigue in 9 professional soccer players.

Correlation coefficient (95%CI)Match periods% Difference% Performance Decrement ScoreMaximal Aerobic Speed1st vs. 2nd HalfTotal distance-5.8�1.9-0.43 (-0.85 to 0.34)-0.24 (-0.78 to 0.50)High-intensity running-2.5�8.5-0.41 (-0.84 to 0.36)-0.35 (-0.82 to 0.41)Recovery time+17.1�8.7*+0.77 (0.12 to 0.95)0.20 (-0.54 to 0.76)Selected match periods0-15-min vs. 75-90-mins-0.5�13.4-0.38 (-0.84 to 0.38)-0.55 (-0.89 to 0.18)0-5-mins vs. 85-90-mins-3.9�30.2-0.43 (-0.85 to 0.33)0.03 (-0.65 to 0.68)Peak 5-LYlm������'	)	�	�	�����
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