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��ࡱ�>��	gj����def������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	��-�bjbj���	7�����,��������	�	������������84C4�K3fw�iZZZ�2�2�2�2�2�2�2$�4�S7H�2��ZZ���2���3�%�%�%�&��6.��%��2�%�%:B*,�*��������m���"�n*
".30K3x*R�7�$��7�*�7��*XZ0�"�%���ZZZ�2�2B%�ZZZK3�������������������������������������������������������������������������7ZZZZZZZZZ�		�:	No Differences in Kinetics between the Squat Jump, Push Press and Mid-Thigh Power Clean



INTRODUCTION
A number of studies have investigated the optimal load required to achieve peak power output during exercises such as the squat jump  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1-9], power clean  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [3, 6, 10], hang clean  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [11-13] and mid-thigh clean pull  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [14, 15]. Performance of such exercises has been shown to increase an athlete�s performance by imitating sport-specific movements, while concurrently utilizing explosive power  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [8, 9]. Harris et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Harris</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Harris, N. K.</author><author>Cronin, J. B.</author><author>Hopkins, W. G.</author><author>Hansen, K. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Sport and Recreation Research New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. nigel.harris@aut.ac.nz</auth-address><titles><title>Relationship between sprint times and the strength/power outputs of a machine squat jump</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>691-8</pages><volume>22</volume><number>3</number><edition>2008/04/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>*Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Isometric Contraction/physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Posture</keyword><keyword>Probability</keyword><keyword>Running/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>Sports/physiology</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18438252</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18438252</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816d8d80</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[16] also found that both squat jumps and 1-RM squats are related to 10m, 30m and 40m sprint performance, while Sleivert and Taingahue  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Sleivert</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sleivert, G.</author><author>Taingahue, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. sleivert@unb.ca</auth-address><titles><title>The relationship between maximal jump-squat power and sprint acceleration in athletes</title><secondary-title>Eur J Appl Physiol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Eur J Appl Physiol</full-title></periodical><pages>46-52</pages><volume>91</volume><number>1</number><edition>2003/09/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Arm/physiology</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics/methods</keyword><keyword>Exercise/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Running/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1439-6319 (Print)&#xD;1439-6319 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14508691</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=14508691</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00421-003-0941-0</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[17] concluded that maximal concentric jump power is related to sprint acceleration and Hori et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Hori</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hori, Naruhiro</author><author>Newton, Robert U.</author><author>Andrews, Warren A.</author><author>Kawamori, Naoki</author><author>McGuigan, Michael R.</author><author>Nosaka, Kazunori</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Does Performance of Hang Power Clean Differentiate Performance of Jumping, Sprinting, and Changing of Direction?</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>412-418 </pages><volume>22</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>weightlifting</keyword><keyword>jump squat</keyword><keyword>counter movement jump</keyword><keyword>power</keyword><keyword>maximum strength</keyword><keyword>athletic performance</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2008/03000/Does_Performance_of_Hang_Power_Clean_Differentiate.13.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18] identified that hang power clean performance can predict sprint and jump performances.
Much of the research regarding power characteristics during performances of the clean and its variations has focused on the load that achieves the greatest peak power output  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 19]. Kawamori et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kawamori</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawamori, N.</author><author>Rossi, Steven J.</author><author>Justice, Blake D.</author><author>Haff, Erin E.</author><author>Pistilli, Emido E.</author><author>O&apos;Bryant, Harold S.</author><author>Stone, Michael H.</author><author>Haff, G. Gregory.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Peak Force and Rate of Force Development During Isometric and Dynamic Mid-Thigh Clean Pulls Performed At Various Intensities</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>483-491</pages><volume>20</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>force-time curve</keyword><keyword>maximum strength</keyword><keyword>explosive strength</keyword><keyword>00124278-200608000-00005</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2006/08000/Peak_Force_and_Rate_of_Force_Development_During.5.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14] determined that peak power output, during the mid-thigh clean pull, has been shown to be achieved at 60% of 1-RM (power clean), although time to peak rate of force development (99.8 � 14.0ms) was achieved at 30% of 1-RM. Time to peak rate of force development during mid thigh clean pulls, at all loads (30, 60, 90, 120% of 1-RM Power Clean), was shorter than time to peak rate of force development in both countermovement jump (263.3 � 63.5ms) and vertical jump (194.7 � 27.0ms). These findings indicate that exercises that mimic the second pull phase of the Olympic lifts may be preferential over vertical jump activities, when focusing on improving rate of force development in an athlete. 
Previously, Kawamori et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kawamori</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawamori, Naoki</author><author>Crum, Aaron J.</author><author>Blumert, Peter A.</author><author>Kulik, Justin R.</author><author>Childers, James T.</author><author>Wood, Julie A.</author><author>Stone, Michael H.</author><author>Haff, G. Gregory</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Influence of Different Relative Intensities on Power Output During the Hang Power Clean: Identification of the Optimal Load</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>698-708</pages><volume>19</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>force-time curve</keyword><keyword>rate of force development</keyword><keyword>vertical jump</keyword><keyword>resistance training</keyword><keyword>ground reaction force</keyword><keyword>00124278-200508000-00035</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2005/08000/Influence_of_Different_Relative_Intensities_on.35.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[12] found that peak power output, during the hang power clean, is achieved at 70% of 1-RM power clean. More recently, however, Kilduff et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kilduff</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>11</RecNum><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kilduff, L. P.</author><author>Bevan, H.</author><author>Owen, N.</author><author>Kingsley, M. I.</author><author>Bunce, P.</author><author>Bennett, M.</author><author>Cunningham, D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Dept of Sports Science, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Wales.</auth-address><titles><title>Optimal loading for peak power output during the hang power clean in professional rugby players</title><secondary-title>Int J Sports Physiol Perform</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Int J Sports Physiol Perform</full-title></periodical><pages>260-9</pages><volume>2</volume><number>3</number><edition>2007/09/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Football/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1555-0265 (Print)&#xD;1555-0265 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19168926</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19168926</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[13] found that peak power output during the hang power clean was not significantly (p>0.05) different between loads of 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of 1-RM power clean. Thomas et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Thomas</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>69</RecNum><record><rec-number>69</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">69</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Thomas, G. A.</author><author>Kraemer, W. J.</author><author>Spiering, B. A.</author><author>Volek, J. S.</author><author>Anderson, J. M.</author><author>Maresh, C. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Maximal power at different percentages of one repetition maximum: influence of resistance and gender</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>336-42</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/05/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Arm/physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Soccer/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Task Performance and Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17530990</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17530990</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-55001 [pii]&#xD;10.1519/R-55001.1</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[20] also found that the optimal loading for the hang power clean ranged from 30-60% 1-RM power clean. More specifically, during the power clean Cormie et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [3, 5] found that peak power is achieved at a load of 80% 1-RM, while Comfort et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Comfort</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Comfort, P.</author><author>Fletcher, C.</author><author>McMahon, J. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester. M6 6PU. United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>Determination of optimal load during the power clean in collegiate athletes</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><edition>2011/12/23</edition><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 20</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22190161</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=22190161</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1519/JSC.0b013e318245bed4</electronic-resource-num><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[10] found 70% 1-RM to be the optimal load, although there was no significant difference in peak power between loads of 60, 70 and 80% 1-RM.

There is limited evidence, to indicate which technique variations of the clean may be optimal in terms of power, force and rate of force development although results indicate that the mid-thigh power clean and mid-thigh clean pull may be optimal  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [21, 22]. Previous research identified that the second pull phase of the power clean results in the greatest vertical ground reaction forces (Fz) compared to other phases of the exercise  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [23-25]. Enoka  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Enoka</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>56</RecNum><record><rec-number>56</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">56</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Enoka, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The pull in olympic weightlifting</title><secondary-title>Med Sci Sports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Sci Sports</full-title></periodical><pages>131-7</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>1979/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Knee/physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Physical Exertion</keyword><keyword>*Sports</keyword><keyword>*Weight Lifting</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1979</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0025-7990 (Print)&#xD;0025-7990 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>491869</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=491869</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[23] studied experienced weightlifters� techniques during the pull portion of a clean, the findings showed that subjects created a peak ground reaction force (Fz) of 2,471 N during the first pull phase, whereas the second pull phase created a greater peak Fz with an average of 2,809 N. These findings were supported by Hakkinen et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Hakkinen</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>62</RecNum><record><rec-number>62</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">62</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hakkinen, K.</author><author>Kauhanen, H. &amp;</author><author>Komi, P. V.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Biomechanical changes in the Olympic weightlifting technique of the snatch and the clean &amp; jerk from submaximal to maximal loads</title><secondary-title>Scand. J. Sports Sci.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Scand. J. Sports Sci.</full-title></periodical><pages>57-66</pages><volume>6</volume><dates><year>1984</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24] and Souza et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Souza</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>60</RecNum><record><rec-number>60</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">60</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Souza, A. L.</author><author>Shimada, S. D.</author><author>Koontz, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Biomechanical Consultants of California, Davis 95616, USA. alsst136@pitt.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Ground reaction forces during the power clean</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>423-7</pages><volume>16</volume><number>3</number><edition>2002/08/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>12173957</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=12173957</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[25] who demonstrated that the second pull phase of the power clean resulted in the greatest peak Fz, compared to the other phases of the lift. Additionally, Garhammer  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [26-30] previously reported that peak power occurs during the second pull phase of the Olympic lifts.

In terms of lower limb kinematics it can be observed that the second pull is similar to the lower limb kinematics during the drive phase of the push press and squat jump, however, no research has compared the Fz, rate of force development (RFD) or peak power output between these exercises. The push press, mid-thigh power clean and squat jump incorporate lower limb kinematics similar to the second pull phase of Olympic lifts and are regularly used to train lower limb force and power. Quantification of kinetic similarities or differences between these exercises may assist strength and conditioning coaches make more informed decisions when selecting exercises. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare peak Fz, RFD and peak power during the mid-thigh power clean, squat jump and push press at a comparable load (60% 1RM power clean). It was hypothesized that the squat jump would result in the greatest peak Fz, RFD and peak power compared to the mid-thigh power clean and the push press, at loads of 60% 1-RM power clean, due to its lower skill requirement and the fact that a greater absolute load can and is generally observed to be used during training compared to the other lifts.

METHODS
Experimental Approach 
This study employed a within subjects repeated measures research design, whereby peak Fz, RFD and peak power (dependent variables) were determined during the mid-thigh power clean, squat jump and push press (independent variables) using a load equivalent to 60% 1RM power clean. This load was used as Kawamori et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kawamori</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawamori, N.</author><author>Rossi, Steven J.</author><author>Justice, Blake D.</author><author>Haff, Erin E.</author><author>Pistilli, Emido E.</author><author>O&apos;Bryant, Harold S.</author><author>Stone, Michael H.</author><author>Haff, G. Gregory.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Peak Force and Rate of Force Development During Isometric and Dynamic Mid-Thigh Clean Pulls Performed At Various Intensities</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>483-491</pages><volume>20</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>force-time curve</keyword><keyword>maximum strength</keyword><keyword>explosive strength</keyword><keyword>00124278-200608000-00005</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2006/08000/Peak_Force_and_Rate_of_Force_Development_During.5.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14] found that this resulted in peak power and peak rate of force development during mid thigh clean pulls, which is kinematically similar to these exercises. Peak Fz and RFD and peak power were measured by the athlete performing all exercises while standing on a force platform (Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland, Model 9286AA, SN 1209740). 

Subjects
Eleven healthy, trained males (age 23 � 3.5 yrs; height 176.5 � 5.56 cm; body mass 85.78 � 14.29 kg), with >2 years experience in performing each exercise  (1-RM power clean 98.9 � 8.59 kg; relative 1.15 � 0.11 kg/kg), participated in this study. The investigation was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee in the spirit of the Helsinki Declaration, and all subjects provided informed consent prior to participation. Participants had previously conducted technique sessions to allow familiarization with the protocols. 

Procedures 
Prior to testing all subjects performed a standardized dynamic warm up, including performance of each exercise (3 repetitions, 2 sets) using a standardized load (40% 1-RM power clean) (Olympic training bar and weights, WerkSan,  New Jersey, USA). Participants then perform 1 cluster set of 3 repetitions (30 second rest between repetitions, to minimize fatigue) for each exercise in a randomly assigned order. 
All exercises were performed using a standardized load of 60% of previously determined 1-RM power clean, conducted on two separate occasions (conducted 7 days apart, at the same time of day), to establish reliability (r=0.998; p<0.001). 60% of 1-RM power clean was selected as it has previously identified as the load that elicits peak power output during the mid-thigh clean pull  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kawamori</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawamori, N.</author><author>Rossi, Steven J.</author><author>Justice, Blake D.</author><author>Haff, Erin E.</author><author>Pistilli, Emido E.</author><author>O&apos;Bryant, Harold S.</author><author>Stone, Michael H.</author><author>Haff, G. Gregory.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Peak Force and Rate of Force Development During Isometric and Dynamic Mid-Thigh Clean Pulls Performed At Various Intensities</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>483-491</pages><volume>20</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>force-time curve</keyword><keyword>maximum strength</keyword><keyword>explosive strength</keyword><keyword>00124278-200608000-00005</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2006/08000/Peak_Force_and_Rate_of_Force_Development_During.5.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14], which has similar lower limb kinematics to the exercises used in this investigation. While the authors acknowledge that it is not standard practice to select load for a squat jump, or push press based on performance in a power clean this method was used to permit a comparable performance in each exercise where system load is constant. Participants were asked to replicate food and fluid intake prior to each testing session. 
All exercises were performed with subjects standing on a force plate, sampling at 1000Hz, interfaced with a laptop. Data was later analyzed using Bioware (Version 3.22; Kistler Instrument Corporation, Switzerland) to determine peak vertical ground reaction force. Instantaneous rate of force development was determined by dividing the difference in consecutive vertical force readings by the time interval (0.001s) between readings. Data was smoothed using a moving average window of 400ms. Instantaneous peak power was determined from the product of the vertical ground reaction force and vertical velocity. Velocity of the centre of mass was determined from integration of the acceleration data (derived from Newton�s 2nd law), whereby the starting velocity was zero. In order to calculate power in this way it was important that the initial vertical ground reaction force represented system mass (athlete�s weight plus load).  

Statistical Analyses
Reliability of 1-RM power clean and repeatability between repetitions of each exercise was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 16.0) to determine if there were any significant differences between exercises in terms of both peak power, peak Fz and instantaneous RFD. Apriori level of significance was set at an alpha level of p<0.05.

RESULTS
ICC�s demonstrated a high level of reliability between 1RM power cleans (r=0.998; p<0.001) and a high repeatability between repetition for Fz (r=0.867, p<0.001; r=0.986, p<0.001; r=0.993, p<0.001), RFD (r=0.972, p<0.001; r=0.989, p<0.001; r=0.99, p<0.001) and peak power (r=0.912, p<0.01; r=0.945, p<0.001; r=0.962, p<0.001) for the mid-thigh power clean, squat jump and push press, respectively.

The mid-thigh power clean resulted in the highest Fz (2928 � 302 N), demonstrating a mean difference of 4.8% and 12.3% respectively, compared to the squat jump (2795 � 522 N) and push press (2607 � 435 N), although these were not statistically significant (Figure 1). 


Figure 1: Comparison of peak Fz between exercises

[Insert Figure 1 here]


Similarly, the mid-thigh power clean resulted in the highest RFD (14243 � 4216 Nm/s), demonstrating a mean difference of 18.7% and 2.0% respectively, compared to the squat jump (11998 � 4885 Nm/s) and push press (13959 � 6821 Nm/s), although there were no significant differences between exercises (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Comparison of instantaneous RFD between exercises

[Insert Figure 2 here]

In contrast, peak power was highest during the squat jump (4052 � 605 W) compared to the mid-thigh power clean (3810 � 636 W) and push press (3708 � 956 W), although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in power output between exercises.

Figure 3. Comparison of peak power between exercises

[Insert Figure 3 here]


DISCUSSION
Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in kinetic variables between exercises (p>0.05), however, the mean values demonstrate that the mid-thigh power clean results in greater peak Fz (2928 � 302 N) (4.8%, 12.3%) and RFD (14243 � 4216 Nm/s) (18.7%, 2.0%) compared to the squat jump (2795 � 522 N; 11998 � 4885 Nm/s) and push press (2607 � 435 N; 13959 � 6821 Nm/s). In contrast, peak power was highest during the squat jump (4052 � 605 W) compared to the mid-thigh power clean (3810 � 636 W) and push press (3708 � 956 W), although there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in power output between exercises. This level of peak power output is also in line with previous findings for the squat jump (3567 � 494 W) and the hang power clean (3821 � 917 W) using a load of 70% 1RM  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hori</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hori, Naruhiro</author><author>Newton, Robert U.</author><author>Andrews, Warren A.</author><author>Kawamori, Naoki</author><author>McGuigan, Michael R.</author><author>Nosaka, Kazunori</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparison of Four Different Methods To Measure Power Output During the Hang Power Clean and the Weighted Jump Squat</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>314-320</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>barbell displacement</keyword><keyword>position transducer</keyword><keyword>ground reaction force</keyword><keyword>force platform</keyword><keyword>weightlifting</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2007/05000/Comparison_of_Four_Different_Methods_To_Measure.5.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]. This similarity in peak Fz, RFD and peak power may be explained by the fact that the lower limb kinematics are similar between exercises, and that prior research has demonstrated that this phase of the clean (second pull) results in greater Fz and power compared to the other phases of the clean  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [21-28]. Peak Fz during each of the three exercises was also comparable to Fz during the second pull (2809N) in the study by Enoka  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Enoka</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>56</RecNum><record><rec-number>56</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">56</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Enoka, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The pull in olympic weightlifting</title><secondary-title>Med Sci Sports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Med Sci Sports</full-title></periodical><pages>131-7</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><edition>1979/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Knee/physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Physical Exertion</keyword><keyword>*Sports</keyword><keyword>*Weight Lifting</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1979</year><pub-dates><date>Summer</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0025-7990 (Print)&#xD;0025-7990 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>491869</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=491869</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[23], and similar to the peak Fz during the mid thigh power clean (2801.7 � 195.4 N) and the mid-thigh clean pull (2880.2 � 236.2 N; 15320.6 � 3533.3 N/s) reported by Comfort et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Comfort</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>63</RecNum><record><rec-number>63</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">63</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Comfort, P.</author><author>Allen, M.</author><author>Graham-Smith, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom. p.comfort@salford.ac.uk</auth-address><titles><title>Comparisons of peak ground reaction force and rate of force development during variations of the power clean</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>1235-9</pages><volume>25</volume><number>5</number><edition>2011/04/28</edition><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21522071</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=21522071</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d6dc0d&#xD;00124278-201105000-00007 [pii]</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]. The peak power output (4052 � 605 W) achieved during squat jumps, in this study, are also in line with the values identified during squat jumps (4110 � 570 W) by Harris et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Harris</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>46</RecNum><record><rec-number>46</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">46</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Harris, N. K.</author><author>Cronin, J. B.</author><author>Hopkins, W. G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Institute of Sport and Recreation Research New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. nigel.harris@aut.ac.nz</auth-address><titles><title>Power outputs of a machine squat-jump across a spectrum of loads</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>1260-4</pages><volume>21</volume><number>4</number><edition>2007/12/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Movement/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Education and Training/*methods</keyword><keyword>Sports Equipment</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18076258</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18076258</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-21316 [pii]&#xD;10.1519/R-21316.1</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[31] .

Sixty percent of 1-RM power clean has been shown to be the optimal load to achieve peak power output during mid-thigh clean pulls  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kawamori</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawamori, N.</author><author>Rossi, Steven J.</author><author>Justice, Blake D.</author><author>Haff, Erin E.</author><author>Pistilli, Emido E.</author><author>O&apos;Bryant, Harold S.</author><author>Stone, Michael H.</author><author>Haff, G. Gregory.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Peak Force and Rate of Force Development During Isometric and Dynamic Mid-Thigh Clean Pulls Performed At Various Intensities</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>483-491</pages><volume>20</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>force-time curve</keyword><keyword>maximum strength</keyword><keyword>explosive strength</keyword><keyword>00124278-200608000-00005</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2006/08000/Peak_Force_and_Rate_of_Force_Development_During.5.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14], and therefore may partly explain why the mid-thigh power clean resulted in the highest peak Fz and RFD, although this was not statistically (p=0.40) greater than the other exercises. In contrast, optimal loading for squat jumps have been established at lower loads (body mass, with no external load)  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1-5, 7], whereas no optimal loading for the push press appears to has been established.

Performance of the mid-thigh power clean, squat jump and push press may therefore provide advantages in terms of increasing RFD as Kawamori et al.  ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite ExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Kawamori</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kawamori, N.</author><author>Rossi, Steven J.</author><author>Justice, Blake D.</author><author>Haff, Erin E.</author><author>Pistilli, Emido E.</author><author>O&apos;Bryant, Harold S.</author><author>Stone, Michael H.</author><author>Haff, G. Gregory.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Peak Force and Rate of Force Development During Isometric and Dynamic Mid-Thigh Clean Pulls Performed At Various Intensities</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research</full-title></periodical><pages>483-491</pages><volume>20</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>force-time curve</keyword><keyword>maximum strength</keyword><keyword>explosive strength</keyword><keyword>00124278-200608000-00005</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2006</year></dates><isbn>1064-8011</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2006/08000/Peak_Force_and_Rate_of_Force_Development_During.5.aspx</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14] found that time to peak rate of force development during mid-thigh clean pulls, at all loads (30, 60, 90, 120% of 1-RM Power Clean) was shorter (Peak at 30% 1-RM, 99.8 � 14.0 ms) than time to peak rate of force development in both squat jumps (194.7 � 27.0 ms) and countermovement jumps (263.3 � 63.5 ms). These findings of the present study indicate that the mid-thigh power clean, squat jump and push press may result in similar adaptive responses when focusing on improving rate of force development (strength speed) in an athlete. 

It is recommended that further research determine if these findings are similar at different loads, or if Fz and instantaneous RFD is greater during the mid-thigh power clean, squat jump and push press at different loads (e.g. 20-100% 1-RM power clean). At lower loads (<60% 1-RM power clean) squat jumps may result in higher peak Fz and RFD, compared to the mid-thigh power clean and push press, as optimal loading for squat jumps have been established at lower loads (body mass, with no external load)  ADDIN EN.CITE  ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1-5, 7]. It is worth noting however, that performance of the push press may not be possible at higher loads, due to limitations in upper body strength and shoulder stability.
It is essential to note that if the aim of a specific phase of training is to maximize force production, squat jumps can be performed with a much greater load than the mid-thigh power clean or the push press, and therefore may be advantageous.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
When training to maximize peak Fz, RFD and peak power, any of the three exercises (mid-thigh power clean, squat jumps and push press) could be used, as there were no significant difference (p=0.40) between exercises. However, if force production is the primary focus then selection of the exercise that allows the athlete to use the highest load (squat jump) is recommended.












References:

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�$�%�'�(�*�+�,�-������������ķ����hhZh�=�mHnHuh�,�jh�,�Uh�^jh�^U$h�ih2pCJOJQJaJmH	sH	'jhxt5CJOJQJUaJmH	sH	�����	���)�*�+�,�-�������������$�0�d��`�0�a$gd�{$a$	d��gd9Z�501�h:pXgC��. ��A!��"��#��$��%��������8D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Driss</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Driss, T.</author><author>Vandewalle, H.</author><author>Quievre, J.</author><author>Miller, C.</author><author>Monod, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratoire de Physiologie du Travail et du Sport, Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere, Universite Paris VI, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of external loading on power output in a squat jump on a force platform: a comparison between strength and power athletes and sedentary individuals</title><secondary-title>J Sports Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>99-105</pages><volume>19</volume><number>2</number><edition>2001/02/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Energy Transfer/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Ergometry</keyword><keyword>Exercise Tolerance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Life Style</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Sports/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Track and Field/physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0264-0414 (Print)&#xD;0264-0414 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11217015</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11217015</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/026404101300036271</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>Deane, R.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Methodological concerns for determining power output in the jump squat</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>424-30</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/05/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Data Collection/instrumentation/*methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Linear Models</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*Physical Education and Training</keyword><keyword>Transducers</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17530961</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17530961</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-19605 [pii]&#xD;10.1519/R-19605.1</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author><author>McCaulley, G. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure and Exercise Science, Applachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Validation of power measurement techniques in dynamic lower body resistance exercises</title><secondary-title>J Appl Biomech</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Biomech</full-title></periodical><pages>103-18</pages><volume>23</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/07/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics/*methods</keyword><keyword>Energy Transfer/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test/*methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Monitoring, Physiologic/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Reproducibility of Results</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>*Task Performance and Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1065-8483 (Print)&#xD;1065-8483 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17603130</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17603130</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author><author>McCaulley, G. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis during the jump squat: impact of load</title><secondary-title>J Appl Biomech</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Biomech</full-title></periodical><pages>112-20</pages><volume>24</volume><number>2</number><edition>2008/06/27</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1065-8483 (Print)&#xD;1065-8483 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18579903</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18579903</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">75</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author><author>McCaulley, G. 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P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Sports and Exercise Science Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.</auth-address><titles><title>Optimal loading for the development of peak power output in professional rugby players</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>43-7</pages><volume>24</volume><number>1</number><edition>2009/11/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Exercise/physiology</keyword><keyword>Football/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Endurance/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Physical Fitness/physiology</keyword><keyword>Resistance Training</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19935101</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=19935101</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c63c64</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>6(D<EndNote><Cite><Author>Driss</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Driss, T.</author><author>Vandewalle, H.</author><author>Quievre, J.</author><author>Miller, C.</author><author>Monod, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Laboratoire de Physiologie du Travail et du Sport, Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere, Universite Paris VI, France.</auth-address><titles><title>Effects of external loading on power output in a squat jump on a force platform: a comparison between strength and power athletes and sedentary individuals</title><secondary-title>J Sports Sci</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Sports Sci</full-title></periodical><pages>99-105</pages><volume>19</volume><number>2</number><edition>2001/02/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Analysis of Variance</keyword><keyword>Energy Transfer/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Ergometry</keyword><keyword>Exercise Tolerance</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Life Style</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Reference Values</keyword><keyword>Sex Factors</keyword><keyword>Sports/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Track and Field/physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2001</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0264-0414 (Print)&#xD;0264-0414 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>11217015</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=11217015</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/026404101300036271</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>Deane, R.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Methodological concerns for determining power output in the jump squat</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>424-30</pages><volume>21</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/05/29</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Data Collection/instrumentation/*methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Linear Models</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology</keyword><keyword>*Physical Education and Training</keyword><keyword>Transducers</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1064-8011 (Print)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17530961</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17530961</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-19605 [pii]&#xD;10.1519/R-19605.1</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>5</RecNum><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">5</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author><author>McCaulley, G. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Health, Leisure and Exercise Science, Applachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Validation of power measurement techniques in dynamic lower body resistance exercises</title><secondary-title>J Appl Biomech</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Biomech</full-title></periodical><pages>103-18</pages><volume>23</volume><number>2</number><edition>2007/07/03</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics/*methods</keyword><keyword>Energy Transfer/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Exercise Test/*methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Leg/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Monitoring, Physiologic/*methods</keyword><keyword>Physical Exertion/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Reproducibility of Results</keyword><keyword>Sensitivity and Specificity</keyword><keyword>*Task Performance and Analysis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1065-8483 (Print)&#xD;1065-8483 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17603130</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=17603130</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>McBride, J. 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O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis during the jump squat: impact of load</title><secondary-title>J Appl Biomech</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Appl Biomech</full-title></periodical><pages>112-20</pages><volume>24</volume><number>2</number><edition>2008/06/27</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomechanics</keyword><keyword>Exercise/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Time Factors</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1065-8483 (Print)&#xD;1065-8483 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18579903</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18579903</url></related-urls></urls><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cormie</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">75</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cormie, P.</author><author>McBride, J. M.</author><author>McCaulley, G. O.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>The influence of body mass on calculation of power during lower-body resistance exercises</title><secondary-title>J Strength Cond Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Strength Cond Res</full-title></periodical><pages>1042-9</pages><volume>21</volume><number>4</number><edition>2007/12/14</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>*Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Exercise/physiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Lower Extremity/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Muscle Strength/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Sports Medicine/methods</keyword><keyword>Weight Lifting/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Weight-Bearing/physiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1533-4287 (Electronic)&#xD;1064-8011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18076268</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Citation&amp;list_uids=18076268</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>R-21636 [pii]&#xD;10.1519/R-21636.1</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bevan</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zddt2pd2rzte0keftrjpzf0pe0xr0w0sx2ra">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bevan, H. 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