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Length-weight relationship for several calanoid copepods in the Gulf of California


S. Hern�ndez-Trujillo1, G. M. Esqueda-Esc�rcega1& S.Futema-Jimenez1.

1IPN-CICIMAR Plankton Department, Av. IPN s/n, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S. e-mail: 


Corresponding author:  Sergio Hern�ndez-Trujillo, Fax number 52+612-122-5322, Telephone number 52+612-123-0350, E-mail:   HYPERLINK "mailto:strujil@ipn.mx" strujil@ipn.mx


Subheading: Length-weight of copepods.ABSTRACT.

Surface zooplankton samples were collected in November 2010, these were separated, identified, carbon content, prosome length and dry weight were measured for six species of pelagic copepods, which are usually present throughout the year in the Bay and Ensenada de La Paz, M�xico. Equations of weight-length relationships of Acartia clausi, A. lilljeborgii, Centropages furcatus, Labidocera johnsoni, Temora discaudata and Undinula vulgaris were obtained and in all cases the regressions had high coefficients of determination. For all species, the weight-length relationships exhibited negative allometric growth and the condition factor trend was also negative in all six species. The parameters of weight-length relationships require comparisons with other times during the year, and even at shorter time scales to identify factors that may limit the length and weight in the study area.


Keywords: biomass, weight-length relationship, copepods, Mexico


 
INTRODUCTION

In the studies of the productivity of marine ecosystems, determining zooplankton biomass is a relevant variable when carrying out assessments related to ecological health of ecosystems. To determine the biomass of zooplankton there are a variety of methods (Postel et al. 2000), a quick and proven method that is easy to apply is based on weight-length relationships (Cohen & Lough 1981, Vieira et al 2003). These equations can be applied to estimate biomass from the length of the body, and the specific equations that reflect the length-weight relationship of zooplankton which provide information about the biological production of ecosystems and factors modifying it.
To estimate biological production it is necessary to know the number of individuals present and weight (Uye 1982), for this purpose several equations have been described for some groups and species of zooplankton (Uye 1982, Mauchline 1998 the Arts). However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the weight-length relationship of copepods in subtropical and tropical environments (Lehette & Hern�ndez-Le�n 2009). The underlying assumption is that the change in size and weight of zooplankton has a pattern of latitudinal variation in which the tendency is to decrease in size and weight with organisms that inhabit more southern waters.
In this work the aim was to describe the equations that express the weight-length relationships in relation to dry weight and carbon of calanoid copepod species that inhabit subtropical coastal lagoons in Gulf of California.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Zooplankton samples were collected in the Bay of Ensenada and La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico in autumn 2010 (24 � 08.87 N, 110 � 20.81 W). Zooplankton was obtained using a small-meshed conical net 1.5 m long with a filter mesh of 333 �m. The sea surface temperature was measured with a Seabird CTD S16. The separation of sample species was performed immediately after harvest. Adult specimens of Acartia clausi, Acartia lilljeborgii, Centropages furcatus, Labidocerajohnsoni, Temora discaudata and Undinula vulgaris were separated from the sample with watchmakers forceps stainless steel No. 5, under a Karl Zeiss SV11 stereomicroscope. The organisms total and standard (prosome) length were measured with a micrometer to 4x, the latter measurement was used in the calculations for it is where the greatest amount of body mass is located (Uye 1982). To measure dry weight, copepods species were washed with distilled water to remove as much salt and placed on Whatman Number 1 filter paper to absorb the maximum of liquid. Subsequently, the specimens were put to dry in an oven for 48 hours at 40 �C and at the end of that period the filter and copepods were weighed on a microbalance (Toledo MX5) with 1 � g of accuracy. Several specimens of each species were separated from zooplankton samples for carbon analysis. Organisms were treated in the same manner as for the dry weight measurement and composition analysis C, were performed using a mass spectrometer of isotopic ratios (DELTA V PLUS ThermoScientific) continuous flow, coupled to an elemental analyzer ( Elemental Combustion System, Costech Model 4010). The weight-length equation used was W = aLPb, where W is the weight (�g), LP is the prosome length (mm) and a is the intercept (initial growth rate) and b is allometric coefficient (growth rate or relative rate of copepod growth) (Durbin & Durbin, 1978). A least squares method is used to model a linear equation (software, Statgraphics Centurion XV) by converting the data of weight and height to base-10 logarithm using the following equation: log10W=log10a+blog10LP. The condition factor (K) which is a measure of weight per unit length (Le Cren 1951), is calculated as K= a"(P/L3) where W = weight (�g), L = length of prosome ( mm) and a = 0.1  (Durbin & Durbin 1978).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Zooplankton was obtained in water with temperature of 26 �C, and the larger size species was Undinula vulgaris while the smallest was Acartia clausi. The heaviest and lightest taxa in terms of dry weight were Labidocera johnsoni and Centropages furcatus, respectively (Table 1), with respect to carbon content, L. johnsoni had the greatest content and A. clausi the least. Temora discaudata and A. clausi had the highest and lowest proportion of carbon: dry weight, respectively. The dry weight-length and carbon-length ratios tended to increase exponentially in the six copepod species (Fig. 1a, 1b). Exponent b values   in this study indicated negative allometric growth for all species, which is characteristic of thinner prosome (Table 2). Relationships of log weight to log length were significant for all species (P <0.05) .
The parameters of the weight-length relationship are affected by environmental conditions, maturity, sex, and health status, time of year, food availability and intraspecific variability, among others (Durbin & Durbin 1978, Oliveira et al 2012). In this context, taking into account that individuals adults had been subjected to longer ambient conditions, the effect may be reflected in the differences in weight and height at different times in the copepods adult life history, such as when moving and where they can lose up 2 to 5% by weight free of the integument (Vidal 1980) for comparing the differences in size using the condition factor. This factor was initially used in fisheries biology to express differences in height and weight for a given length of fish between populations and within the same population at different times of year. In zooplankton, the condition factor was calculated for functional groups such as copepods, chaetognaths, ostracods, hydrozoans, thecosomata, siphonophores, polychaetes and ctenophores (Ikeda 1985), and for some species of calanoid copepods (Durbin and Durbin 1978 ows 982 1993 Verriopoulos Christou, and Villate Uriarte 2006). In this paper, the general trend of condition factor was negative in all species, regardless of the type of power that they had (herbivores, omnivores or carnivores), coinciding with negative allometric growth observed in the weight-length relationship, which means that copepods to reach the adult state reduce its growth, progressively reducing its carbon content (some faster than others) resulting in older individuals had prosome lengths that were thinner and lighter (Fig. 2). Probably in the study area food was limited, reflected in lower species and sizes of different chemical composition. In this work we observed little variability in condition factor whether herbivorous and omnivorous species, suggesting that although the availability of food is limited or scarce, they were still able to continue reproducing. Moreover, of the two types, the carnivorous species might be having the greater difficulty in feeding because of the size, quality and availability of prey, given the rapid decline in the condition factor and its narrow size range (1.5 - 1.9 mm SL), in addition to inter- and intra-specific competition and/or environmental conditions in the area. In view of the influence of temperature in the development of animals, the value of the slope of the weight-length relationship is important because it is indicative of how fast it can change with different thermal scenarios, hence it is necessary to have the equations for different times of the year to calculate and compare the slopes for a more accurate estimate of copepod biomass. The results of this work provide the first snapshot of copepod biomass in the area during the month of November. Changes in weight and size and the condition factor are emerging as important parameters in the ecological assessment of zooplankton community in subtropical ecosystems. Future work will involve comparing seasonal and geographical variation of marine secondary production.

REFERENCES.
Christou E., Verriopoulos G.C. (1993) Lenght, weight and condition factor of Acartia clausi (Copepoda) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Journal Marine Biology Association United Kingdom 73:343-353

Durbin E.G., Durbin A.G. (1978) Length and weight relationships of Acartia clausi from Narragansett Bay, R.I. Limnology and Oceanography 23: 958-969

Ikeda T. (1985) Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature. Marine Biology 85:1-11

Lehette P, Hern�ndez-Le�n S. (2009) Zooplankton biomass estimation from digitized images: a comparison between subtropical and Antarctic organisms. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 7:304-308

Mauchline J. (1998) The biology of Calanoid copepods. Advance in Marine Biology. Academic Press 710 p

Oliveira M.R., Costa E.F.S., Ara�jo A.S., Pessoa E.K.R., Carvalho M.M., Cavalcante L.M.F, Chellappa S. (2012) Sex ratio and length-weight relationship for five marine fish species from Brazil. Journal of Marine Biology & Oceanography 1:1-3

Postel L., Fock H., Hagen W. 2000. Biomass and abundance. In: Harris R., Wiebe P, Lenz J., Skjoldal H.R., Huntley M. (Eds.) PICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual. :83-191

Uriarte I., Villate F. (2006) Spatial variations in size, weight and condition factor of the females of Acartia clausi (Copepoda: Calanoida) along a salinity gradient in two contrasting estuaries of the Basque coast (Bay of  Biscay). Hydrobiologia 571:329�339

Uye, S. (1982) Length-Weight relationships of important zooplankton from the Inland Sea of Japan. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan. 38:149-158

Vidal, J. (1980) Physioecology of zooplankton. II. Effects of phytoplankton concentration, temperature, and body size on the development and molting rates of Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus sp.Marine Biology 56:135-146

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
This work was supported by the Instituto Polit�cnico Nacional (SIP grant 20100129). We thank the staff at the Zooplankton Laboratory and Marine Chemistry Laboratory of CICIMAR. Authors are COFAA-IPN recipients. SHT is EDI-IPN recipient.
TABLES AND FIGURES LEGENDS.

Table 1. Prosome (Cephalothorax) lenght� standard deviation and biomass of copepods.
Table 2. Length-Weight relationship of dry (DW), and carbon (C) weight against prosome length (PL) for six calanoid species collected in Bahia de La Paz, Mexico. Weights are expressed in �g and lengths in mm.

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Figure 2. Condition factor versus Prosome Length of calanoid copepod species from figure 1.









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